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Equação 1
Forster (1996) and Sugiura et al. (1996) demonstrated that Eq. (1) was
mathematically incorrect since it did not account for the real nutrient contribution
of the reference diet and the test ingredient. A revised equation to calculate
ADC of the test ingredient was first presented by Forster (1996) and published
in peer-reviewed publications a few years later (Sugiura et al.,1998; Forster,
1999):
Equação 2
where Dref=% nutrient (or kJ/g gross energy) of reference diet (as is); Dtest=%
nutrient (or kJ/g gross energy) of test diet (as is); Ding=% nutrient (or kJ/g gross
energy) of test ingredient (as is). The observations of Ian Forster were very
timely and helped correct a mathematical mistake that had been perpetuating
itself in the literature for two decades. However, the proposed equation (Eq. (2))
was not novel, per se, since a similar equation was proposed much earlier by
Kleiber (1975). We would also like to bring to the attention of your readers to
significant limitations to Eq. (2), identified by Bureau et al. (1999). While Eq. (2)
is mathematically correct, it assumes that (0.7×Dref)+(0.3×Ding)=Dtest. This
can only be accurate if the reference diet (pelleted), reference diet mash
(unpelleted reference diet ingredient mixture combined with test ingredient in a
7:3 ratio), test ingredient and test diet (pelleted) all have the same dry matter
content. This is almost never the case and a correction is needed to bring back
all the terms on a comparable basis (i.e. comparable dry matter basis). If
significant differences in dry matter content of the various components are
present, the lack of such a correction will result in very significant bias in the
estimate of the ADC of the test ingredient (the term solved for). Therefore, the
terms should therefore be compared on the same basis and this can be done as
follows:
equação 3
where DMref=% dry matter content of the reference diet “mash”; DMingr=% dry
matter content of the test ingredient; Dtest=% nutrient (or kJ/g gross energy) of
test diet (dry matter basis); Dref=% nutrient (or kJ/g gross energy) of reference
diet “mash” (as is); Dingr=% nutrient (or kJ/g gross energy) of test ingredient (as
is). One must, however, insure that the nutrient level measured for a test diet
are the same as what is predicted from the mash and test ingredient dry matter
and nutrient levels (i.e. that (0.7×Dref)+(0.3×Ding)=Dtest). If this not the case, a
very significant bias will be introduced in the ADC of test ingredient (the term
solved for) as a result of amplification of error. Small errors are very common
due to analytical, mixing or sampling error. If this occurs, samples should be
reanalyzed or the use of a difference equation is necessary. This equation must
partition the nutrient level in the test diet according to the theoretical nutrient
contribution of the reference diet mash and test ingredient. This can be done as
follows:
equação 4
where Dref=% nutrient (or kJ/g gross energy) of reference diet mash (as is);
Dingr=% nutrient (or kJ/g gross energy) of test ingredient (as is). Eq. (4) was
published in Bureau et al. (1999). The difference in estimate of ADC between
Eqs. (2), (3) and (4) is illustrated by the following example: Blood meal 2 in
Bureau et al. (1999):
The analyzed Dtest was 60.0% CP (DMbasis) or 57.1% CP (as is, 95.1% DM).
The expected Dtest from reference diet and ingredient composition was 61.9%
CP (DMbasis) or 58.8% CP (as is basis). Therefore, ADC values of test
ingredient calculated using different equations based on expected and analyzed
Dtest were:
An analytical error of about 2 percentage points in the protein content of the test
diet resulted in a bias of about 6 percentage points in this estimate of ADC of
the test ingredient with the Eqs. (2) and (3). Analytical or sampling errors which
are quite common, often irreparable (notably in the case of sampling error) and
can also often go unnoticed. Non-additivity of components in the equation, such
as when (0.7×Dref)+(0.3×Dingr)≠Dtest whether due to unaccounted difference
in the dry matter content of the ingredient, reference diet and test diet
(potentially the case in Eq. (2)) or due analytical, mixing or sampling errors
(potentially the case for Eqs. (2) and (3)) will introduce significant bias in the
estimate of ADC of the test ingredient as shown above. This is simply due to
mathematical non-additivity of the various components of the equation and
compounding of this error in the term solved for, the ADC of the test ingredient.
It is, therefore, recommendable that Eq. (4) be used for the calculation of the
ADC of test ingredients when using the dietary protocol of Cho and Slinger
(1979). In that case, careful sampling and chemical analysis of the reference
diet mash becomes essential component of the digestibility trials. We suggest
that the authors of papers on apparent digestibility of ingredients always verify
that the equation they are using is mathematically valid. We would strongly
recommend that authors submitting papers to Aquaculture, or other journals,
use Eq. (4) proposed by Bureau et al. (1999), which is a mathematical
simplification of the equation presented by Kleiber (1975), Forster (1996),
Sugiura et al. (1998), and Forster (1999).
Carta para o editor de Aquicultura
Forster (1996) e Sugiura et al. (1996) demonstrou que Eq. (1) foi matematicame
nte incorreta desde que fez não conta para o nutriente real contribuição do a diet
a
de referência e a testeingrediente . Um revisado equação para calcular ADC de
a teste ingrediente estava primeiro apresentado de Forster (1996) e publicado e
m revisão por pares publicações alguns anosdepois ( Sugiura et al.,
1998; Forster , 1999):
Equação 2
equação 3