Harriet Tubman’s

Triumphs & Tragedies

Kara Stephenson & Emily Ellis

Exhibit
 Works Cited

Primary Sources

Anti Slavery Meeting. Salem, Ohio, Homestead Print. Canada College,

guides.canadacollege.edu/africanamericanprimary/undergroundrailroad. Accessed 21

Oct. 2018. This article stresses the problem of slavery. The people longed to be free, so

they held meetings to go against all that was happening. During this time, slavery was the

topic of discussion, and this article proves how badly some people wanted to abolish

slavery. This proves what Harriet Tubman was fighting for. She wanted to overcome the

burden of slavery in our country. This is a primary source because it is an original

document from the time when the anti-slavery meetings were being addressed.

The Colored American [Washington D.C.]. 13 July 1901. Library of Congress,

chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83027091/1901-07-13/ed-1/seq-

2/#date1=1789&index=5&rows=20&words=Harriet+Tubman+Tubmans&searchType=b

asic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=harriet+tubman&y=20&x=19&dateFil

terType=yearRange&page=1. Accessed 18 Oct. 2018. This article describes Harriet

Tubman's life and some of her greatest accomplishments. It begins by explaining her

years as a slave. She made many trips to the South, bringing many slaves to safety. A

reward was put up for her. Even past her days of escaping South, Harriet Tubman

continued to love on those around her by taking in the blind, poor, and orphaned. She did

so much for the society and now other people wanted to do get her something in return.

This source will help me by providing a primary source from the time of Harriet Tubman.

This is a newspaper article from the time of Harriet Tubman.

Detroit Tribune. "Detroit Boys Make Good on Stage." Detroit Tribune [Clifford, Colombia], 4

Sept. 1937, p. 11. Literary Reference Center,

chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92063852/1937-09-04/ed-1/seq-

11/#date1=1789&index=0&rows=20&words=Harriet+Tubman&searchType=basic&seq

uence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=harriet+tubman&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=ye

arRange&page=1. Accessed 20 Oct. 2018. This Newspaper article expanded on the

search for "Moses," who was also known as Harriet Tubman. Robert E. Hayden wrote a

play about the courageous eminence who led her people to freedom using the

Underground Railroad. Hayden explained that Harriet is the most interesting and colorful

negro in history. He also explains that Harriet is worthy of her place in society and

history's hearts for being an relentless worker. The reader of the newspaper article can

infer that Harriet has a sacrificial and caring personality that can be shown to everyone.

This is a primary source since it is from the time of Harriet Tubman, and it is an original

document. This helps us because it shows the honor everyone wanted to show towards

Harriet, since a play was written about her.

Freuhauf, Andrew F., and C.S. "Why Our World Leadership Is Not Fully Accepted." Detroit

Tribune [Detroit], 30 Mar. 1963, sec. 4, p. 4. Literary Reference Center,

chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1917-07-15/ed-1/seq-

13/#date1=1789&index=2&rows=20&words=Harriet+Tubman&searchType=basic&seq

uence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=harriet+tubman&y=17&x=18&dateFilterType=

yearRange&page=1. Accessed 20 Oct. 2018. Within this Newspaper Article, Andrew and

C.S explain how Harriet uses the Underground Railroad for freedom of enslavement.

They also explain the popularity Harriet portrayed within the north as slave owners
 offered a total of 840,000 dollars if anyone could find her whether she was dead or alive.

This explains that Harriet was causing such a great positive impact in enslaved lives as

she brought them to freedom that slave owners could not stand her movement. This

newspaper also explains Harriet's place within the civil war as she served as a nurse.

Until 1913 when Harriet died, she served for the rights of Negroes. Harriet was

constantly sacrificial until the day she day in order to ensure freedom to as any people

she could impact. This is a primary source since it is an original document from the time

of Harriet Tubman. This is helpful to us because it shows the honor people wanted to

bestow upon Harriet Tubman; they made a branch in the Red Cross named after her.

Interview. By Benjamin Drew. Harriet Tubman St. Catherines Ontario CANADA, Salem Chapel,

2018, harriettubmancanada.com/quotes.html. Accessed 22 Oct. 2018. In this interview,

Harriet Tubman explains how she grew up feeling neglected, and how she was not happy

or content. Every time she saw a white man she was afraid of what would happen to her,

especially after seeing her sisters being taken away. Since she's been free, she

understands more how horrible slavery is. She's witnessed the escape or many slaves and

never once had met a slave who wanted to go back. She compares slavery to hell. These

quotes will be used as proof to what Harriet Tubman has said about slavery. This is a

primary source because it is a quote directly recorded from Harriet Tubman's interview.

Interview. By Sarah Bradford. Harriet Tubman St. Catherines Ontario CANADA, Salem Chapel,

2018, harriettubmancanada.com/quotes.html. Accessed 22 Oct. 2018. This quote explains

how Harriet Tubman came to the conclusion that she either had the right to liberty or

death. No one would take her back alive, so she concluded she had to fight for her liberty,

and if the time comes, then the Lord would let them kill her. This shows the strength and
 courage that Harriet Tubman displayed throughout her life. This is a primary source

because it is a direct quote from an interview with Harriet Tubman. I will use this to

directly quote some of the things that Harriet Tubman said.

"The Moses of Her People." The San Francisco Call [San Francisco, CA], 29 Sept. 1907.

Library of Congress, chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1907-09-29/ed-1/seq-

14/#date1=1836&index=5&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&

words=Harriet+Tubman&proxdistance=5&date2=1922&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext

=harriet+tubman&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1. Accessed 21 Oct.

2018. The newspaper article explains the life of Harriet Tubman. It emphasizes how alike

she is to the Moses. Harriet began as a strong, tough slave. She endured a lot. It explains

how her master died and she began to think about running away to freedom. She traveled

at night so she would not be seen, following the stars above her. She made it to the free

land of Pennsylvania and was happy. Harriet Tubman was able to lead hundreds of black

slaves to freedom by using the Underground Railroad. She fought the US authorities on

her way to an anti-slavery meeting. Harriet Tubman was a heroic woman, who made an

impact on many people's lives. This is a primary source because it is a newspaper article

directly from the time of Harriet Tubman. I will use this as proof as things that happened

in the life of Harriet Tubman.

Russel, W M. $200 Reward. Five Negro Slaves. St. Louis, 1847. Library of Congress,

www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.08600200. Accessed 22 Oct. 2018. This article shows how

slave owners would do anything they could to get their run away slaves back. The slave's

description was very precise. Harriet Tubman probably also had a reward on her back.

She was probably scared to be caught, but did not allow her emotions and fear take
 control of her. Instead, she pushed through and was able to bring so many people to

freedom. This is a primary source because it is an original article talking about the reward

of slaves. I will use this to show the money people would put out for their runaway

slaves.

Tubman, Harriet. "Freedom." 1849. Speech. Harriet Tubman states, “When I found I had crossed

that line, I looked at my hands to see if I was the same person. There was such a glory

over everything; the sun came like gold through trees, and over the fields, and I felt like I

was in Heaven”. Harriet is overwhelmed with the feeling of freedom that she cannot

believe she made it through as she second-guesses her identity. Since Harriet had been

enslaved for about 30 years, it is understandable that she would be speechless when

finally transitioning to freedom. When Harriet states, "I felt like I was in Heaven," that

can be portrayed as metaphorically because we are all chained in bondage because of sin

and failure, but once we are welcomed into heaven, we are completely free, which is the

feeling Harriet is experiencing. This is a primary source since it is a direct quote from

Harriet Tubman herself.

---. Speech. Democratic National Convention, 1913, Auburn, New York. Harriet Tubman states,

"If you hear the dogs, keep going. If you see the torches in the woods, keep going. If

there’s shouting after you, keep going. Don’t ever stop. Keep going. If you want a taste

of freedom, keep going." Harriet Tubman is stating the advice that she gave to the people

of whom she was freeing. Although she starts with infusing them with fear, she continues

with encouragement as she constantly states, "keep going." A good leader will explain

hardships to come, but a plan to succeed and that is why Harriet was successful with
 leading herself and others to freedom. This is a primary source since it is a direct quote

form Harriet Tubman herself.

United States, Congress, House, Committee on Invalid Pensions. A Bill. National Archives, 19

Jan. 1899, www.archives.gov/legislative/features/claim-of-harriet-tubman. Accessed 5

Nov. 2018. 55th Congress, 3rd session, House Document 1774. This document granted

pension to Harriet Tubman, who was a nurse in the US army. This is a primary source

since it is the original document that was received when Harriet Tubman got her pension.

We will use this in our project to show that Harriet Tubman did serve as a nurse in the

United States army, and that she did receive a pension from Congress. She received 25

dollars a month.

Up Close with Cathy Unruh; Dr. Crew. Directed by Cathy Unruh, WDEU. American Archive Of

Public Broadcasting, americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_322-074tmqt8. Accessed 20

Oct. 2018. This primary source video clip is an interview between a man named Dr.

Crew and a woman named Cathy Unrugh, of whom runs the talk show. Dr. Crew is a

maker of an institution called the National Underground Freedom Center. The Center was

inspired by the leaders of the abolishment of enslavement and the value that the

Underground Railroad holds through Harriet Tubman's sacrifices. Dr. Crew shares of his

fascination in his early childhood with the history of slavery in his hometown, Ohio.

Lastly, Dr. Crew values Harriet Tubman's courage and sacrificial passion. This is helpful

to our project because it discusses the issues of slavery and the importance of abolishing

slavery.

Secondary Sources
Benge, Janet, and Geoff Benge. Harriet Tubman Freedombound. 1954 II Title ed., Lynnwood,

Washington, Emerald Books, 1958. Heroes of History. This book gave a clear

understanding of Harriet Tubman's childhood as a slave and how she overcame the

struggles of slavery by escaping the slavery and assisting other slaves in escaping. The

struggles and tragedy that Harriet went through seemed overbearing for a young woman

to have to deal with, but through her trials, her triumph of escaping slavery was satisfying

to read about. However, Harriet never seemed to be satisfied with the amount of people

which she helped escape as she continued to help others, including her family. This is

secondary source since it is a biography of the life of Harriet Tubman, and it is not

directly from Harriet herself.

Benge, Jenet, and Geoff Benge. Harriet Tubman. Lynnwood, Washington, Emerald Books,

2002. Heroes of History. This book has given me insight to the life of Harriet Tubman.

Harriet was born a slave, and from her early years she was forced to work hard as she

was passed from household to household. Tired of all the pain and sorrow she had

endured, Harriet decided to escape to freedom. She often traveled at night, from safe

house to safe house until reaching her destination in Pennsylvania where she was a freed

black woman. She began to work to earn money for herself, but Harriet was not satisfied.

She would not be content until she knew that all her family was free as well. So, Harriet

became a conductor of the Underground Railroad leading hundreds of slaves to freedom.

This is a secondary source because it is a biography of Harriet Tubman's life, it is not an

original document.

CivilWarHome.com. "Civil War Home." Harriet Tubman 1820-1913, 2014,

www.civilwarhome.com/tubmanbio.htm. Accessed 4 Nov. 2018. This web page includes

 the early life of Harriet Tubman and her tragedy of abuse through enslavement. It also

includes the transition from her painful early life to the triumph of not only escaping, but

assisting about 300 slaves escape as well. This web page is a secondary source since it

includes an overview of Harriet life and achievements caused by painful early life. but no

direct information from Harriet herself or a contributor from that time.

"Harriet Tubman - Civil Right Activist | Mini Bio | BIO." Youtube, Biography, 26 Jan. 2010,

www.youtube.com/watch?v=XmsNGrkbHm4. Accessed 20 Oct. 2018. This video clip

gave several facts about Harriet as the video interpreted her early-life as slavery infused.

The clip also explained her trials within slavery, for example, being hit with a 2-pound

iron weight causing her to become disabled and have narcolepsy. The video clip explains

the opinions that African Americans and people in general have on Harriet Tubman as

Emil Wilbekin states that Harriet helped black people have a sense of freedom. Since

people believed Harriet was a strong leader to freedom she gained the nickname, Moses.

Harriet became a wanted woman since she kept leading slaves out of slavery through the

underground railroad. This video clip gave me a brief understanding of Harriet's

background and achievements as well as the effects on people nowadays. This is a

secondary source since it is a biography about the life of Harriet Tubman.

"Harriet Tubman - Civil Rights Activist | Mini Bio | BIO." You Tube, uploaded by Biography, 26

Jan. 2010, www.youtube.com/watch?v=XmsNGrkbHm4. Accessed 22 Oct. 2018. This

video explains some of the life of Harriet Tubman. She escaped and came back for her

husband, who was a freed black man, and found that she had taken another wife. Instead

she was able to bring many other slaves to freedom. She eventually earned the nickname

Moses, She started to guide slaves to Canada in order for them to maintain their freedom.
 She also assisted the Union army. After the war, she dedicated herself to establishing

schools. She went to support the fight for woman's rights. She was eventually buried with

great honor. This is a secondary source because it is a biography about the Harriet

Tubman. It explains some of the triumphs and tragedies in her life, which will be used in

the project.

"Harriet Tubman & the Underground Railroad {Part 1}." YouTube, 27 Sept. 2012,

www.youtube.com/watch?v=F54jtNaBK2E. Accessed 6 Oct. 2018. We viewed this

video to help us gain more information about Harriet Tubman and the Underground

Railroad. We learned about some of the difficulties of the Underground Railroad, and the

many accomplishments. The Underground Railroad provided a way for many African

Americans in the United States to escape and have a taste of freedom in their lives. They

had to endure many difficulties throughout their escape and also through their lives

leading up to their escape. This is a secondary source because it is a biography about

Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. It is not a direct source from the time of

the Underground Railroad and Harriet Tubman.

Lewis, Ronald L. "Scholastic GO!" Tubman, Harriet, 4 Nov. 2018,

go.scholastic.com/C/article/029/579/0295790-

0.html?highlightTerm=harriet%20AND%20tubman. This encyclopedia from go

scholastic gives a brief overview to Harriet's life and legacy. It explains the role she

played in leadership of the slaves escaping including her unique gestures to ensure the

outcome of escaping. This website includes the idea of Harriet replacing Andrew Jackson

on the $20 bill and the reasons for doing so. This source is a secondary source because
 although it is gives a strong understanding of Harriet's motives, it does not include direct

information from Harriet herself or a contributor to the triumph of escaping slavery.

Michals, Debra, editor. "Harriet Tubman." National Women's History Museum, 2015,

www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/harriet-tubman. Accessed 4

Nov. 2018. This article is about the life of Harriet Tubman. It explains Tubman's work

with the Underground Railroad and the things she did afterwards too. She worked with

the Union military during the Civil War. After her days in the Underground Railroad,

Harriet continued to raise funds for the freedom of other slaves. I will use this article to

describe some of her life. This is a secondary source because it is written later about

Harriet Tubman.

National Geographic Society. "National GeographicH." Harriet Tubman, National Geographic

Partners, L.L.C, 2015, kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/history/harriet-

tubman/#harriet_lg.jpg. Accessed 4 Nov. 2018. This website the significance in the

gender of Harriet Tubman. Since Harriet had achieved many marvelous accomplishments

as a girl it provides a stronger respect for her. The webpage includes her life as a

conductor, support of the Union Army, and nursing for Civil War. This website is a

secondary source because although it includes information of her support and

accomplishments as a woman, there are no direct contributions from Harriet herself or an

insider to her accomplishments.

"Scholastic GO!" Tubman, Harriet (c. 1821-1913), 4 Nov. 2018,

go.scholastic.com/L/article/039/435/0394350-

00.html?highlightTerm=harriet%20AND%20tubman. This encyclopedia from scholastic

go includes the hardship that Harriet went through such as enslavement and being forced
 to marry a fellow slave named John Tubman. It goes to explain the triumph she

encountered through helping slaves escape and the bounty had of $40,000. The website

also includes the place Harriet was in during the Civil War as a cook and a nurse. This

encyclopedia is a secondary source because although it gives clear understanding of

Harriet's hardship and triumph through enslavement, there is no direct quotes or

implications from Harriet or a contributor affected by her.

"Timeline of the Life of Harriet Tubman." Harriet Tubman, 2018, www.harriet-

tubman.org/timeline/. Accessed 5 Nov. 2018. This website provides an in depth timeline

on the life of Harriet Tubman. It explains everything from her birth to her death. Harriet

experienced many triumphs and tragedies throughout her life and many of them are

documented in this website. This source will help us to be able to pinpoint many specific

dates of the events in the life of Harriet Tubman. This is a secondary source since it is not

directly from the time of Harriet Tubman, but is formed way later.

"Tubman, Harriet." Scholastic GO!,

go.scholastic.com/B/article/atb/022/atb022b04.html?highlightTerm=Harriet%20AND%2

0Tubman. Accessed 29 Oct. 2018. This article briefly explains the life of Harriet

Tubman. She was called "the Moses of her people." She was a little African-American

girl, who was born into slavery. In 1849, she decided to escape to freedom in

Pennsylvania, then she dedicated her life to helping other escape to freedom. She became

one of the most famous "conductors" of the Underground Railroad. During the Civil War,

Harriet Tubman continued to serve her country and she became a cook, scout, spy, and

nurse for the Union army. Now, Harriet Tubman is expected to be seen on the $20 dollar

bill in 2020. This is a secondary source because it is an article about Harriet Tubman, not
 directly from her time. I will use this article to show different things about the life of

Harriet Tubman.

Tertiary Sources

An Engraving of Harriet Tubman. (Hulton Archive/Getty Images). History Extra,

www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/harriet-tubman-and-the-underground-railroad/.

Accessed 5 Nov. 2018. This is a engraving of Harriet Tubman. She is standing with a gun

leaning up against her. Harriet was a tough woman, who did not let many people scare

her. This photograph will be used in our project to help those who view it to visualize her

appearance.

Harriet Tubman. 18 May 2010. Civil War Women, www.civilwarwomenblog.com/harriet-

tubman/. Accessed 4 Nov. 2018. On this website is a photograph of Harriet Tubman

leading others to freedom. We are able to see what it would look like when a "conductor"

would lead his or her passengers to freedom. This is a tertiary source since it is a

photograph.

Harriet Tubman. 27 Feb. 2018. National Park Foundation,

www.nationalparks.org/connect/blog/beacon-resilience-and-love-harriet-tubman.

Accessed 4 Nov. 2018. This is a photograph of Harriet Tubman that shows only her face.

We will use this photo to show the appearance of Harriet. This is a tertiary source since it

is a photograph.

Harriet Tubman. 2015. National Women's History Museum, www.womenshistory.org/education-

resources/biographies/harriet-tubman. Accessed 4 Nov. 2018. This is a photo of Harriet

 Tubman. This picture will be useful to use in our project to show the appearance of

Harriet Tubman. This is a tertiary source since it is a photograph.

Harriet Tubman: Neurodivergent Black Excellence. 13 Feb. 2018. NOS Magazine,

nosmag.org/harriet-tubman-neurodivergent-black-excellence/. Accessed 4 Nov. 2018.

This is a photograph of Harriet Tubman. We will use this photograph in our project to

help those who see it to visualize Harriet. This is a tertiary source since it is a picture.

Harriet Tubman (Pictured Far Left) with a Group of People she helped to escape from slavery.

(Getty Images). History Extra, www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/harriet-tubman-

and-the-underground-railroad/. Accessed 4 Nov. 2018. This is a photograph of Harriet

Tubman with a group of people that she led to freedom. Harriet Tubman was a conductor

of the Underground Railroad and lead hundreds of people to freedom. This picture will

be helpful in our project because it shows the dedication of Harriet Tubman to leading so

many people to freedom. This is a tertiary source since it is a picture.

Harriet Tubman US $20 Bill. 21 Apr. 2016. BBC, www.bbc.com/news/business-36096151.

Accessed 4 Nov. 2018. This is a photograph of the 20 dollar bill that will come out in

2020 featuring Harriet Tubman on the front of it. Her incredible story is to be honored

with this act. This is a tertiary source since it is a photograph.

Hopkins, Johns. Confederate site in Baltimore to be rededicated to Harriet Tubman. 16 Feb.

2018. Thegrio, thegrio.com/2018/02/16/confederate-site-harriet-tubman/. Accessed 20

Oct. 2018. This photograph includes a park site in Baltimore for Confederates now being

dedicated to Harriet Tubman. The Baltimore City Council approved of the idea of the

dedication to Harriet since she spent about 30 years in enslavement. The previous

monument stated "Black Lives Matter," including morbid graffiti around the monument.
 A council woman named Mary Pat Clarke explained that just as Harriet led hundreds of

enslaved people to freedom, she is now leading the Baltimore confederate sites to a

gathering and peaceful community. This picture demonstrates the priorities of which we

should have explaining that instead of stating "Black lives Matter," portray a leader who

acted on that truth.

A previously unknown portrait of Harriet Tubman, "conductor" of the Underground Railroad. 6

Mar. 2018. Time, time.com/5186893/harriet-tubman-photo/. Accessed 4 Nov. 2018. This

is a picture of Harriet Tubman. We will use this to help our viewers visualize Harriet.

This is a tertiary source since it is a photograph.

Pruitt, Sarah. Should Harriet Tubman Replace Jackson on the $20 Bill? 13 May 2015. Literary

Reference Center, www.history.com/news/should-harriet-tubman-replace-jackson-on-

the-20-bill. Accessed 20 Oct. 2018. This photograph, created by Sarah Pruitt, was made

to start up a controversial debate stating, "Should Harriet Tubman Replace Jackson on the

$20 Bill?" Harriet is known as a non-educated woman who led slaves to the north using a

map and was soon recruited as a spy in the Civil War. Whereas, Andrew Jackson was

outspoken in the government policies against the Native Americans, which led to the trail

of tears. This proves that people value Harriet's efforts and accomplishments more than

the failures of Andrew Jackson to an extreme extent of replacing him with Harriet.

Underground Railroad. Hilbert College, www.hilbert.edu/social-justice-activists/underground-

railroad. Accessed 4 Nov. 2018. This website contains a photo of the routes of the

Underground Railroad. This photo will be useful to visualize how effective the

Underground Railroad was. This is a tertiary source since it is a photograph.

Webber, Chas. T. The Underground Railroad. 1893. Library of Congress,

www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3a29554/. Accessed 1 Nov. 2018. The photo on this

website is of people using the Underground Railroad to escape to their freedom. I will

use this photo in our project to show and illustrate a visual of how the Underground

Railroad worked and those who escaped. This is a tertiary source because it is a picture of

people escaping with the Underground Railroad. I will use this picture to help those who

view the project to visualize the Underground Railroad.