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Behzad Kalantari
University of Hormozgan
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Abstract: This study describes various types of foundation designs to be considered for structural engineering
projects when the subsoil foundation consists of expansive or swelling soils. Among civil and architectural
engineers expansive soils are known to be difficult foundation materials and problematic. These type of soils
swell when they are subjected to moistures and shrink due to moisture loss. Because of this different behaviour
upon wetting and drying, they cause minor to major structural damages to pavements as well as buildings.
Every year millions of dollars spent dealing with the consequences of swelling soils. For design of foundations
on swelling soil, it is first essential to recognize and evaluate the soil based on its swelling potential, and then
determining the most proper foundation design that can be constructed on this problematic soil. In general, this
study presents some of the most common techniques to evaluate the swelling potential of expansive soils. Also,
it discusses problems associated with swelling soil, classification of structural damages caused to buildings,
and various foundation designs to combat the problems based on the degree of detrimental effects of swelling
potential to civil engineering projects.
Keywords: Atterberg limits, expansive soils, shallow and deep foundations, structural damages, swelling
potential
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 4(18): 3231-3237, 2012
Table 1:Potential soil volume changes as related to the Plasticity Index Some researchers (Hauck, 1959; Peck et al., 1974;
(PI) and the Liquid Limit (LL)
Das, 1984; Holts and Kovacs, 1981; Bowels, 1988;
Potential for Plastic index Shrinkage Liquid limit
volume change (PI %)index (SL %) (LL %) Kalantari, 1991; Coduto et al., 2010; Murphy, 2010)
Low <18 >15 20-35 believe that in a zone ranging in depth from a meter to as
Medium 15-28 10-15 35-50 much as 20 m from the ground level, depending on the
High 25-41 7-12 50-70 locality, the soil expands and shrinks and is usually
Very high >35 <11 >70
referred to as the depth of seasonal variation in moisture
content or active zone.Thus, it is possible to state that,
the damages to structures are caused due to volumetric
changes occurring through the upper layer (zone) of
expansive soil that is usually known as active or unstable
zone.
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 4(18): 3231-3237, 2012
Fig. 3: Various types of damages to building walls due to differential movement of the foundation subsoil
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 4(18): 3231-3237, 2012
Compaction required
Elimination or reduction of swelling 2
90
C Use of sufficiently strong structures that will remain
undamaged in spite of the swelling
C Isolating the structure from the swelling soil 80
3
Elimination or reduction of swelling: Elimination or Fig. 6: Soil compaction required based on climatic rating
reduction of swelling soil may be described in three ways: (Gromko, 1974)
C Replacing the expansive soil heave of expansive soils, if not eliminate it completely.
C Changing the nature of soil These techniques, which include the following are based
C Controlling the water content of subsoil foundation on the economic and practicality of operation.
Replacing the expansive soil: Das (1984) suggests that C Compaction control
when moderately expansive soils of low thickness are C Chemical stabilization
present at the surface of the subsoil foundation, they can C Prewetting
be removed and replaced by expansive soils and then
compacted properly. Huat (2004) proposes mixing the Gromko (1974) and Das (1984) agree that one of the
problematic soil (expansive) with none problematic soil most practical and economical method of controlling
heave of expansive soil is through the use of compaction
(cohesionless) will make the outcome product to be less
control. When a soil is compacted to a lower unit weight
of problematic costing less and probably acceptable.
on the high side of the optimum moisture content (Fig. 5),
After swelling soil replaced by a suitable soil and possibly 3-4% above the optimum moisture content, its
compacted properly, proper foundation (shallow or deep) swelling potential is decreased. Even under such
may be constructed without fear of structural damages conditions a slab on ground is not recommended where
caused by heave of the expansive soil. Also, replacing or the total heave exceeds 35 mm (Das, 1984).
modifying the expansive soil may be done within the Gromko (1974) developed a relationship between the
active zone only (if expansive soil is not shallow) and climatic rating systems [from favorable (least reported
where there is a high potential of swelling problems to the swelling problem places) to extremely unfavorable
foundation. climatic rating], percent required compaction and
Providing a granular bed and cover below and around plasticity index of the soil under a slab foundation
the foundation is considered to be an effective technique (Fig. 6).
to combat detrimental effects of swelling on the Compaction control methods can be used
foundation as well (Leonard, 1989; Murphy, 2010). successfully to support structures with shallow
foundations. When used in conjunction with base course
Changing the nature of expansive soil: Gromko (1974) of open graded aggregates as long as the slab on ground
proposes a number of techniques which would reduce is independent of the grade beams, columns and walls and
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 4(18): 3231-3237, 2012
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 4(18): 3231-3237, 2012
CONCLUSION
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 4(18): 3231-3237, 2012
of the structure depends on swelling potential as well as Huat, B.K., 2004. Engineering Properties of Peat.
the relative cost of alternative design. University Putra Malaysia Press, Serdang, Malaysia,
pp:135-141.
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