Prof. Vibhuti Patel Safety of Women & Girls in Educational Institutions MEDC Digest March 2018

MAHARASHTRA ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL
MONTHLY ECONOMIC DIGEST

VOL. XLVII NO.: 3 March 2018 68 Pages `80 ISSN 2456 - 2457
Oman’s Port of Prosperity
EDUCATION.
2 March 2018 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest
CONTENT
VOL. XLVII NO. : 03 February 2018
MEDC Economic Digest Editorial Board
Interim Chairman
MAHARASHTRA ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL
Cdr. Dipak Naik MONTHLY ECONOMIC DIGEST
Editor
VOL. XLVII NO.: 3 March 2018 68 Pages `80 ISSN 2456 - 2457

Ms. Ananya Prem Nath
Manager - Research & Training
Editorial Advisor :
Dr. Prakash Hebalkar, President, ProfiTech
Mr. Ravi Buddhiraja, IAS (Retd.)
Dr. Dhananjay Samant - Economist
MEDC Response :
EDUCATION.
Ms. Sonali Jakatdar - Gen. Manager
Ms. Sonam Gupta - Executive | Ms. Pooja Kalamkar - Executive
Address :
MEDC Research Centre, 3rd floor, Y.B. Chavan Centre, Nariman Point,
Mumbai - 400 021. Tel. : 2284 2206/09; Fax : 2284 6288;
Email : medc@medcindia.com
www.medcindia.com
FROM THE PRESIDENT’S DESK 03
SPECIAL FEATURE
OMAN’S
PORT OF
PROSPERITY
06
Monthly Economic Review January 2018..... Dr. Dhananjay Samant 11
COVER STORY
Higher Education for Women Education – A Safety of Children & Value-added education
Women in India
15
Primary Step towards
Women Empowerment
Women in Educational
Institutions 26
18 22
Vocational Training Scenario in Some Aspects of Professional Skill Gap in Power Sector and role of
India Education in India Tata Power Skill Development Institute
28 30 35
Global Trade
and Investment
Trends
38
CURRENT AFFAIRS
RBI kept rates unchanged- Raises inflation projection garner wars of spike in prices – Fiscal slippage and
65
volatile global financial markets.
41 NEWS in MEDC
MOU with Bluemark
1st feb
MAHA FACTS & FIGURES

EDUCATION, WOMEN & CHILD DEVELOPMENT
42
THOUGHT TO NATURE
Students’ Experience Journey
62
Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest March 2018 5
Special Feature

Connecting east with west, and in Last year, Oman Oil Company and and the wider 2,000-square-kilometre
proximity to major shipping lanes Kuwait Petroleum International SEZ. The Commercial Director goes
and markets, Port of Duqm is signed an agreement for the on to advise that via an array of new
today Oman’s single largest, most development of a US$7 billion, liquid bulk jetties, Port of Duqm will
impressive infrastructure project. 230,000 bpd refinery to be built function primarily as a storage facility
Tasked with developing the mega at Oman’s southern port town for diesel, naphtha, jet fuel, LPG and
maritime hub is Port of Duqm of Duqm, as part of the vast new dry bulk materials, with a capacity
Company SAOC (PDC) – a 50-50 Special Economic Zone (SEZ) under of half a million cubic metres of
JV between the Government of development there. The adjacent refined products in the first phase
Oman and a Port of Antwerp-led Port of Duqm is developing very – feeding the oil refinery once that
consortium. Mr Erwin Mortelmans much with that new mega refinery mega plant is commissioned in 2021,
– PDC’s Commercial Director – plant in mind. “We are really trying and facilitating exports.
describes the Port investments to transform Duqm into a new
augmenting the dominant oil & gas regional liquid bulk hub,” announces While the new refinery is by far
sector, alongside supporting the Mr Mortelmans, whose company the biggest ticket project being
sultanate’s industrial diversification has been tasked with operating and implemented by external investors
drive. developing the port to cater to such in the swiftly evolving SEZ, there is
enterprises both within the port itself also considerable interest from other
industries. Sebacic Oman is currently
developing a major sebacic acid plant
in Duqm’s new industrial zone, with
an array of other entities set to follow.
Not only do such investments point
towards the broader appeal of the
zone; they also support the Omani
government’s diversification strategy,
aimed at encouraging industrial
activity in the economy’s non-oil
sectors.
Given the price volatility of crude in

recent years, it is little wonder why
Oman is keen to boost its revenues
from other sources – including
mining and manufacturing – while
simultaneously generating greater
value from the country’s dominant oil
& gas sector. In its role of catering to
such diverse interests through major
investment and development of the
vast hub under its purview, PDC is
set to play an increasingly vital role
in supporting Oman’s industrial
strategy going forward.

Special Feature
Unlocking the sultanate’s Regarding exports, Port of Duqm terminal,” reveals Mr Mortelmans.
wealth plays an essential role in unlocking “Beyond that, the aforementioned
the country’s mineral wealth. “Oman liquid jetties will be commissioned
Port of Duqm Company SAOC is
has an abundance of mineral reserves three years from now, although
a joint venture between the Omani
– typically low-value products like from day one we will likely transfer
government and consortium
limestone, dolomite, and silica the operational responsibilities for
Antwerp Port – itself a JV between
sand,” Mr Mortelmans informs. those to a world-class jetty operator.
the Port of Antwerp and another
“An optimal supply chain and low Other terminals, likewise, may be
Belgian company, Rent A Port. “The
logistical costs are very important transferred to operators at a later
idea of the collaboration was to
in getting such products to market stage.”
leverage on the expertise of a world-
– and making full utilisation of the
class player like Port of Antwerp, Ever-expanding assets
port is crucial in that respect.”
as well as that of Rent A Port – a
prominent developer of industrial Port of Duqm features a 2.2km-
In short, Port of Duqm facilitates long, 330m deep commercial quay,
zones – and to bring that wealth of imports for Oman’s prime market
expertise to Duqm,” explains Mr although the firm today operates
(oil & gas), exports of the country’s across only half of that space,
Mortelmans. minerals, and also exports of locally the other half of the quay having
produced products. been transferred to a contractor to
Established in 2011, PDC started
operations a year later, although develop its top deck – both buildings
Authority, operator, developer
the company’s ratification by Royal and equipment. “We expect to be
Decree in July 2015 was when its In terms of PDC’s actual utilising that half of the quay around
business activities commenced in responsibilities, the firm today wears nine months from now, after which
earnest, claims Mr Mortelmans. three different hats. The first of these the contractor will develop the other
“From that date on, for a period roles is as port authority at Duqm – a half of the commercial quay – slated
of 28 years, Port of Duqm would job that entails the management and for completion within a 16-18 month
be responsible for the operation, terminal operation of the Port itself, timeline,” the interviewee advises.
management, maintenance and ensuring that all vessels entering and “We shall then commence operations
marketing of both the port and the exiting the harbour do so in a safe, from the fully-furnished 2.2km-long
land within the concession area,” he controlled manner. quay, divided into the aforementioned
reports. terminals – multipurpose terminal,
Secondly, PDC acts as terminal
container terminal, navy terminal,
“The motivation for the new SEZ operator, and is tasked with
dry-bulk and [the upcoming] Ro-Ro
development is to create a new management of the logistics zone
terminal. All will be positioned on
society in a fairly remote area, in in the direct vicinity of the port,
the 65ha commercial quay, marking
order to bring prosperity to this part overseeing all the major terminals
completion of Phase One of the
of Oman,” he continues. “And our in place today (multi-purpose,
project around two to three years
company, Port of Duqm Company container, dry bulk, and navy).
from now. By that time, we shall
SAOC, plays a pivotal role in that also have the liquid bulk terminal
Thirdly, PDC is responsible for the
advancement drive – by facilitating in operation on the other side of
financing, development, management
imports and exports,” he continues. the port, covering around 48ha of
and marketing of the 2000-hectare
Indeed, Port of Duqm can be seen terminal space.”
industrial and petrochemical zones,
as vital for Oman’s imports – not
which enjoy optimal integration with
least those related to the dominant Thereafter, PDC will look to
Port of Duqm.
oil & gas sector. Positioned central commission a second phase of
to all the major oil fields in Oman, “In the future there will also be a development in the Port’s basin, in
the port’s prime location is highly Ro-Ro terminal for the automotive accordance with the hub’s evolving
advantageous in supporting the industry, alongside a liquid bulk requirements.
entire supply chain.

Special Feature
Equipped for action Port of Duqm currently has two Such clients include PDO (Petroleum
As one might expect, huge equipment berths available for general cargo, Development Oman) – the state-
and machinery investments are being plus two berths for dry bulk owned company and the nation’s
implemented to bolster Port of handling. Container handling is leading E&P company – as well as
Duqm’s capabilities. For the multi- minimal at present, and is therefore Occidental Petroleum Corporation
purpose terminal, such investments done at the general cargo terminal. (or ‘Oxy’), the largest independent
include two new heavy-duty mobile “Two years from now, we’ll have oil producer operating in Oman
harbour cranes (able to handle eight to nine berthing positions – today. Other major concessionary
around 200 tonnes each), alongside depending on how large the vessels players that PDC serves include BP –
forklifts, wheel loaders and so on. are,” Mr Mortelmans advises. “We the new kids on the block with their
For the container terminal, Port of will therefore have ample capacity, giant Khazzan gas field project, from
Duqm Company is in the process of with the option to expand further via which the company commenced
procuring STS cranes, and potentially Phase Two as and when such need production in September 2017.
also RTG cranes or straddle carriers, arises.” “There are obviously many
advises Mr Mortelmans, adding that subcontractors and service providers
Industrial in-roads linked to such activity as well.
the firm is also exploring potential
investment in automated loading While the investments and Ultimately, all the major oil & gas
equipment for the Port’s dry bulk expansions that PDC is planning players from an import perspective
terminal. for Port of Duqm will do much benefit from our facility.”
to facilitate the diversification of
Operations are currently going well, Oman’s economy, the majority of With regards to dry-bulk exports,
and volumes and movements through the company’s activities at present PDC’s clients include two major
the port are constantly increasing. remain related to the core oil & quarries mining limestone and
However, as the interviewee points gas industry, notes Mr Mortelmans. dolomite within the vicinity of the
out: “What we’re seeing in terms of “One example would be the import port. “In the years ahead, we expect
volumes today is nothing compared of project cargo, and also break- such activity to grow substantially as
to what we are expecting in 2019 and bulk cargo, for oil & gas companies further quarries are developed both
beyond, after everything is handed requiring pipes, equipment, project within and just beyond the SEZ,”
over to us.” cargo, chemicals and so on.” predicts Mr Mortelmans.
Elsewhere, PDC serves all of the

world’s major naval forces, including
those of the US, the UK, Oman,
India, Japan and The Netherlands.
PDC also accommodates imports

and exports for all of the companies
operating within the SEZ, including
prime client Oman Dry Dock. Soon
to be added to the list will be Sabacic
Oman, given the aforementioned
major new plant currently under
development. The Omani-Indian
JV announced that it would invest
around US$1.2bn over a 10-year
time-frame in establishing a major
bio-refinery complex at the zone and,
according to Sebacic Oman’s CEO,

Special Feature
the long-term aim of the investment substantial number of direct calls firm prides itself on its very high
is to position Duqm SEZ and Oman – from China, Japan, India, and so Omanisation level (close to 80 per
as a world-scale hub for sebacic acid on – on account of handling all the cent). “Another key advantage of
based derivatives. oil & gas volumes. Regarding mineral our co-operation with the Port of
exports, PDC also sees bulk carriers Antwerp has been the knowledge
Beyond that, the much-anticipated coming to Duqm to pick up cargo. transfer from which we have
US$7bn Duqm refinery will benefited as an organisation.”
transform a 900ha site at the SEZ The skills to pay the bills
into a 230,000-barrels-per-day mega Indeed, having been able to start Coming from that expertise too is
plant that will produce a number operations in this manner in the the stringent emphasis on safety and
of key refinery products once developmental – and even pre- security, as Mr Mortelmans points
operational in 2021. “Off the back development – stage has proved out. “While it’s still early days in terms
of the new refinery, we also welcome crucial to PDC’s success to date, of the Port of Duqm’s evolution,
third party storage providers or liquid asserts Mr Mortelmans. “Resultantly, since inception PDC has ensured
bulk traders to grow their businesses we have been able to create value the existence of a fully-fledged safety
in the SEZ,” Mr Mortelmans adds. from the start. It means that Port department embedded into the firm’s
of Duqm can already today be operational department. The two
Call and response departments work very closely, with
considered Oman’s prime importer
Beyond such prestigious clients, for oil & gas cargoes, alongside having experienced people and in adherence
PDC is also now targeting all major helped unlock the mineral potential with the highest international applied
shipping companies to start calling of the country. So, the solutions – standards – not only in Oman, but
at Duqm, in preparation for when regardless of whether that be for internationally. This is obviously a
it is able to provide the relevant project or break bulk cargo, dry bulk constant point of attention and also
services. “In the meantime, we’re cargo, or containerised cargo – are communication with our clients – if
doing container-handling moves already there, despite it obviously you serve clients like Shell, PDO,
with our mobile harbour cranes – it’s being early days.” or the oil & gas industry in general,
a perfectly fine way of doing it, given you must maintain the highest
the modest amount of containers we At this stage in development, Port standards. Quite simply – from
are currently receiving,” notes Mr of Duqm Company SAOC remains a safety perspective, we make no
Mortelmans. “This, of course, will be a relatively small team (around 180 compromises.”
completely different in two to three people) in comparison to what it
years when we have all the available will be once all facilities are fully Keeping the door open
equipment in place, and we shall see up and running a few years from To fulfill its mission of becoming
major shipping lines calling directly at now. “Since we have so many hats a multipurpose port serving all
Duqm. The Port is already registered to wear, our team encompasses all stakeholders, PDC must develop
as an end destination by MSC and kinds of skills and expertise involved with the capacity to respond
CMA CGM. Those global shipping in running the terminals from top to according to any demand shifts that
giants currently operate from Duqm bottom, and we are very proud to emerge in the years ahead. “If the
by utilising a feeder service – already have trained all our staff in-house. market requires that we handle 40-
in place and operated by Oman Initially, we started out with Omani 50 million tonnes of minerals or one
Shipping – which calls at Duqm staff, whom we trained from scratch. to two million TEUs of containers,
and connects it to other ports such We then engaged an expat crew to then we must ensure we’re ready to
as Salalah, Sohar and Jebel Ali,” he complement the team and meet do that,” exemplifies Mr Mortelmans.
informs. urgent requirements due to a high “It’s therefore vital that we keep the
level of activity.” door open so as to respond to any
Regarding project and break-bulk kind of opportunity. One of the
cargo, the interviewee points out PDC is today actively hiring in key advantages of being a greenfield
that Port of Duqm already has a all fields and all domains, and the project is that you’re not bound to an

Special Feature
existing structure. The challenge is
obviously to build up the masterplan
and develop your infrastructure
according to market demand, so as
to accommodate all enquiries and
cargo movements.
“Another advantage of developing

a greenfield project is that it offers
a great opportunity to do things
in a smart way, utilising the latest
technologies,” he reports. The
entire port area development has
been divided into seven investment
infrastructure packages, six of
which have already been awarded to
contractors and are being developed
almost in parallel. The final port of Duqm city is underway, and gas For more details, contact :
development package, he tells supply is set to reach the town by Erwin Mortelmans
us, pertains to IT integration and 2019 to feed the various industries. Commercial Director
Port of Duqm Company S.A.O.C
advancement. “We want to take our
“There is light at the end of the PO Box: 2409, PC: 111, Sultanate of Oman
time to ensure that we do things 3rd Floor, Almashreq Building, 18 November
right regarding IT – we’ve therefore tunnel,” notes the interviewee, “and Street, N. Azaiba
engaged a consultancy to really look our value proposition to potential Website : www.portduqm.com
deep into the requirements of all investors is already much improved E-Mail : erwin.mortelmans@portduqm.com
stakeholders to really ensure that from that which we could offer even Mob : + 968 98872167
everyone’s wishes are being factored just a few years ago.” Such progress Tel : + 968 24342842
in. Thereafter, another consultancy to date, alongside major terminal
will be appointed to outline how and jetty developments underway, in
a ‘smart port’ concept may be tandem with some of the sultanate’s
developed and deployed,” he reveals. biggest ticket industrial investments
rising from the ground over the next
Ultimately, the future success of few years, will undoubtedly generate
Duqm will depend on the level of yet more business confidence in the
investment attracted via industrial ambitious yet timely Duqm project.
developments in and around the As such, few should bet against
SEZ. “Attracting FDI is really key,” Port of Duqm and the wider SEZ
stresses Mr Mortelmans. “The flip- becoming Oman’s most dynamic new
side of developing on a greenfield hub for job creation and in-country
site is that consumption levels there value-addition, as the sultanate looks
are lower than they would be in a to realise sustainable and diversified
more developed area. It is therefore economic expansion in the years
key for all utilities and provisions to ahead.
be implemented swiftly so as to make
Duqm an attractive proposition.”
Electricity is already available with
augmentation of such infrastructure
on-going, while further development

Monthly Economic Review

January 2018
Dr. Dhananjay Samant
Author is an applied economist and social scientist specializing in quantitative analysis,
forecasting, and macroeconomic policy formulation.
dasamant@gmail.com
Dr. Dhananjay Samant
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY economic growth slowing to 6.5% be designed and implemented much
The global economy is experiencing in the year to 31st March from 7.1% faster and more efficiently than
a broad based cyclical recovery with in the previous year. Nonetheless, has been the case to date. A fine
a rebound in investment activity and the forecast released by the CSO rebalancing of the economy is now
trade. Growth has moved up to 3% assumes that the economy is on a imperative.
in 2017, with both emerging and recovery path. That may be due to
some efficiency gains in production A successful trade policy necessitates
advanced economies growing at a an internationally competitive
faster rate. Low interest rates and easy due to the GST which have not yet
been fully captured in the GDP. industrial policy. Apart from opening
monetary policy have papered over a up the domestic markets, a strategic
multitude of financial vulnerabilities Reigning in the fiscal deficit is trade policy will also deploy access
around the world. Nevertheless, probably the most intractable to them to pry open those of others
there are reasons to be cautiously macroeconomic issue facing the as well. The government and the
optimistic about the prospects of country today. The government private sector should work closely
economic growth across major needs to generate revenue of together to this end. In this regard, if
geographies. Rs. 655.73 billion in excess of Make in India is to become a reality,
China’s economy grew faster than expenditure till March end in order India needs to grow faster in firms
expected in the fourth quarter to contain the fiscal deficit at 3.2% of of all sizes and varying economies
of 2017, as an export recovery GDP in 2017-18. With the looming of scale. The employment situation
helped the country post its first bank bailout, this is going to be a tall in the country also demands that we
annual acceleration in growth in order. With surging oil prices, the cannot afford to compromise on the
seven years. This defied concerns scope for trimming subsidies is also competitiveness of our traditional
that intensifying cuts on industry limited. The government has also labour intensive exports – apparel,
and credit would impact economic budgeted spending Rs. 1.25 trillion as leather, and footwear. India is the
expansion. A synchronized surge in capital expenditure in the remaining second largest producer of footwear
the global economy over the past months of the fiscal year. That may and leather garments in the world
year has been a boon to China and be necessary as a reduction on that and competitive advantages in
much of trade-dependent Asia. front could jeopardize GDP growth, this sphere need to be maintained.
as private investment in the economy Unfortunately, our exports in this
However, the Indian economy is plunges to a record low. However, area have fallen to around $ 30 billion
expected to expand at its slowest a strategic disinvestment, which today due largely to poor logistics,
pace in the past four years, as some officials believe can garner Rs. access to credit and land, higher
business activity everywhere has 200 billion more than the budget taxes, and globally uncompetitive
been measurably impacted by the estimates, is expected to have some exchange rates. All the pain points
double whammy of demonetization positive impact in this otherwise in the data should be carefully and
and implementation related issues of gloomy scenario of fiscal slippage. It systematically addressed.
the GST. The government forecast is also essential that direct tax reform

India’s agricultural sector is be shorn of social and distributive Exporting Countries (OPEC)
undergoing a silent structural justice as well as longevity. and rising demand shaved away
shift. For the sixth consecutive a global surplus. Brent crude
year, horticulture crop output has What is particularly unsettling is futures, which are used in the
exceeded foodgrain production. that relatively fast economic growth pricing of more than half of
However, price volatility remains a in India continues to coexist with the world’s oil, rose by 1.2%
major issue. The need of the hour sluggish improvements in the to the highest since December
is to create a nationally integrated Human Development Index and the 4, 2014. Prices rallied after the
market for all agriculture related overall quality of life. Dealing with longest stretch of declines in
activities … just as GST has done this requires not only more inclusive US inventories during winter in
for indirect taxation. Farmers should growth but also more proactive and a decade.
be educated in futures trading and actionable socioeconomic policies. In
investment should be encouraged in this context, a key focus area has to ■■ The World Economic Forum
infrastructure development facilities be the development of a measurably (WEF) has ranked India at
for the farm economy. India is better education system, since 30th position on a global
predicted to be one of the emerging education happens to be the greatest manufacturing index. This is
economies whose agricultural sector creator and leveler of societal wealth. below China’s 5th place but
will be the hardest hit by global above other BRICS peers.
The ultimate choice has to be made Among BRICS nations, Russia
warming and climate change. Keeping
by the government, keeping in mind is ranked 35th, Brazil 41st and
this in mind, artificial agrarian
not just the next election, but also South Africa is at the 45th place.
incentives that are unsustainable
the future of the next generation. Japan has been found to have
and fiscally irresponsible should
Social unrest over jobless growth the best structure of production
end immediately, even if it means
and rising stress in the agrarian in the Geneva-based WEF’s first
deviating from a politically expedient
economy may not be overtly seen in ‘Readiness for the future of
agenda.
the streets today. However, there are production report’.
For both political and economic strong undercurrents threatening to
reasons, the rural economy needs to be derail the political stability necessary ■■ Both public and private
urgently revived. Large investments to push through bolder economic investment activity has fallen
should be made in export-oriented reforms in the economy. An excessive sharply in China, where
agriculture value chains, cold storage, focus on the fiscal arithmetic and rebalancing of the economy
and warehousing facilities. There is a the squaring of financial accounts continues. However, exports
need to systematically dismantle the is not as important as enhancing have revived on the back
disincentives to economic growth public spending judiciously to of stronger global growth.
in both rural and urban areas, even relieve both urban and rural distress, The World Bank expects
if it is accompanied with a certain and reinforcing socioeconomic international trade growth to
political risk. Both urban and security measures. We do hope that average roughly at 4% in the
rural areas face different types of a statesmanlike approach will prevail coming years, thus boosting the
disincentives which hamper their and that the forthcoming Budget will prospects of major exporting
economic prospects. They need to get its priorities right. regions.
be correctly identified and different
strategies need to be devised and HIGHLIGHTS India
implemented to deal separately with International ■■ This year’s Union budget,
each of them. Without making a ■■ Oil topped $70 a barrel in the last one in this tenure of
serious attempt to help the rural and London for the first time in the current government, will
urban poor realize their untapped three years, as production cuts be presented on February 1,
potential, India’s growth story will by Organization of Petroleum 2018. The Budget session will
begin from January 29. With

this being the final budget of note, with operating conditions retail investors and investor
the government before the in December 2017 improving awareness initiatives. It was the
elections, the focus is expected at the strongest rate in five fifth consecutive annual rise
to be on agriculture and job years driven by significant in the industry’s assets under
creation. increase in new orders. The management (AUM), after a
Nikkei India Manufacturing drop in the assets base for two
■■ The richest 1% in India Purchasing Managers’ Index preceding years.
cornered 73% of the wealth (PMI) rose to 54.7 in December,
generated in the country in from 52.6 in November as ■■ New project announcements
2017, according to a survey growth was recorded across by Indian companies touched
released by the international all three monitored categories a 13-year low of Rs. 77,000
rights group Oxfam. Besides, – consumer, intermediate and crore in the December quarter.
670 million Indians, comprising investment. According to CMIE data, the
the population’s bottom half, stalling rate for private sector
saw their wealth rise by just ■■ According to a study by the projects reached a record high at
1% in the same period. This Annual Status of Education 24.7% in the December quarter.
paints a worrying picture of Report (ASER), India’s learning This beats the previous peak of
rising income inequality in the deficit is worsening. In the 14- 23.8% in December 2003. The
country, which could potentially 18 years age group, only 43% biggest reasons for stalling are
hurt the growth process. were able to do a simple division lack of clearances, particularly
However, globally, the scenario correctly, while 47% of 14-year- environmental clearances.
is even more dismal. 82% of the olds were unable to read an
wealth generated in 2017 went elementary sentence in English. ■■ Bank credit growth exceeded
to the top 1%, while the 3.7 The ASER report also shows 10% after more than a year, albeit
billion people who account for that the enrolment gap between on a low base. RBI data showed
the lower half of the economic males and females in the formal that growth in loans year-on-
pyramid saw no increase in their education system increases year has been 10.83% for the
wealth. with age. These results have fortnight ended December 22.
implications on how the Indian However, the data does not
■■ India loses agricultural produce education system is impacting necessarily imply a significant
worth over $11 billion – more the country’s competitiveness in pickup in credit growth as India
than the Centre’s budgetary becoming a global powerhouse. went through demonetization a
allocation for agriculture for year ago, and banks had largely
2017-18 – annually to weeds, ■■ The Finance Minister said that stopped lending.
according to a study by the the bulk of NPAs of banks
Indian Council for Agricultural arose out of loans given before ■■ The Finance Ministry has
Research (ICAR). The economic April 1, 2014, due to aggressive cautioned the Indian public
losses were estimated using lending and without adequate against investments in virtual
data generated by an all India risk assessment, and sometimes currencies, including bitcoin.
coordinated research project even without being backed by It has likened them to ponzi
on weed management, which securities. schemes as they are not backed
carried out 1,580 on-farm by any assets and do not have
research trials on 10 major crops ■■ The mutual fund industry saw any intrinsic value. The warning
at different locations in 18 states its assets base rise to more followed a surge of investment
over a decade. than Rs. 22 trillion in 2017, in bitcoin, due to a spurt in its
adding over Rs. 5.4 trillion to price. Created in 2009, bitcoin
■■ The manufacturing sector its kitty. This was largely due is currently the most popular
ended the year on a strong to strong participation from cryptocurrency in the world

and has the largest market o Getting retail and agro These efforts are part of the
capitalization. companies to directly state government’s Village Social
procure their products Transformation programme that
■■ The Finance Ministry defended from farmers rather than aims at enhancing the income of
the controversial bail-in middlemen or from other farmers by putting their organizations
provision in the Financial states, and directly in touch with the companies
Resolution and Deposit and eliminating the middlemen.
Insurance (FRDI) Bill, 2017, o Encouraging group and There has to be a sustainable, long-
and said that it will only be collaborative farming term solution to agrarian distress in
used sparingly. The Ministry within the agricultural Maharashtra, and it is to be hoped
added that the bail-in provisions community that these steps will provide an
are unlikely to be ever used for impetus in that direction.
state-run banks, as it sought
to assure depositors that their
money in public sector banks FORM IV (See Rule 8)
will remain secure. Statement about ownership and other particulars about periodical entitled ‘MAHARASHTRA
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL, MONTHLY ECONOMIC DIGEST’ as
■■ Air-India will be split into four required to be published in the first issue every year after the last day of FEBRUARY
parts and at least 51% in each 1. Place of Publication : Mumbai
of them will be sold as part of 2. Periodicity of its publication : Monthly
a disinvestment proposed by 3. Printer’s Name : Ms. Ananya Prem Nath
Whether Citizen of India? : Yes
the Prime Minister. The core Address : Maharashtra Economic Development Council
airline business comprising Air Y. B. Chavan Centre,
India and Air India Express – Nariman Point,
the low-cost overseas arm – will Mumbai-400 021
be offered as one firm, and the
4. Publisher’s Name : Ms. Ananya Prem Nath
process will be completed by Whether Citizen of India? : Yes
Address : Maharashtra Economic Development Council
the end of 2018. Its regional Y. B. Chavan Centre,
arm, ground handling, and Nariman Point,
engineering operations will also Mumbai-400 021
be sold separately in the same 5. Editor’s Name : Ms. Ananya Prem Nath
process. Whether Citizen of India? : Yes
Address : Maharashtra Economic Development Council
■■ The GST Council cut rates on Y. B. Chavan Centre,
Nariman Point,
83 employment-oriented goods
Mumbai-400 021
and services. This will hit the
6. Names and Address of : Maharashtra Economic
exchequer by Rs. 10-12 billion individuals who own the Development Council
annually. The Council is also periodical and partners and Y. B. Chavan Centre,
moving towards one return shareholders holding more Nariman Point,
form, though a final decision in than one percent of the Mumbai-400 021
paid-up capital
this regard is yet to be taken.
I Ananya Prem Nath hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of
Maharashtra my knowledge and belief.
■■ In an attempt to stop farmer

suicides and raise farmer Ananya Prem Nath
incomes, the state government Date:01.03.2018
has begun the following two

initiatives: Signature of Publisher

Cover Story
Higher Education for Women in India

Dr. Sugeeta Upadhyay
Bombay Chamber of Commerce & Industry
Sugeeta_U@yahoo.co.in / research@bombaychamber.com
Dr. Sugeeta Upadhyay
Abstract: and innovation required in today’s In the literature on women studies

The saga of Indian economic global information economy. In and in the economics of education,
development of the last half a addition, in the Indian case, it is substantial amounts of work have
century witnessed a lot of changes. even more pertinent since every been carried out at the international,
India’s status has changed from a year, a large number of students as well as, national level on women’s
less developed country to that of a complete secondary education. education. Mention may be made
developing one. But in the literature, Further, the Indian middle class of Cohen (1971), Gwartney (1972),
serious criticism exists with regard keeps expanding rapidly whereas the Gadgil (1965), McNully (1967),
to the measures taken up by the land-based economic system is on Sheddy (1983), et al. These studies
Government of India, particularly the decline. As a result of all these, provide significant insight in to
in the social sector. The critics the importance of higher education the different and varied economic
argue that since Independence, the is ever increasing. Hence, the state benefits of women’s education in a
performance of India in the social of the nation’s higher education society, not only in terms of income
sector has been far from satisfactory system in terms of male and female generation and increasing welfare
and more could have been achieved participation is an issue of serious but also in terms of developing a
if a proper policy measure was concern, especially considering the better quality of new generation.
adopted. As far as policy measures importance of inclusive growth of Sending kids to school affects the
are concerned, the measures taken the country. cognitive achievements of children
up in the education sector since and grandchildren. Individuals
1990, like cost share financing (of benefit culturally and physically from
tuition fees) in public universities
or encouraging privatization, have
important implications for the equity
aspects of the higher educational
system of the country.
The Theme :
Education at the higher level in an
economy is crucial to economic
development simply because much
of the possibilities for sustained
growth in the medium and long-run
depend on the extent to which the
economy can develop and utilize
high level human capital. This capital
is essential for the organization

Cover Story
increased access to health and welfare slightly more than 46,000 in 1950- cent of GNP was spent by India on
resources. Society at large benefits 1951 (Education in India, MHRD). education in recent years , which is
because of the diminishing costs of Moreover, in the Sixth Plan women’s much less than the 6 per cent of the
diffusing information, the potential education was included as one of the target rate.
acceptance of family planning and major programs under the women
other social changes. If such benefits and development scheme. But in the Though, in general, distribution of
could be expressed in quantitative course of all these efforts, the parity population by education level is a
terms, the measure of overall between men and women enrolment good measure of the quality of the
benefits would increase many times has never been achieved, in spite of population. In reality there exists
at no additional cost, reinforcing the the fact that it has been considered a wide variation or disparity in the
importance of women’s education in as one of the major goals by the utilization of educational services by
a society. authorities while preparing reports, different sections of the population.
namely, University Education It is held that inequality in the
In Indian history, there is evidence Commission 1948-1949, The level of achievement of education
of well-educated women in ancient Education Commission 1964-1966, leads to reinforced economic
India, but a record of a system of or National Policy on Education inequality in a society. In so far as
organized education accessible 1986. economic development means
to girls during those days is not reduced inequality, a highly unequal
available. A regular education It is against this background, the educational structure would lead to
system for the girls of all classes higher education system (rather the low level of development in this
probably did not exist in earlier whole education system) in India particular sense, even if the total
times. In modern India, as per was drastically reformed with the stock of education is quite large.
government reports (Education in introduction of New Economic
India, MHRD) the total number Policy in 1991. This policy mainly Our observation shows in the case
of women enrolled for higher advocates reduction of public of Indian education sector since
education in the country was only expenditure and encourages Independence, the huge wastage
264 in 1901. The government of privatization especially of higher occurring in terms of
India on October 1, 1919 reiterated education. In the pre-reform period,
1) Dropout and stagnation
the policy on women’s education. In it was argued that, like in primary and
1925 the National Council of Women secondary education, charging fees to 2) Large number of illiterates
was established. The first All- India cover the costs of higher education,
Women’s Education Conference was which is much more expensive, 3) A large number of educated
held in 1928. In 1944 the ‘Plan of would produce underinvestment due unemployed
Post-War Educational Development to imperfect capital markets. In the
in India’ was prepared under the post-reform era, the economy has are three very important indicators
auspices of the Central Advisory allowed higher education to become of our education policy’s inefficiency.
Board of Education. It envisaged, privatized. More specifically, position of women,
for the first time a comprehensive particularly from the weaker section
national pattern of education In the post-reform period even of society with regard to access to
from the primary to the university though many new schools and education, has been worse compared
level and recommended several far universities have been started, India to other income groups (Upadhyay,
reaching measures of reform in the targets to invest only six per cent 2006, 2007, 2008).
education system. On record, the of its national income in education
following the suggestion made by One would argue that unemployment
women enrolment in 1947-1948 were
Kothari Commission in 1964-1966. tends to discourage higher education
about 22,000 at higher level which
Moreover, recent budget studies as it lowers the expected private
was slightly less than 10 per cent of
assert that in practice only 3.8 per returns to schooling when graduates
the total university population of
end up unemployed. But two
that period. This figure increased to

Cover Story
counterarguments can be made.
First, unemployment rates among
skilled workers are typically lower
than among the unskilled. Second,
the opportunity cost hypothesis
predicts that human capital
accumulation tends to be counter-
cyclical. Schooling becomes more
attractive when times get bad, as the
associated opportunity cost in terms
of foregone labor market earnings
are relatively low during a recession
period. Hence, whether it is the
demand-side constraint in terms of
lack of demand for that particular
skill due to its low market value or
the supply-side constraint in terms
of inadequate access to education,
both are important in explaining
the pattern of the employed and scope for getting remunerative Psacharapoulos, G. (1973),
unemployed persons at different employment. Hence, the general Substitution Assumptions Versus
ages according to their level of conclusion emerges that economic Empirical Evidence in Manpower
qualification, and also according to rationality demands the expansion Planning, De Economist, 121, N.R.
their income class. of the vocational and job-oriented 6.
system both at the school level and at
Conclusion: Upadhyay, Sugeeta (2006):
the post school level as far as Indian
The higher education system (rather Higher Education is concerned. Economics of Higher Education
the whole education system) in India for Women, Dhanavigyan, Vol 1,
has been drastically reformed since References No 1, Burdwan University Journal
the mid-1980s. A cut in government Cohen, M.S. (1971), Sex Differential of Economics, Burdwan University.
expenditure and increase in private in Compensation, Journal of Human
initiative in education as a field of Upadhyay , Sugeeta (2007):Wastage in
Resources (Fall). Indian Higher Education, Economic
profitable investment means that
education is now being considered Gadgil, D.R. (1965), Women in and Political Weekly, Vol.42,No.2
more a marketable product than the Working Force in India, Asia (January 13-19, 2007,pp.161-168.
a social facility. As the available Publishing House. Upadhyay , Sugeeta (2008):On the
information goes, both “probability
Gwar tney, J.D. (1972), Economics of Higher Education
of getting a job” and “life-time
Discrimination, Achievement and in India, With Special Reference
earning” are lower for women in
Pay-offs as a College Degree, Journal to Women, Working Paper, Vol.16,
India. So unfortunately expected
of Human Resources (winter). Gokhale Institute of Politics
benefits from expenditure on
and Economics, Pune 411004,
women’s education are particularly
McNully, D.J. (1967), Differences Maharashtra, India.
low. Hence, expansion of women
enrolment at Higher Educational in Pay between Men and Women
Institutes demand expansion of Workers, Monthly Labor Review,
professional/vocational education December.
as it seems to provide much more

Cover Story
Women Education – A Primary Step towards

Women Empowerment
Dr. Svetlana Tatuskar
Faculty-Finance, IES Management College and Research Centre
svetlana.tatuskar@ies.edu
The development of any country is in recent times. Access to education are at par with men in all kinds of
exhibited by the level of education of has been one of the most pressing tasks and are presently participating
its citizens which includes education and imperative demands for women in all fields of professional and
of both the genders. India had a empowerment. Women education in business engagements. All this is
literacy rate of around 12% at the India has been a chief preoccupation possible just because of education
time of independence, and through of both government and society, and the profound impact it has had
rigorous efforts, has now attained a since educated women can play a very on women.
literacy rate of 79.86% as per 2016 important role in the development
census. However, the current literacy of the country. Women’s Education in
rate of India is still way below the Modern India:
world average of 84%.This is the In the present era, the Indian
India is set to become a super power
primary reason why ‘education for society has established a number
by 2025. This can become a reality
all’ is strongly recommended and of institutions for the educational
only when the women of the country
focused on by our government. India development of women and girls.
are educated. India presently accounts
has made considerable progress These educational institutions are
for the largest number of illiterates
in the education sector and with concerned with the overall and
in the world. Despite the significance
focused efforts the literacy rate in complete development of women.
of women’s education unfortunately
India has risen persuasively from In modern society, women in India
only 48% of women studying up to
18.30% in 1951 to 74.04% in 2017, have come a long way. Indian women
with Tripura being the most literate
State in India, even Kerala. There
has also been a robust increase in
enrolment of women in education
from 7% at the time of independence
to 64.86% in 2016.
Women comprise approximately

half of the population in the world.
Despite of the women percentage
being higher the masculine ideology
denied comparable opportunities to
women vis-à-vis men in some parts
of the world. However with passing
years, the augment of feminist ideas
has, however, led to the spectacular
development of women’s condition
in the society throughout the world

Cover Story
fifth grade are found to be literate 5, the GER for higher education in This is also reflected in the ratio of
in India as against 93% in Nepal. India was only 10%. The ministry Men: Women taking admission to
There has been impetus on women said that the quantum jump in GER College. As of 2017, for every 1000
development right from the fifth over the last decade was an indication men who take admission to college,
five year plan (1974 - 78) onwards of improvement in registration only 650 women take admission into
which has subsequently resulted of students in higher educational the same program (Refer Figure-2).
into a marked shift in the approach institutes. However although there
to women’s issues from welfare to has been an increase in access to Although there is an increase in
development. Some developments higher education for young women access to higher education, women
in this area led to were the setting by 9% in India (refer figure-1), yet participation has been comparably
up of The National Commission of there was a wide disparity between lesser than that of male students.
Women by an Act of Parliament in number of male and female students The reasons for this include:
1990 to defend the right and legal taking access to higher education.
entitlements of women. The 73rd
Figure-1 : Access to Higher Education
and 74th Amendments (1993) to
the Constitution of India have also
provided for reservation of seats in
the local bodies of Panchayat and
Municipalities for women, laying a
robust basis for their contribution
in decision making at the local level.
Moreover, the Central Government

of India has also recently launched
the Saakshar Bharat Mission for
Female Literacy, which aims to
reduce female illiteracy and spread
education and awareness even in the
most remote and rural parts of the
The March 2017 figures show that a. Higher dropouts due to rising
nation. Despite this, much has still to
for every one male student who does age.
be achieved.
not get access to higher education,
1.55 female students do not get b. More enrolments in
Current Discussions: humanitarian courses rather
access.
The Honorable Prime Minister than professional courses.
Figure-2 : Access to Higher Education
Mr. Narendra Modi has also
emphasized the importance of women
education which is the fundamental
to women empowerment. The more
the increase in higher education to
women, more our Indian women
will be empowered. There has been
an increase in the Gross Enrolment
Ratio (GER) or Higher Education in
India to 24.5% during 2015-16. This
is a positive step toward increasing
the rate of literacy in the country. A
decade ago, during the period 2004-

Cover Story
c. Marriage at young age. hard and bear the harshness of life, But, despite all reasons, women
family and even their husbands. must understand and acknowledge
d. Working conditions and that education can actually end the
lopsided opportunities. Reasons for low female literacy vicious cycle of poverty. Women
rate in India. must understand that it is only and
This clearly shows that although
The root cause for many problems only education that can liberate
there is some progress in this sector,
in India and especially the problem them and lead the way to their
yet this progress is very slow. There
of low literacy amongst women is empowerment. On the other side the
is also a wide gap between male and
poverty. The alarming statistic is that Government also has a larger role
female literacy rates in India. It has
more than one-third of the population and responsibility. The government
been estimated that at the current
in India is living below the poverty should take rigorous efforts towards
rate of progress, India will attain
line. Though government is taking enhancing the number, proximity,
universal literacy only by 2060. As
several measures to make primary school facility and quality of schools
per the census of 2011, an effective
education free, parents of female in rural as well as urban India. The
literacy rate for men was 81.28%
children are not willing to send their government must encourage the girl
whereas for women it was 68.49% as
girl child to school. This is largely child in getting education to create
at 2016. Though there has been seen
due to the problem of accessibility a balanced and an educated society.
a substantial increase in the number
of literate women and this gap is to schools which is another reason
for low female literacy rate. Even if a Step that can be taken for
narrowing, it still persists.
few parents send their girls to school, enhancing female literacy:
Region-based and state-based a lack of adequate school facilities 1. Encouraging community
disparity: becomes a hurdle. Many schools based organizations to take up
do not have adequate water facility education initiatives at the local
The female literacy rates in India vary
and most of them do not have toilet level for women. Self –Help
based on region and state. Female
facilities. Some schools do not even Groups in small towns and
literacy rate in urban regions is higher
have enough rooms to lodge all the villages can take up initiatives
as compared to rural India. Bihar
students. to change the thoughts and
has the lowest literacy rate which
perception of education
is only 61.80%. Tripura has the Another obstacle to female education amongst women associated with
highest female literacy rate (94.65% in India is the unavailability of them.
as at 2016), beating literacy rate in female teachers. As India is a gender
Kerela which is 93.91%. Although segregated society, it is a key factor in 2. The government should put
Rajasthan is India’s seventh largest the low female literacy rate in India. into perspective an appropriate
state, it is lowest on female literacy. institutional framework to look
Influence of Low female
literacy rate:
Low female literacy rate implies
an overall slow-moving growth
of India, as it impacts every area
of the country’s development.
Lack of education means lack of
awareness. Illiterate women are not
aware of their rights. They know
nothing about initiatives taken by
the government for their welfare.
Illiterate women keep on struggling

Cover Story
after the Education Rights of 7. A structured program of mass presently. The need of the hour
Women. There are a few steps awareness should be taken up to today is to enhance female literacy
that have already been taken like eliminate societal ills like caste since it is the most important leg
instituting National Women’s system, dowry, child marriage of development. Concerted efforts
Commission and State Women’s and other customary practices need to be made towards all round
Commission. The government that withdraw rights of development of every section of
should also encourage NGO’s education for children belonging Indian women, which in turn will
towards the cause of educating to poor and underprivileged boost India Gender equality Index
women by granting such families. Such initiatives should and gender Development Index.
NGO’s with special grants and receive strong backing from
allowances. society, public, political parties, References:
NGOs and regulatory agencies. • Discussions of Women
3. Indian government must garner education assessed at UK essays.
international financial support 8. Media has a big and important com
from IMF, World Bank and role to play in changing society’s
similar organizations to take attitude towards girls by building • Women Empowerment assessed
up initiatives for upliftment of a good and positive image about at https://en.wikipedia.
women. girls and women in the society. o r g / w i k i / Wo m e n % 2 7 s _
empowerment
4. The Central and State level 9. Regulatory machinery, voluntary
Ministry of Education should associations and philanthropic • Why we should Support Girls
work out in a phased manner institutions should come Education assessed at http://
planned steps to discontinue forward to provide free www.voicesofyouth.org/en/
the ongoing increasing drop- education, with safe and posts/why-we-should-support-
outs among girls especially in complete hostel facilities for girls--4.
rural and tribal regions of India. school and college girls in every
Toward this end, it can enlist state of India. This will certainly • ‘Why Higher Education
the engagement of voluntary encourage girls of under does not ensure..’ assessed at
organizations in every village or privileged families to pursue http://indianexpress.com/
region to ensure zero drop-out good and higher education article/business/why-higher-
among women without many obstacles. education-doesnt-ensure-better-
jobs-for-women-in-india/.
5. Suitable measures should Conclusion:
be taken by the educational It is rightly said that if you educate
authorities with the participation a woman, you educate a family and
of society in order to bring the “Education is light brighter than
girl children into the mainstream that of sun”. Education not only
of education. takes away ignorance but also makes
6. The families that are poverty a person conscious, skilled, and
struck need to be identified and productive. The present government
supported with suitable and did lay a lot of emphasis on women
necessary poverty alleviation education and women empowerment
services to sustain the income and towards this end India witnessed
which would enable them to some basic changes in the status and
send their children to schools role of women in society. There has
and colleges without financial been a move in policy methods from
worries. the notion of ‘welfare’ in the seventies
and eighties to ‘empowerment’

Cover Story
Safety of Children & Women in

Educational Institutions
Dr. Vibhuti Patel
Chairperson and Professor,
Advanced Centre for Women’s Studies, School of Development Studies
Tata Institute of Social Sciences
Dr. Vibhuti Patel
vibhuti.patel@tiss.edu, vibhuti.np@gmail.com
For the past ten years, increasing numbers and training of functionaries and matters connected thereto,
of students in school, hostels, ashram appointed in keeping with the principles of
shalas, university departments and women equality, freedom, life and liberty
teaching and non-teaching staff have come 3. The Criminal Law (Amendment) as enshrined in the Constitution of
out in open, approached media, human Bill, 2013, passed by Parliament India and as upheld by the Supreme
rights organizations, State Commissions on 20-3-2013 to deal with rape. Court in Vishakha vs. State of
for Women and National Commissions The new law on Rape, which still Rajashthan [1997(7) SCC.323] and
in response to sexual harassment and requires the president’s signature as reflected in the Convention on
child sexual abuse. Tremendous pressure before it becomes official, the Elimination of all Forms of
is created by Parents Teachers association makes stalking, voyeurism and Discrimination against Women
of schools and colleges so that children and sexual harassment a crime. It (CEDAW) which has been ratified
women are not harassed in school buses, also provides for the death by the Government of India.
corridors of premises, laboratories, staff penalty for repeat offenders
room by men teachers, peons, watchmen, or for rape attacks that lead Initiatives by Progressive
bus drivers and bus conductors. Temporary to the victim’s death. The law Schools and Colleges :
teachers complain about sexual advances by also makes it a crime for police
Several educational institutions
principal or management, Ph.D. students’ officers to refuse to open cases
have formed counseling centres
complaints regarding demand for sexual when they receive complaints
and grievance cells as a result of
favours by their guides rarely got support of sexual attacks.
horrifying experiences narrated
from the grievance cells of colleges or by victims of sexual perversions
In 1997 the Supreme Court passed
universities in India. in survey research on SHW by
the landmark judgment in the
Vishakha case laying down guidelines prestigious social work institutions.
Introduction Findings of multi centric research
to be followed by establishments
In the recent past the Parliament in dealing with complaints of on sexual violence by Sakshi (Delhi)
of India passed three important sexual harassment. The Court have been widely disseminated.
legislations as follows: stated that these guidelines were Survey by Sakshi (Delhi) throws up
to be implemented until legislation some worrying data where 80 %
1. Protection of Children from of respondents revealed that SHW
Sexual Offences Act, 2012 is passed to deal with the issue
(Mathew, 2002). exists, 49% had encountered SHW,
2. Legislation to end sexual 41% had experienced SHW, 53%
harassment of women at It took 15 years of continuous women and men did not have equal
workplaces was passed by the advocacy to get the act that provides opportunities, 53% were treated
parliament on 26-2-2013 which for the prevention and redressal unfairly by supervisors, employers
also demanded institution of sexual harassment of women at and coworkers, 58% had not heard of
of mechanism to address workplaces, or arising during and out the Supreme Court’s directive of 1997
instances of sexual harassment of the course of their employment and only 20 % of organisations had

Cover Story
implemented Vishakha guidelines. to the woman. Women have the right to Women are afraid that they will be
(Dalal, 2003). Controversy over act, dress and move around freely without accused of provoking it, of being
Medha Kotwal petition on SHW of the threat of attack or harassment. victimised, of being called liars and
Ph. D. student by her guide in M.S. made the subject of gossip.
University, Vadodara and complaint The most popular slogan of the
against senior professor of Lucknow women’s rights movement of last 3 Myth 8: If women go to places where they
University (TOI, 2003) have made decades has been: are not welcome, they should expect sexual
sensitive educationists think over harassment.
However we dress, where ever we go
safety of students (both boys and
Fact: Discriminatory behaviour and
girls) and women staff seriously. ‘Yes’ means ‘Yes’ and ‘No’ means abuse is unlawful. Women have
‘No’. equal access to all work facilities. Safe
Sophia Centre for Women’s Studies
and Development study showed work place is women’s legal right.
Myth 4: Women who say NO actually
that awareness and implementation mean YES.
of the Supreme Court’s guidelines is Recommendations of
very low and there is need to spread Fact: This is a common myth used by National Commission of
awareness on the same. Now, it is men to justify sexual aggression and Women on Safety of women
our duty to educate all stake holder one sided sexual advances. in and around college and
groups of educational institutions- university campuses:
authorities, teachers, staff, canteen Myth5: Sexual harassment is not really an
In response to barbaric sexual
persons, dealers of educational issue. It doesn’t hurt anyone.
violence against 3 women students in
services and infrastructure such as three different places within a week
Fact: Persons subjected to sexual
computer lab, drivers, etc. about the in the Delhi University campuses, in
harassment experience a wide
new laws to curb sexual violence and 2002 the NCW called an emergency
range of physical and psychological
punitive actions in response to sexual meeting to discuss safety of women
ailments. There are economic
harassment. in educational institutions.
consequences for the victim’s
Myth: 1. Women enjoy ‘eve-teasing’/sexual physical and mental well being and
Recommendations that emerged
harassment the organisation’s productivity,
out of the meeting convened by
efficiency and work ethics.
Maharashtra State Commission
Fact: Eve-teasing/sexual harassment
Myth 6: Sexual harassment! It’s only of Women and heads of educational
is humiliating, intimidating, painful
natural male behaviour. Man is a hunter Institutions and employers’
and frightening.
and Woman is a prey. organisations in both public and
Myth 2:‘Eve-teasing’ is harmless flirtation. private sectors regarding strategies
Women who object have no sense of humour. Fact: Men are not born knowing to prevent occurrence of rape and
how to sexually harass others. It’s sexual harassment in and around
Fact: Behaviour that is unwelcome learned within the context of a campus are as follows:
cannot be considered harmless, or sexist and patriarchal environment
funny. Sexual harassment is defined that perpetuates control over Police:
by its impact on the woman rather women’s sexuality, fertility and ¾¾ More PCR vans should be
than the intent of the perpetrator. labour. deployed for patrolling around
the educational institutions.
Myth 3: Women ask for SHW. Only Myth 7: Women keep quiet: that means
women who are provocatively dressed are they like it. ¾¾ On the pattern of women
sexually harassed. help-line, college help-lines
Fact: Women and children keep quiet
should also be provided and its
Fact: This is the classic way of to avoid the stigma attached and
number should be prominently
shifting the blame from the harasser retaliation from the harasser.
displayed.

Cover Story
¾¾ Police patrolling should be there representatives should be • Entry into educational institutes
around educational institutions invited for its meeting to review should be restricted. Entries
at least for two hours before and the security arrangement. If the should only be through Identity
after the college is over. need arises, other government Cards.
departments like PWD, MCD
¾¾ There is a need to increase inter- or any other may be invited to • Construction workers should
relationship between police and review the security arrangement. not be allowed to stay in the
educational institutions. premises of the institute
• Internal security committee overnight.
¾¾ Every case of rape to be handled should have monthly or
by a woman police officer. bimonthly meeting and • Safety gadgets should be
minutes of the meeting must provided in the hostels.
¾¾ Attitude of the police needs to
be maintained.
be made more positive towards • Educational institutions can
the victim. • Experts should be invited for engage retired police officers
the inspection of the college on their security committees/
Educational Institutions: area to assess the security board.
• Educational institutions needs and arrangements in the
must ensure proper lighting • De-politicization of the campus
campus.
arrangement in and around is a must and institutions must
their premises as darkness • Educational institutions must ensure it.
is conducive to crime. High perform their administrative
• Awareness programmes on
hedges should be reduced in the role for the security of the
safety and security of students
campus for proper visibility. students.
to be conducted on regular
basis.
• Internal Security Community • Students must be given proper Delhi University passed an ordinance
should be constituted by all the training in self-defense based on its policy against SHW
educational institutions headed with clearly defined rules and
by the head of the institutions • The telephone numbers of procedures. It has mentioned range
Police officers and student women help-line, college of disciplinary action to punish

Cover Story
the culprit (employee) of SHW In India, Articles 14, 15 and 21 of raised their voice against abuses
including warning, written apology, the Indian Constitution provided and violence perpetrated upon
bond of good behaviour, adverse safeguards against all forms of women in general. In 1979, the
remarks in the confidential report, discrimination. In more recent U.N. General Assembly adopted the
debarring from supervisory duty, times, the Supreme Court has given Convention on the Elimination of
denial of membership of statutory two landmark judgments Vishaka all forms of Discrimination against
bodies, denial of re-employment, vs. State of Rajasthan, 1997 and Women (CEDAW). The areas where
stopping of increments/promotion, Apparel Export Promotion Council vs. discrimination has been found to
reverting, demotion, suspension, A.K. Chopra, 1999, in which it has be rampant are: political rights,
dismissal etc. For student/s culprit laid down certain guidelines and marriage, family and employment.
the penalties could be in the form measures to ensure the prevention The Convention emphasized that
of warning, written apology, bond of such incidents. Despite these discrimination and attack on women’s
of good behaviour, debarring entry developments, the problem of sexual dignity violated the principle of
into hostel/campus, suspension for a harassment is assuming alarming equality of rights.
specific period of time, withholding proportions and there is a pressing
results, debarring from exams, need for domestic laws on this issue. In any civilized society, it is a
debarring from contesting elections, fundamental human right of people
debarring from holding posts such India is rapidly advancing with to be able to lead their lives with
as member of committee of courses, developmental goals; more and dignity, free from any mental or
membership of college union, more girls and women are joining physical torture and to ensure this
expulsion, denial of admission, educational institutions. It is the the transgressors must pay for their
declaring the harasser as “persona duty of the State to provide for the unsolicited sexual advances. At the
non grata” for a stipulated period well-being and respect of its human same time we should encourage
of time and any other relevant force to prevent frustration, low self organisations such as Men against
mechanism. (Court Meeting, 2003). esteem, insecurity and emotional Violence and Abuse that organizes
disturbance. This, in turn, affects gender sensitization programmes as
Conclusion business efficacy, leading to loss of well as self-defense classes to combat
Sexual Harassment at Place of Work production and loss of reputation sexual harassment at the workplace.
is a universal issue. Even though for the organization or the employer. To effectively prevent SHW, we
occurrence of Sexual Harassment In fact, the recognition of the need both top down initiative by the
in work place has been a widespread right to protection against sexual state, management, employers and
problem in India and elsewhere, harassment is an intrinsic component civil society initiatives from citizens
it is for the first time that such a of the protection of Human Rights groups, women’s associations and
practice has been recognized as an of Women. It is also a step towards human rights organizations.
infringement of the Fundamental providing them with independence,
Rights of a Woman under Article equality of opportunity and the right
19(1) (g) of the Constitution of to work with dignity.
India; “To practice any profession In the last 50 years, various
ought to carry out any occupation, International Human Right
trade or business”. Of late, the Organizations have been focusing on
problem has assumed serious promoting and protecting women’s
proportions and there has been a rights. It has been acknowledged by the
meteoric rise in the number of cases United Nations that Women’s Rights
Surprisingly, in most of the cases, are Human Rights. The same was
women are not reporting the matter reiterated in the Beijing Declaration.
to the concerned authorities. Most of the International Women
Human Rights Movements have

Cover Story
Value-added education
Dr. Prakash Hebalkar
Dr. Hebalkar is a Public Policy consultant and President of ProfiTech,
a strategic consultancy
profitechconsultants@gmail.com
Twenty-first century India with a At the beginning of the twenty- commonplace apprenticeship-
service dominated economy and first century, it is time to redesign oriented barely literate or illiterate
technology embedded products our tertiary sector and focus on majority of Indian auto mechanics
needs qualified self-employed professional degrees that produce is glaring.
professionals and workers which in persons with useful skills and the
turn requires a shift from general necessary depth in the respective The manager of an auto repair shop
purpose degrees to professional fields. in turn needs all this education and
degrees. This will also minimise our more; he needs additional education
army of the educated unemployed. Nothing illustrates this better in how to select and procure
than a recent article in a leading diagnostic equipment as well as how
The current tertiary mass education newspaper in a developed country to schedule the workload of trained
sector was designed for the needs of which highlighted the travails of auto diagnosticians and adjuster-
British India of the early twentieth an automobile owner to solve repairers, how to cost for the service,
century and the clerically intensive an apparently simple and minor how to ensure full utilisation of
needs of public sector business in problem of switching off an interior expensive diagnostic resources, and
the latter half of that century. dome light in his car. so on.
Thus the emphasis was on producing It turned out that the light was That the automobile population in
armies of clerks, accountants and designed to slowly fade out after a India is growing at over 1million cars
laboratory technicians with BAs, decent interval to permit passengers a year only means that the shortfall
BComs and BScs. The shifting to disembark and walk home without highlighted above will rapidly develop
structure of the economy has stumbling in the dark. That graceful into a chasm if our education system
resulted in an increase in the masses decay of light was controlled by one is not changed.
of educated unemployed with of the dozens of computers in the
these general purpose educational car, diagnosis of which required the The illustration above can be
qualifications but no skills that are use and understanding of advanced multiplied hundreds of times over
any longer useful or relevant. diagnostic equipment which the if one looks at advances in textile
auto-repairer did not have. machinery, household appliances,
These educated unemployed are the air-conditioning systems, building-
principal concern of leaders in the As a result the car owner had automation-system driven lifts, fire
growing number of urban centres in to be referred to an authorised prevention and suppression systems
India. With over half the population dealer who had both the requisite and lighting, television production
expected to be in urban areas in the diagnostic equipment and the trained equipment, reefer-trucking and other
not so distant future, the problem technicians. transportation systems, and so on.
is not an “elitist” one, as politicians
may be tempted to dismiss without The contrast between this level Nothing that our education factories
any attempt at solution. of skill and education required produce by way of millions of BAs,
to fix a modern day car and the BComs and BScs can handle these

Cover Story
needs of the economy as it changes The fact is that the urban masses could continue to do BAs and BScs
with modern day equipment, which consider “matriculation” or the or BComs as they do now.
in turn changes with great rapidity as 10th grade as the current ultimate in
technology advances. education for most of their children, Education for PDs should be
seeing no value in spending more on conducted in professional colleges
The problem is further aggravated by their children, to produce arguably combining faculty from current
a distinct shift in the economy towards unemployable adults. The 10+3 junior colleges and polytechnics,
a services-driven one. We need programme would thus show them supplemented by adjunct faculty
logistics managers, entertainment a clear path to a high income and from the practices, and equipped
managers, retail lending experts, easy employability for their children, with suitable laboratories, computers
home finance experts, multimodal so that they can move up the value and training software.
transporters of perishable cargo, chain from peon- like jobs or casual
global tour operators, and so on. Undoubtedly faculty will need
work.
retraining to focus them on
To illustrate, one only needs to look PDs would be offered to the urban professional skills and not mere
at entertainment. Modern day event majority in lieu of current largely fundamental concepts (which will
organisers have to deal with large useless BAs, BComs and BScs and still need to be taught at the first
amounts of high-tech equipment would address specific professions. year level).
not just for sound reproduction but
control of lighting, props, fireworks, Instead of BAs we would have Additionally adjunct faculty from
animation, etc. PDs in web-presence management, industry and business with the right
technical writing, writing for children, professional experience will have
The same event manager also has to production and distribution of print to be inducted, on an ongoing and
understand marketing, promotion publications, television script writing, permanent basis, to provide the right
and packaging as well as how to and so on. Instead of BComs we mix of grounding in concepts and
enhance ticket sales or audience would have PDs in information training in relevant skills making up
participation. All in all this is a far cry systems audit, forensic accounting, the total educational mix.
from the dilettante who organised capital market operations, mortgage
events in twentieth century India! Moreover, these professional colleges
financing, etc. Instead of BScs we
will have to team up with businesses
would have PDs in bio-informatics
The need of the twenty-first century to give their students the necessary
techniques, genetic diagnosis, clinical
urban India is for professional internship exposures that they need,
trial conduct, etc. The number
training at a 10+3 level in the form in between the three years, to make
of PDs that would need to be
of what one would appropriately call their graduates readily employable.
structured, runs into scores as the
a PD or professional degree.
needs of modern day urban society The introduction of professional
In some advanced countries this is are diverse and complex. degrees at the 10+3 level as proposed
called an AA or associate degree and will both address the real needs of
Moreover, these programmes need to
is given at the 12+2 level. Although urban India in the balance of this
be flexible to adopt to changing needs,
some current “diplomas” are also century as well as avoid the creation
instead of remaining monoliths like
given at the 10+3 level, the use of of armies of unemployable but
our BAs and BComs have. While
the term “diploma” to cover MBAs “educated” masses in our cities. It
some degree of certification would
at one end and skilled-labour at the is an idea whose time has definitely
help in setting standards, too much
other has completely devalued the come.
regulation would stifle flexibility and
term and made it ambiguous. Hence
creativity in design of programmes. This article was first published
the new designation of PD for
the new programme that has been A balance is thus needed between the by Business Standard and is
proposed. Why 10+3, one may well two. Needless to say, the much fewer published as still pointedly
ask. youth with higher education in mind relevant even today”

Cover Story
Vocational Training Scenario in India

By Mahesh Rathod
Vocational education: an If a student know exactly what he or resource through a three-tier

overview she want to do in career and his or system. Graduate and post-graduate
her choice of career requires practical level specialists (e.g. IITs, NITs,
Vocational Education is also known
skills, then vocational learning is and engineering colleges) trained
as career and technical education
important. It could be hospitality as engineers and technologists.
(CTE) or technical and vocational
and tourism, retail management, It provides training to Diploma-
education and training (TVET). It
software development or interior level graduates who are trained at
prepares people for specific trades,
design. There are literally thousands Polytechnics as technicians and
crafts and careers at various levels
of skills based training options out supervisors. Certificate-level for
in all spheres of life. It involves
there. In today’s technical world, higher secondary students in the
various realistic activities. It is
even an engineering degree holder vocational stream and craft people
sometimes referred as technical
needs some technical skills to excel trained in ITIs as well as through
education because the trainee directly
in career. formal apprenticeships as semiskilled
develops expertise in a particular
and skilled workers.
group of techniques. In other Vocational Training in India
words Vocational Education may National Council for
be classified as teaching procedural Education system is significant for
our nation building. It is also a well- Vocational Training (NCVT)
knowledge. Vocational education
consists basically of practical courses accepted fact that providing the right in India
through which one gains skills and knowledge and skills to the youth can The government of India established
experience directly linked to a career ensure the overall national progress National Council for Vocational
in future. It helps students to be and economic growth. The Indian Training, an advisory body, in the year
skilled and in turn, offers better education system recognizes the 1956. The chair person of National
employment opportunities. role of education and particularly Council is the Minister of Labour,
Vocational Education in this regard. with members from different Central
Need of Vocational Education and State Government Departments,
Vocational training in India is
Vocational, or skills-based, Employers and Workers
provided on a full-time as well as
education is becoming more and organizations, Professional and
part-time basis. Full-time programs
more important today, with many Learned Bodies, All India Council
are generally offered through
employers expecting new employees for Technical Education, Scheduled
I.T.I.s Industrial training institutes.
to have all the practical skills they castes and Scheduled tribes, All
The nodal agency for granting the
need to start work and also for those India Women’s Organization, etc.
recognition to the I.T.I.s is NCVT,
who have to support their families And State Councils for Vocational
which is under the Ministry of
immediately after senior secondary Training at the State level and Trade
Labour, Govt. of India.
education. Vocational courses are Committees have been established to
typically more practical and skills- Part-time programs are offered assist the NCVT. Main mandate of
based than academic degrees, but through state technical education the NCVT, according to DGE&T,
they are often taught at universities boards or universities who also offer is to establish and award National
as well as colleges and technical full-time courses. Trade Certificates in engineering,
institutes. Vocational Education non-engineering, building, textile,
and Training (VET) is an important The technical and vocational leather trades and such other trades
element of the nation’s education education and training system which are brought within its scope
initiative. (TVET) in India develops human by the Government of India. It also

Cover Story
provides standards and guidelines school system, relevant vocational Framework” is being established by
in respect of syllabus, equipment, training centers are ill-equipped to the Central Government. Central
scales of accommodation, duration handle the demand and are accessible Advisory Board of Education
of courses and methods of training. to only a selected number of students (CABE) has resolved to set up an
It also conducts tests in various trade who have passed at least level 10 and inter-ministerial group which would
courses and lays down standards of 10+. also include representatives of State
proficiency required for passing the Governments to develop guidelines
examination leading to the award of The existing education system is non- for such a National Framework.
National Trade Certificate etc. NCVT responsive to the skill demands of the
has provided a new dimension and existing and future industry, leading Conclusion
path to Vocational Education in to a supply-demand gap on various In India, although various initiatives
India. counts therefore students also loose have been taken, the focus has still
opportunities for continuous skill always been on general education,
Challenges in implementation up-gradation. There is huge demand- while vocational education has
of Vocational Education supply skill breach in the country. often been less favored. Due to this,
Programme in India 90% of the jobs in India are “skill a large number of educated people
based”; entailing the requirement of remain unemployed. With vocational
Vocational training has been vocational training. It is estimated
successful in India only in industrial education, workers would be more
that only 5% of the youth in India knowledgeable, versatile and multi-
training institutes and that too in are vocationally trained. Most of
engineering trades. There are many skilled in their work. In order to
the Vocational Education Training achieve these goals, India needs to
private institutes in India which offer Institutes are structurally rigid and
courses in vocational training and focus more on a strong education
offers outdated centralized syllabi and training system that would open
finishing, but most of them have not that do not have much to do with
been recognized and affiliated by the up opportunities for individuals and
the prevailing market conditions. also many groups in getting better
Government. Government should
recognize appropriate institutes access in various fields. However,
Indian Government’s plans
those fulfill the underlined criteria India being a developing country has
and policies
for parting vocational education in indeed come a long way in improving
India. For India to be successful to provide and implementing Vocational
its ever growing population with Education.
Vocational Higher Secondary technical expertise, our government
schools are under MHRD in India. needs to restructure the existing
These schools provides base for vocational education and training.
the successful implementation of The vocational training in the
Vocational Education. The existing country should be more flexible,
Vocational Education System in India contemporary, relevant, inclusive
faces many challenges. There is a high and creative. The Government is
drop-out rate at Secondary level and well aware of the important role
Vocational Education is presently of Vocational education and has
begins at secondary level so many already taken a number of important
students miss out the opportunity of initiatives in this area.
gaining vocational training. Private
and Industry Participation in VET To stimulate and support reforms
is quiet negligible and the number in skills development and to
of institutes are also not impressive facilitate nationally standardized
with inadequate number of trained and acceptable, international
and experienced faculty. Outside the comparability of qualifications, a
“National Vocational Qualifications

Cover Story
Some Aspects of Professional

Education in India
Prof.Harsh Mohan
Professors at SPJIMR, Mumbai. Views expressed are personal
Dr. R K Pattnaik
Professors at SPJIMR, Mumbai. Views expressed are personal
The Indian education system is medicine etc are commonly known Fourth, form the value added view
categorized in to three levels of as profession education. point the professional education is
viz; elementary, secondary and designed to produce responsible
higher. The first two are imparted At a conceptual level, some of the professionals. by helping the
at the school level, whereas higher characteristic features are : participants to recognize and
education is imparted at the college understand the significance of
First, professional education is a
and university level. Professional advancing professional knowledge
formalized approach to specialized
education which is an important part and improving standards of practice.
course in a professional academic
of private education has been a center Fifth, ultimately the professional
institution through which participants
piece of discussion in many fora on education is a process which involves
acquire content knowledge and learn
account of assurance of quality, fees the translation of learning to
to apply techniques.
structure and employability. The practtice and is intended to prevent
objective of this article is to delve into Second, although content is what the occupations and professionals from
these issues and suggest a few policy participant is expected to learn by becoming obsolete or redundant.
options. Accordingly, the article is attending professional institutions,,
organized into four sections Section such an education also helps the II. Socio Economic aspects of
I explianis the characteristic features participant to acquire competencies Professional Education
of professional education. Socio needed for practice . At an aggregate level, professional
Economic aspects are discussed in education could carter to the needs
Section II. Section III presents the Third, as the contemporary of the society and economy and
emerging issues and Policy options. evidence suggest the objectives of thereby help promoting the greater
Concluding observations are in professional education include (a) societal developments and higher
Section IV. incorporating the knowledge and trajectory of economic growth.
values critical to a professional Therefore, professional education is
1. Characteristic Features of discipline; (b)understanding the a response to society’s demands for
profession Education concepts, principles, and techniques expert help provided by competent
In short, profession education applied in practice;(c) attaining a people. The growth and development
is system of education which is level of competence necessary for of a profession is a function of
practice oriented. It is important responsible entry into professional specific needs. a. Professional
to distinguish professional practice; and (d) accepting education both respond to changing
education from vocational responsibility for the continued demands and provides impetus to
education. Illustratively, education development of competence. changing the field itself, balancing
in management, engineering, law, a forward look with the realities of

Cover Story
the present. Professional education as a result of increased competition, state government level, Departments
is thus, both reactive and initiating. in higher education. Investment of Education carry out similar
At this stage of India’s societal and in education leads to the creation functions. Institutions offering
economic development professional of human capital, which is an specialised professional disciplines
education is catering more to the important input into socioeconomic in sectors such as health, agriculture,
needs of service sector in terms development of a nation. etc, are regulated by their respective
employability. Society has a greater ministries.
demand for engineering, medical III.2 Regulatory Framework
and management education. Due The main regulators for higher
In many developing countries, education are the University
to this, there has been mushroom
including India, education in general, Grants Commission (UGC) and
growth of institutions catering to
and higher education in particular, is the All India Council for Technical
this need of the society and economy
predominantly in the public sector, Education (AICTE). In addition,
This development has created some
though the trend is fast changing. there are 15 professional councils
unintended consequences which
Thus education was believed to have regulating various professional
needs to be corrected. This aspect
been bypassed by the miracle of the courses. These are statutory bodies
is discussed in the following section.
market and is an example of what established by Acts of Parliament
III. Emerging Issues and the experts call a ‘market-excluding such as the Medical Council of India,
arrangement,’ rather than a ‘market- Bar Council of India, Council of
Policy Options
complementary arrangement’. Architecture, etc.
III.1 Private ownership Developed countries, on the other
hand, have been able to have market- III.3 Accreditation
On the basis of ownership
complementary arrangements in
there are types of providers of It is important to improve the quality
education as a result of which
education: public and private. of higher education institutions
widespread literacy levels have been
Private institutions may be partly along with quantitative expansion.
achieved.
funded by the government (aided) or Accreditation is a way of measuring
entirely self-funded (unaided). Public In India education falls under the such quality of institutions. It
institutions are established, funded Concurrent List of the Constitution. is the process of assessing the
and managed by the government. This means that both the central and performance of institutions that
Private providers of education often state governments can enact laws volunteer to be accredited, on the
step in when the government has related to education. In addition, the basis of a few set parameters. As
limited resources to provide universal mandate of determining standards the evidence suggests parameters
access to education. In most markets, of higher education and research these parameters may include: (i)
the private sector is characterized lies with the central government, curriculum, (ii) teaching-learning
by profit-motive. However, when it as this falls under the Union List. evaluation, (iii) research and
comes to education the private sector Furthermore, states have powers consultancy, (iv) infrastructure
is required to operate on a not for to incorporate, regulate and wind and learning resources, (v) student
profit basis. up universities as a subject under support, (vi) governance, leadership
the State List .At the central and management, (vii) innovations
Some experts are of the view
government level,, the Ministry of and best practices, (viii) students’
that certain private providers of
Human Resource Development performance, (ix) improvement in
education dilute the quality of
(MHRD) formulates policies, and attainment of outcomes and, (x)
education due to a lack of regulatory
implements laws and schemes related facilities and technical support, etc.
oversight and restrict access due to
to education in the country. Under
charging high fees from students.
the Ministry, the Department of
On the other hand, some consider
Higher Education is responsible for
private involvement to be necessary
the higher education sector. At the
to enhance investment and quality,

Cover Story
III.4 One size Fit for all
We have made an attempt to formalize various aspects of professional education in terms of various parameters
and presented in Table 1, As it may be seen , with different ownership there is a need change in parameters. This
suggests authorities should not make policy decisions on the basis of “One size fit for all”
Table 1: Parameters of Professional Education

lement Govt. or Fully Self-Financed + PPP (Public + Private) Private Party Remarks
Aided Aided
1. CAPEX
▪▪ Land ▪▪ Free ▪▪ Concessional ▪▪ Market (Less Govt. share) ▪▪ Market ▪▪
▪▪ Buildings / Fittings ▪▪ Govt. ▪▪ NGO / Trust ▪▪ Prorata ▪▪ By party ▪▪
▪▪ Labs / Equipment ▪▪ Govt. ▪▪ NGO / Trust with ▪▪ Prorata ▪▪ By party ▪▪
subsidy
▪▪ Sports facilities ▪▪ Govt. ▪▪ NGO / Trust with ▪▪ Prorata ▪▪ By party ▪▪
subsidy
2. FINANCIALS
▪▪ Operating Expenses ▪▪ Govt. ▪▪ NGO / Trust ▪▪ Prorata ▪▪ Party ▪▪
▪▪ Fees ▪▪ Regulated & Low ▪▪ Regulated with limits ▪▪ Partial regulation ▪▪ Market ▪▪
▪▪ Fee Increase ▪▪ Govt. ▪▪ Govt. with cap ▪▪ Govt. with cap ▪▪ Band / Caps ▪▪ Index based
▪▪ Fee fixation ▪▪ Govt. & ▪▪ Govt. & Shikshan Shulk ▪▪ Market with cap as per rating ▪▪ Market ▪▪
Shikshan Shulk (Higher limits)
▪▪ Capitation Fee ▪▪ NA ▪▪ NA ▪▪ NA ▪▪ Open ▪▪ Transparency
▪▪ Fees for Int’l ▪▪ Govt. ▪▪ Govt. ▪▪ Govt. with higher caps ▪▪ Open ▪▪
Students ▪▪ Higher than ▪▪ Higher than Indian (Forex / $) ($ / Forex)
Indian (IRs) (Forex / I RS)
▪▪ Research Grants ▪▪ Govt. ▪▪ Govt + Corp + Orgns ▪▪ Govt + Corp + Orgns ▪▪ Corp & Orgns ▪▪
▪▪ Donations / Corpus ▪▪ Tax benefits ▪▪ Tax benefits 50% ▪▪ Tax benefits 50% ▪▪ No Tax benefits ▪▪
100%
3. ADMISSIONS
▪▪ Intake ▪▪ Nos./ level ▪▪ Nos. / Level ▪▪ Nos / Level ▪▪ Nos / Level ▪▪
▪▪ 60 per class ▪▪ 60 per class ▪▪ 50 per class ▪▪ 50 per class
▪▪ Reservations ▪▪ As per norms ▪▪ As per norms ▪▪ As per norms for govt. share ▪▪ NIL ▪▪
▪▪ Scholarships ▪▪ Not required ▪▪ Partial ▪▪ Orgn. to decide ▪▪ As per party ▪▪
▪▪ Criteria ▪▪ Merit + means + ▪▪ Merit + means + area ▪▪ Merit + Means ▪▪ Open ▪▪
local area / State
▪▪ Intl. Students / NRI’s ▪▪ 15% extra intake ▪▪
4. ACADEMICS
▪▪ Type ▪▪ Theory & Practice ▪▪
▪▪ Level ▪▪ UG / PG / PhD ▪▪
▪▪ Vocational ▪▪ Diploma Level ▪▪
▪▪ Pedagogy ▪▪ As per course type & level ▪▪
▪▪ Test & Evaluation ▪▪ Rigorous with application as required ( internal + external evaluation ) ▪▪
▪▪ Language ▪▪ Local + Eng. ▪▪ Local + Eng ▪▪ Eng / local as required ▪▪ Eng + local as ▪▪
required
▪▪ Indian Ethos ▪▪ Yes ▪▪ Yes ▪▪ Yes ▪▪ As per party ▪▪
orientation
▪▪ Internships / ▪▪
▪▪ For all courses
Training

Cover Story
lement Govt. or Fully Self-Financed + PPP (Public + Private) Private Party Remarks
Aided Aided
5. FACULTY
▪▪ Ratios ▪▪ 1:50 ▪▪ 1:40 ▪▪ 1:25 ▪▪ 1:15 ▪▪ Lower for
UG
▪▪ Recruitment ▪▪ Open with ▪▪ Open with reservations ▪▪ Reservations upto govt. share ▪▪ Discretionary ▪▪
reservations
▪▪ Faculty dev. ▪▪ Norms to be set ▪▪ Norms to be set ▪▪ Norms to be set ▪▪ Discretionary ▪▪
▪▪ Promotion Policy ▪▪ As per rules ▪▪ Discretionary ▪▪
▪▪ Compensation ▪▪ Govt. / State ▪▪ Govt. / State norms ▪▪ Minimum Govt. / state ▪▪ Min govt. / state ▪▪
norms norms norms
6. PLACEMENT
▪▪ Employment ▪▪ Govt. agencies ▪▪ Govt. agencies & ▪▪ Market ▪▪ Market ▪▪
& employment employment exchange ▪▪ Govt. agencies
exchanges + market
▪▪ Contracts Bonds ▪▪ Must ▪▪ Must with reduced ▪▪ In specific areas like medicine ▪▪ Open ▪▪
Rural Stint periods
▪▪ Internships paid ▪▪ Govt. agencies ▪▪ Govt. agencies PSU’s ▪▪ PSU’s
PSU’s
▪▪ Corporates ▪▪ Open ▪▪
▪▪ Paid. Work on ▪▪
▪▪ To be framed
campus
7. REGULATION
▪▪ Approval ▪▪ Govt
(UGC / AICTE / IMC / Bar Council / ICA / etc)
▪▪ Accreditation ▪▪ NBA / NAAC / AIU / etc
▪▪ Ratings ▪▪ Also Inst. Of
▪▪ CRISIL / CARE / NBA / etc
National
▪▪ 5 Stars ()
Eminence
▪▪ Board ▪▪ Local state ▪▪ State or central ▪▪ Approved boards ▪▪ Free ▪▪
▪▪ Regulations ▪▪ As per govt. regulatory framework for each course / area / stream ▪▪
▪▪ Set up norms as ▪▪
▪▪ Intl Programmes ▪▪ Govt. approval ▪▪ Govt. approval ▪▪ Separate norms
per ratings
8. GOVERNANCE
▪▪ Governing council ▪▪ Set up by state/ ▪▪ NGO with govt. reps. ▪▪ Acad experts with party & ▪▪ As per ▪▪
central govts govt.reps. requirement
Min 2/3 academic
experts`
▪▪ Discipline ▪▪ Head of inst. ▪▪ Head of inst. ▪▪ Head of inst. ▪▪ Head of inst. ▪▪
▪▪ SHC ▪▪ Essential ▪▪
▪▪ Ragging ▪▪ Strict norms ▪▪
▪▪ Audit ▪▪ Govt. agencies ▪▪ Internal + external ▪▪ Internal + external + govt if ▪▪ Internal + external ▪▪
required
▪▪ Prof ’l management ▪▪ As per govt. ▪▪ NGO + Trust to ensure ▪▪ As per PPP Contract ▪▪ As per Corp. ▪▪
norms practices
▪▪ Role of IES ▪▪ High ▪▪ High ▪▪ Medium ▪▪ Regulatory only ▪▪ Indian
Education
Service

Cover Story
III. 5 Proposed Policy & Regulatory DLC, NBA, NAAC, IMC, Bar education in the 21st Century is to
Framework for professional Education in Council etc. etc.) prepare students to know, to care and
India to act in ways that will develop and
• There is a dire need for a foster knowledge and skill needed to
• The current state of comprehensive & structured participate in effective action.”
professional education in India policy & regulatory framework
is highly polarized, confusing & for professional education in
unmanageable. India.
• Some institutes / colleges get IV Concluding Observations

100+ applications for each seat,
while other barely fill up 30% of Over the years, India has remarkably
the seats. transformed its professional
education landscape. The education
• The fees are highly varied & system has witnessed broadly a
have limited correlation to the student-centric learning-driven
facilities, academic quality & model of education, It is well
the employability of students. recognized that with the effective use
(Table . 2) of technology, India has been able
to resolve the issues of excellence
• The reservations exceed 50% in and equity. India has also undertaken
some cases. large-scale reforms to better faculty-
student ratios by making teaching an
• There are multiple agencies
attractive career path. There are still
at each stage i.s. approval,
thorny issues like accreditations, fees
regulation, accreditation &
structure and quality of education
control. Degrees and Diplomas
are awarded arbitrarily. It is important to note that enabling
an education that is relevant
• There are several authorities
to the economy and society is
with overlapping roles and
another challenge. The American
two clear cut scope & span
educationist, Professor, James
of control (e. MHRD, State
A. Banks, once said: “the role of
Governments, UGC, AICTE,
• DISPARITY IN PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
FIELD NO. OF INSTITUTE ENROLMENT P.A. FEES (Rs.)

▪▪ Engineering (BE / 3000+ 15,00,000 Rs. 45,000 – 3,00,000 p.a.
BE / BTech)
▪▪ Medicine (MBBS) 400+ 53,000 Rs. 20,000 – 20,00,000 p.a.
▪▪ Management (MBA 3300+ 400,000 Rs. 20,000 – 30,00,000 p.a.

/ PGDM)
▪▪ Law (LLB) 800+ 50,000 Rs. 6,000 – 300,000 p.a.
▪▪ Hotel Management 70+ 6,000 Rs. 50,000 – 6,00,000 p.a.

(BHM)

Cover Story
Skill Gap in Power Sector and role of Tata

Power Skill Development Institute
Mr. Ashok S Sethi
COO & ED, Tata Power
asethi@tatapower.com
Mr. Ashok S Sethi
There are very few things which have Let us understand the Economic to be noted is that about a third of
changed the world the way Power aspect first. It is fact that India is this addition in generation capacity
has. Power (Electricity) is and will one of largest economies of the will come from renewable energy
be a part of our lives for as long as world. The International Monetary sources.
mind can imagine. Come to think Fund (IMF), in its World Economic
of it, a city dweller will have to take Outlook Update in January this The economic health of the
extreme efforts to disconnect with year, has estimated that the Indian country gives the confidence that
power totally, even momentarily. economy would grow by 7.8 per the country, along with the support
Such intimate is our relationship with cent in 2019, which will make from investors, will be able to
Power. the country the “World’s Fastest- provide for the infrastructure for
Growing Economy” in 2018 and this kind of growth in the Power
Over 100 years ago, when the Power 2019, a title that it lost to China Sector; However, concomitant to
story was just beginning in India, in early 2017. Apart from this, this huge demand for additional
Tata Power was standing behind the India has become one of the top Power will be the demand for
Nation as a pioneer in generating destinations for foreign investment additional skilled manpower. It
electricity through renewable source and is poised to become one of is estimated that the Power Sector
(Hydro) and bringing it to the largest manufacturing countries of will need additional 1.5 million
doorstep of customers in Bombay the world. This economic growth, skilled manpower by 2025. Meeting
(now Mumbai). Today, when the coupled with the Government’s this demand for additional skilled
Indian Power Sector is faced with the “Make in India” initiative, will lead manpower in the entire chain of
new challenge of skill shortage, Tata to a huge spurt in industrialization, Power Sector and downstream value
Power has again picked up the baton as a consequence of which, demand added services will be a challenge for
to help the sector in addressing this for Power will increase. The rural the sector. This situation is unfolding
looming challenge for competent electrification projects under the right now as we speak, not in some
talent equipped with required skills Government’s Deen Dayal Upadhyay distant future.
by establishing the Tata Power Skill Gram Jyoti Yojna (DDUGJY)
Development Institute (TPSDI). The other aspect of the Power
and PM’s Saubhagya Program to
Sector’s skill shortage problem
electrify over 4 crore households,
But in order to understand the is social. The matter is of the
and increasing per capita energy
solution to the problem, and what Demographic Dividend of the
consumption will further add to the
Tata Power is doing about it, it country. Demographic dividend
demand for Power. Extensive work
is important to deconstruct the occurs when the proportion of
has been done on estimating this
problem first. The two important working people of in the total
demand. It is estimated that India’s
facets of this problem are - Economic population is high, which indicates
Power generation capacity will more
and Social. that people have more potential to be
than double by 2027 (from 302 GW
productive and contribute to growth
in 2016 to 640 GW in 2027). Point
of the economy. 62% of India’s

Cover Story
population is in the working age unemployed. 20% of about 7 lakh that Tata Power is just one of the
group (15-59 years), and more than graduating diploma holders are many Private and Public players in
54% of the total population is below employable, but do not find jobs. the Indian Power Sector.
25 years of age. By 2020 the median
age of Indian workforce would The problem of low skills pervades The Institute has opened its doors
be 29 years which will make it the the existing workforce engaged in to everyone who meets a certain
youngest country in the world. In the the entire gamut of the Power Sector age criteria, and is interested in
next 20 years, the labour force in the as well. building a career in the Power
industrialized world is expected to Sector. The Institute caters
Therefore, cumulatively, the skill to all types of learners in the
decline by 4 per cent, while in India
problem of the Indian Power Sector Power Sector - from experienced
it will increase by 32 percent. Prima
is that of high demand and low skills, technocrats to unemployed youth
facie, this sounds like good news - an
creating a clear Skill Gap. look for employable skills. The
instant supply to meet the demand.
However, one doesn’t need to Institute also works with students
Of course, the Government is
scratch too much below the surface of ITI’s, Polytechnics and Graduate
cognizant of this and has launched
to realize that this demographic Engineering Colleges to bridge the
a massive campaign called the
dividend may well turn out to be gap between what the Industry
“Skill India Mission” to counter
India’s demographic nightmare. The demands and what the Academia
this problem. But, the Government
young people of India simply do not pursues.
efforts alone will not be enough, and
have the skills to take up the jobs that the Private Sector will have to step The Institute’s vision is “To be the
the growing economy will produce. forward to support the Government Best in Class Technical Training
It is estimated that only 4.69% of in effective deployment of this Institute for Contemporary and
the total workforce in India has mission. Future Skills in Power Sector and
undergone formal skill training as
Allied areas to empower people in
compared to 68% in UK, 75% in As a timely response to this problem,
a sustainable manner”
Germany, 52% in USA, 80% in Japan Tata Power has established the Tata
and 96% in South Korea. A recent Power Skill Development Institute TPSDI operates 5 state-of-the-
survey by the Pratham Foundation (TPSDI) in February 2015, as part art Training Hubs in the country -
revealed that only 5% of youth in of its Centenary Year Celebrations. TPSDI Shahad and TPSDI Trombay
the 14-18 year age group take up Through this Institute, Tata Power in Mumbai, Maharashtra, TPSDI
some form of vocational training. has taken upon itself to train up to Maithon at Dhanbad, Jharkhand,
In the same age group, the reading 20% of the manpower required in TPSDI Mundra at Kutch, Gujarat
and numerical ability is much below the Power Sector by year 2025, which and TPSDI Jojobera at Jamshedpur,
the mark and over 40% could not is very respectable percentage given Jharkhand.
even tell the time correctly. Only
64% were able to name the capital
of the country correctly. 59% had
never used a computer and 64% had
never used internet.
The situation is no better in case

of technically qualified youth.
Newspapers have reported that
only 7% engineering graduates
are employable. More than 60%
of the 8 lakh engineers graduating
from technical institutions across
the country every year remain TPSDI Presence and Capacity

Cover Story
The Institute provides modular Training at TPSDI ensures holistic needs at a National and hopefully
training and certification across a development of trainees. In addition even at International level.
wide range of employable skills, to technical skills, training at TPSDI
including skills in Thermal, Hydel also focuses on other dimensions of TPSDI also doing a remarkable
and Renewable Energy Generation, skill building, such as – numerical work towards advancement of Tata
Transmission and Distribution, ability, science, basic IT, industry Power’s CSR efforts in the area of
as well as other skills found in the orientation, communication, soft employability. It imparts employable
Allied areas. The skill domains skills & personality development, skills to unemployed youth and
include Electrical, Mechanical and and work ethics, and places special also assists them in finding suitable
Instrumentation. emphasis on Safety, Health & placements. For its CSR training, the
Environment (SHE) considering the major focus is on Dalits and Tribals,
TPSDI is a Training Partner of the hazardous nature of Industry. The who constitute upwards of 40% of
Power Sector Skill Council (PSSC) and training consists of both knowledge the total trained. TPSDI extends
is also represented on its Governing and hands-on skills. liberal financial benefits to the
Council. TPSDI is working closely members of these communities in
with the PSSC on development of Tata Power is proud of the fact the form of fee concessions, priority
the Qualification Packs (QPs) and that within the 3 years since its in admission and residential facilities.
National Occupational Standards inception, TPSDI has impacted
(NOS) for the Power Sector. over 26000 persons. Presently, Tata Power wishes that more and
the Institute trains around 12-14 more people avail the benefits of
TPSDI’s flagship Training Hub - thousand people each year. The the Tata Power Skill Development
TPSDI Shahad is spread over a lush capacity will be increased to training Institute and invites members from
green 10 acre campus and specializes 35-40 thousand people each year. The the training and other fraternities
in Power Systems skills and is Institute will achieve this through a in the Indian Power Sector to visit
perhaps a one of its kind leaning mix of in-person and virtual learning TPSDI Institutes and collaborate
center given the kind of training set modes. The Institute is constantly with TPSDI to raise the standards
ups that have been installed there. It enriching its content and improvising of skills in the Indian Power sector
is a must-go destination for anyone its training methodology, which will and to contribute to the Skill India
who is seeking skill upgradation in enable it to become an Institute-of- Mission.
Power System skills. choice for all Power Sector training
TPSDI Shahad, Mumbai

Global Trend
Global Trade and Investment

Trends
Dr. Hebalkar is a Public Policy consultant and President of ProfiTech,
a strategic consultancy
profitechconsultants@gmail.com
This column focuses on trends in main organised sector opportunity transportation probably produced
global trade and investments in the for job creation for those without a more urban jobs than manufacturing
past month. This month the focus college education. This author has (which actually reduced employment
is on job creation and the inverted argued the opposite and emphasized as they focussed on productivity).
conventional wisdom. the importance of the service sector. The latest charts on US employment
In the first two decades of the post generation over a century support
Conventional wisdom in India reform period, courier services and the author’s view:
believes that manufaturing is the
Dr Hebalkar is a Public Policy consultant and President of ProfiTech, a strategic consultancy.

1

Global Trend
These US trends exemplify broad and even point-to-multipoint Alphabet’s Access group recently
development trends and China is offerings. Enterprises and managed demoed a private LTE network over
only now catching on to this. The service providers could exploit the CBRS at Las Vegas Motor Speedway
services sector is CRITICAL to 3.5 GHz band for IoT 4 connectivity designed to give fans a 360-degree
job creation even in India, not with and even for Wi-Fi replacement virtual reality view into speeding race
standing the Make In India drive or supplementary services. LTE cars in real time.
which can proceed in parallel. services could hit 1Gbps indoors
and maybe 5 or 10 times that for Source: Network World
On the technology front, CBRS2 for outdoor uses with line-of-sight
broadband is a technology getting Broad global trends have seen good
access. CBRS backers say the economics
focus recently: news and bad. The good news is the
of this technology are much better than those
synchronized growth in most of the
of distributed antenna systems and they
CBRS FOR LAST MILE ACCESS, significant economies (see the chart
contend the speed and consistency of service
5G below). The bad news is increasing
will be much better than Wi-Fi. CBRS
protectionism in the developed
Service providers are expected to use supporters also say imaginative new
world:
CBRS3 (Citizens Broadband Radio services will be enabled by availability
Service) to replace last-mile fiber of more cheap spectrum: Nokia,
access, deliver fixed wireless services Qualcomm and Google parent
https://www.networkworld.com/article/3180615/mobile-wireless/faq-what-in-the-wireless-world-is-cbrs.html
2
Internet of Things or a global network connecting smart devices.

4

Global Trend
The Trump administration is to protect steelmakers, but it later
imposing the new barriers5 under removed the steel tariffs after the
a 1974 trade law that permits WTO deemed them to be improper.
companies to seek relief if they can
Source: Wall Street Journal “U.S. Imposes
prove “serious injury” from a sudden
Trade Tariffs, Signaling Tougher Line on
surge in imports. That “safeguard”
China” January 22, 2018
law was last invoked by the George
W. Bush administration in 2002
On solar panels and washing machines imports.

5

Current Affairs
RBI kept rates unchanged- Raises inflation projection
garner wars of spike in prices – Fiscal slippage and
volatile global financial markets.
Mr. V. T. Pai
Ex- Director Banking & Finance- MEDC.
RBI kept interest rate unchanged The monetary policy committee competing demands for financial
as expected during 1st week of (MPC) noted the inflation outlook capital which puts upward return on
Feb 2018 but warned of a hike in has been clouded by several factors all returns. The repo rate at which the
prices. Fiscal profligacy markets including house rent allowance central bank tends to bank was held
offer the recent sell off signal (HRA) increase in some states, a at 6% and reverse repo rate at which
growth may be limited. However global rate revival pushing up crude it pays to bank for parking surplus
economic expansion is gathering oil and commodity prices and higher funds was maintained at 5.75%. All
momentum and there are signs of minimum support price (MSPs) for other rates also remained the same.
demand acceleration with price up Kharif Crop. It also cited an increase The six member MPC also voted
in loan disbursals. RBI Governor in custom duty on few items fiscal five-to-one in favor of the status
Shri Urjit Patel also seemed to the slippage and winding down of the quo on interest rates. RBI deputy
current debate on introduction of easy money policies globally. Governor Shri Michael Patra voted
long term capital gains tax on stocks for a rise in the policy rate by 25
in the Feb 1 budget. When explaining There is need for vigilance around basis points- A basis point is 0.01
why investments are still subdued evolving inflation scenario in the percentage point.
although there appears to be signs coming months. RBI raised its
of pick up lately. inflation projection to 5.1% in the The monetary policy was for less
fourth quarter including impact hawkish than expected given the
Taxation on capital from several of HRA payments from 4.2-4.6% RBI inflation target has been busted-
sources and at the marginal rate it in the third quarter amid surge in Fiscal limits breached and uncertainty
adds up. You have the corporate tax retail food prices. It had projected on critical prices such as oil and
rate for income above Rs. 10 Lakh this at 4.5% in its Aug policy. The local food prices has multiplied –
and you have marginal tax rate at inflation increased in the next fiscal says HDFC bank. Not only did the
whatever bracket people are in there year has been pegged at 5.1-5.6% stance remain neutral, there were
is the securities transaction tax and in the second half and 4.5-4.6% in no indication of imminent rate hike
capital gains tax- so there are five the second half with risk tilted to central bank. The governor chose
taxes on capital, which would have the upside. The MPC tasked with not to discuss the financial stability
an impact on investment and savings consumer price inflation as 4% with in detail despite the global financial
decisions. a bond 2% profits on either side. market route. This was done carefully
so as to avoid another bout of panic
Bond prices rose reversing directions Over the last six weeks the US 10 domestic market.
as RBI stuck to its neutral policies, year yield has hardened by 40-50%
also tone of monetary policies basis points and that is fair bit of Monetary policy challenges include
statement was less hawkish than movements. Further, RBI governor the inflationary threat due to rising
expected. Governor for vigilance Shri Urjit Patel told to reporters over food prices. Higher government
around inflation, although this may the last 6 months domestic inflation spending that could crowd out
have been calibrated with the object has increased. In post of course it private investment and increasing
of rattled market experts said RBI has been due to the hardening of oil prices. The recent sell off in the
raised its inflation projection for the crude price. Because of the up stick global financial market is the latest
fourth quarter. in economic growth there are new headache for policy makers.

Maha Facts & Figures
EDUCATION, WOMEN & CHILD DEVELOPMENT

Social sector plays a crucial role in Educational institutions
economic development and relates & enrolment therein
with various aspects of social are given in Table 10.1
development programmes. The and regionwise details
Government is making concerted are given in Annexure
efforts to provide basic services to 10.1.
the people, including drinking water,
health, education, employment, Sarva Shiksha
securing peoples participation, Abhiyan
poverty alleviation and social 10.4 Sarva Shiksha
protection to the deprived class. Abhiyan (SSA) is a
‘Smart Cities Mission’ is an urban flagship programme
renewal and retrofitting program State is 82.3 per cent which is well of GoI being
by the Government of India with above the national average (73 per implemented in collaboration with
a mission to develop 100 cities (the cent). Over the passage of time it states for achievement of UEE in a
target has been revised to 109 cities) is seen that the gender gap in time bound manner. The programme
all over the country making them literacy rate is decreasing. seeks to open new schools in those
citizen friendly and sustainable. habitations which do not have
Ten cities viz. Greater Mumbai, School Education schooling facilities and strengthening
Thane, Kalyan-Dombivali, Pimpri- existing school infrastructure by
10.3 Elementary education,
Chinchwad, Nashik, Amravati, providing additional class rooms,
consisting of primary (I-V) and
Solapur, Nagpur, Pune, Aurangabad toilets, drinking water, etc. The
upper primary (VI-VIII) levels, is
are selected from the State. expenditure incurred on SSA during
the foundation of the education
pyramid. Universalisation of 2015-16 was ` 842.54 crore while
EDUCATION during 2016-17 upto December it
Elementary Education (UEE)
10.2 ‘Equitable and inclusive quality requires availability of schooling was ` 1,370.45 crore. Some important
education for all’ is one of the facilities within a reasonable reach indicators of primary education are
sustainable development goals to to all children. During 2015-16, the given in Table 10.2.
be achieved by 2030. It also aims to State Government’s expenditure on
provide universal access to qualitative primary and secondary & higher
higher education and affordable secondary education was 18,862
vocational training. According to crore and ` 15,719 crore respectively.
the Census 2011, literacy rate of the
Table 10.1 Educational institutions and enrolment therein
(enrolment and no. of teachers in ’000)
Primary (I to VIII) Secondary & higher secondary (IX to XII)
Enrolment Enrolment
Year No. of Total of No. of Pupil No. of Total of No. of Pupil
Schools whic teachers teacher Schools whic teachers teacher
girl ratio girl ratio
2015-16 98,219 16,044 7,519 515 31.1 25,029 6,424 2,924 220 29.2
2016-17* 1,04,970 15,986 7,490 530 30.0 25,737 6,615 3,013 213 31.1
Source : Maharashtra Prathamik Shikshan Parishad. * Provisional

Table 10.2 Some important indicators of primary education
(as on 30th September)
Indicator 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
No. of schools imparting primary education reported under District 96,178 97,084 98,219
Information System for Education (DISE)
Percentage of schools in rural areas 79.8 79.8 79.7
Density of schools/sections per 10 sq. km (a) Primary 2.7 2.7 2.8
(b) Upper primary 1.4 1.4 1.5
Primary schools /sections per thousand children population (6 to 8 8 8
11 years)
Upper primary schools / sections per thousand children population 7 7 7
(11 to 14 years)
Percentage share of private unaided schools to total schools 11.1 11.7 12.4
Enrolment in schools (lakh) 161.6 161.7 160.4
Percentage of girls enrolment 46.8 46.8 46.9
Gross Enrolment Ratio (a) Primary 99.8 99.0 104.0
(b) Upper primary 96.7 98.8 102.6
Average Student - Class room Ratio (lakh) 32 31 31
(all schools) No. of teachers 5.0 5.1 5.2
Pupil Teacher Ratio 32.3 31.9 31.2
Percentage of schools having facilities of
Drinking water 99.3 99.6 99.7
Boundary wall 77.2 82.7 82.3
Functional girls toilet 97.7 99.3 99.4
Computers 50.6 54.3 56.9
Ramp@ 76.8 85.5 86.1
Playground 83.3 88.0 87.2
Library 94.1 96.2 96.0
Computer aided learning (Upper primary schools/sections) 13.9 14.3 N.A.
Electricity connection 86.0 93.8 93.9
Dropout rate (a) Primary 1.03 0.64 1.26
Gender Parity Index (a) Primary 0.89 0.89 0.88
Education Development Index (Composite) 0.7 0.7 N.A.
N.A. Not available @ requiring and having Source : 1) Elementary education in India progress towards UEE flash
statistics report, GoI
2) Maharashtra Prathamik Shikshan Parishad,

Out-of-school Special Needs (CWSN) in a normal Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha

10.5 With a view to identify out-of- set up with a normal peer group for Abhiyan
school children, GoM conducted a their emotional progress and socially
10.7 Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha
survey in 2015-16. According to the integrate them. This programme
Abhiyan (RMSA) scheme was
survey 74,971 children were found includes identification and medical
launched in 2009 with the objective
to be out of school, of which 50,682 assessment of CWSN, providing
to enhance access to secondary
were enroled and efforts are made rehabilitation and educational
education and also improve its
to enroll the remaining children in support services like Braille books,
quality. The expenditure incurred
school. spectacles, hearing aids & appliances,
on RMSA during 2015-16 was ` 33.9
speech trainer, etc. During 2014-
crore, while during 2016-17 upto
Inclusive Education of 15, number of children benefited
December, it was ` 11.7 crore. Some
Disabled were 2.95 lakh with an expenditure
important indicators of secondary
incurred of ` 61.40 crore. During
10.6 ‘Inclusive Education of and higher secondary education are
2015-16, in all 2.81 lakh children
Disabled’ programme is being given in Table 10.3.
were benefited and an expenditure
implemented in the State to ensure of 55.23 crore was incurred.
quality education to Children With
Table 10.3 Some important indicators of secondary and higher secondary education
Indicator 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
No. of schools imparting secondary and higher secondary education 23,753 24,497 25,029
reported
under Unified District Information System for Education (U-DISE)
Percentage of schools in rural areas 63.9 63.7 63.7
Density of schools/ sections per 10 sq. km (a) Secondary 0.7 0.7 0.8
(b) Higher Secondary 0.3 0.3 0.3
Percentage share of private unaided schools to total schools 26.7 28.1 27.9
Enrolment in schools (lakh) 59.1 61.8 64.2

Indicator 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Percentage of girls enrolment 45.9 45.7 45.5
Gross Enrolment Ratio (a) Secondary 85.6 89.1 90.0
Average Student - Class room Ratio (all schools) 56 54 54
No. of teachers (lakh) 2.13 2.19 2.20
Pupil Teacher Ratio 28 28 29
Percentage of schools having facilities of
Drinking water 99.9 99.9 99.9
Boundary wall 83.6 89.2 89.2
Functional girls toilet 99.1 99.6 99.8
Ramp@ 76.0 83.9 86.6
Playground 94.5 96.0 96.1
Library 95.2 97.6 97.4
Electricity connection 95.5 96.9 97.1
Computers 87.4 92.0 93.3
Computer and internet 48.8 56.4 60.2
Dropout rate (a) Secondary 11.3 11.2 12.4
Gender Parity Index (a) Secondary 0.95 0.96 0.95
@ requiring and having
Source : 1) Secondary education in India progress towards UEE flash statistics report, GoI
2) Maharashtra Madhyamik Shikshan Parishad,

Schemes to encourage Girls Education Mid-Day Meal Scheme
Education 10.9 GoM is implementing various 10.10 With a view to enhance
10.8 To encourage children to schemes to promote girls education. enrolment, attendance & retention
participate in education and to ease Bicycles are distributed to the needy and simultaneously improving
the financial burden of parents, girls studying in class VIII to XII and nutritional levels among children
the GoM is providing concessions living within five kilometers from studying in primary schools, GoI
through various schemes to the school under Maharashtra Human launched the ‘Mid-Day Meal
students. Progress of selected Development Programme. Progress Scheme’, in which cooked meal is
schemes to encourage education is of a few selected schemes is given in provided to the children studying in
given in Table 10.4. Table 10.5. class I to VIII. During 2016-17, upto
Table 10.4 Progress of selected schemes to encourage education

2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
Scheme Beneficiaries Expenditure Beneficiaries Expenditure Beneficiaries Expenditure
(lakh) (` crore) (lakh) (` crore) (lakh) (` crore)
Providing free uniform and
writing material to poor 18.70 14.50 9.40 7.52 4.91@ 6.13$
children of Standard I to IV
Fee concession to students of
Standard I to X studying in
30.54 4.43 23.52 3.45 N.A. 4.25@
government aided and
unaided schools
Free education to
economically backward
1.88 1.35 1.89 1.35 N.A. 1.81@
students (Boys) of Standard
XI & XII
Exam fee exemption
/reimbursement to EBC
5.63 17.79 1.14 31.88 N.A. 0.50@
students of X & XII from
drought prone area
Stipend to tribal students 0.03 0. 10 0.02 0.10 N.A. 0.20@
Source : Directorate of Primary Education, GoM @ Expected $ grant sanctioned N.A. Not available
Table 10.5 Progress of selected schemes for girls education

2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
Scheme Beneficiaries Expenditure Beneficiaries Expenditure Beneficiaries Expenditure
(lakh) (` crore) (lakh) (` crore) (lakh) (` crore)
Attendance Allowance 4.39 8.55 4.11 9.05 N.A. 9.59$
Scheme
Ahilyabai Holkar 16.09 57.60 16.50 61.37 16.83@ 62.60@
Scheme
Free education to girls 2.87 2.02 2.76 2.01 N.A. 2.51@
studying in XI & XII
Kasturba Gandhi 0.04 19.23 0.04 22.09 0.04 7.39+
Balika Vidyalaya
@ Expected $ grant sanctioned N.A. Not available + upto December
Source : Directorate of Primary Education, GoM and Maharashtra Prathamik Shikshan Parishad

December, number of beneficiaries Enrolment: ¾¾ Percentage of children in Std
was 114.5 lakh and expenditure ¾¾ Enrolment for the age group VIII who can read Std II level
incurred was 500 crore. Progress of 6-14 years increased from 98.5 text is still 75.8 per cent in 2016
Mid-Day Meal scheme is given in per cent in 2014 to 99.1 per cent which was 76.5 per cent in 2014.
Table 10.6. in 2016.
Table 10.4 Progress of selected schemes to encourage education
Protein 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Calorie
Class Norm Beneficiaries Expenditure Beneficiaries Expenditure Beneficiaries Expenditure
Norm (gm) (lakh) (` crore) (lakh) (` crore) (lakh) (` crore)
I to V 450 12 69 735 65 920 64 913
VI to VIII 700 20 20 416 39 451 41 675
Source : Directorate of Primary Education, GoM
Maharashtra Cadet Corps ¾¾ Enrolment for the age group Arithmetic

15-16 years has also improved ¾¾ Percentage of children in Std
10.11 The main objective of this
from 90.8 per cent in 2014 to III who can do at least 2 digit
scheme is to inculcate qualities
94.1 per cent in 2016. subtraction (with borrowing)
like leadership, brotherhood,
sportsmanship, national unity, social ¾¾ Percentage of girls (age group increased to 23.9 in 2016 from
service, etc. amongst the students. 11-14 years) who are out of 18.7 in 2014.
The scheme is being implemented school reduced from 2.9 per
on optional basis for students of ¾¾ The level of arithmetic is
cent in 2014 to 1.9 per cent in measured by children’s ability
standard VIII and IX. During 2016 while same for age group
2014-15 about 19.02 lakh students to do simple division problem
15-16 reduced from 9.3 per cent (division of 3 digit number by
participated and an expenditure of in 2014 to 6.1 per cent in 2016.
` four crore was incurred. During 1 digit number). Percentage of
2015-16, about 10.68 lakh students ¾¾ Percentage of children of age children in Std V who can do
participated in this scheme and group 6-14 enrolled in private division has increased to 20.3
an expenditure of ` 3.5 crore was schools increased from 36.9 per per cent in 2016 from 18.9 per
incurred. cent in 2014 to 38.3 per cent in cent in 2014.
2016. ¾¾ Percentage of children in Std
Annual Status of Education
VIII who can do division is 31.5
Report-2016 (ASER) Reading ability:
per cent in 2016 which was 32.9
10.12 In the State, ASER 2016, ¾¾ Percentage of children in Std III per cent in 2014.
a household survey facilitated by who can read at least Std I level
‘Pratham’ was carried out in 973 text (i.e. a set of four simple Sainiki Schools
villages of 33 districts covering linked sentences, each having 10.13 There are 42 Sainiki
19,430 households and 26,393 not more than six words) has schools at primary, secondary
children in the age-group 3 to 16 increased from 54.1 per cent in and higher secondary levels in 33
years. The purpose of the survey is 2014 to 61.6 per cent in 2016. districts of the State, of which,
to assess schooling status of children four schools are exclusively for
in rural area and their ability to read ¾¾ Percentage of children in Std
V who can read Std II level girls, 34 schools are exclusively for
simple text and do basic arithmetic. boys and four are for co-education.
Some important findings of the text (i.e. short story with 7-10
sentences) has increased from During 2016-17, total enrolment in
survey for the State are given below. these schools was 14,653.
53.5 per cent in 2014 to 62.5 per
cent in 2016.

Sports Education has been conducted to identify the about 1.63 crore adults (persons
10.14 The State Government basic capability and learning level of of age 15 years and above) in the
has established ‘Shiv Chhatrapati students. For this, three educational State are illiterate. To increase adult
Kridapeeth’ at Pune with the motive development tests are taken in a literacy ‘Sakshar Bharat Scheme’ is
of promoting sports and develops year for all students of I to VIII implemented in the districts having
excellence by upgrading the skills Standard, of which one is basic test female literacy rate less than the
of sports persons. This Kridapeeth and other two evaluation tests under national average or less than 50 per
conducts sports skill tests for the continuous and comprehensive cent. This scheme is implemented
students of age group 8 to 14 evaluation. These tests are conducted in 7,318 gram panchayats from 93
years and imparts specific training by Maharashtra State Council of tahsils of 10 districts targeting 14.4
for about 8 to 10 years to selected Educational Research and Training lakh illiterates. Under the scheme,
students in 17 different games. There Institute. To achieve the goal of adult illiterates are provided with
are 11 sports academies under the ‘Pragat Shaikshanik Maharashtra functional literacy which includes
Kridapeeth. So far, 25 students from Programme’, government is knowledge of letters and numbers
these academies have received Shiv providing need based and demand- as well as basic literacy, in which
Chhatrapati State Sports Award and driven trainings to teachers. Progress new literates are allowed to give
59 players had represented the nation of ‘Pragat Shaikshanik Maharashtra IIIrd, Vth and VIIIth standard level
in international competitions. The Programme’ is given in Table 10.8. basic literacy test. Formal education
State spends on an average ` 9,000 certificate equivalent to that level is
Adult literacy issued to each of the successfully
per trainee per month. For 2016-17,
in all 607 trainees were selected. 10.16 As per Population Census-2011 passing person. It also includes skill
Medals received by students of
sports academies are given in Table Table 10.8 Progress of Pragat Shaikshnik Maharashtra Programme
10.7.
(no.)
Pragat Shaikshnik Particulars 2015-16 2016-17+
Maharashtra Programme Pragat Schools 8,791 24,687
10.15 To enhance the quality of Digital Schools 11,228 27,686
education for school going children, Activity Based Learning Schools 12,409 13,448
GoM launched ‘Pragat Shaikshanik ISO Certified School 1,368 2,646
Maharashtra Programme’ in 2015-
School using constructivism 46,608 63,595
16. Under this programme, special
action plan has been made to Teachers received need based and 1,82,428 3,37,348
identify the basic capabilities of demand-driven Training
students to ensure age/ gradewise Average achievement 67.0 77.0
expected educational capability in in language (per cent)
all students so that no child should Average achievement 68.0 71.0
be below standard level. ‘State in maths (per cent)
Learning Achievement Survey’ Source : Maharashtra Prathamik Shikshan Parishad, + upto January
Table 10.7 Medals received by students of sports academies
No. of International level medals National level medals State level medals
Year
trainees Gold Silver Bronze Total Gold Silver Bronze Total Gold Silver Bronze Total
2013-14 665 2 2 4 8 44 49 33 126 143 128 85 356
2014-15 563 2 2 3 7 66 63 46 175 148 116 116 380
2015-16 593 2 7 9 18 49 34 54 137 200 173 145 518
Source : Directorate of Sports and Youth Services, GoM

development through vocational alongwith general higher education. private universities (including one
training. Total 14,630 motivators Apart from universalising elementary established in 2015-16) in the State.
and 138 coordinators are appointed education, the Government is taking Details of streamwise institutions,
in Adult Education Centers at efforts to expand opportunities in their intake capacity and number of
7,318 grampanchayats. Upto March higher education also. There are students admitted in first year of the
2016, number of new literates who 21 State universities, out of which course for the year 2016-17 are given
received formal education certificate four universities are for agriculture, in Annexure 10.2 to 10.5. Higher
was 11.14 lakh. Also some innovative one university for health science education statistics based on All
schemes like ‘Each one Teach courses, one university for veterinary India Survey on Higher Education
one’, ‘Sakshar Bharat Mahotsav’ are science, one for technology and 14 in the State is given in Table 10.9.
implemented with community other universities for general courses
participation. (including Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Important Results of National
Thackersey University, Mumbai which Sample Survey 71st Round on
Higher & Technical Education is exclusively for women, Yashwantrao subject ‘Social Consumption:
10.17 Higher education helps in Chavan Open University, Nashik Education’ (January - June
creating technical and skilled human for non-formal education and Kavi 2014)
resources as an important input Kulguru Kalidas University, Nagpur
10.18 Some key indicators on
necessary for the overall economic for conduct of studies, research,
education in the State based on
development. It covers education development and spread of Sanskrit
central sample data as obtained from
in agriculture, veterinary, medical, language). In addition to these,
the survey conducted under National
phar maceutical, engineering, there are 20 deemed universities,
Sample Survey during January-June
technical and vocational trades, etc. one central university and four
2014 are as follows:
Table 10.9 Higher education statistics in the State

Indicator 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Number of Universities 45 45 45 45
Number of Colleges 4,369 4,498 4,646 4,569
Number of Stand alone Institutions 2,552 2,615 2,700 2,501
Enrolment in Higher Education$ All 30.80 35.19 37.36 39.87
(lakh) Percentage of females 42.2 42.9 43.3 43.6
Enrolment in Universities & All 6.20 7.35 7.15 8.80
Constituent Units (lakh) Percentage of females 36.5 39.7 37.5 40.8
Gross Enrolment Ratio All categories 22.9 26.3 27.9 29.9
(18-23 years) SC 18.9 22.1 25.6 29.6
ST 8.9 10.7 12.6 14.7
Gender Parity Index All categories 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.86
(18-23 years) SC 0.82 0.80 0.85 0.85
ST 0.58 0.56 0.60 0.63
Number of Teachers (lakh) All 1.44 1.52 1.64 1.66
Pupil Teacher Ratio All Institutions 21 23 23 24
Source : All-India Survey of Higher Education,GoI $ Estimated

education. states is given in Table 10.10.
¾¾ Households having facility ¾¾ It is seen that, 43 per cent of WOMEN AND CHILD
of primary, upper primary males & 33 per cent of females DEVELOPMENT
and secondary schools within from rural areas and 45 per
10.29 Empowerment of women
distance of 2 km from residence cent of males & 30 per cent
can be achieved only when their
was 98.8 per cent, 86.9 per cent of females from urban areas
education, health and financial
and 74 per cent respectively. in the age group 5-29 years
conditions are improved.
discontinued their education
¾¾ During 2014, literacy rate was Maharashtra is the first State in India
due to reasons like domestic
79 per cent for rural, 90 per cent to formulate Women Policy which
duties and engagement in
for urban and 84 per cent for was declared in 1994 and revisited
economic activities.
the State. in 2001 and Third Women Policy
¾¾ Expenditure on education – was declared in 2014. These policies
¾¾ Male literacy rate was 87 per Individuals attending educational focused on awareness of violence
cent for rural, 94 per cent for institutions incurs expenditure against women, women laws, reforms
urban and 90 per cent for the in the form of payment of in economic conditions of women,
State. course fees (including tuition development of self-help groups and
fee, examination fee etc.), rights of women.
¾¾ Female literacy rate was 70 per
purchase of books, stationery
cent for rural, 86 per cent for 10.30 Various women development
and uniforms, expenses on
urban and 77 per cent for the schemes are being implemented
conveyance, private coaching,
State. in the State. Progress of selected
etc. This is referred to as private
women development schemes is
¾¾ In the State, combining all expenditure of the household
given in Table 10.29.
levels of education 25 per cent on education. During the
of students were taking private academic session (2013-14), 10.31 Various women specific
coaching. average expenditure per student centrally sponsored schemes are
pursuing general education by being implemented in the State and
¾¾ About 86 per cent households item of expenditure for selected progress of selected schemes is as
reported private coaching follows:
mainly for augmenting basic

Table 10.10 Average expenditure per student during the academic year (2013-14) pursuing general
education by item of expenditure for selected states
(`)
Item of expenditure
State Course fee Books, Transportation Private Other Total
stationary and coaching expenditure annual
uniform expenditure
Andhra Pradesh 4,499 1,570 776 179 334 7,358
Gujarat 2,952 1,816 928 1,234 513 7,442
Karnataka 4,417 1,667 754 471 555 7,863
Kerala 3,881 2,241 1,586 1,081 538 9,326
Madhya Pradesh 2,266 1,205 615 640 168 4,894
Maharashtra 3,955 1,715 1,233 1,898 490 9,292
Punjab 6,869 2,568 1,748 962 453 12,600
Rajasthan 3,792 1,583 804 426 198 6,804
Tamil Nadu 5,661 1,854 1,233 425 601 9,773
Uttar Pradesh 2,416 1,368 501 615 175 5,074
West Bengal 1,504 1,369 528 3,082 209 6,692
All India 3,133 1,518 749 1,040 349 6,788
Source : National Sample Survey Report, GoI
Table 10.29 Performance of selected women development schemes

( ` crore)
2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
Scheme Outlay Expenditure Beneficiaries Outlay Expenditure Beneficiaries Outlay Expenditure Beneficiaries
(no.) (no.) (no.)
Government 5.65 5.47 375 11.20 11.69 400 12.93 9.49 400
women
hostels/
Protective
homes/
Voluntary
supportive
homes
Counselling 3.16 3.16 136 3.60 3.60 136 1.57 1.54 136
centres
Shubhmangal 1.57 1.57 1,500 0.43 0.43 426 - - -
Samuhik Vivah
Yojana
Manodhairya 30.02 29.90 475 36.85 36.87 510 43.23 43.23 5,426
Source : Commissionerate of Women and Child Development, GoM. + upto December
¾¾ Hostels for Working Women: are 129 such hostels with 10,168 programme are to mobilise
For admission in these hostels inmates. women in small groups, provide
for working women, the limit training for self-employment
of annual income is ` 30,000 ¾¾ Support to Training and and skill up-gradation to take
for metropolitan cities and ` Employment Programme: up employment-cum-income
25,000 for other cities. There The main objectives of the generating projects. There are

16 projects functioning with trafficking of women for bodies in the State is given in Table
total intake capacity 1,050. commercial sexual exploitation 10.30.
and to facilitate rescue,
¾¾ Swaadhar: Under this scheme, rehabilitation & re-integration Mahila Aarthik Vikas
financial assistance is provided of victims, 52 institutions Mahamandal
for protection, care, education are functioning of which 16 10.33 State Government has declared
& vocational training for institutions are residential. Mahila Aarthik Vikas Mahamandal
rehabilitation of women in
(MAVIM) as State nodal agency
difficult situation. There are Participation of women in for implementing various women
24 projects run by voluntary decision making related schemes. MAVIM is acting
organisations covering 1,220
10.32 The GoI has decided to as a co-ordinator between self-
beneficiaries.
provide one-third reservation for help groups, financial institutions
¾¾ Ujjwala: To prevent the women in local bodies, however, and Government departments.
the State Government has extended MAVIM has received funds of
this reservation upto 50 per cent. ` 20.72 crore in 2016-17 under
Reservation for women in local various schemes and an expenditure
of 18.94 crore was incurred upto
Table 10.8 Progress of Pragat Shaikshnik Maharashtra Programme
(As on 31st December 2016)
Number of seats reserved for
Local bodies Number Number of seats
women
Municipal Corporation 27 2,730 1,371
Muncipal Council 234 5,290 2,721
Nagar Panchayat 124 2,108 1,116
Zilla Parishad 34 2,006 1,013
Panchayat 351 4,012 2,006
Grampanchayat 28,332 2,27,241 1,13,621
Total 29,102 2,43,387 1,21,848
Source : State Election Commission, GoM
Table 10.31 Schemes implemented by MAVIM
( ` crore)
2015-16 2016-17
Scheme Outlay Expenditure Beneficiaries Outlay Expenditure + Beneficiaries
(no.) (no.) +
Tejaswini 16.13 16.13 40,974 10.00 8.00 41,642
Women 0.03 0.03 15,579 0.12 0 0
empowerment
(four per cent interest sub-
sidy for Loans)
Women 0.52 0.52 5,007 0.80 0.64 10,393
empowerment
(SCSP)
Women 18.69 18.69 N.A. 15.10 10.30 N.A.
empowerment
(Assistance to MAVIM)
Source : MAVIM, GoM, N.A. Not Applicable + Upto December

December. Information of schemes
implemented by MAVIM is given in
Table 10.31.
10.33.1 SHG is a good medium

for economic empowerment of
women. During 2016-17 upto
December total saving of SHGs
was about ` 83.88 crore and the total
internal loan disbursed was ` 187.41
crore. SHGs received loan of `
255.59 crore from various financial
institutions for the year 2016-17 upto
December. Information of women
SHGs is given in Table 10.32.
Table 10.32 Information of women SHGs

( no.)
Villages/ 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17+
Division Sector
Cities SHGs Members SHGs Members SHGs Members
Konkan Rural 968 6,470 76,706 6,827 81,046 9,197 1,04,961
Urban 2 861 10,647 940 12,940 1,277 12,542
Total 970 7,331 87,353 7,767 93,986 10,474 1,17,503
Pune Rural 1,039 9,409 1,27,789 10,335 1,38,965 10,492 1,31,356
Urban 2 452 5,761 430 5,905 902 10,269
Total 1,041 9,861 1,33,550 10,765 1,44,870 11,394 1,41,625
Nashik Rural 1,600 9,814 1,49,058 10,285 1,54,243 8,471 1,04,658
Urban 1 237 2,712 249 3,412 908 7,778
Total 1,601 10,051 1,51,770 10,534 1,57,655 9,379 1,12,436
Aurangabad Rural 2,510 11,655 1,89,812 12,355 1,98,122 12,980 1,46,600
Urban 3 732 9,513 737 10,123 1,552 14,268
Total 2,513 12,387 1,99,325 13,092 2,08,245 14,532 1,60,868
Amravati Rural 1,942 10,480 1,33,124 11,196 1,40,815 12,495 1,30,760
Urban 1 200 2,419 213 2,758 654 4,896
Total 1,943 10,680 1,35,543 11,409 1,43,573 13,149 1,35,656
Nagpur Rural 2,436 14,216 2,09,058 15,070 2,19,187 14,580 1,79,297
Urban 1 201 2,549 201 2,714 910 7,155
Total 2,437 14,417 2,11,607 15,271 2,21,901 15,490 1,86,452
RNGO - - 12,952 1,60,391 12,952 1,60,391 12,806 1,49,199
Total Rural 10,495 74,996 10,45,938 79,020 10,92,769 81,021 9,46,831
Urban 10 2,683 33,601 2,770 37,852 6,203 56,908
Total 10,505 77,679 10,79,539 81,790 11,30,621 87,224 10,03,739
Source : MAVIM, GoM, RNGO-Regional NGO + Upto December

Table 10.33 Crimes reported in which women are victims
(no.)
Type of offence 2014 2015 2016
Rape 3,438 4,144 4,209
Kidnapping & abduction 2,457 5,096 4,776
Dowry deaths 279 268 227
Cruelty by husband & relatives 7,696 7,640 6,203
Molestation 10,001 11,713 11,388
Sexual harassment 1,575 1,119 793
Immoral Traffic Prevention Act 202 381 317
Others 1,045 765 4,635
Total 26,693 31,126 32,548
Source : State Crime Record Bureau, GoM
10.34 ‘Crime against Women’ is are 28 children homes run employment. At present there
direct or indirect physical or mental by government having total are six Government & three
cruelty to women. Crimes reported capacity of 2,990 children. In NGO after-care hostels in the
in which women are victims are given addition to this, there are 994 State with total intake capacity
in Table 10.33. aided children homes run by of 600 & 110 respectively. The
NGO with total intake capacity Government provides grant-in-
Child Development of 82,859 and 63 un-aided aid of ` 1,215 per month per
10.35 The GoM is implementing children homes with intake inmate to hostels.
various schemes for child capacity of 3,840 children.
development which are as follows: Government provides ` 1,215 ¾¾ Foster Care Scheme (Bal
per month per inmate and ` Sangopan Yojana) : This scheme
¾¾ Observation Homes : There 1,305 per month for AIDS is implemented in the State to
are 12 observation homes affected child, to these homes provide family life to needy
run by the government in 11 as grant-in-aid. During 2015- children who are deprived of
districts with intake capacity of 16, an expenditure of ` 6,996.52 home. At present 137 NGO
600 children. In addition to this, lakh was incurred on 50,578 provide foster care to 13,004
there are 48 observation homes beneficiaries under the scheme children. During 2015-16, an
(19 for girls and 29 for boys) run whereas, during 2016-17 upto expenditure of ` 109 crore was
by NGOs with intake capacity November an expenditure of ` incurred under the scheme.
of 4,275 children. Orphan, 332.34 lakh has been incurred.
abandoned, missing, working ¾¾ Sukanya : Under the scheme, on
children are admitted in these ¾¾ After care Hostels : Under the birth of a girl child on or
homes as per recommendations the scheme adolescent children after 1st January 2014 in BPL
of Child Welfare Committees/ from observation homes family, an amount of ` 21,200 is
Juvenile Justice Boards. The who have completed 18 deposited on her name by GoM
government provides grant- years of age are rehabilitated. in LIC of India. On attaining
in-aid of ` 900 per month per Residential facilities, food, 18 years of age, she gets an
inmate. clothes, education, medical amount of ` one lakh. Besides
facilities, counselling, vocational this, scholarship of ` 100 per
¾¾ Children Homes : Children guidance, etc. are provided to month is given for 9th Std. to
upto 18 years of age are the inmates till completion 12th Std. for her education. For
admitted in these homes. There of education or getting the year 2016-17, the scheme

is included in the scheme Mazi mini anganwadi and 553 Child women and lactating mothers
Kanya Bhagyashree Yojana. development projects. belonging to the disadvantaged
sections of the society. It also aims
Integrated Child Development Nutrition Programme to control malnourishment in remote
Services 10. 36.1 To meet the minimum and sensitive areas to minimise infant
10.36 Integrated Child Development nutritional requirements of children, mortality. According to the World
Services (ICDS) programme aims pregnant women and lactating Health Organisation standards, since
at providing services to pre-school mothers and to provide health 2010-11, children are classified as
children in an integrated manner care to them, the ‘Supplementary normal, moderately underweight and
so as to ensure proper growth and Nutrition Programme’ (SNP) is severely underweight. Percentage
development of children belonging implemented under the ICDS. The of children (0-5years) according to
to rural, tribal and slum areas. The SNP aims to provide nutritious diet nutrition grades is given in Table
programme is implemented through to the children below six years of age 10.34. Progress of SNP is given in
97,475 Anganwadi Centres, 13,011 and improve the health of pregnant Table 10.35.
Table 10.34 Percentage of children (0-5 years) according to nutrition grades

Year Area Normal Moderately under-weight Severely under-weight
2014-15 Rural 92.5 6.4 1.1
Tribal 80.6 15.6 3.8
Urban 83.4 15.4 1.2
Total 89.2 9.6 1.5
2015-16 Rural 91.6 7.0 1.3
Tribal 81.4 15.4 3.5
Urban 83.3 15.9 1.2
Total 89.6 9.1 1.3
2016-17+ Rural 92.3 6.6 1.1
Tribal 81.3 15.3 3.5
Urban 83.1 15.9 1.0
Total 89.1 9.5 1.4
Source : Commissionerate of ICDS, GoM + upto November
Table 10.35 Progress of Supplementary Nutrition Programme

Area Year Beneficiaries (In lakh) Expenditure ( `crore)
Rural (incl. Tribal) 2014-15 59.94 1,092
2015-16 57.15 923
2016-17+ 52.26 465
Urban 2014-15 11.98 218
2015-16 11.59 280
2016-17+ 11.37 96
Source : Commissionerate of ICDS, GoM + upto November

10.36.2 The centrally sponsored ¾¾ Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahayog Crime against Children
schemes implemented through ICDS Yojana: This scheme is being 10.37 The offences committed
in the State are as follows: implemented since 2011 to against the children or the crimes in
improve health and nutrition which children are the victims are
¾¾ Rajiv Gandhi scheme for levels of pregnant women and
empowerment of adolescent termed as Crime against Children.
lactating mothers in Bhandara Crimes reported in which children
girls (Sabla): This scheme is and Amaravati districts on pilot
being implemented since 2011 are ictims are given in Table 10.36.
basis. A cash incentive of ` 6,000
to empower the adolescent is provided to each beneficiary
girls in the age group of 11 to during pregnancy and lactating
18 years, through 207 projects period in two installments.
in 11 districts. The number of During 2015-16, number of
beneficiaries under the scheme beneficiaries was 0.62 lakh and
was 10.20 lakh during 2015-16 during 2016-17 upto December,
and 7.86 lakh during 2016-17 number of beneficiaries was
upto December. 0.59 lakh.
Table 10.36 Crimes reported in which children are victims

(no.)
Type of Crime 2014 2015 2016
Murder (Total) 207 214 132
i) Infanticide 12 7 44
ii) Other 195 207 88
Child rape 1,714 2,231 2,086
Kidnapping and abduction 2,616 6,960 8,016
Abandonment 225 13 26
Others 3,353 4,523 3,331
Total 8,115 13,941 13,591
Source : State Crime Record Bureau, GoM

ANNEXURE 10.1
REGIONWISE AND EDUCATION LEVELWISE INSTITUTIONS,

ENROLMENT AND NUMBER OF TEACHERS
Region
Item Year Total
Konkan Pune Nashik Aurangabad Amravati Nagpur
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Primary (I to VIII)
No. of Schools 2014-15 18,327 20,165 16,833 19,165 10,620 11,974 97,084
2015-16 18,815 20,295 16,919 19,527 10,674 11,989 98,219
2016-17* 20,459 21,968 17,775 20,810 11,313 12,645 1,04,970
Total enrolment 2014-15 3,845.0 3,195.3 2,844.3 3,140.4 1,601.4 1,546.0 16,172.4
(in ‘000)
2015-16 3,869.6 3,181.2 2,842.0 3,078.6 1,564.3 1,508.4 16,044.0
2016-17* 3,840.8 3,197.4 2,848.1 3,057.0 1,548.1 1,494.4 15,985.7
Girls enrolment 2014-15 1,818.2 1,476.8 1,310.8 1,471.1 757.5 742.0 7,576.4
(in ‘000)
2015-16 1,832.1 1,471.9 1,311.9 1,438.6 740.2 727.7 7,522.3
2016-17* 1,817.1 1,481.0 1,316.5 1,424.2 732.2 719.0 7,490.0
No. of teachers 2014-15 107.6 105.1 81.7 98.7 53.5 59.5 506.1
(in’000)
2015-16 111.3 106.3 82.2 101.5 54.4 59.7 515.3
2016-17* 116.0 109.7 84.4 104.8 55.6 60.0 530.5
Pupil Teacher Ratio 2014-15 35.7 30.4 34.8 31.8 29.9 26.0 31.9
(PTR)
2015-16 34.8 29.9 34.6 30.3 28.8 25.3 31.1
2016-17* 33.0 29.0 33.6 29.0 27.7 24.8 30.0
Secondary & Higher secondary (IX to XII)
No. of Schools 2014-15 4,896 5,042 3,898 4,791 2,830 3,040 24,497
2015-16 5,052 5,159 3,980 4,868 2,869 3,101 25,029
2016-17* 5,188 5,336 4,070 5,044 2,941 3,158 25,737
Total enrolment 2014-15 1,477.2 1,286.7 1,009.1 1,048.3 641.6 717.8 6,180.5
(in ‘000)
2015-16 1,531.8 1,327.3 1,041.7 1,120.7 670.1 732.2 6,423.7
2016-17* 1,566.9 1,358.4 1,069.1 1,192.4 688.0 739.8 6,614.7
Girls enrolment 2014-15 696.6 578.8 444.4 453.3 302.2 351.6 2,827.0
(in ‘000)
2015-16 722.6 593.1 458.2 480.9 311.9 357.4 2,924.0
2016-17* 736.8 608.6 471.7 518.3 318.9 358.6 3,013.0
No. of teachers 2014-15 51.0 47.8 32.9 38.1 21.8 27.7 219.2
(in’000)
2015-16 50.5 48.1 33.6 38.7 21.8 27.3 220.0
2016-17* 47.4 46.7 33.2 38.1 21.2 26.3 212.8
Pupil Teacher Ratio 2014-15 29.0 26.9 30.7 27.5 29.5 25.9 28.2
(PTR)
2015-16 30.3 27.6 31.0 29.0 30.8 26.8 29.2
2016-17* 33.0 29.1 32.2 31.3 32.5 28.1 31.1
Source: Maharashtra Prathmik Shikshan Parishad * Provisional

ANNEXURE 10.2
NUMBER OF HEALTH SCIENCE INSTITUTIONS, THEIR INTAKE CAPACITY AND STUDENTS ADMITTED IN THE
FIRST YEAR OF THE COURSE FOR THE YEAR 2016-17
Government Government aided Unaided Total
Faculty Insti- Intake Admitted Insti- Intake Admitted Insti- Intake Admitted Insti- Intake Admitted
tutions capacity students tutions capacity students tutions capacity students tutions capacity students
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)
Allopathy
Graduate 23 3,200 3,188 -- -- -- 16 1,970 1,945 39 5,170 5,133
Post-Graduate 20 1,669 1,389 01 72 52 15 381 304 36 2,122 1,745
Ayurvedic
Graduate 04 350 346 16 840 840 44 2,740 2,740 64 3,930 3,926
Post-Graduate 04 193 191 10 151 142 22 918 651 36 1,262 984
Homeopathy
Graduate -- -- -- -- -- -- 40 3,045 3,041 40 3,045 3,041
Post-Graduate -- -- -- -- -- -- 17 348 252 17 348 252
Unani
Graduate -- -- -- 03 180 180 03 160 160 06 340 340
Post-Graduate -- -- -- -- -- -- 02 21 21 02 21 21
Dental
Graduate 04 260 258 -- -- -- 25 2,300 2,240 29 2,560 2,498
Post-Graduate 05 74 67 -- -- -- 21 402 355 26 476 422
Physiotherapy
Graduate 04 90 90 -- -- -- 22 860 859 26 950 949
Post-Graduate 04 46 42 -- -- -- 15 123 121 19 169 163
Occupational
Therapy
Graduate 03 60 60 -- -- -- 0 0 0 03 60 60
Post-Graduate 04 31 24 -- -- -- -- -- -- 04 31 24
Audiology & Speech

Language Pathology
Graduate 03 83 77 -- -- -- 0 0 0 03 83 77
Post-Graduate 02 30 25 -- -- -- -- -- -- 02 30 25
Prostetics &
Orthotics
Graduate 01 30 27 -- -- -- -- -- -- 01 30 27
Post-Graduate 01 04 04 -- -- -- -- -- -- 01 04 04
Nursing
Graduate 08 340 329 -- -- -- 114 4,235 3,782 122 4,575 4,111
Post-Graduate 02 37 35 -- -- -- 14 211 162 16 248 197
B.P.M.T
Graduate 18 1,285 708 -- -- -- 03 207 9 21 1,492 717
Source - Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik

ANNEXURE 10.3
NUMBER OF TECHNICAL INSTITUTIONS, THEIR INTAKE CAPACITY AND STUDENTS ADMITTED

IN THE FIRST YEAR OF THE COURSE FOR THE YEAR 2016-17
tutions capacity students tutions capacity students tutions capacity students tutions capacity students
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)
Engineering
Diploma 42 18,160 15,326 17 4,600 3,302 414 1,37,044 51,777 473 1,59,804 70,405
Graduate 8 3,040 2,941 11 3,357 3,134 346 1,37,456 73,360 365 1,43,853 79,435
Post-Graduate 6 861 773 12 1,410 1,154 208 15,886 4,871 226 18,157 6,798
Architecture
Graduate -- -- -- 3 207 207 72 4,680 4,218 75 4,887 4,425
Post-Graduate -- -- -- -- -- -- 16 420 186 16 420 186
Management
Sciences
MMS/MBA 2 180 130 13 1,140 796 330 35,028 24,798 345 36,348 25,724
PGDM 1 60 60 -- -- -- 70 10,158 5,264 71 10,218 5,324
Hotel
management
& catering
technology
Diploma 2 126 109 -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 126 109

Graduate -- -- -- 1 42 28 8 452 395 9 494 423
Post-Graduate -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 48 5 2 48 5
Pharmacy
Diploma 4 210 192 20 1,240 1,094 213 13,533 8,958 237 14,983 10,244
Graduate 4 220 219 7 330 318 158 11,068 10,803 169 11,618 11,340
Post-Graduate 3 82 73 6 330 259 108 3,005 1,927 117 3,417 2,259
Pharma D 2 60 59 -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 60 59
Master in
Computer 2 90 90 9 510 284 104 9,050 3,806 115 9,650 4,180
application
Industrial
training 417 90,575 85,192 -- -- -- 429 36,023 32,054 846 1,26,598 1,17,246
institutes
Source - 1) Directorate of Technical Education, Mumbai.
2) Directorate of Vocational Education and Training, Mumbai.

AN
NNEXURE 10.4
1
MBER OF IN
NUM NSTITUTIONNS FOR ART
TS, SCIENCEE, COMMERRCE, NON A.I.C.T.E
A COU
URSES, LAW
W, EDUCATION,
FIN
NE ARTS, T
THEIR INTAKE CAPACIITY AND STTUDENTS ADDMITTED INN FIRST YEAAR OF THEE COURSE FO
OR
THEE YEAR 201
16-17
Governmentt Governmennt aided Unaided Total

Faculty
F Inssti- Intake Admitted Insti- Inntake Admitted Insti- Intake Admmitted Instii- Intake Admitted
tutiions capacityy students tutions cappacity students tutions capacity studdents tutions capacity students
(1) (22) (3) (4) (5) (66) (7) (8) (9) (110) (11
1) (12) (13)
*
Arts
Gradu
uate 1,013 970 3,44,6610 2,59,770 53,659 37,0017 3,99,282 2,97,757
Post-G
Graduate 645 487 10,5504 4,583 1,549 7705 12,698 5,775
*
Scien
nce
Gradu
uate 3,214 2,935 1,98,6661 1,64,875 50768 32,1135 2,52,643 1,99,945
Post-G
Graduate 803 769 5,0081 3,981 1,694 1,0074 7,578 5,824
*
Comm merce 15 1,112 1,122 2,249
Gradu
uate 1,122 1,031 2,75,7796 2,25,933 87,914 64,6662 3,64,832 2,91,626
Post-G
Graduate 240 228 5,5546 4,319 1,292 4497 7,078 5,044
*
Non-A
A.I.C.T.E
Courses
Gradu
uate 138 133 17,4416 12,250 19,125 12,2238 36,679 24,621
Post-G
Graduate -- -- 2220 58 974 1129 1,194 187
*
Law
Gradu
uate 1 2,420 1,140 16,3357 9,077 7,786 4,0083 26,563 14,300
45 61 107
Post-G
Graduate -- -- -- 8880 666 2,627 9974 3,507 1,640
*
Education
B. Ed
d 400 171 3,2263 1,899 21,516 7,8872 25,179 9,942
12 49 578 639
M. Ed
d 50 0 13 13 628 1199 691 212
Fine Arts
A
Diplo
oma 3 115 111 31 1,9930 1,629 172 15,990 10,1106 206
6 18,035 11,846
Gradu
uate 4 300 294 -- -- -- -- -- -- 4 300 294
Post-G
Graduate 4 130 53 -- -- -- -- -- -- 4 130 53
Source - 1) Dirrectorate of Higheer Education, Pun
ne * Provisional
P
2) D
Directorate of Art, Mumbai

Maha Facts & Figures ANNEXURE 10.5
NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS FOR AGRICULTURE, VETERINARY AND FISHERY SCIENCE

COURSES, THEIR INTAKE CAPACITY AND STUDENTS ADMITTED IN FIRST YEAR OF THE
COURSE FOR THE YEAR 2016-17
tutions capacity students tutions capacity students tutionscapacity students tutionscapacity students
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)
Agriculture
Graduate 17 1,768 1,758 2 244 241 73 7,470 7,425 92 9,482 9,424
Post-Graduate 11 885 885 -- -- -- -- -- -- 11 885 885
PhD 4 162 151 -- -- -- -- -- -- 4 162 151
Horticulture
Graduate 5 200 198 -- -- -- 10 560 560 15 760 758
Post-Graduate 10 118 118 -- -- -- -- -- -- 10 118 118
Forestry
Graduate 2 64 64 -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 64 64
Post-Graduate 2 21 21 -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 21 21
Fishery Science
Graduate 3 122 104 -- -- -- -- -- -- 3 122 104
Post-Graduate 1 28 28 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 28 28
PhD 1 11 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 11 2
Food Technology
Graduate 1 64 64 -- -- -- 26 1,600 1,592 27 1,664 1,656
Post-Graduate 1 15 15 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 15 15
PhD 1 5 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 5 5
Bio-Technology
Graduate 2 80 78 -- -- -- 16 1,000 984 18 1,080 1,062
Post-Graduate 1 8 8 -- -- -- 3 24 24 4 32 32
PhD 1 3 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 3 1
Agriculture
Engineering
Graduate 4 247 245 -- -- -- 15 880 869 19 1,127 1,114
Post-Graduate 4 70 69 -- -- -- -- -- -- 4 70 69
PhD 4 30 11 -- -- -- -- -- -- 4 30 11
Home Science
Graduate 1 40 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 40 40
Post-Graduate 1 12 9 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 12 9
PhD 1 2 0 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 2 0
Agriculture
Business
Management
Graduate -- -- -- -- -- -- 13 640 631 13 640 631
Post-Graduate 1 35 35 -- -- -- 2 60 60 3 95 95
Animal
Husbandry
Graduate -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 30 30 1 30 30
Post Harvest
Management
Post-Graduate 1 30 14 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 30 14
Veterinary
Graduate 5 405 402 -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 405 402
Post-Graduate 6 286 184 -- -- -- -- -- -- 6 286 184
PhD 6 108 19 -- -- -- -- -- -- 6 108 19
Dairy
Technology
Graduate 2 82 65 -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 82 65
Post-Graduate 1 8 0 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 8 0
Source - 1) Maharashtra Council of Agriculture Education and Research, Pune.

2) Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur

Though to Nurture
Students’ Experience Journey

Ms. Prajakta Wadke
prajakta.wadke@gmail.com
Ms. Prajakta Wadke
I can well remember the day after of the marksheets, scanned attested purpose of gaining admission, such
I passed out my SSC exams and copy of photographs, certificates, as participating in extracurricular
the first time when I filled up my uploading of all documents, creating activities, engaging in various forms
application form for admission in a login id and finally creating an e of SAT preparation. Colleges say
Junior College (1992) till my journey ticket for registration of email id. they want well-rounded students,
of filling up the admission form for which is discouraging for many
my Management Degree to the well In addition to Pre Admission students with concentrated passions
known and most desired Business Registration, there is Online or unique qualities. Though colleges
Management School in Mumbai. Admission Process which again say they are unique, but they all
(2012). I was totally bemused with involves no of steps right like filling sound the same to many students.
the process, guidelines and the old up the personal details, marks details, Students feel like they should fill
outdated admission system, there parent and guardian details etc, out all the spaces on the application
was more anxiety and butterflies payment details like Demand drafts for extracurricular activities - the
were dancing in my stomach till I , bank details, challan no and finally number of activities appears to be
finally got selected. they get the Admission no. These more important than the depth of
steps are almost similar in all colleges. involvement. Students believe that
Through this small article today Students experience extreme stress colleges cannot, and do not, judge
I would like to put my views on due to the college application applicants in a fair and objective
students experience journey of process. Worrying, emotional way. Students agree that too much
whole admission process, present instability, sleeping problems, eating emphasis is placed on attending
scenario, the gaps between problems, and a variety of physical a prestigious college but admit
student’s expectations and what symptoms are commonly reported. that the prestige of a college does
colleges are offering, and finally matter to them. Although students
few recommedations to fulfil their Current Students of 21st century,
believe that the advantage of legacy
expectations to make their journey unlike students of 1990s, dislike
connections are “just part of life,”
more meaningful and simple. being encouraged to apply to a
they feel that a student should not
college even when they have no
be defined by what his/her parents
Present Process of College chance of admission. They feel that
have done but rather by what they
Admission is normally divided into often colleges are simply trying
themselves have done. The college
two parts. to serve themselves by courting
application process for high school
students’ money (application fees)
1) Pre –Admission online registration students should become better for
and applications (only to reject
and 2) Online Admission Application students in planning, organizing
them). Students would like to take
Form. paperwork, time management, and
more courses that interest them,
balancing school with extracurricular
but feel that it is a risk to pursue
Pre Admission Process involve activities. The college application
their true interests. Students feel
many steps right from photocopies process should help students learn
pressured to do things for the sole

Though to Nurture
about themselves and develop a money, more emphasis, more testing, or negative aspects of life to look
sense of independence. Students more activity, and more confusion, at the broader side of the education
expect colleges to have honest, amidst all this, there is growing system. Students Experience Journey
straightforward information about concern that individual institutional should be assessed at each level :- a)
application criteria from admissions actions, activities of parents, Application of forms, b) Admission
personnel. Students are unsure of schools, students, and others like Process c) Classroom studies d)
what colleges are really looking for as the admissions process, may not Campus e) Alumni. The process
and felt that colleges should become be serving the values and purposes of Admission should be fully
more upfront. traditionally associated with higher transparent.
education. The college admissions
The admission process is still old in process has been studied widely All above questions has given rise
terms of qualification tests. Students from a marketing perspective-how to the question of simple economics
fail to understand the eligibility students choose the colleges to that there is a big gap between
criteria to secure the admission. which they apply and eventually Demand and Supply? We need
Admissions are merely based on enrol. Some attention has been given to analyse the wide gap between
the reputation of the college in to the psychological aspects of the the students expectations and the
industries. College admissions process-especially the accompanying current practices which colleges are
today are very stressful for both the stress and confusion experienced offering. In today’s times, there are
students and parents. There is lack during the decision making process. more colleges and fewer students. No
of systematic approach to admission However, we now need to better of management schools are growing
process. Though large no of students understand the impact of the but the quality of education is very
apply every year the process is still admissions process, curriculum, deserting. Now we should think why
not hassle free or smooth. Medical the faculty , and overall levels and there is no change in the system in
college admissions and engineering degrees of education especially spite of such a big gap? The two
admissions are becoming tougher in engineering and business main reasons I believe being 1) Due
day by day. Students have to management admission process. to lack of Competitive Pressure and
regularly visit the website to know 2) Need of Separation of Teaching
the basic information, they wait for To what extent Schools and and Administration.
long for date of announcement of Colleges are satisfying these
admissions, online results etc. Even expectations. What should Schools There is lack of competitive pressure
the big and reputed colleges and and Colleges do to improve student among the colleges, teachers,
universities the admission process expectations for eg- What BEST faculties and administrative staff.
is still very cumbersome and not Practices are followed by foreign Colleges and schools seem to be
easy and simple. Students don’t countries(Europe/US). Are Schools, more docile. Teachers themselves
understand what is the criteria of Colleges and Universities adaptive are managing the schools/college
admission and they just rely on and responsive to the student’s admissions. It is important to point
information shared by friends, or needs and expectations. Are we out that teachers may be very good in
ex students, or from newspapers, developing new skills for the 21st teaching, may be good orators, good
websites and always get confused Century Students (like Problem preachers, and valued professors but
which college or school is the best solving, interpersonal, technical, not necessarily good administrators
for them. and entrepreneurship skills) Is our or good managers. Focus should be
present Education system able to only on studies. How many colleges
Though the present college develop the overall personality of or schools have separate HR
admissions background has changed the students for facing future critical department or say Administration
significantly during the past twenty challenges. Considering the suicides, dept. We cannot create Managers out
years: more stakeholders, more depression, anti social ailments, do of Good Teachers. Teaching staff
marketing, more applications, more our students able to face the failures, manage both the admission system
are they taking the positive aspects along with teaching. Hence they are

Though to Nurture
not keen in changing the system, subjects or courses should be simple remedial action is both necessary
they have no interest due to lack and should be aligned with courses and possible if we all come together
of competitive pressure and also which students enrol. There is no to build future Leaders in Education.
due to present work load. Teachers alignment with course enrolled by I truly believe when the journey to
should be strictly left with only students to the tests which colleges college is fully embraced, it can truly
teaching part. Philosophy of Student are conducting. Is quantitative be loved.
Centricity should be implemented. methods should be part of HR?
Thinking should be more from Do they really need to know the Now to conclude my article with few
Student Perspective. Colleges should criticalities of mathematics? best quotes:
think of the Bigger Picture. They
More analysis should be done Dalai Lama “I have always had this view
should understand that today their
about the admission process for about the modern education system: we pay
existence is all because of students..
high achieving students: What are attention to brain development, but the
We should create Education Leaders.
students hearing? Where is the development of warm-heartedness we take
Its high time colleges should think
information coming to them? What for granted”.
from long term perspective and for
sustainable solutions. How their are students doing to enhance their
Albert Einstein “Everybody is a genius,
college will be ranked five years probabilities of gaining admission?
but if you judge a fish by its ability to climb
from now? Colleges should be not Is the admissions process a positive
a tree, it will live its whole life believing that
thinking in old traditional ways. What or negative experience for students?
it is stupid”
would happen if London School of What are students learning about
Management or Melbourne Business themselves, higher education, and My question to all educationists
School opens one of its branch in society during the admissions
is “Are we making fishes to fly on
Mumbai? Competitive pressure is process? What would be helpful to
trees?”
absence today and its time to think students? What would they like to
in futuristic way to find long term change?
solutions to students expectations.
We need to learn more about the
Further, there should be separation breadth, endurance, and long-term
of Teaching and Administration. consequences of the kinds of
We have to appoint designated negative attitudes and behaviours
or specialised Administrators associated with this process in order
to manage the school admission to develop a larger and clearer picture
process distinctly and efficiently. of the entire system of college
More use of technology through admissions
mobile apps should be made.
Vision should be a catalyst that elicits
Students may get the details on sms,
the necessary leadership among
they can pay the fees online instead
colleges to develop a better system.
of Demand Drafts from banks,
The process of admission should
process should get completed in time
be more productive, successful
bound manner, and time lines should
and enjoyable. For every student,
be adhered strictly. Technology
admission process is the period of
should be used to make the
maturation and self exploration with
process more effective and simple.
an honest assessment of skills and
Administrative activities of colleges
their interests in subjects. By using
should be separately maintained by
the qualitative tools, educational
specialised department or personnel.
system should be able to create more
Management skills are Portable. The
employability and I suggest that
criteria for admission to any of the

News in MEDC
Union Budget 2018
The Maharashtra Economic Development Council organized an event with ABP Mazha called “Live Budget 2018”
on 1st February, 2018 at the Y. B. Chavan Centre. The event was divided into pre budget and post budget sessions.
Pre budget session covered what the Government had promised last year and the results of the promises made in
the past year. Also, they covered the expectations from the Budget of 2018.
The sessions were divided into four categories; which is a way similar to how the budget is presented in Parliament.
The categories were Pre Budget Expectations, Salaried and Women Category, Agriculture and Industry, and Trade.
Experts from different fields participated in the Live Budget 2018. It consisted of interactive sessions with the
expertise of their particular field. The Budget sessions got good support from the participants and from the experts
as well.
The main highlight of this year Budget Session was that Mr. Jayantrao Patil Ex. Minister of Finance of Maharashtra
participated along with President of MEDC Cdr. Dipak Naik, and Vice Presidents of MEDC, Mrs. Meenal Mohadikar,
Mr. Ravi Boratkar and Mr. Mukund Kulkarni.

News in MEDC
MOU signed between MEDC and Bluemark
Maharashtra Economic Development Council (MEDC) has signed an MOU with Bluemark Software Pvt. Ltd
(BSPL) for providing to all the members of MEDC, entrepreneurs and to the masses. The MOU was been signed
by Cdr. Dipak Naik, President of MEDC and Mr. Sanjay Ladge, Managing Director, BSPL Software Pvt. Ltd. on
12th January 2018.
MEDC has launched an App named “Ablifee – Empowered by MEDC”. The App is a platform for entrepreneurs
for business communication and business development. The App has a strength of 10,000 members and growing
every day.
Download the App “Ablifree – Empowered by MEDC” from Google Play Store for free.
For further queries contact :
Maharashtra Economic Development Council (MEDC)
Tel : 022 2284 2206-09 / 2284 6288
Email ID : medc@medcindia.com marketing@medcindia.com

THE NATIONAL SMALL INDUSTRIES CORPORATION LIMITED
(A Government of India Enterprise, www.nsic.co.in)
Assistance schemes of the corporation
SINGLE POINT REGISTRATION: MSE’s are enlisted after third party technical inspection of
qualitative and quantitative capacity.
BENEFITS: (a) Issue of Tender sets free of cost, (b) Exemption from payment of Earnest
Money Deposit, (c) In tender participation, MSEs quoting price within price band of L1+15%, are
allowed to supply a portion upto 20% of requirement by bringing down their price to L1 price,
where L1 is not MSEs. SC/ST units fee is only Rs.115/-.
RAW MATERIAL DISTRIBUTION SCHEME: NSIC has signed agreements / MoUs with the
major bulk producers (Aluminium, Iron Steel, Copper, Paraffin Wax, Coal, Polymer products
etc.) These arrangements facilitate MSMEs in getting material at the manufacturer’s price, and
also can avail bulk discounts, leading to reduction in the cost of raw materials and making the
end products of MSMEs competitive. The credit support is also available under Raw
Material Assistance Scheme for procurement of any raw material(s) at competitive rates.
CONSORTIA & TENDER MARKETING: Micro & Small Enterprises (MSEs) in their individual
capacity face problems to procure and execute large orders, which deny them a level-playing
field vis-à-vis large enterprises. NSIC, forms consortia for micro & small units manufacturing the
same products, thereby pooling in their capacity.
B-2B PORTAL: NSIC is assisting MSMEs through MSME Global Mart Web Portal
(www.msmemart.com). The portal provides an online platform to B2B marketing activities.
EXHIBITIONS & TECHNOLOGY FAIRS: To showcase the competencies of Indian MSMEs,

NSIC facilitates MSMEs participation in International Exhibitions, Fairs, etc. on concessional
terms under the Marketing Assistance Scheme of the Ministry of MSME by partially meeting the
cost towards rent of stall as well as travel. Also operates special Marketing Assistance Scheme
to provide marketing support to SC/ST owned MSMEs.
BANK TIE-UP SCHEME: Meeting Credit needs of MSMEs through Tie up arrangement with
Banks. NSIC has entered into tie up arrangements with public sector and private sector banks
for helping MSMEs in accessing term and working capital loans. NSIC operates as a “one stop
shop”, aggregating financing options from various banks under their unique tie up arrangement.
PERFORMANCE & CREDIT RATING SCHEME: NSIC is implementing “Performance & Credit
Rating Scheme” for micro and small enterprises (MSEs). The rating serves as a trusted third
party opinion on the unit’s capabilities and credit worthiness. The fee to be paid by the MSEs
for the rating is subsidized by the Government to the extent of 75% of the rating fee upto a
maximum of Rs. 40,000/-. Subsidy upto 90% with a maximum ceiling of Rs.50,000/- is being
provided to the SC/ST owned MSEs.
BULK MATERIAL HANDLING: Operates stockyards of bulk material manufacturers like

NALCO, BALCO, HZL , Sterlite, IOCL, CPCL and others to facilitate availability of raw material
to MSE units near their works.
For more details please contact:
The National Small Industries Corporation Limited
3A, 3rd Floor, ‘A’ Wing, Gundecha Onclave, Kherani Road, Sakinaka, Andheri(E), Mumbai
Tel: 022-28509915/16, Fax : 022 - 28509917,
Email : boandheri@nsic.co.in, boandheri@gmail.com

2 May 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest
Add.indd 3 4/1/2017 2:24:21 PM

Prof. Vibhuti Patel Safety of Women &amp; Girls in Educational Institutions MEDC Digest March 2018

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MAHARASHTRA ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL

MONTHLY ECONOMIC DIGEST

Oman’s Port of Prosperity

Oman’s Port of Prosperity

MAHA FACTS & FIGURES

Oman’s Port of Prosperity

Given the price volatility of crude in

6 March 2018 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest March 2018 7

Elsewhere, PDC serves all of the

PDC also accommodates imports

8 March 2018 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest March 2018 9

“Another advantage of developing

10 March 2018 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest

Monthly Economic Review

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest March 2018 11

12 March 2018 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest March 2018 13

■■ In an attempt to stop farmer

14 March 2018 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest

Higher Education for Women in India

Dr. Sugeeta Upadhyay

Abstract: and innovation required in today’s In the literature on women studies

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest March 2018 15

16 March 2018 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest March 2018 17

Women Education – A Primary Step towards

Women comprise approximately

18 March 2018 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest

Moreover, the Central Government

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest March 2018 19

20 March 2018 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest March 2018 21

Safety of Children & Women in

22 March 2018 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest March 2018 23

24 March 2018 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest March 2018 25

26 March 2018 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest March 2018 27

Vocational Training Scenario in India

Vocational education: an If a student know exactly what he or resource through a three-tier

28 March 2018 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest March 2018 29

Some Aspects of Professional

30 March 2018 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest March 2018 31

Table 1: Parameters of Professional Education

32 March 2018 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest March 2018 33

• Some institutes / colleges get IV Concluding Observations

• DISPARITY IN PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

FIELD NO. OF INSTITUTE ENROLMENT P.A. FEES (Rs.)

▪▪ Management (MBA 3300+ 400,000 Rs. 20,000 – 30,00,000 p.a.

▪▪ Hotel Management 70+ 6,000 Rs. 50,000 – 6,00,000 p.a.

34 March 2018 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest

Skill Gap in Power Sector and role of Tata

Mr. Ashok S Sethi

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest March 2018 35

The situation is no better in case

36 March 2018 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest

TPSDI Shahad, Mumbai

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest March 2018 37

Prof. Vibhuti Patel Safety of Women & Girls in Educational Institutions MEDC Digest March 2018

Prof. Vibhuti Patel Safety of Women & Girls in Educational Institutions MEDC Digest March 2018