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App Urs. Chan/Zen's Greatest Encyclopaedist Mujaku Dōchū (1653-1744). In: Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie, vol. 3, 1987. Numéro
spécial Etudes de Dunhuang / Special Issue on Dunhuang Studies en l'honneur de Fujieda Akira. pp. 155-174;
https://www.persee.fr/doc/asie_0766-1177_1987_num_3_1_904
Urs App
1. INTRODUCTION
1 ) These records are contained in the Taishô shinshù daizàkyô i^SiM^izWtfS. volume 47 (number
1985).
2) The full title of this book is Rinzai eshô zenji goroku shôyaku WfàW&W- SfisfHSiEira. It is now
published in volume 10 T of the JÇengaku sôsho PPPÏIH series, edited by Yanagida Seizan WBHtfJ
(Kyoto: Chûbun shuppansha 4)2fctHJi£ftt, 1979). See also below, annotated list no. 14.
3) Annuaire du College de France, 59th year, 1959-60, p. 435. Reprinted in Paul Demiéville's Choix
d'études sinologiques (1929-1970). Leiden: B.J. Brill, 1973.
4) Annuaire du College de France, 60th year, 1960-61, p. 317. Reprinted in Demiéville's Choix
d'études sinologiques (1929-1970). Leiden: B.J. Brill, 1973.
5) The following short account of the history of Mujaku's rediscovery is partly based on the
preface of the Zenbunka kenkyûjo's catalogue No. 1 (see section about information concerning
Mujaku's work below) and information obtained from Prof. Yanagida Seizan fPEHlglll.
6) Cf. for instance the Zengakuyôkan S^PHÉS by Aizawa Ekai fflpJÏ$5, published in 1907 by the
Segawa shobo $DIIHI§ in Tokyo.
7) Kyoto: Baiyô shoin %MMM, 1909.
Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 3 (1987): 155-174
156 Urs App
Murata wrote the first biography of Mujaku which included a chronological
record and which reproduced a list of Mujaku's works.8 In 1942 Iida Rigyô
fSBB^fj published a book entitled Mujaku Dôchû, Scholar-Saint.9 This book
includes a catalogue of Mujaku's writings as well as much information about
Mujaku's life and research.10 In 1944, Matsumoto Bunzaburo tfkif~3CE!$[>
devoted one chapter of a book to Mujaku and stressed Mujaku's importance as a
scholar.11
After World War II more intense interest, though still limited to a small
circle of specialists, arose, when researchers around two pioneers of modern
Chan studies, Iriya Yoshitaka A^ltrfC and Yanagida Seizan $J0EH!£lJ4, began
reading and translating Chan records in a scientific manner.12 This group, and
in its wake other research teams (including that financed by Ruth Fuller Sasaki) ,
made use of handwritten copies of some of the major and most voluminous works
of Mujaku. These copies were the fruit of ten years of assiduous copying by hand
on the part of Yanagida.13
Around the same time, researchers at Komazawa University in Tokyo started
to collect materials for a large Zen dictionary.14 They, too, realized the
importance of building upon the solid research done by Mujaku, and initially some of
Yanagida's handwritten copies made this possible. Shinohara Hisao fUJKiHEt,
who had participated in Iriya's research team on the Records of Linji ES^H at
Kyoto University's Institute of Humanistic Studies (Jinbun kagaku kenkyujo
ÏRi^PÀZfc^PW^L^T), was the major promoter of Mujaku at Komazawa
University, and it was under his editorship that Komazawa University published
in the sixties two major works of Mujaku.15 In the seventies, Yanagida published
some of Mujaku's most important works in the form of photographic
reproductions.16
Today, Japanese Chan research groups and researchers often go about their
8) This list was established by a Reverend Myôtaku (fe>^fnfn}) and is entitled Mujaku oshôjisen
shomoku iÇiffnfôiS^S. See below (p. 164).
9) Iida Rigyo flgfflJflJfT, Gakushô Mujaku Dôchû ^mMMMfc. Tokyo: Seigodo Wfgfi, 1942.
10) See below (p. 164).
11) Matsumoto Bunzaburo (K^^CHIP), Sentoku no hôshoku (3fc£g©3?J3i). Tokyo: Sogensha (I1J7C
It), 1944 (pp. 321-356).
12) Their efforts were so successful that today most authors of books about Zen and of
translations of Chan/Zen texts have either adopted this outlook and methodology or are heavily
influenced by it.
13) Approximately between 1945 and 1955. Yanagida had read Iida's book, but not until some
years later did he realize the capital importance of Mujaku's work for Chan scholarship. The
copying, Yanagida said in a conversation with the author, produced more than copies of
manuscripts in an age without copying machines : Yanagida's excellent memory served as index to
Mujaku's works, and both he and the research groups he participated in were thus able to find
information in Mujaku's major works. At the same time, Yanagida became intimately familiar
with Mujaku's research methodology.
14) Two results of these efforts are mentioned below: Shinohara Hisao MMMM, Zeni° kaisetsu
jitensakuin Plgfl?|&f8&9^[, and the gengaku daijiten PP±iS^ (see below, p. 165).
15) See numbers 1 and 2 of the Annotated list of selected works.
16) See numbers 1, 2, 3, 7, 14 and 15 of the Annotated list of selected works.
Chan I ^en's greatest encyclopaedist Mujaku DochU 157
Mujaku Dôchû21 was born in the year 1653 in Takenomura t^riftt in the
Yabu district §i5£f$ of Tajima {ELUS in what is now Japan's Hyôgo prefecture
^0!^. At the age of six he entered the Pure Land Buddhist Nyorai temple
#n?fc^f at Izushi (tii5; Hyôgo prefecture). One year later, his devout mother
took him to Kyoto where he became Zen master Chikuin Somon's ^ÉÉPJJËf^
boy attendant at the Ryûgein fti&l^ subtemple of Myoshinji fe><ù^.
In his teens, Mujaku studied a great variety of Buddhist scriptures and listened
to many lectures by his own and other masters in Kyoto. He was also involved
in copying texts, and when his master Chikuin organised the copying of the
Buddhist canon at Myoshinji, the 15-year-old Mujaku was chosen as one of the
17) For instance two of the works mentioned below (numbers 4 and 8 of the Annotated list
of selected works) were handed out in reduced photocopied form in Yanagida's seminar on
Zen Culture at Kyoto University's Jinbun kagaku kenkyujo A3tf4PW3u)?f (between 1983 and
1985).
18) See under number 4 of the Annotated list of selected works.
19) Though there are no definite publishing plans at this point, the Zenbunka kenkyujo in
Kyoto has expressed interest in promoting this project. The author is involved in developing
appropriate algorithms for computerized access on small personal computer systems.
20) The principal sources for Mujaku's biography are the following:
- Shôhyô kinenroku H§SK$S^I§ (Zenbunka kenkyujo catalogue I, p. 22). Though this record has
the form of a disciple's notes it was probably written by Dôchû himself.
- Hôu oshô gyôjô féWfôfàfîfâ. (Zenbunka catalogue I, p. 47).
- Chikunen etsushoki ji^rHïtïB (Zenbunka catalogue I, p. 22). This record lists all books which
Mujaku read between age 44 and his death at 91 (1697-1744).
Less elaborate information is found in the £oku zenrin sôbôden WM ttflUHÎ (fascicle 2), the Kinko
zenrin sôdan S"e"IP#SM, and the Kinsei zenrin gengyôroku SifeSP #B"fTlS. See also the appendix to
Murata Mudô's (fcffflfejlO edition of £ewmz shôkisen P#^H^. Modern sources are: £engakudai-
jiten pp^f&ft 935b; Yanagida Seizan fPHSUJ, Mujaku Dôchû no gakumon EMISi&oPRa,
Zenbunka WXit 15/16 (1959), 81-86 [this article is different from that of the same title mentioned
in note 31] ; Hirano Sojun ^5£W , Mujaku Dôchû $£&&&, Zenbunka pzfcfi: 70 (1973), 90-94;
Kimura Jôyû's ^fcfSPti introduction to the Zenbunka kenkyûjo's Mujaku catalogue. The
biographical sketch given here focuses on Mujaku's studies and writing and is particularly indebted
to Iida Rigyo's tKEHfOff Gakushô dôchû P^jH.'È (see section dealing with information about
Mujaku and his works below).
21) Mujaku Dôchû was also known under the names Shôhyô M#K and Hôu ÎSEM.
158 Urs App
copyists. In two years he copied more than 200 fascicles. When he was seventeen,
he wrote his first work,22 a redaction of some notes on the Biyanlu MlSk§sk-
At the age of nineteen, Mujaku set out on his first pilgrimage. He travelled
to Fukui H#, Gifu iù£-$-, visited the Sôtô sect's headquarters at Eiheiji tK^^f,
practiced for some months at Daianji ^^ç^ on Mt. Manmatsu MfàlU in the
Sakai district of today's Fukui prefecture (îKâJkMWLflrffî) , and returned to Kyoto
where he continued to practice under Master Ghikuin. When his master founded
the Daijoji ^cJ^c^ in Tokuyama W.\U, he took Mujaku along as his assistant,
but both returned to Kyoto soon afterwards when Chikuin became head priest
of Myôshinji.
In his early twenties, Mujaku took advantage of the presence of scholars and
monks in and around Kyoto to get acquainted with Chinese calendar calculation
and almanacs, Chinese and Japanese poetry, poetic recitation, monastic rules,
etc. Mujaku's first critical editions of texts stem from these years. At the age of
23, he went on pilgrimage for the second time, practiced under several masters,
listened to lectures on various Buddhist texts, and gave his first lectures on the
Letters of Dahui j^W-Wt, a text to which he was to devote much time and effort.
After his return to Kyoto at the age of 24, he was nominated head monk at
Myôshinji. Shortly afterwards, his master Chikuin died, and Mujaku became
his successor as priest of the Ryûgein, a post he was to keep for 67 years.
This post brought many duties with it, and Mujaku had to undertake several
long journeys to Tokyo and other places. In spite of some ensuing health
problems, he found in his late twenties again more time for scholarly pursuits. He
lectured on the Fazang commentary of the Awakening of Faith ^BfiflniieilciS and
started writing his commentary on this which he completed 16 years later. He
also lectured again on the Letters of Dahui.
In his early thirties, he began to research systematically two themes which
attracted his interest: monastic codes and Chan records. At 31, he occupied
himself with studying historical codes such as the so-called Code of Baizhang
Wït^R M and the Eihei shingi tK^M IS, and wrote the only work to be published
in his lifetime, the Kosôrin ryakushingi '-hjftfffêireM.23 Besides fulfilling various
duties at Myôshinji (and writing about them), Mujaku attended lectures on
various Buddhist texts and himself gave talks on Chan texts such as the Records
of Linji Es$|$^ and the Xutanglu MIEL^k- He also continued with his writing
and with his study of poetry.
The second half of Mujaku's thirties was partly devoted to a wider and more
systematic study of Chinese classics ; he established catalogues of big collections
of Chinese philosophical, historical, and literary writings and used card
catalogues to arrange gathered information. He also lectured on and wrote about
Fazang's Commentary on the Heart Sûtra fëM'&W$i, Zongmi's Commentary on the
Sutra of Complete Awakening M9kMEk^M, and a range of other Buddhist texts.
In his forties, Mujaku again lectured on the Letters of Dahui ~j\WM, started
work on the Wujia zhengzong zan E^jESPkH;, lectured and wrote about the
Diamond Sutra and the Chixiu Baizhang qinggui $JCl^lf3t?reMj and commented
on the Fozu lidai tongzai ^fflKftS^i, etc. He also continued to copy, collate,
correct, and punctuate many Buddhist and secular texts. To mention just a few
examples : in 1 702, at the age of 49, he produced a complete textual critique of
the 56-fascicle History of Liang {Liang shu §^(1). Two years later, in 1704, he
began to compare and to painstakingly correct some versions of a giant
encyclopedia of institutional history, the Wenxian tongkao ~3cW(M^7 (348 fascicles), and
its supplement, the Xu wenxian tongkao W.1&MMM (254 fascicles), a labour which
was to take him 28 years. At the age of 53, he made a critical comparative study
of various texts of the 13 Chinese classics (~pEi$S). But over and above such
scholarly pursuits, during this period, he found time enough to compose many
Chinese poems24 and to put down his own Zen teachings in several volumes of
records (goroku |§^).25
We know that Mujaku read voraciously and what books he read because we
have both a fairly detailed biography26 and a list27 which contains, arranged by
year, the titles of books that he read between the age of 44 and his death. The
majority of these books were Chinese Buddhist texts, but particularly between
his late forties and midsixties and again in his eighties he read a great number
of non-Buddhist Chinese texts : Ming novels, dynastic histories, classical poetry,
philosophical works, historical annals, stone inscriptions, etc. In some years
such texts formed the overwhelming majority of his reading materials. Very
little Japanese literature is mentioned in Mujaku's lists.28
His reading habits seem to have been very disciplined : in May of 1 705, at the
age of 52, for example, Mujaku decided to read 60 fascicles of the Great Wisdom
Sutra (^IBt^ric) each January, May, and June. Four years later, on the last
day of May (i.e. exactly ten such months later), he wrote that he finished
punctuating the whole 600 fascicles.
In 1 707, at the age of 54, Mujaku was appointed head priest of Myôshinji,
a post he was to hold for seven years. Having thus risen in the monastic hierarchy,
he found himself in a position to buy expensive Chinese dictionaries and big
collections of texts. During these years he completed the 20-fascicle commentary
entitled Shôshûsan joketsu iE^^IÔfê (cf. description below), gave lectures on
this text and again on the Letters o/Dahui, and continued his textual studies (for
instance about Dôgen's Shôbôgenzô lE^ES^). He also authored some small
works such as the £enrin hôgo MWJlWî which demonstrate his growing interest
in and knowledge of Chinese vernacular and slang. On the first day of 1715,
24) See for instance the titles given on p. 17 of the Zenbunka kenkyujo's catalogue I. These
poems would certainly yield much information for more detailed research of Mujaku's thought.
25) Hôu naishû fâM p*3^fc and the H ou goroku ISII (both listed in the Zenbunka kenkyujo's
catalogue I, p. 1).
26) Shôhyô kinenroku M$JS## (Zenbunka kenkyûjo catalogue I, p. 22).
27) See note 20. Additional books which Mujaku read are listed at the beginning of the £enrin
shô kisen (ff#ft$$).
28) In his 59th year for instance, when he was ill, he read the Heike monogatari (^
160 Urs App
when he was aged 62, Mujaku started writing a great encyclopedia, the £enrin
shôkisen jpp#jâ§!â| (see below). The first draft of this gem of scholarship was
finished at the year's end, but his final revision was not made until 26 years later.
In this year, Mujaku also began to read a series of Ming novels. He took detailed
notes on vernacular vocabulary and usage, which he arranged according to
themes. He used these notes when writing linguistic works such as the Shina
zokugo ;£3[!>{§In29 and his dictionaries. Mujaku's sixty-fifth year saw the
completion of another great work, a work he had labored on for over thirty years :
the Chokushû Hyakujô shingi sakei %kj$~Ë3~$Z:-Ê$lÉifiim (see below). Having
completed this magnum opus of monastic code scholarship, he gave a series of
lectures on it. He also continued to read numerous Buddhist texts and to produce
a number of critical editions.
In 1721, at the age of 68, Mujaku became once more, though just for one
year, head priest of Myoshinji. After subsequently retiring to his subtemple,
he entered one of the most fruitful working periods of his life, a period which
was to last more than twenty years. Another series of lectures on the Letters of
Dahui at the age of 70 (almost 50 years after his first lectures on these letters)
was followed by the completion of his masterful commentary, the Dale zenji sho
kdrdshu ^Hpfl êffiHfêl^âc (see below). Periods of concentrated writing were
usually followed by phases of avid reading; during this year, for example,
Mujaku read more than 150 books whose titles he carefully noted in his list. In the
following years he read much less but was busy with writing — among other
works the Yôshôyoroku j|fll|§f£lt; (see below), the commentary on the Linjilu $?aWI
|^ (see below), and the extremely detailed 30-fascicle commentary on the Xutang-
lu (JÈ.1É.ïm$0$-$F 1 see below). In addition, he completely revised his draft of
the Busso tsûsai ryakushaku fj^i&Miic^^p, a text upon which he lectured during
several years.
In his eighties, Mujaku went through phases of reading a wide range of
Chinese writings (Confucianist, Taoist, secular literature) and Buddhist texts
(Vinaya, Huayen, etc.), and it appears that he read fewer Chan texts in the last
years of his life. He studied for instance works by Ge Hong H$Ç, Wang Bi ;£$?,
Du Guangting th^M, Zhu Xi ^^, etc. Among the great products of this decade
are three 20-fascicle collections of notes and essays, the Chôtei fund Jl'U^PlR, the
Kinben shigai ^lËfrafll, and the Wanun reiu ^SSfiWf ; furthermore, he revised a
20-fascicle collection of his own Chinese poems (fJbM^lËilill),30 and the
revised ^enrin shôkisen îjiip^j^l^ril- Even at the age of 88, Mujaku's working
habits were extremely disciplined ; he decided to revise 20 pages a day of the
26-year-old 2jenrin shôkisen draft, and after nine weeks the work was done. Then
he kept the same rhythm in revising the 20-fascicle Shôshûsan joketsu IEtkÎIIÙ^:
which he had written 35 years earlier. Undaunted by his age, he continued to
edit and punctuate texts, among them the 200-fascicle Dapiposha lun ^{HH^H,
and he still read a surprising number of books : at the age of 89 about thirty
books, some of them long sutras, again about the same number the following
year, and about forty at the age of 91 shortly before his death.
In 1744, the year of his death, he put the finishing touches on one of his
greatest works, the Kattô gosen HHHII (see below). This dictionary of difficult
expressions is a worthy monument to this extraordinary mind.
31) A very informative article about Mujaku's research methodology was published by Yana-
gida Seizan fPHlElU: "Mujaku Dochu no gakumon t^jti&OPPrîl". 7jngaka Kenkyû ffWf^S
55 (Feb. 1966) : 14-55. This same article is also reprinted in Chokushû Hyakujô shingi sakei ititiSslifîfc
7tM£®. Kyoto: Chiibun shuppansha {^^WffiM.), 1979 (volume 8 T of the ZenSaku sôsfl° SP
Hit edited by Yanagida Seizan fPHSgtU), pp. 1335-1376.
32) Mujaku's master Chikuin was closely connected to Yinyuan (Ingen H7É), the founder of
Japanese Obaku Zen (?t Htk). Chikuin had been instrumental in securing the immigration
permission for Yinyuan, and after Yinyuan settled down in Uji (^F-îcî) near Kyoto they seem to have
kept contact; Yinyuan penned an inscription which apparently is still hanging in Mujaku's temple
at Myoshinji.
33) Kattô gosen MBE^t [Yanagida éd.], pp. 29-36.
162 Urs App
taries on texts. In addition, it also yielded a number of thematically arranged
collections of quotations, and an unparalleled series of dictionaries about £en and general
Buddhist terminology.
Mujaku was not the only man of his period to acquire wide learning, but in
the field of Japanese Zen where learning had come to be looked down upon,
he cuts a unique figure. His study of Buddhist scriptures was motivated, much
like that of the Chinese Zongmi ^^ in the Tang and Yanshou $Ejp| in the Song
periods, by a conviction that Chan teaching and general Buddhist teachings are
one. Not only his reading lists but also his writings are full of references to sutras
and commentaries. In contrast to most Zen monks of his time and perhaps even
to most of those today, he wanted to acquire objective knowledge of the religious
materials he was reading. This could only be achieved by a methodology which
stands up well to modern scientific standards: recension of texts, collation of
relevant passages from a wide range of literary sources, inductive interpretation
based on textual evidence, and a generally critical attitude towards his own and
others' subjective views and prejudices.
Mujaku's method aimed primarily at making texts speak for themselves.
After a good text was established, he sought to elucidate the meaning of terms
by a thorough examination of as many examples of usage as possible. The best
examples found their way into commentaries and dictionaries ; there he
general y traces a given expression to a variety of sources, provides some good examples
of usage, mentions or cites commentaries and relevant primary source materials,
refutes or corroborates earlier work by textual evidence, and if necessary provides
his own comment or conclusion which usually starts with "Chu iwaku JÈS"
or with "Hôu iwaku §S0". In quite a few cases he supplemented descriptions
of objects or temples etc. with elaborate drawings and maps.
Scientific precision and a high degree of objectivity are evident in all of
Mujaku's scholarly works; he was not given to hasty conclusions. In his reading of
Chinese texts he was very little influenced by fixed ideas and doctrines which
had come to reign in Japan. This is particularly true for his reading of Chan
texts which was a pioneering effort that only now meets increasing appreciation ;
he was interested in discovering what the texts were in their original form and
what they meant at the time when they were written, and he sought elucidation
through thoroughgoing textual work and through a process of inference rather
than intuition, speculation, or reliance on tradition. Thus he decided for instance
to draw on a wide knowledge of Chinese religious and secular literature,
including Ming novels, rather than on interpretations produced by enlightened
Japanese Zen masters. He questioned the meaning of even the seemingly most evident
words, and his analyses show an integrity and a precision honed during many
decades of meticulous collation and recension of texts. He had a sharp eye not
only for good examples to support a hypothesis but also for problems and
doubtful points, taking careful notes about them and appending long lists of questions
34) Cf. for instance fascicle 12 ff. of Wanun reiu SUfËffl; a good example is given in Yanagida's
article on Mujaku's scholarship (see above in the section about information concerning Mujaku's
work), pp. 25-28.
Chanj^en's greatest encyclopaedist Mujaku DochU 163
and uncertain interpretations to some of his major works.34 The attitude he
showed towards his own works is another case in point : he let the important ones
rest for some decades and then revised them thoroughly, using the same critical
stance that he adopted towards works of other authors.
For the modern reader, Mujaku's works are so useful precisely because his
underlying research methodology is solid. The profusion of examples drawn by
Mujaku from a wide range of literature allows one not only to identify and check
Mujaku's own sources but also to come to one's own conclusions based on
additional modern information. Mujaku's major spheres of scholarly interest, as
reflected in the Zenbunka kenkyujo's catalogues35, were the following (numbers
indicate the approximate number of works) :
The following publications provide lists of, information about, or easier access
to Mujaku's works :
- Mujaku dôchû zenji senjutsu shomoku MMM.^WMMtE9B (2 mimeographed
vols). Kyoto: Zenbunka kenkyûjo p^Clbpf^giff, 1965. Out of print, but
photocopies can be bought.
These two slim volumes are still the most important and informative catalogues
35) Mujaku dôchû zenji senjutsu shomoku M^M.ÈM Ë&MiÈM @ (2 vols). Mimeographs. Kyoto:
Zenbunka kenkyûjo W3Citiffi$£ffi ', 1965. For more details see bibliography below.
36) Cf. preface by Kimura Joyu ^MUtt to Mujaku dôchû zenji senjutsu shomoku fel
WÊB (vol 1), Kyoto: Zenbunka kenkyûjo P3tft#l3£#T, 1965.
164 UrsApp
of Mujaku's works. The first volume lists all works from Mujaku's hand that
are found in the library of his subtemple (the Ryûgein ft^^) in Kyoto's
Myôshinji (1@>>ù^f) temple complex. An appendix lists all works that are
lacking in the Ryûgein but are mentioned in Myôtaku's ifr^L Mujaku oshô
jisen shomoku MM^ÏÏfëïÛlMïÈîË (see below) and exist at other places (Kyoto
University, Komazawa University, Zenbunka kenkyûjo, Kinkakuji $rM^,
Tôfukuji's Ryôsokuin ^M.^). This catalogue was published after all of
Mujaku's works at Ryûgein had been recorded on microfilm. It contains titles,
microfilm numbers, fascicle numbers, page numbers, and comments.
Additionally, inclusion or lack in other catalogues are indicated for every item.
The second volume provides a list of all works found in the Hokuen bunko
(it^U^CM) which is found in the Shunkôin #^t|^ subtemple of Myôshinji
A more complete and conveniently arranged but less informative list was
recently published in a reprint of Iida Rigyô's book (see next entry) .
Mujaku oshô jisen shomoku 3&ff^fliRÎ Seing (by Myôtaku $>J^) In: Murata
Mudô ItHJlJI, Appendix to £enrin shokisen ii$fâ.M%£iÊ- Tokyo: Kaiba shoin
%mm&, 1909, pp. 11-18.
This is the earliest published list; far from complete by today's standards, it
has some historical importance. The thematic arrangement is different from
subsequent works. The Zenbunka kenkyûjo's catalogue (see above) indicates
whether or not a work is mentioned in Myôtaku's list.
Shinsan zenseki mokuroku |ff HfPH g ^. Tokyo : Nihon bussho kankôkai 0 if:
{# It fO frill"? 1962. Out of print but generally available at libraries.
The team from Komazawa University who wrote this dictionary made some
use of several works of Mujaku.37 Entries describing Mujaku's works are very
few, but explanations of terms sometimes contain references to them, especially
to those two that were indexed by Shinohara (see next entry) .
37) See the preface to: Shinohara Hisao {WMWM), Z™g° kaisetsu jiten sakuin
Tokyo: Komazawa daigaku zenshujiten hensanjo (i^P^rPPPzRfSWilïBT), 1959.
166 Urs App
C. Annotated list of selected works
In the following, some particularly useful works of Mujaku are listed and
briefly described. In consideration of the limited space and the multitude of
available works, the choice has to be very restrictive. Scholars of different
specialities may find that works that are not mentioned here are more important for
them. The choice is primarily based on the needs and interests of modern scholars
(Buddhologists, Sinologists, art historians) who attempt to read Chan texts and
inscriptions and/or need to find certain themes and expressions in Chan and
other Chinese Buddhist texts.38 For printed works, information about publisher
etc. is provided. Some unpublished works by Mujaku can be found in several
libraries. The library of the Zenbunka kenkyûjo W^Cit^^Bf has the most
complete collection of microfilms and of photocopies taken from microfilm. All
unpublished materials mentioned in this article can be consulted in this research
institute. Its address is: The Institute for Zen Studies, Hanazono College, Naka-
kyô-ku, Kyoto, 604 Japan.
5) J^enseki jirui jpp Hl^Hg. Manuscript, n.d., found in the library of Kyoto
University (Bungakubu 3£Jpofê) and in the Hokuen bunko if^LSlW- at Shunkôin
#^t^ in Myôshinji tP'ù^, Kyoto.
20 fascicles of text and one fascicle table of contents. Research began at age
31; first draft completed at age 47; Mujaku worked on this commentary
during 19 additional years. Completed at age 65 in 1718.
This is the Chan textual commentary on which Mujaku worked the longest.
Historical, geographical, philosophical, doctrinal, grammatical, and lexical
information is provided with equally meticulous care. This is certainly one of
the most elaborate, precise, and learned commentaries ever written on a Chan
text. The wealth of references to and quotes from other Chan texts, Buddhist
scriptures and commentaries, local gazetteers, dynastic histories, etc. is
astonishing. The index by Mujaku gives only a small choice of terms discussed;
Mujaku commented on almost every word and included many small articles
worthy of being included in an encyclopedia. It is unfortunate that this work
has not yet appeared in print ; a thoroughly indexed edition would be a very
important mine of information for researchers of Chan Buddhism in
particular and Chinese Buddhism in general.
A 20-fascicle collection of short essays on various topics. They deal with the
following themes : Fascicles 1 to 8 with Buddhist doctrine (iS) ; fascicles
9 and 10 with the unity of Chan and Buddhist scriptural teachings (ppf£i~fl
f§) ; fascicles 10 and 11 with differences and similarities between Chan and
scriptural teachings (iPI&îtt'ê') ; fascicles 12 and 13 reproduce talks on
various Chan topics (ippiJc) ; fascicles 14 and 15 reproduce talks on various
scriptural topics (ffcfn§) ; fascicles 15 to 17 deal with issues around Chan
practice ($&M) ', fascicles 18 to 20 give words of advice, warning, and
instruction (WM) ', fascicle 20 also includes some essays on Chan and poetry.
Chan/^en's greatest encyclopaedist Mujaku Dacha 1 73
13) Wanun reiu £gUlSM. Unpublished. Manuscript found at the Hokuen bunko
at Shunkôin M^M in Myôshinji feJ>'ù#, and at Kinkakuji iËKi^f •
This is the commentary by Mujaku which after World War II attracted the
attention of Japanese Chan scholars. When research meetings were held
under the direction of Prof. Iriya Yoshitaka A^cHïiî at Kyoto University's
Institute of Humanistic Studies (Jinbun kagaku kenkyujo A^f4PW^S^f),
a priest from Myôshinji happened to bring this commentary along. Its
quality whetted the researchers' appetite for more, and when word of it
reached Prof. Demieville in Paris, he ordered a microfilm copy of the original
manuscript from Japan; thus this commentary was the first of Mujaku's
works to find its way out of Japan. Though much shorter than the
commentaries mentioned above (nos. 8-10), it is a very useful work which
contributed much to our present reading and understanding of Linji's records.