DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE & MATHEMATICS

UNIVERSITI PENDIDIKAN SULTAN IDRIS
LABORATORY REPORT
SKF3013, Physical Chemistry I
Group B

NAME AND MATRIC NO. RONALD DECK YAMI

(D20171078135)
EASTER GILLIAN ANAK NELSON
(D20171078139)
LECTURER’s NAME : DR AISYAH BINTI MOHAMAD SHARIF
EXPERIMENT NO. :1
TITLE : Determination of the hydration enthalpy of an electrolyte
(solution enthalpy

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 30 October 2018

INTRODUCTION
The dissolution of a solid electrolyte in water is primary determined by two simultaneously occur in
processes: the destruction of the crystal lattice and the hydration of the ions.

The degradation of the crystal lattice is an endothermic process because energy is required to
breakdown the chemical bonds; whereas the hydration of the ions is exothermic. Depending on the type
of lattice and both the radius and the charge of the ions (charge density), the resulting enthalpy of the
solution can be either endothermic or exothermic.

When a salt exists in both hydrated and dehydrated forms, and one assumes that during the dissolution
of the hydrated salt only the degradation of the crystal lattice occurs, the enthalpy of hydration can be
calculated with Hess’s theorem (Figure 1.1)
Apparatus and Chemicals:
Equipment set-up,
Stop watch
Beaker
Mortar with pestle.
Copper (II) sulphate anhydrous
Copper (II) sulphate
Distilled water

Results:
A) For anhydrous copper (II) sulphate

Time (s) Temperature (K)

30 0.01
60 0.03 H2O
90 0.03
120 1.26
150 1.29
180 1.29 H2O + CuSO4
210 1.29
240 1.28
270 1.50
300 1.74
330 2.01
360 2.18 H2O + CuSO4
390 2.18 4066 Ws
420 2.17
450 2.17
480 2.16
510 2.15
540 2.15
 Graph temperature against time of anhydrous copper (II) sulphate
1.2

1 0.96 0.96

0.88

0.8
Temperature (K)

0.63
0.6

0.4 0.37

0.2 0.15

0.09
0.11 0.09 0.06
0.02 0.01
0.02
0
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390
Time (s)

Calculation:
Mass of CuSO4 = 16.005 g
Mole of CuSO4 = 0.1 mole (given)
∆𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 1.30K − 0.03K = 1.27K

∆𝑇𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 2.19K − 1.29K = 0.90K

∆𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑝 1.27K
𝑄𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙 . ( ∆𝑇 ) = (4066)(0.90K)
𝑐𝑎𝑙

= 5738 J

Integral enthalpy of solution of CuSO4

𝑄𝑒𝑥𝑝 5738 J
∆𝐿 𝐻 = =
mole of CuSO4 0.1 mol
= 57380 Jmol-1
= 57.38 kJmol-1
B) Copper (II) sulphate
Solution of copper (II) sulphate, CuSO₄ . 5H₂O

Time (s) Temperature (K)

30 0.96
60 0.96 H2O
90 0.88
120 0.63
150 0.37 H2O + CuSO4.5H2O
180 0.15
210 0.11
240 0.09
270 0.09 H2O + CuSO4.5H2O
300 0.06 4057Ws
330 0.02
360 0.02
390 0.01

Graph temperature Vs time of copper (II) sulphate

1.2

1 0.96 0.96

0.88

0.8
Temperature (K)

0.63
0.6

0.37
0.4

0.2 0.15
0.09 0.09
0.11
0.06 0.02 0.01
0 0.02
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390
Time (s)
Calculation:
Mass of CuSO4 .5H2O= 25.002 g
Mole of CuSO4 .5H2O = 0.1 mole (given)
∆𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 0.09K − 0.02K = 0.07K

∆𝑇𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 0.06K − 0.09K = −0.03K

∆𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑝 0.07K
𝑄𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙 . ( ) = (4057)( )
∆𝑇𝑐𝑎𝑙 −0.03K

= 9466 J

Integral enthalpy of solution of CuSO4 .5H2O

𝑄𝑒𝑥𝑝 −9466 J
∆𝐿 𝐻 = =
mole of CuSO4 0.1 mol
= -94660 Jmol-1

= -94.66 kJmol-1
DISCUSSION

Hydrates are compound that incorporate water molecules into their fundamental solid structure.
All hydrating water is removed, the material is said to be anhydrous. Enthalpy of solution
copper (II) sulphate is exothermic reaction while enthalpy of anhydrous copper (II) is
endothermic reaction. The 5H2O in the formula of anhydrous copper (II) sulphate is called
water of crystallisation and forms part of the crystal structure when copper (II) sulphate
solution is evaporated and crystal form. This crystal structure is broken down on heating and
the water is given off. So, the thermal decomposition is endothermic as eat is absorbed to drive
off the water. Meanwhile, the reverse reaction is called as exothermic reaction. This is because
it needs adding water to white anhydrous copper (II) sulphate and the mixture heats up as the
blue crystal reform. The reverse reaction is used as a simple chemical test for water where
white anhydrous copper (II) sulphate turns blue. The enthalpy change is the ‘enthalpy change
of hydration’. Enthalpy change of reaction is endothermic reaction. The value of enthalpy
change of reaction is 152.04 kJ mol-1.

The chemical formula are :

CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) CuSO4.5H2O (s)

CuSO4(s) + H2O(l) CuSO4 (aq)

Ashy Deep
white Blue

From this experiment, we observed that anhydrous copper (II) sulphate have higher integral
enthalpy of solution than copper (II) sulphate. As we know, integral enthalpy of solution is the
heat absorbed or released when a solute is dissolved in a definite amount of solvent which is
the distilled water itself. From our table and graph, we say that anhydrous copper (II) sulphate
have a faster increasing in temperature than copper (II) sulphate.

Next, the heat energy released when new bonds are made between the ions and water molecules
is known as the hydration enthalpy of the ion. Then, we calculated the hydration enthalpy for
anhydrous copper (II) sulphate. In this calculation, we use the given formula and we get a
positive value which is 152.04 J/mol. This positive value is indicates an endothermic reaction.
The term endothermic process describes the process or reaction in which the system absorbs
energy from its surroundings, usually in the form of heat.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, throughout this experiment we found that anhydrous copper (II) sulphate have
higher integral enthalpy of solution than copper (II) sulphate even though the quantity of copper
(II) sulphate is more than anhydrous copper (II) sulphate. We also can relate it between
endothermic reaction. This experiment also give us opportunity to study more about enthalpy.
Lastly, we hope that other experiment will get even more smooth than this experiment. We
think that this experiment need more precautions and focus from us.

REFERENCES

1. A.Gras-Velazquez, A.Joyce and M. Le Boniec. Impact of Data Loggers on Science

Teaching and Learning. Retrieved on 27 Oct. 2018 from
http://files.eun.org/netbooks/ACER_Fourier_EUN_Science_pilot_report_2012.pdf
2. Zaytsev, I. D., & Aseyev, G. G. (1992). Properties of aqueous solutions of electrolytes.
CRC press.
3. Marcus, Y. (1987). The thermodynamics of solvation of ions. Part 2.—The enthalpy of
hydration at 298.15 K. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 1: Physical
Chemistry in Condensed Phases, 83(2), 339-349.