Design calculation sheet

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1- Determine the system type and configuration

2- Determine the hazard class of occupancy
3- Determine the area protected by each sprinkler
4- Determine the type of sprinkler used in each area, get K factor
5- Determine pipe sizing method
a- Pipe schedule method
b- Hydraulic calculation
1- Determine the area of sprinkler operation (ft2)
2- Select a hydraulic design density (gpm/ft2)
3- Calculate minimum flow and pressure at the hydraulically most demanding sprinkler
4-

Calculation Steps
Calculation Steps
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Tree Piping Layout Lopped Piping Layout Gridded Piping Layout

System Types
System Types
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NFPA 13, 2002, CHAP V Classification of Occupancies.

Occupancy classifications for this standard shall relate to sprinkler design, installation, and water supply requirements only.
They shall not be intended to be a general classification of occupancy hazards.

5.2 Light Hazard Occupancies.

Light hazard occupancies shall be occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and/or combustibility of contents
is low and fires with relatively low rates of heat release are expected.

5.3 Ordinary Hazard Occupancies.

5.3.1* Ordinary Hazard (Group 1).
Ordinary hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall be occupancies or portions of other occupancies where combustibility is low, quantity of combustibles is moderate,
stockpiles of combustibles do not exceed 8 ft (2.4 m), and fires with moderate rates of heat release are expected.
5.3.2* Ordinary Hazard (Group 2).
Ordinary hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall be occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and combustibility of contents is moderate to high,
stockpiles do not exceed 12 ft (3.7 m), and fires with moderate to high rates of heat release are expected.

5.4 Extra Hazard Occupancies.

5.4.1* Extra Hazard (Group 1).
Extra hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall be occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and combustibility of contents is very high and dust, lint
lints, or other materials are present, introducing the probability of rapidly developing fires with high rates of heat release
but with little or no combustible or flammable liquids.
5.4.2* Extra Hazard (Group 2).
Extra hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall include occupancies with moderate to substantial amounts of flammable or combustible liquids or occupancies
where shielding of combustibles is extensive.
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NFPA 13, 2002, Appendix A, A-5-2.

Light hazard occupancies include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following:
Churches, Clubs, Eaves and overhangs, if of combustible construction with no combustibles beneath, Educational, Hospitals, Institutional, Libraries
except large stack rooms, Museums, Nursing or convalescent homes, Offices, including data processing, Residential, Restaurant seating areas,
Theaters and auditoriums, excluding stages and prosceniums, Unused attics

Ordinary hazard occupancies (Group 1) include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following:
Automobile parking and showrooms, Bakeries, Beverage manufacturing, Canneries, Dairy products manufacturing and processing, Electronic plants,
Glass and glass products manufacturing, Laundries, Restaurant service areas

Ordinary hazard occupancies (Group 2) include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following:
Cereal mills, Chemical plants — ordinary, Confectionery products, Distilleries, Dry cleaners, Feed mills, Horse stables, Leather goods manufacturing,
Libraries — large stack room areas, Machine shops, Metal working, Mercantile, Paper and pulp mills, Paper process plants, Piers and wharves,
Post offices, Printing and publishing, Repair garages, Resin application area, Stages, Textile manufacturing, Tire manufacturing,
Tobacco products manufacturing, Wood machining, Wood product assembly

Extra hazard occupancies (Group 1) include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following:
Aircraft hangars (except as governed by NFPA 409, Standard on Aircraft Hangars), Combustible hydraulic fluid use areas, Die casting,
Metal extruding, Plywood and particle board manufacturing, Printing [using inks having flash points below 100°F (38°C)], Rubber reclaiming,
compounding, drying, milling, vulcanizing, Saw mills, Textile picking, opening, blending, garnetting, or carding, combining of cotton,
synthetics, wool shoddy, or burlap, Upholstering with plastic foams

Extra hazard occupancies (Group 2) include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following:
Asphalt saturating, Flammable liquids spraying, Flow coating, Manufactured home or modular building assemblies (where finished enclosure
is present and has combustible interiors), Open oil quenching, Plastics processing, Solvent cleaning, Varnish and paint dipping
Design calculation sheet
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Maximum area limitation per sprinkler:

Maximum Spacing between branch lines

Area
System Type and maximum Spacing between sprinklers
ft2 m2 ft m
Hydraulically calculated 225 20.9
Light Hazard Pipe schedule 200 18.6 15 4.6
Building of combustible construction 168 15.6
Ordinary Hazard 130 12.1 15 4.6
Extra Hazard 100 9.3 12 3.7

Sprinklers Coverage
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Pendant

UpRight

3400 3400

3400 3400
4800 4800

ORDINARY HAZARD - PENDANT ORDINARY HAZARD - UPRIGHT

Area covered by Sprinkler : 3.4 x 3.4 = 11.6 m2

Max between sprinklers : 4.6 m

Min between sprinklers : 1.8 m

Sprinklers Coverage
 Max between sprinklers & wall : 2.6 m
Min distance from wall : 4 in (102mm)

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Table 8.6.2.2.1(a) Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard Spray Upright/Standard Spray Pendent) for Light Hazard
Protection Area Spacing (maximum)
Construction Type System Type f 2
m 2
f m
Noncombustible obstructed and Pipe schedule 200 18.6 15 4.6
unobstructed and combustible
unobstructed with member 3ft
or more on center
Noncombustible obstructed and Hydraulically 225 20.9 15 4.6
unobstructed and combustible calculated
unobstructed with member 3ft
or more on center
Combustible obstructed with All 168 15.6 15 4.6
members 3ft or more on center
Combustible obstructed or All 130 12.1 15 4.6
unobstructed with members less than
3 ft on center
Unoccupied attics having combustib All 120 11.1 8 x 15 4.6
wood joist or wood truss construction (minimum psi)
with members less than 3 ft on center 10 x 12
with slopes having a pitch of 4 in 12 (minimum 20 psi)

Sprinklers Coverage
 or greater

Possible arrangements for Hydraulically calculated systems : 4.5 x 4.5 = 20.3

4.2 x 4.2 = 17.6

Design calculation sheet

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Table 8.6.2.2.1(b) Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard Spray Upright/Standard Spray Pendent) for Ordinary Hazard
Protection Area Spacing (maximum)
Construction Type System Type f 2
m 2
f m
All All 130 12.1 15 4.6

Possible arrangements for ordinary hazard systems : 3 x 4 = 12.0

3.4 x 3.4 = 11.6
2.7 x 4.4 = 11.9
3.5 x 3.3 = 11.6

Table 8.6.2.2.1(c) Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard Spray Upright/Standard Spray Pendent) for Extra Hazard
Protection Area Spacing (maximum)
Construction Type System Type f 2
m 2
f m
All Pipe schedule 90 8.4 12 3.7
[In buildings with storage bays 25 ft (7.6 m) wide,
12 ft 6 in. (3.8 m) shall be permitted]
All Hydraulically calculated 100 9.3 12 3.7
with density >= 0.25
[In buildings with storage bays 25 ft (7.6 m) wide,

Sprinklers Coverage
 12 ft 6 in. (3.8 m) shall be permitted]
All Hydraulically calculated 130 12.1 15 4.6
with density < 0.25
Possible arrangements for Hydraulically calculated systems : 3 x 4 = 12.0
with density < 0.25 gpm/ft2 3.4 x 3.4 = 11.6
2.5 x 4.5 = 11.3

Design calculation sheet

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Table 8.6.2.2.1(d) Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard Spray Upright/Standard Spray Pendent) for High Piled Storage
Protection Area Spacing (maximum)
Construction Type System Type f 2
m 2
f m
All Hydraulically calculated 100 9.3 12 3.7
with density >=0.25 [In buildings with storage bays 25 ft (7.6 m) wide,
12 ft 6 in. (3.8 m) shall be permitted]
All Hydraulically calculated 130 12.1 15 4.6
with density <0.25

Table 8.12.2.2.1 Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing of ESFR Sprinklers

Ceiling Roof Heights up to 30 f (9.1 m) Ceiling Roof Heights up to 30 f (9.1 m)

Protection Area Spacing (maximum) Protection Area Spacing (maximum)
Construction Type f2 m2 f m f 2
m 2
f m
NonCombustible Unobstructed 100 9.3 12 3.7 100 9.3 10 3.1
NonCombustible Obstructed 100 9.3 12 3.7 100 9.3 10 3.1
Combustible Unobstructed 100 9.3 12 3.7 100 9.3 10 3.1

Sprinklers Coverage
 Combustible Obstructed N/A N/A N/A N/A
Minimum protection area 80 ft2 (7.4 m2)

Possible arrangements for Hydraulically calculated systems : 3 x 3 = 9.0 m2

Sprinklers Coverage
 Sprinkler Type Normal Recessed Concealed

Sidewall Sprinkler

Standard Spray Pendent

Sprinkler

Used in locations with false

ceiling

Standard Spray Upright

Sprinkler

Used in locations without false

ceiling

Window Sprinkler
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Table 14.5.2.2.1 Light Hazard Pipe Schedules

Steel Copper
1 in. 25 2 sprinklers 1 in. 2 sprinklers
1¼ in. 32 3 sprinklers 1¼ in. 3 sprinklers
1½ in. 40 5 sprinklers 1½ in. 5 sprinklers
2 in. 50 10 sprinklers 2 in. 12 sprinklers
2½ in. 65 30 sprinklers 2½ in. 40 sprinklers
3 in. 80 60 sprinklers 3 in. 65 sprinklers
3½ in. - 100 sprinklers 3½ in. 115 sprinklers
4 in. 100 See Section 8.2 4 in. See Section 8.2
For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.

Table 14.5.3.4 Ordinary Hazard Pipe Schedule

Steel Copper
1 in. 25 2 sprinklers 1 in. 2 sprinklers
1¼ in. 32 3 sprinklers 1¼ in. 3 sprinklers
1½ in. 40 5 sprinklers 1½ in. 5 sprinklers
2 in. 50 10 sprinklers 2 in. 12 sprinklers
2½ in.. 65 20 sprinklers 2½ in. 25 sprinklers
3 in. 80 40 sprinklers 3 in. 45 sprinklers
3½ in. - 65 sprinklers 3½ in. 75 sprinklers
4 in. 100 100 sprinklers 4 in. 115 sprinklers
5 in. 125 160 sprinklers 5 in. 180 sprinklers
6 in. 150 275 sprinklers 6 in. 300 sprinklers
8 in. 200 See Section 8.2 8 in. See Section 8.2
For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
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Hydraulic Calculation:

1- Determine the area of sprinkler operation (ft2)

Hazard Type Minimum area of sp. Operation

ft2 m2
Light 1500 139.4
Ordinary 1500 139.4
Extra 2500 232.3

2- Select a hydraulic design density (gpm/ft2) from chart

3- Calculate minimum flow and pressure at the hydraulically most demanding sprinkler

Flow = Design Density x Area Covered by Sprinkler Q=K ×√ P

2
Q
Pressure = ( Sprinkler Flow / Sp. Discharge Coeff. (K) ) ^2 ∴P= ()
K
For standard sprinkler: K = 5.6 (US) = 80.6 (metric)
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Water Requirements for Non-Hangar protection (offices, etc)

NFPA 14 - 5-9.1.3 Combined Systems.
5-9.1.3.1*For a building protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system, the system demand established by Section 5-7 and 5-9.1
also shall be permitted to serve the sprinkler system. A separate sprinkler demand shall not be required.

Exception: Where the sprinkler system water supply requirement, including the hose stream allowance as determined in accordance with NFPA 13,
Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, exceeds the system demand established by Section 5-7 and 5-9.1,
the larger of the two values shall be provided.
The flow rate required for the standpipe demand of a combined system in a building protected throughout by an automatic sprinkler system
shall not be required to exceed 1000 gpm (3785 L/min) unless required by the authority having jurisdiction.

WATER REQUIREMENTS ACCORDING TO NFPA 14

5-9 Minimum Flow Rates.

5-9.1 Class I and Class III Systems.
5-9.1.1* Minimum Flow Rate.
For Class I and Class III systems, the minimum flow rate for the hydraulically most remote standpipe shall be 500 gpm (1893 L/min). The minimum flow rate
for additional standpipes shall be 250 gpm (946 L/min) per standpipe, with the total not to exceed 1250 gpm (4731 L/min). For combined systems, see 5-9.1.3.
Exception: When the floor area exceeds 80,000 ft2 (7432 m2), the second most remote standpipe shall be designed to accommodate 500 gpm (1893 L/min).

7-2 Minimum Supply for Class I and Class III Systems.

The water supply shall be sufficient to provide the system demand established by Section 5-7 and 5-9.1 for at least 30 min
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WATER REQUIREMENTS ACCORDING TO NFPA 13

NFPA 13 - Chapter 11 Design Approaches - 11-1 General.
11.1.1 Water demand requirements shall be determined from the following:
1- Occupancy hazard fire control approach
2- Storage design approaches of Chapter 12
3- Special design approaches of Chapter 13
NFPA 101 - APPENDIX A Explanatory Material A-2-1.1
Ordinary 2

NFPA 13 - 11.2.3 Water Demand Requirements — Hydraulic Calculation Methods.

11.2.3.1 General - 11.2.3.1.1
The minimum water supply requirements for a hydraulically designed occupancy hazard fire
control sprinkler system shall be determined by adding the hose stream demand from
Table 11.2.3.1.1 to the water supply for sprinklers determined in 11.2.3.1.5.

Table 11.2.3.1.1 Hose Stream Demand and Water Supply Duration Requirements for Hydraulically Calculated Systems
Occupancy Inside Hose (gpm) Total Combined Inside & Outside Hose Duration
Light Hazard 0, 50, or 100 100 30
Ordinary Hazard 0, 50, or 100 250 60 - 90
Extra Hazard 0, 50, or 100 500 90 - 120
Design calculation sheet
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Table 11.2.3.1.1 Hose Stream Demand and Water Supply Duration

Requirements for Hydraulically Calculated Systems
Total Combined Inside Duration
Occupancy Inside Hose (gpm) & Outside Hose
Light Hazard 0, 50, or 100 100 30
Ordinary Hazard 0, 50, or 100 250 60 - 90
Extra Hazard 0, 50, or 100 500 90 - 120

Light hazard 52,000 ft2 (4831 m2)

Ordinary hazard 52,000 ft2 (4831 m2)
Extra hazard
Pipe schedule 25,000 ft2 (2323 m2)
Hydraulically Calculated 40,000 ft2 (3716 m2)
Storage 40,000 ft2 (3716 m2)

Calculations as per NFPA 13 Calculations as per NFPA 14 Actual Data

Zone Area Area Hazard Density Area Flow Hose Total Duration Total Risers Flow Duration Total Flow NFPA Storage
m2 ft2 gpm/ft2 ft2 gpm gpm gpm min gallons # gpm min gallons gpm gal
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Warehouse 2500 26896 Extra Hazard Group I 0.3 2500 750 100 850 90 76500 4 1250 60 75000 1250 14 76500
In Racks Sprinklers Demand 14 sprinklers x 30 = 420 90 37800
Fire Hydrants Demand (1 acting hydrant) 250 120 30000
1520 gpm 144300 gallons
545 m3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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NFPA 13 - Standard for the installation of Sprinklers Systems

8-2 System Protection Area Limitations

The maximum floor area on any one floor to be protected by sprinklers supplied by any one sprinkler
system riser or combined system riser shall be as follows:

Light hazard — 52,000 ft2 (4831 m2)

Ordinary hazard — 52,000 ft2 (4831 m2)
Extra hazard
Pipe schedule — 25,000 ft2 (2323 m2)
Hydraulically calculated — 40,000 ft2 (3716 m2)

Storage — High-piled storage (as defined in 1-4.2) and storage covered by other NFPA standards
— 40,000 ft2 (3716 m2)
Exception No. 1: The floor area occupied by mezzanines shall not be included in the above area.
Exception No. 2: Where single systems protect extra hazard, high-piled storage, or storage covered by
other NFPA standards, and ordinary or light hazard areas, the extra hazard or storage area
coverage shall not exceed the floor area specified for that hazard and the total area coverage
shall not exceed 52,000 ft2 (4831 m2).

Pendant

Upright
Hazard Density Area of Sprinkler operation
Light 0.10 1500
Ordinary Group I 0.15 1500
Ordinary Group II 0.20 1500
Extra Hazard Group I 0.30 2500
Extra Hazard Group II 0.40 2500