Know Before You Go

What do international travelers have to know before they go?

Task 1: With your partner(s), look at these questions and discuss

possible answers. Write down your best ideas.

Q # 1: Do I have to put my computer and digital camera through the X-ray

machine at airport security? I’m worried that the machine will damage them.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Q #2: My passport is going to expire in three months.

Can I use it for a short trip to Asia next month?
_________________________________________________________
______
_________________________________________________________
______
Q#3: I’m a French citizen. Last month, I visited the U.S., and I
brought some gifts for friends. Why did U.S. customs take the cheese?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Q#4: I’m from Australia. My family and I are planning a trip to Europe and
North America. We’d like to rent cars in a few places. Do I have to get an
International Driver’s Permit( IDP)?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
______________________

Q#5: I’m planning a trip from Toronto to New Delhi. There’s a new
nonstop flight, but it’s more expensive, and it’s about 14 hours long!
What do you recommend?
________________________________________________________
(From Focus on Grammar 3 p.
________________________________________________________
388)

© PLI 2008 GW1b Modals of Necessity Page 1 of 9

Task 2: With your partner(s), look at the answers on the cards and
match them to the questions. How similar were your answers?

Think about grammar....

Task 3: With your partner(s), find the statements that express:

Things
Thingsthat
thatneed
needtotobe
bedone:
done:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Things
Thingsthat
thatare
areoptional:
optional:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Things
Thingsthat
thatare
areprohibited:
prohibited:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

© PLI 2008 GW1b Modals of Necessity Page 2 of 9

Task 4: With your partner(s), discuss and write down the answers to
these questions.

What structures show us that something is necessary?

 ______________________________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________________________

What structures show us that something is prohibited?

 ______________________________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________________________

What structure shows us that something is optional?

 _____________________________________________________________________

© PLI 2008 GW1b Modals of Necessity Page 3 of 9

 Cards for Task 2

Q: Do I have to put my computer and digital camera through

the X-ray machine at airport security? I’m worried that the
machine will damage them.

Because of the increase in airport security, you will have to

put them through the X-ray machine. Fortunately, modern
X-ray machines don’t damage electronics, so you don’t
have to worry about it.

Q: My passport is going to expire in three months. Can I use it

for a short trip to Asia next month?

For many countries, your passport must be valid for at

least six months after you enter the country. Renew your
passport before you leave, or you’ll have to check the rules
of each country you plan to visit.

Q: I’m a French citizen. Last month, I visited the U.S., and I

brought some gifts for friends. Why did U.S. customs take the
cheese?

You can’t bring most types of cheese into the U.S. without a
special permit. Many governments have strict rules about
bringing food into their countries. To avoid problems, don’t
bring gifts of fresh food andGW1
© PLI 2008
eatb your snacks on the plane.
Modals of Necessity Page 4 of 9
Q: I’m from Australia. My family and I are planning a trip to
Europe and North America. We’d like to rent cars in a few
places. Do I have to get an International Driver’s Permit( IDP)?

Regulations differ: In Germany you must not drive without

an IDP; in Canada you don’t have to have one, but it’s
recommended. For an around-the-world tour, you really
should get an IDP to avoid problems and disappointment.

Q: I’m planning a trip from Toronto to New Delhi. There’s a

new nonstop flight, but it’s more expensive, and it’s about 14
hours long! What do you recommend?

Several airlines are now offering super-long flights. They

provide more comfortable seats, wireless computers, and
lots of entertainment. They cost a bit more, but you won’t
have to make as many connecting flights. That saves you
time and hassles. But remember: To stay healthy on long
flights, you’ve got to get up and move around. You also
must drink plenty of water. On a long flight, these are
“musts,” not “shoulds”!

© PLI 2008 GW1b Modals of Necessity Page 5 of 9

 (From Focus on Grammar 3 p. 388-
389)

© PLI 2008 GW1b Modals of Necessity Page 6 of 9

 Necessity
Have (Got) To, Don’t Have To
Affirmative Statements
Subject Have Base Form
to/Have got of Verb
to
II
You have
You haveto
to
We have
We havegot
gotto
to
They
They
leave now.
leave now.
He has
He hasto
to
She has
She hasgot
gotto
to
ItIt

Negative Statements
Subject Do Have to Base
not Form of
Verb
II
You Yes,
You
We don’t
We don’t No,
They
They
have
haveto leave now.
to leave now.
HeHe
She does
She does
ItIt n’t
n’t

Contractions
have
havegot
gottoto == ‘ve
‘ve
got to
got to
has
hasgot
gotto
to == ‘s
‘s
got to
got to
*Note:
*Note:There
Thereare
areno
no
contractions
contractions for haveto
for have toand
and
has to.
has to.
© PLI 2008 GW1b Modals of Necessity Page 7 of 9
 Yes/No Questions
Do Subje Have Base
ct to Form of
Verb
II
Do you
Do you
we
we
they have leave now
they have leave now
to ?? Short Answers
to
hehe
Does she Affirmative Negative
Does she
itit
you you
you you
I/we I/we
I/we I/we
Wh- Questions you do. you don’t
you do. you don’t
they they ..
they they
Wh- Do Subje Have Base Ye No
Form of Ye No
Wor ct to s,s, he , , he
Verb he does he
d she does she
II she . she doesn
itit . itit doesn
do you ’t.
do you ’t.
we
we
Whe they have leave?
Whe they have leave?
n to
n to
hehe
doe she
doe she
ss itit

Must, Must Not, Can’t

Must
Subjec Must Base Can’t
t * Form of
Verb Subjec Can’t Base
(not) t Form of
II Verb
you You can’t sit her
you
he must leave early. They e.
he must leave early.
she
she
itit
must arrive late.
must arrive late.
we not
we not Contraction
they
they
must not =

* Must is a modal. Modals have only one

form. They do not have –s in the third-
person singular.
© PLI 2008 GW1b Modals of Necessity Page 8 of 9
1. Use have to, have got to, and must for necessity.  You have to carry
your passport for
a) Have toare
2. Here issome
the common
most common expression
time expressions in to begin future
you can use international
time clauses. travel.
everyday speaking and writing.
'When', 'after', 'not until', and 'as soon as' often introduce the event that happens first.
b) Have got to is used in conversation and informal I’ve got to apply for a
new passport
writing to express strong feelings. right away.

c) Must is used in writing, including official forms  Travellers must show

their passports
signs, and notices. When they check in.

2. Use the correct form of have to for ALL TENSES.  She has to travel a lot
for her job.
 He had to travel a lot last
year.
 We’ll have to visit them soon.

Use have got to and must only for the present  You’ve got to turn
off your cell phone
and the future. on this flight.

3. Use have to for most questions.  Did you have to

get an IDP?
 Do you have to leave now?
USAGE NOTE: We almost never use must or
have got to in questions.

4. BE CAREFUL! Have (got) to and must have similar

meanings. However, don’t have to and must not have
very different meanings!

a) Use don’t have to to show that something is  A tourist doesn’t

have to have an IDP
not necessary. There is a choice. in Canada.

b) Use must not for prohibition. There is no choice.  Most tourists must not
drive without
an IDP in Spain.
USAGE NOTE: We often use can’t instead of must not  You can’t drive
without an IDP in

Pronunciation Note
In informal speech, have to is often pronounced
“hafta” and got to is often pronounced “gotta”.
(From Focus on Grammar p. 389-
© PLI 2008 GW1b Modals of Necessity
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