Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar

Industrial and Production Engineering Department

Applied Thermodynamics (IPX-207)
Assignment-I
Q.1 Classify the boilers. And write down the working and construction of Babcock Wilcox
boiler.
Q.2 Write down the difference between water tube and fire tube boiler.
Q.3 What do you mean by equivalent evaporation and Boiler efficiency.
Q.4 A coal fired boiler plant consumes 400 kg of coal per hour. The boiler evaporates
3200 kg of water at 44.5 °C into superheated steam at pressure of 12 bar and 274.5°C.
if the calorific value of fuel is 32760 kj/kg of coal, determine 1. Equivalent
evaporation from and at 100°C, 2. Thermal efficiency of boiler. Assume specific heat
of superheated steam as 2.1 kj/kg K.
Q.5 In a boiler trial following observations were made:
Mass of feed water=1520 kg/h, Temperature of feed water = 30 C, Dryness fraction of
steam=0.95,Pressure of steam = 8.5 bar, coal burnt/hour = 200 kg, Calorific value of
coal = 27300 kj/kg, ash and unburnt coal collected = 16 kg/h, Calorific value of ash
and unburnt coal = 3780 kj/kg, Mass of flue gases = 17.3 kg/kg of coal, Temperature
of flue gases = 330 C, Boiler room temperature = 17 C, Mean specific heat of flue
gases = 1 kj/kg K. Estimate the thermal efficiency of the boiler and draw the heat
balance sheet.
Q.6 The following observations were made on a boiler plant during one hour test :
Steam pressure = 20 bar; Steam temperature = 260°C, Steam generated = 37500 kg;
Temperature of water entering the economizer = 15°C ; Temperature of water leaving
the economizer = 90°C; Fuel used = 4400 kg; Energy of combustion of fuel = 30 000
kJ/kg.
Calculate: 1. The equivalent evaporation per kg of fuel; 2. The thermal efficiency of
the plant ; and 3. The percentage heat energy of the fuel energy utilized by the
economizer.
Q.7 The following particulars refer to a steam plant consisting of a boiler, economizer and a
superheater :
Steam pressure = 14 bar; Mass of stem generated = 5000 kg/h; Mass of coal used =
675 kg/h; Calorific value of coal = 29,800 kJ/kg of coal; Temperature of feed water
entering the economiser = 30°C ; Temperature of feed water leaving the economizer =
130°C ; Dryness fraction of steam leaving the boiler = 0.97; Temperature of steam
leaving the superheater = 320°C.
Determine : 1. Overall efficiency of the plant, and 2. The percentage of the available
heat utilized in the boiler, economizer and superheater respectively.
Q.8 In a boiler, the following observations were made :
Pressure of steam = 10 bar
Steam condensed = 540 kg/h
Fuel used = 65 kg/h
Moisture in fuel = 2% by mass
Mass of dry flue gases = 9 kg/kg of fuel
Lower calorific value of fuel = 32000 kJ/kg
Temperature of flue gases = 325°C
Temperature of boiler house = 28°C
Feed water temperature = 50°C
Mean specific heat of flue gases =1 kJ/kg K
Dryness fraction of steam = 0.95
Draw up a heat balance sheet for the boiler.
 Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar
Industrial and Production Engineering Department
Applied Thermodynamics (IPX-207)
Assignment-II
Q.1 Steam at 50 bar, 400 °C expands in a Rankine cycle to 0.34 bar. For a mass flow rate
of 150 kg/s of steam, determine 1. Power developed 2. Thermal efficiency 3. Specific
steam consumption.
If the expansion processes in the turbines has isentropic efficiency of 84%, calculate
the impact on power delivered, cycle efficiency, and the specific steam consumption.
Q.2 A simple Rankine cycle steam power plant operates between the temperature 260 C
and 95 C. The steam is supplied to the turbine at a dry saturated condition. In the
turbine it expands in an isentropic manner. Determine the efficiency of the Rankine
cycle followed by turbine and efficiency of Carnot cycle, operating between these
temperature limits. Draw the turbine cycle T-s diagram.
Q.3 Steam is supplied to a two stage turbine at 40 bar and 350°C. It expands in the first
turbine until it is just dry saturated, then it is reheated to 350°C and expended through
the second stage turbine. The consider pressure is 0.035 bar. Calculate the work
output and the heat supplied per kilogram of steam for the plant, assuming ideal
processes and neglecting the feed-pump term. Calculate also the specific steam
consumption and the cycle efficiency.
Q. 4 A steam turbine is to operate on a simple regenerative cycle. Steam is supplied dry
saturated at 40 bar, and is exhausted to a condenser at 0.07 bar. The condensate is
pumped to pressure of 3.5 bar at which it is mixed with bleed steam from the turbine
at 3.5 bar. The resulting water which is at saturation temperature is then pumped to the
boiler. For the ideal cycle calculate, neglecting feed-pump work,
(i) The amount of bleed steam required per kilogram of supply steam.
(ii) The cycle efficiency of the plant
(iii) The specific steam consumption.

Q.5 Steam is supplied to a two-stage turbine at 24 bar and 350°C. It expands in first
turbine until it is just dry saturated, then it is re-heated to 350°C and expended
through the second-stage turbine. The condenser pressure is 0.035 bar. Calculate the
work output and the heat supplied per kilogram of steam for the plant, assuming ideal
processes and neglecting the feed-pump term.
Q.6 A generation station is to give a power output of 200 MW. The superheat outlet
pressure of the boiler is to be 170 bar and the temperature 600 °C. After expansion
through the first-stage turbine to a pressure of 40 bar, 15% of the steam is extracted
for feed heating. The reminder is reheated at 600°C and is then expended through the
second turbine that the actual cycle will have an efficiency ratio of 70% and that the
generator mechanical and electrical efficiency is 95%. Calculate the maximum
continuous rating of the boiler in kilograms per hour.
 Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar
Industrial and Production Engineering Department
Applied Thermodynamics (IPX-207)
Assignment-III
Q.1 Derive the equation for critical pressure (derive equation for discharge of nozzle and
find condition for maximum discharge).
Q.2 What do you mean by nozzle efficiency?
Q.3 Steam is expanded in a set of nozzles from 10 bar and 200°C to 5 bar. What type o
nozzle is it? Neglecting the initial velocity find minimum area of nozzle required to
allow a flow of 3 kg/s under the given conditions. Assume that expansion of steam to
be isentropic.
Q.4 A convergent – divergent nozzle expands air at 6.89 bar and 427°C into a pace at 1
bar. The throat area of nozzle is 650 mm2 and the exit area is 975 mm2. The exit
velocity is found to be 680 m/s when the inlet velocity is negligible. Assuming that
friction in the convergent portion is negligible, calculate :
a. The mass flow through the nozzle, stating whether the nozzle is under
expanding or over expanding;
b. The nozzle efficiency and the coefficient of velocity.
Q.5 Steam enters a convergent – divergent nozzle at 11 bar, dry saturated at a rate of 0.75
kg/s, and expands isentropically to 2.7 bar. Neglecting the inlet velocity, and assuming
the expansion follows a law, pv 1.135 = constant, calculate :
(i) The area of the nozzle throat;
(ii) The area of the nozzle exit.
Q.6 Dry saturated steam enters a nozzle at a pressure of 10 bar and with an initial velocity
of 90 m/s. The outlet pressure is 6 bar and the outlet velocity is 435 m/s. The heat loss
from the nozzle is 9 kJ/kg of steam flow. Calculate the dryness fraction and the area at
the exit, if the area at the inlet is 1256 mm2.
Q.7 Steam enters a group of nozzles of a steam turbine at 12 bar and 220°C and leaves at 1.2
bar. The steam turbine develops 220 kW with a specific steam consumption of 13.5
kg/kWh. If the diameter of nozzles at throat is 7 mm, calculate the number of nozzles.
 Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar
Industrial and Production Engineering Department
Applied Thermodynamics (IPX-207)
Assignment-IV
Q.1 In a certain stage of an impulse turbine, the nozzle angle is 20° with the plane of the
wheel. The mean diameter of the blade ring is 2.8 meters. It develops 55 kW at 2400
r.p.m. Four Nozzles, each of 10 mm diameter expand steam isentropically from 15 bar
and 250° C to 0.5 bar. The axial Thrust is 3.5 N. Calculate : 1. Blade angles at entrance
and exit, and 2. Power lost in blade friction.
Q.2 The steam supply of an impulse turbine with a single row of moving blades is 2 kg/s.
The turbine develops 130 kW, the blade velocity being 175 m/s. The steam flows from a
nozzle with a velocity of 400 m/s and the velocity coefficient of blades is 0.9. Find the
nozzle angle, blade angle at entry and exit, if the steam flows axially after passing over
the blades.
Q.3 The velocity of steam, leaving the nozzles of an impulse turbine, is 1200 m/s and the
nozzle angle is 20°C. The blade velocity is 375 m/s and the blade velocity coefficient is
0.75. Assuming no loss due to shock at inlet, calculate for a mass flow of 0.5 kg/s and
symmetrical blading : (a) blade inlet angle; (b) driving force on the wheel; (c) axial
thrust on the wheel; and (d) power developed by the turbine.
Q.4 Explain with the help of diagrams the various methods of compounding of impulse
steam turbines.
Q.5 The blade speed of a single ring impulse blading is 250 m/s and the nozzle angle is 20°.
The heat drop is 550 kJ/kg and the nozzle efficiency is 0.85. The blade discharge angle is
30° and the machine develops 30 kW, when consuming 360 kg of steam per hour. Draw
the velocity diagram and calculate: 1. Axial thrust on the blading, and 2. The heat
equivalent per kg of steam friction of the blading.
Q.6 In a De-lavel turbine, the steam enters the wheel through a nozzle with a velocity of 500
m/s and at an angle of 20° to the direction of motion of the blade. The blade speed is 200
m/s and the exit angle of the moving blade is 25°. Find the inlet angle of the moving
blade, exit velocity of steam and its direction and work done per kg of steam.
Q.7 The velocity of steam at inlet to a simple impulse turbine is 1000 m/s and the nozzle
angle is 20°. The mean blade speed is 400 m/s and the blades are symmetrical. The mass
flow rate of steam is 0.75 kg/s. The friction effects on the blades are negligible.
Estimate : (a) the blade angles; (b) the tangential force on the blades; (c) the axial thrust;
(d) the diagram power; and (e) the diagram efficiency.
Q.8 A Parson’s reaction turbine, while running at 400 r.p.m. consumes 30 tonnes of steam per
hour. The steam at a certain stage is at 1.6 bar with dryness fraction of 0.9 and the stage
develops 10 kW. The axial velocity of flow is constant and equal to 0.75 of the blade
velocity. Find mean diameter of the drum and the volume of steam flowing per second.
Take blade tip angles at inlet and exit as 35° and 20° respectively.
Q.9 At a particular stage of a reaction steam turbine, the mean blade speed is 60 m/s. Steam
is at a pressure of 3 bar with a temperature of 200°C. If the fixed and moving blades, at
this stage, have inlet angle 30°and exit angle 20°, determine : (a) blade height at this
stage, if the blade height is 1/10 of the mean blade ring diameter and the steam flow is
 10 kg/s, (b) power developed by a pair of fixed and moving blade rings at this stage, and
(c) the heat drop required by the pair if the steam expand with an efficiency of 85%.
Q.10 In one stage of a reaction steam turbine, both the fixed and moving blades have inlet and
outlet tip angles of 35°C and 20°C respectively. The mean blade speed is 80 m/s and the
steam consumption is 22 500 kg per hour. Determine the power developed in the pair and
find the efficiency of the pair, if the isentropic heat drop for the pair is 23.5 kJ per kg.
Q.11 A reaction turbines runs at 300 r.p.m. and its steam consumption is 15400 kg/h. The
pressure of steam at a certain pair is 1.9 bar; its dryness 0.93 and power developed by the
pair is 3.5 kW. The discharging blade tip angle is 20° for both fixed and moving blades
and the axial velocity of flow is 0.72 of the blade velocity. Find the drum diameter and
blade height. Take the tip leakage steam as 8%, but neglect blade thickness.
Q.12 At a stage of reaction turbine, the rotor diameter is 1.4 m and speed ratio 0.7. If the blade
outlet angle is 20° and the rotor speed is 3000 r.p.m., find the blade inlet angle and
diagram efficiency. Also find the percentage increase in diagram efficiency and rotor
speed, if the turbine is designed to run at the best theoretical speed.
Q.13 At a certain pair in a reaction turbine, the steam leaves in fixed blade at a pressure of 3
bar with a dryness fraction of 0.98 and a velocity of 130 m/s. The blades are 20 mm high
and discharge angle for both the rings is 20°. The ratio of axial velocity of flow to the
blade velocity is 0.7 at inlet and 0.76 at exit from the moving blade. If the turbine used 4
kg of steam per second with 5% tip leakage, find the mean blade diameter and the power
developed in the ring.
Q.14 Steam flows through the nozzles of a single stage impulse turbine with a velocity of 400
m/s and 15 degree nozzle angle. Steam at a rate of 5 kg/s comes out of the equiangular
moving blades with a velocity of 80 m/s and at an angle of 60 degree with the blade
velocity. Find power developed and loss due to friction.
Q.15 For a single stage 3000 rpm impulse turbine, the mean diameter of the blades is 105
cm. The nozzle angle is 20 degree, the ratio of blade speed to steam speed is 0.45 and
the ratio of relative velocity at outlet from the blade to that at the inlet is 0.85, the outlet
angle of blade is 3 degree less than the inlet angle. The mass flow rate of steam is 7
kg/s. Draw the velocity diagram of the blades and find.
1. Tangential thrust on the blades
2. Axial thrust on the blades
3. Power developed in the blades
4. Blade efficiency
5. Resultant thrust on the blades
Q.16 A Parson’s Turbine develops 1000 kW at 400 rpm and consumes 9 kg of steam per
kWh. Steam is supplied at 1200 kPa and 250 C. Isentropic efficiency of expansion is 85
%. The blade angles are 35 deg and 20 deg at inlet and outlet tips respectively. Find
drum dia and blade height at a stage where pressure is 150 kPa. The blade height to
drum dia is 1/12. Find the power developed at this stage if flow velocity is 80 % of
peripheral velocity. Neglect the friction losses.