Jaringan Bergerak dan Nirkabel

(TEP 651)

Wireless Sensor Network

Dr. I Wayan Mustika, ST., M.Eng.

Jurusan  Teknik  Elektro  dan  Teknologi  Informasi    

FT  UGM  
 Outline
Ø Introduction
Ø Elements of WSN
Ø Advantage and Disadvantage of of WSN
Ø WSN Applications
Ø Communication Architecture
Ø Zigbee
Ø Hierarchical Architectures for Wireless Sensor
Networks
 Introduction
§  Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of many
individual sensors that form macro ad-hoc networks.
These sensors exchange information with each other
using a pre-established communication protocol without
physical infrastructure or central administration.
§  Initially, the development of wireless sensor networks was
motivated by military purposes
§  In recent years, several research laboratories have
invested heavily in this technology
§  Development of WSN has been extended to industrial and
civilian areas
q Definition
WSN is a set of autonomous distributed devices
(nodes) interconnected wirelessly and
cooperatively using sensors to monitor physical or
environmental conditions such as temperature,
sound, vibration, pressure, and movement or
contaminants on certain control parameters.
 Characteristics
§  Dynamic topology
§  Channel variability
§  Can use current network infrastructure
§  Fault tolerance
§  Multihop communications or broadcast
§  Low energy consumption
§  Hardware limitations
§  Low production costs
§  Easy maintenance
§  Large number of nodes
§  Reorganization of nodes due to failures
§  Ease of deployment
§  Heterogeneity
 Sensor Node
§  An electronic device that can capture information from the
environment.
§  Basically, the sensor node hardware consists of:
§  Micro controller
§  Power source (battery)
§  Memory unit
§  Radio transceiver
§  Sensors and actuators
 Sensor
§  A sensor is a device that able to convert physical
or chemical quantities to electrical quantities.
§  Examples of physical qualities are temperature,
humidity, motion, current, strain, etc.
 Gateway
§  It is a device, usually a computer, with its communication
protocols that interconnect networks with different
architectures at all levels of communication.
 Base Station
§  Fixed station used to collect data based on a common
computer and embedded system
 Wireless Network
§  Typically based on the 802.15.4 standard
§  This standard defines the physical layer and media access
control for wireless personal area networks with low rates
of data transmission (low-rate Wireless Personal Area
Networks, LR-WPAN)
 Advantage of WSN
§  Infrastructure less
§  Small size
§  Low power consumption
§  Auto network organization
§  Auto restoration and reconfiguration of network paths
§  Ease of deployment
 Disadvantage of WSN
§  Optimization of energy consumption is the most important
§  Bandwidth is limited
§  Limited network coverage
§  Limited computational resources
§  Very dynamic topology of the network
 WSN Applications
§  There are many natures for WSN applications that can be
classified into:
§  Military applications
§  Habitat exploration of animals
§  Environmental applications
§  Human health applications
§  Home Applications: Home Automation
§  Other commercial applications
 Military Application of WSN
§  Monitoring allied forces, equipment and ammunition
§  Reconnaissance of enemy forces
§  Target acquisition
§  Damage assessment
§  Recognition of nuclear attacks, biological and chemical
 WSN Application for Habitat
Exploration
§  Monitor endangered animals

Underwater networks

UMass TurtleNet Princeton ZebraNet

 Environment Applications of WSN
§  Forest fire detection
§  Flood detection.
§  Precision Agriculture.

Volcano monitoring
 Human Health Applications of WSN
§  Aim to develop wireless sensor networks that can be
introduced into the human body to prevent problems and
diseases.
Home Application of WSN
§  WSN can create smart homes where
nodes are integrated into furniture and
appliances.
§  In one room, these nodes
communicate with each other and with
the server room.
 Other Applications of WSN
§  Environment control in office buildings.
§  Interactive museums.
§  Inventory management.
 Sensor Network vs. Ad-Hoc Network
§  Large scale
§  Batteries may not be replaceable
§  May not have global identifiers
§  Queries may be data centric rather than address centric:
§  Who's temperature is more than 95 degree vs. What is your
temperature?
§  Geographical routing, Data fusion, Data aggregation
 Sense, Compute and Communicate
§  Sensor nodes pick up data
§  e.g., temperature at (x,y)
§  Process the data on the fly
§  e.g., what is the maximum temperature?
§  or, what are the locations of the maxima
§  data compression and signal processing
§  Communicate results to designated nodes
§  Provides a rich class of problems in distributed
computing and communications
 Communication Architecture

Sink C
Internet and D
Satellite A
E
B

Task manager
node Sensor nodes
Sensor field

User
 IEEE 802.15.4-2006
§  Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network
§  Physical layer used in ZigBee, WirelessHART, MiWi which
add upper layers
§  10 m reach at 250 kbps (20/40/100 kbps versions)
§  Three Frequency Bands:
§  868.0-868.6 MHz in Europe
§  902-928 Mhz in North America
§  2400-2383.5 MHs worldwide
§  Uses Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSS)
§  BPSK or QPSK modulation
 IEEE 802.15.4 Modes
§  Two modes:
§  With Beacon: Coordinator sends start beacon and stop
beacon to indicate active time.
§  The time is slotted. Slotted CSMA/CA. Transmissions end at
second beacon.
§  Without Beacon: Unslotted CSMA/CA protcol with random
exponential backoff
 ZigBee

§  Technology in market needs low cost wireless networks

based on the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless personal area
networks (WPAN Wireless Personal Area Networks)
 Network Topology
§  ZigBee supports three network topologies:
§  Star topology: the coordinator is in the center.
§  Tree topology: the coordinator will be the root of the tree.
§  Mesh Topology: at least one of the nodes have more than
two connections.
 WirelessHART
§  A commonly used sensor network protocol stack
 HART
§  Highway Addressable Remote Transducer
§  Communication between smart devices and monitoring
systems
§  4-20 mA current loop is a commonly used analog
measurement technique
§  Low level frequency shift keying (FSK) over 4-20 mA
analog signal. 1200 bps.
 WirelessHART
§  Extension of HART to Wireless
§  Supports star and mesh topologies
§  Self-organizing and self-healing
§  Uses IEEE 802.15.4-2006 radios in 2.4GHz
§  Frequency hopping with blacklisting to avoid used
channels
§  128-bit AES encryption
§  Uses multi-path routing. Messages alternate paths to
ensure secondary paths are up.
 WirelessHART Field Devices
§  WirelessHART adapter or builtin
§  Gateways: Connect to the backbone network
§  Network Manager: Manages routes, monitors health (can
be integrated in to gateways or hosts)
§  Security Manager: Contains list of authorized devices.
Distributes security keys.
§  Repeater: Extends the range.
§  Adapter: Attaches to devices without wirelessHART
 Hierarchical Architectures for Wireless
Sensor Networks
§  Planar Wireless Sensor Network
§  Two-Tiered Sensor Network Architecture
§  Three-Tiered Sensor Network Architecture
 Planar Wireless Sensor Network
§  Typically, a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is composed
of a large number of static nodes scattered throughout a
certain geographical region. The sensory data is routed
from the originator sensors to a remote sink in a multi-hop
ad hoc fashion.
 Two-Tiered Sensor Network
Architecture
•  In a two-tiered mobile-enabled wireless sensor network
overlay, WSN utilizes mobile devices as the elements to
construct the upper overlay. This owes to the development
of microelectronic and wireless communication
technologies resulting in the form of mobile phone, laptop
and PDA.
 Three-Tiered Sensor Network
Architecture
§  Combining the advantages of fixed access points and
mobile agent serving as overlay elements together
§  The lowest layer is a random deployed network composed
of sensor nodes. These nodes are able to communicate
immediately with upper layer agent in near range. They
can also form an ad hoc network by communicating with
each other, but it is not necessary.
§  The most notable feature of medium layer is its mobility.
The mobile agents move to anywhere at anytime if
needed. They are responsible for gathering data from
lower layer and then forwarding to upper layer.