1 min

Welcome to the spring semester we are going to continue to learn more calculus what we're
covering in this section the first part of the section anyways actually count one information
but I choose to hold until the spring semester so that we can get our bases covered with
differentiation and integration and so now we're going to talk about different applications of
the integral and of course the definite integral accumulate area in the plane starting at a
stopping at B and it's the area trapped in between the plane and the horizontal axis for this
function and remember this says add up infinitely many rectangles starting at a stopping at
be where your function is the height and the tiny change in X there the differential DX is the
width of the infinitely many rectangles where were adding up all that area yet so we're really
really

2min

Is the width of the infinitely many rectangles where were adding up all that area so we're
really really comfortable with finding area in the plane using the definite integral now and the
fundamental theorem of calculus we've always said that the area trapped in between our
function and the horizontal axis is the area that were after so what we're going to explore now
is what's called a the context of when do we count negative area is negative and other words
when do we accumulate versus when we count negative area as possible

3 min

W accumulate versus when we count negative area as positive and this is going to be a big
clue or region in the plane or a plain region is a big clue that we're going to count all area as
positive so let's see how we go about doing this we've always stopped when we have found
area we've always stopped at the x-axis it was any area trapped in between our function and
the horizontal axis and I say horizontal cuz our are horizontal axis is not what I always ask
sometimes it's tea or you know any other variable so finding this would be relatively simple
we would start here at zero we would stop at where this Parabola and here's our Parabola y
one we would stop where it crosses the x-axis whatever this x value is and that's what we
would integrate we would start at zero we would stop at the question mark and we would
accumulate

4 min

X value is and that's what we would integrate we would start at zero we would stop at the?
And we would accumulate all the area because it is positive area right and so that would give
us this green shaded region here but here's the problem with this area this function this
Parabola doesn't go all the way down to the horizontal axis so if we started from this value
and stopped at x equals 0 we're going to have more area in there then we need this has an
upper banding her that is why one but it has a lower bounding curve that is why too and this
is the same thing from zero up to? This area this region has a lower bounding curve that is
why to and and upper Bound in her that is a horizontal axis but this little region over here as
an adverb and then curve that's why one and a lower back so how long in the plane when it
looks like this and so we

5 min

So how on Earth do we find area in the plane when it looks like this and so we could indeed
split the area into several different sections and we could try you know adding and
subtracting and so forth but it turns out that if we take rectangles like we've always done and
we're going to have infinitely many rectangles and we're going to start at the left x value here
will call that XM one or we could just as easily call that a and we're going to stop at the right
and point value here will call that xm2 or be if we integrated and remember we're integrating
were adding up infinitely many rectangles from

6 min

Didn't remember where integrating were adding up infinitely many rectangles from a f2b and
the rectangles have Heights just as before times with so it's the height times the width and if
we have infinitely many of them starting at a and stopping at BR with is unchanged are with
this still DX but our Heights are going to look a little different let's get rid of this so I can draw
that a little more clearly and we'll go back here so here is a here is be our wits are still DX but
here's the height of a rectangle the top of the rectangle is bounded by y one and the bottom
of the rectangle is bounded by y to show the difference between y1 and Y2 is going to give us
our height for a rectangle and if we add up infinitely many of them with a width of DX from A
to B that will give us our region in the plane and we don't even have to worry about the fact

7 -8 min

Don't even have to worry about the fact that this would normally be counted as negative are
that since it's below the horizontal axis this is going to take care of that for us so here's
where we are we are finding the length of the strip or of a rectangle that has the height from
the upper banding curve right the upper bounding curve whatever card is on top in this case
it's y1 and the lower banding curve and in this case it's why two so finding the heights of all
rectangles is still pretty intuitive and again we're going to call our wits tiny changes in X
that's why we are going to look like DX and then here's our Heights so why one is 2 - x
squared + Y2 is negative so what we've done here is her taken y1 - Y2 and algebraically we've
just cleaned it out here's why one and we're taking the difference of Y2 so you can see that
that cleans up algebraically to what we have here and then we have our wits and we're going
to stick that in town and integral and our limits of integration we started a we said here's our
value a right here this is where we start integrating and we stopped here at R-value be well
how do we find A&B where did the upper and lower limits of integration come from well this
lower than it comes from the intersection point between y1 and Y2 on the left side of the y
axis

9 min

Meanwhile I'm at and why two on the left side of the y axis and B is the right intersection
point on the right side of the y-axis so what we've got to do is we've got to find a and we've
got to find B and we all have had to do this on our own we have to realize that those
intersection point where y 1 equals y to that's what intersection points in the plane look like
we're functions equal each other that's where we're going to get the values of A and B and we
have to do this by hand a lot so what we're going to do is we're going to set those two
functions equal to each other and we're going to find the X values that make that true
hopefully we have a negative x value and a positive x value because we can see that so
hopefully you can go right here with me and we know how to solve a quadratic equation if it's
fat

10 min

Try right here with me and we know how to solve a quadratic equation if it's factorable we
find its factors x x x trying to give us x squared we're going to have a bigger - then we are a
plus we're going to have to have 1 - + 1 + because that's negative so either x - 2 - 0 or X plus
one equals zero and that's how we find our intersection points here x equals 2 or x equals
negative one so now we know we're going to integrate for negative one up to 2 and here is
going to be the wets and the heights of all of our infinitely many rectangles policy will go
back and finish that app so this will look like we'll go ahead and find what that region in the
plane is we're going to enter drink from -1 at deposited to wear integrating 2 minus x squared
plus x with respect to X that process looks like if you'll remember

11 min

Printed Rhino 2 minus x squared plus x with respect to X that process looks like if you'll
remember find the antiderivative function so you're going to have to show the antiderivative
you're going to stay to the world all day. Is that you're going to do fundamental theorem and
then you're just going to plug in the upper limit minus plugging in the lower limit we never
have to clean up remember that so all you have to do is just stick those values in there trying
ever and ever and ever simplify and less you have to pick that value up and do something
else with it so there's our answer there is there is the area of the region in the plane very
different from the accumulated area so make sure that you pay attention to context all right
so the formula is you can see intuitively area
11.30 min

The sea intuitively we're going to find that area of the region in the plane are Heights are
going to be the differences in the upper Bandung curve minus the lower bounding Turner our
wits are going to be with respect to X or tiny changes horizontally and this you know it could
be any x value it doesn't necessarily always have to be the intersection point the limits of
integration are unique to each region in the plane that you were finding the area for now

12 min

to each region in the plane that you were finding the area for now here's the beauty part of
this we're going to use this so much that you really don't need to memorize the formula it's
going to be intuitive based on the region that you're working with so not necessarily
something you need to memorize I just want you to have a clear idea that we're always
working with an upper Bound in her mine is a lower banding curve and then you ought to be
able to deal with that just fine alright so when we talked about and we talked about
accumulating starting at a and stopping at Bebe would be down here if we're going to
accumulate this area we're going to find out her grounding her and lower banding curve so
for this region the other band in car will call this one

13 min

So for this region the ever found in car will call this why I want and we'll call this wife the ever
banding curve would be why one but the lower Bandon curve would be the function y equals
zero it would actually be the x axis horizontal axis but if I took a rectangle height here it's got
a different upper banding curve and lower bound incur hear the other band is why one and
the lower bound is why too so very clearly here at this x value whatever it is we have a
change in the lower bound incur here it's the horizontal axis here it's this line is too so we
have some choices we can integrate from a up to will call this one from

14 min

We can integrate from a up to will call this except one from a have to ask someone it would
look like y1 - x equals 0 equal 0 and then we would have to add to that the accumulated area
from Exit 1 up to be and the upper banding curve there would be why one and the lower
batting car would be why two and they're on my wits turn perfectly doable I just got a break
the integral up over the change in the upper and lower Bandon Curve will it turns out that
they're going to want you to answer grade using the least number of integrals sometimes
they're going to want you to integrate and they're going to force you to use with that are with
respect to Y instead of with respect to X and this gets a little complicated it's uncomfortable
at first but you're going to do it enough in several determine text that you're going to be really
comfortable with having integrals definite integrals that are in terms of Y instead of in Terms
of x 200