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68 Reading Test
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.
Black Bears and Grizzlies in Canada
Black bears and grizzly bears are both found in North America, and, because they look quite similar to each
other, are often confused. Although closely related, however, the two species are in fact quite distinct. Part
of the confusion arises out of the fact that both species are characterised by considerable colour variations,
and there are also variations in size and weight. So using those criteria alone, it is not easy to make a
confident identification. A large black bear, for example, could be either a black bear or a grizzly bear, and
so could a smaller, paler individual.
Black bears have a wider geographic range than grizzlies, and can be found in every Canadian province
except Prince Edward Island. Today, grizzlies are found only in western and far northern Canada and in
small pockets of the western United States. Black bears are primarily adapted to forested areas and their
edges and clearings. Although grizzly bears make substantial use of forested areas, they also make much
more use of large, non-forested meadows and velleys than black bears do. Black bears have short, curved
claws better suited to climbing trees than digging. In contrast, grizzly bears have longer, less curved claws
and a larger shoulder muscle mass more suited to digging than climbing. This enables grizzlies to forage
efficiently for foods which must be dug from the soil, such as roots, bulbs, corms and tubers, as well as to
catch burrowing rodents. The primary difference between the dietary habits of black bears and grizzly bears
is the amount of meat, fish and root foods eaten. Grizzly bears tend to be more carnivorous, whereas black
bears eat more plant material.
A behavioural difference between black bears and grizzly bears is the length of time cubs are under their
mother’s care. Black bear cubs are born in the winter hibernation den, spend the summer following birth
with their mother, stay with her in her den again in the fall, then separate from her early the next summer as
yearlings, whereas grizzly bear cubs can spend up to three and a half years under their mother’s care
before separation.
Black bears are generally much less aggressive than grizzly bears and rely on their ability to climb trees to
allow themselves and their cubs to escape predators such as wolves, grizzly bears or other black bears.
Grizzly bears are more likely to rely on their size and aggressiveness to protect themselves and their cubs
from predators or other perceived threats.
One behavioural difference between the two varieties of bears is significant if you hike in the backcountry.
There are two types of bear attacks, the defensive attack and the predatory attack. The former can occur
when hikers are walking into the wind so that bears do not smell them coming.
If you come within three to six metres of a grizzly bear, and it suddenly notices you, he/she may react
defensively and even attack out of response to a possible threat. This is especially likely if you disturb a
mother grizzly bear and her cubs. According to some experts, in this type of attack, you should play dead.
This enforces the impression to the grizzly that you are not a threat and the bear most often walks away
once the perceived threat is gone. The predatory attack, on the other hand, is most often launched by black
bears; this is its natural method of hunting animals. While it is highly unlikely that people will be stalked by a
predatory black bear, if they are, the recommended response is just the opposite to that for a defensive
attack. Shout! Wave your arms and try to have to fight for their food, and if you put up a strong enough
defence, they will likely leave you alone.
Questions 1-8
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 It can be difficult to distinguish a black bear from a grizzly bear.
2 Grizzly bears have fewer colour variations than black bears.
3 Black bears are generally heavier than grizzly bears.
4 Both types of bear can be found in forested areas.
5 Generally, black bears are better at digging than grizzly bears.
6 Both types of bear eat fish in preference to other foods.
7 The diet of grizzly bears includes a larger proportion of meat.
8 Both types of bear build a hibernation den.
Questions 9-13
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
9 What do black bears do if threatened by predators?
10 What type of attack on humans is more typical of grizzly bears?
11 What are people advised to do if a mother grizzly bear defending cubs attacks them?
12 What shouldn’t people do if a predatory black bear threatens them?
13 What weapons should you use to counter a black bear attack?
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2.
Questions 14-20
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
19 Paragraph F
20 Paragraph G
African Coins
A In 1770, the explorer James Cook landed on the east coast of Australia and claimed the territory for
Great Britain. It seems that, contrary to popular myth, he may not actually have been the first
European to set foot on the continent. A new expedition, led by an Australian anthropologist, is
investigating the possibility that ancient exploration may have taken place long before Cook and
other Europeans ever journeyed to the continent. The expedition will follow a seventy-year-old
treasure map to a sandy beach where a cache of mysterious ancient coins was discovered in the
1940s. The researchers are setting out to discover how the coins ended up in the sand; whether
they washed ashore following shipwrecks and whether they can provide more details about ancient
trade routes.
B The coins were originally found by an Australian soldier named Maurie Isenberg, who was stationed
in a remote area known as the Wessel Islands. The Wessel Islands are part of Arnhem Land, a
region in Australia’s vast Northern Territory. Isenberg was assigned to a radar station located on the
Wessel Islands, and during his off-duty hours, he often went fishing along the idyllic beaches. One
day in 1944, he came across a few old coins and put them in a tin. He marked the spot where he’d
found the coins with an X on a hand-drawn map, but didn’t think that he’d unearthed anything of
great note.
C Indeed, it wasn’t until 1979 that Isenberg sent the coins to be authenticated and learned that some
of them were estimated to be of great age. As it turned out, five of them had been produced in the
sultanate of Kilwa in East Africa and are thought to date back to the twelfth century. Kilwa was a
prosperous trading centre in those days, located on an island that is part of present-day Tanzania.
Australian anthropologist Mike Owen, a heritage consultant in Darwin, is leading the upcoming
expedition, and he says that coins, ‘have the capacity to redraft Australian history’. The copper
coins, which were seldom used outside of East Africa, probably held very little monetary value in
Kilwa: ‘Yet, there they were – on a beach ten thousand kilometres to the east.’
D Along with the African coins, there were a number of seventeenth and eighteenth-century Dutch
coins in the cache of the type known as duits. The first record of European activity in the islands
actually dates back to 1623, when sailors aboard a Dutch ship called the Wesel gave the islands
their current name. However, oral history from the indigenous Yolngu people who inhabit the islands
suggests that they played host to many visitors over the centuries. The expedition’s main researcher
is Australian anthropologist Dr Ian McIntosh, who has spoken in depth with the Yolngu people.
‘There was much talk of the Wessel Islands as a place of intense contact history,’ he says.
E McIntosh Points out that Northern Australia may have drawn early visitors because it lies close to
the terminus of the ancient Indian Ocean trade route that linked Africa’s east coast with Arabia,
Persia, India and the Spice Islands (now part of Indonesia). ‘This trade route was already very
active, a very long time ago, and this find may be evidence of early exploration by peoples from East
Africa or the Middle East.’ According to McIntosh, the shape of the Wessel Islands serves as a ‘big
catching arm’ for any ships blown off course, which may point to the coins coming from a shipwreck,
or even multiple shipwrecks.
F It is difficult to tell whether there was routine contact with the outside world or whether there is any
up in the same place, but it is hoped that more evidence may come to light. Adding to the sense of
anticipation is a persistent rumour that, in one of the many caves in the islands, there are more
coins and antique weaponry.
G The expedition is sponsored by the Australian Geographic Society and intends to follow the hand-
drawn map given to them by Isenberg. Included in the team is a geomorphologist, whose task is to
examine how the coastal landscape has changed over time. If shipwrecks are involved, how the
coins washed up may provide clues to the location of a wreck, say the experts. Meanwhile, a
heritage specialist has the job of looking after the documentation and ensuring that the site is
protected, and anthropologists working with local indigenous people hope to identify likely sites of
contact with foreign visitors. ‘There is great interest on the part of the Yolngu in this project, and in
uncovering aspects of their own past,’ says McIntosh.
Questions 21-26
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet.
Questions 34-37
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-N, below.
Write the correct letter, A-N, in boxes 34-37 on your answer sheet.
Although the research project is 34 _____________ , it is possible to identify some preliminary findings.
Firstly, the ability to 35 _____________ the workings of digital hardware and software seems not to depend
on levels of 36 _____________ nor on experience of using technology. What’s more, faced with the
challenge presented by the computers, the village children behaved in a highly 37 _____________ way,
with leaders emerging who took on the role of teacher to the benefit of the whole community.
A inconsequential B instruction C literacy D disrupt
E numeracy F independent G invalid H competitive
I co-operative J ongoing K design L intuition
M decode N input
Questions 38-40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.
38 What do the preliminary findings suggest to Matt Keller?
A Current educational policies may be misguided.
B Certain teaching methods are counter-productive.
C Technology is not as hard to understand as was thought.
D Formal instruction may make technical subjects harder to grasp.
39 In the final paragraph the writer suggests that the project
A has revealed dangers that young people using technology might face.
B has overstated the case for how much can be self-taught about technology.
C has the potential to provide a model for dealing with education elsewhere.
D has made her re-evaluate her own attitude towards the misuse of technology.
40 In the passage as a whole, the writer’s main aim is to
A criticise the way some teachers make use of technology.
B question the findings of one study into children’s use of technology.
C compare the effects of technology on children in various parts of the world.
D explore the idea that young people have a natural ability to engage with technology.