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Lecture 5
Fluid in Motion &
Bernoulli Equation
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 5: Fluid in Motion & Bernoulli Equation
Chapter Summary
n Introduction
n Euler Equation
n Bernoulli Equation
n Applications of Bernoulli Equation
n Limitations of Bernoulli Equation
n Real fluid effects - Separations and Its
Effect on Pressure Variation
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 5: Fluid in Motion & Bernoulli Equation
5.1. Introduction
n Fluid motions are govern by 3 conservation
laws - mass, momentum and energy
conservation
n Fluid motion leads to pressure variations.
n Importance of knowing pressure variations
– Force Structure Interaction
– Hydraulic Turbomachines – Cavitation
– Aerodynamic – Lift and Drag
– Medical – Blood Pressure
– Meteorological – Cyclonic Storms
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 5: Fluid in Motion & Bernoulli Equation
P1, z1, V1 , A1
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 5: Fluid in Motion & Bernoulli Equation
5.4. Applications of BE
n Stagnation Tube : -
– Applying BE from 1-2 :
– Or :
– Hence :
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 5: Fluid in Motion & Bernoulli Equation
5.4. Applications of BE
n Pitot Tube : -
– P1 measure the stagnation pressure
– P2 measure the static pressure
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 5: Fluid in Motion & Bernoulli Equation
5.4. Applications of BE
n Pitot Tube : -
– Applying BE from 1-2 :
5.4. Applications of BE
n Pitot Tube is commonly used to measure speed
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 5: Fluid in Motion & Bernoulli Equation
5.4. Applications of BE
n Pitot Tube (Example 4)
A flow metering device consists
of a stagnation probe at station
2 and a static pressure tap at
station 1. A2=0.5A1. Air with a
density of 1.2 kg/m3 flows
through the duct. A water
manometer is connected
between the stagnation probe
and the pressure tap, and a
deflection of 10 cm is
measured. What is the velocity
at station 2.
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 5: Fluid in Motion & Bernoulli Equation
5.4. Applications of BE
n Velocity of fluid exiting from a large tank
– Apply BE A-B along the
streamline A
- PA = PB = Patm
- VA = 0
- zA-zB = h B
- Hence : -
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 5: Fluid in Motion & Bernoulli Equation
5.4. Applications of BE
n Pressure variation in a tornado
1 3
5.4. Applications of BE
n Pressure variation near curved boundaries
5.4. Applications of BE
n Pressure variation near curved boundaries : -
n If hydrostatic effect is negligible (e.g. gas) :
5.4. Applications of BE
n Pressure variation near curved boundaries : -
n Variation of Cp within the transition :
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 5: Fluid in Motion & Bernoulli Equation
5.4. Applications of BE
n Pressure variation around a circular cylinder : -
n Assuming ideal/inviscid/irrotational flow :
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 5: Fluid in Motion & Bernoulli Equation
5.4. Applications of BE
n Pressure variation around a circular cylinder : -
n Assuming ideal/inviscid/irrotational flow :
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 5: Fluid in Motion & Bernoulli Equation
5.4. Applications of BE
n Pressure variation around a circular cylinder.
n Example 5 :
The pressure coefficient
distribution on a cylinder in a
cross flow is given by
Separation point
n If the main stream is accelerating (pressure decreasing or
negative pressure gradient), boundary layer will remain thin
n If the main stream is deccelerating (pressure increasing or
adverse pressure gradient), boundary layer will separate
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 5: Fluid in Motion & Bernoulli Equation
End of Lecture 5