TRIBOLOGY Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials |. M. HUTCHINGS Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy University of Cambridge ‘4 member of the Hodder Headline Group LONDON + SYDNEY * AUCKLANDFirst published by Edward Arnold 1992 Reprinted 1995 by Arnold, a member of the Hodder Headline Group 338 Euston Road, London NWI 3BH_ © 1992 Ian M Hutchings lll rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically oF mechanically, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or rettieval system, without either prior permission in writing from the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying. In the United Kingdom such licences are issued by the Copyright Licensing ‘Agency: 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Hutchings, 1. M Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials. (Metallurgy & Materials Science Series) 1. Title Il, Series 621.89 ISBN 0 340 56184 X Cover micrograph courtesy of A J Sparks ‘Typeset in 10/Lipt Times by Wearset, Boldon, Tyne and Wear. Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by St Edmundsbury Press, Bury St Ednvunds, Suffolk and J W Arrowsmith Ltd, BristolPreface Tribology, the study of friction, wear and lubrication, is an interdisciplinary subject which draws on the expertise of the physicist, the chemist and the mechanical engineer, as well as the materials scientist or metallurgist. It can, therefore, be approached from several different viewpoints. Most previous textbooks have focused on topics in tribology which can be modelled with mathematical precision: contact mechanics, fluid film lubrication and bearing design, for example. These are undoubtedly important. In the present book, however, the emphasis is more on an equally important subject which is less amenable to precise quantitative analysis: the behaviour of materials in the context of tribology, and in particular, friction and wear. The book is intended for final-year undergraduate students of the physical sciences and technology, especially students of mechanical engincering, materials science and metallurgy. It should also be valuable for those taking postgraduate or post-experience courses, and since it provides numerous references 10 the research literature, | hope it will prove a useful source of initial information on tribology for scientists and engineers working in industry. 1am well aware that in offering a textbook on the tribological behaviour of materials I have undertaken a daunting task, particularly in tackling the subject of wear. Professor Duncan Dowson has remarked that whereas the scientific study of friction dates back some 300 years, and that of lubrication more than a century, wear has received similar attention for only 50 years. One can go even further, and suggest that our understanding of wear mechanisms has developed most rapidly only with the widespread use of electron microscopy and instrumental methods of microanalysis over the past 20 years. Ina subject so young and so complex, it is inevitable that there will still be competition between theories, confusion over nomenclature and definitions, and inconsistencies between experimental observations. Never- theless, the foundations of the subject now seem to be well established, and I have tried to present them, as well as more recent developments, in such a way that the reader will be able to appreciate the future advances which will certainly occur. I have listed reccmmendations for further reading at the end of each chapter, but the sources of the numerous illustrations, which I have tried to