CICE2018 Abstracts

2018
9th International Conference on

Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
Composites
in Civil Engineering (CICE 2018),
PARIS 17-19 JULY 2018
Abstracts
Edited by :
FERRIER Emmanuel
BENZARTI Karim
CARON Jean-François
2
9th International Conference on Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites
Paris
July 17-19, 2018 in Civil Engineering (CICE 2018), PARIS 17-19 JULY 2018
A warm welcome to Paris for CICE 2018 !

Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) composites have emerged over the past two decades as practical materials for
civil engineering applications. The wide utilization of FRPs has increased significantly in recent years offering us
new ways, both for strengthening of existing structures and for new construction. The rapid increase in the use of
FRP composites in civil engineering can be attributed to continuing reductions in material costs, more
comprehensive knowledge of the fundamental properties of composites, which has enabled more realistic reduced
safety factors, and to the numerous advantages of FRPs as compared with conventional materials such as concrete
and steel.
The CICE conference series (International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering) started in 2001
in Hong Kong and became the official conference series of the International Institute for FRP in Construction,
IIFC (www.iifc-hq.org) in 2003. Since then, this major event in the field of FRPs has travelled around the world,
with stopovers in Australia (Adelaide 2004), USA (Miami 2006), Switzerland (Zurich 2008), China (Beijing 2010
and Hong-Kong 2016), Italy (Rome 2012) and Canada (Vancouver 2014).
It is a great privilege to host CICE in France this year, in the beautiful city of Paris. The conference is co-organized
by IFSTTAR (French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks), Ecole des
Ponts ParisTech and University Claude Bernard LYON 1, and it is hosted at the campus of Paris-Est University
in Marne-la-Vallée.
The scientific program of CICE 2018 includes a total of 288 papers from some 40 countries. It has been tailored
to reflect the wide spectrum of topics shared by the scientific community, with an emphasis on advanced research
and future trends related to FRP strengthening and structural applications, which constitutes the highlight of the
CICE conference series. Besides, the program encompasses other hot topics, such as new materials like fiber
reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites or bio-based composites, or more practical issues related to
field applications and design guidelines.
We are very confident that CICE 2018, like previous conferences, will provide an international forum where
researchers, civil engineers, practitioners and industrial partners will have the opportunity to share their latest
advances and open new perspectives for future collaborative projects.
Alongside this enriching technical program, exciting social events will bring a “French touch” to the conference.
Delegates and their accompanying persons will enjoy a refreshing cocktail at the first floor of the Eiffel Tower
during the welcome reception, and the conference dinner cruise over the river Seine will offer the possibility to
taste a gourmet menu while admiring some of the most beautiful monuments of Paris.
Finally, the co-chairs would like to warmly thank all the persons which were involved in the conference
organization. First, we are very thankful to all authors who have contributed to the conference by submitting high
quality papers. Special thanks are then expressed to the members of the International Scientific Committee who
carefully reviewed the papers, and whose input and advice were highly valuable. We are also very grateful to the
members of the local organization committee, academic staff and students, who donated their time and contributed
to the success of CICE 2018.
The support from the exhibitors and the industrial/institutional sponsors is of course acknowledged and highly
appreciated.
We do not forget to acknowledge our academic institutions, IFSTTAR, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech and University
Lyon1 (Cellule Congrès) for providing assistance and conference facilities.
Paris
The 9 th International Conference on Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP Composites in Civil Engineering (CICE
2018) have been financially support by several companies and institute.
Their support makes our events extra special for attendees. We appreciate their interest in IIFC’s vision and are
grateful for their support. CICE 2018 Conference wouldn't be possible without the support of our sponsors.
Conference Co-Chairs:
Emmanuel FERRIER
Professor at Lyon 1 University
Laboratory of Composite Materials for Construction
Karim BENZARTI
Senior Researcher at IFSTTAR
Department for Materials & Structures
Jean-François CARON
Senior Researcher and Professor
Ecole des Ponts ParisTech.
Local organizing Committee :

Laurent Michel, Associate Professor (Université Lyon 1),
Marc Quiertant, Senior Researchers (IFSTTAR),
Gilles Foret, Professor (Ecole des Ponts ParisTech),
Arthur Lebée and Loannis Stéfanou, Researchers (Ecole des Ponts ParisTech)
Sylvain Chataigner, Researcher (IFSTTAR)
Amen Agbossou, Université Savoie
Monssef Drissi Habti, IFSTTAR

International Scientific Committee:
AL-MAHAIDI Riadh ARAVINTHAN Thiru BAI Yu .

BAKIS Charles E BANK Lawrence C. BENMOKRANE Brahim
BENZARTI Karim BISBY Luke BUDELMANN Harald
BURGOYNE Chris BUYUKOZTURK Oral CAI Steve C.S.
CARON Jean François CASAS Joan R. CHEN Guang-Ming
CHEN Jian-Fei CHENG Li-Juan CORREIA J. R.
DA SILVA Manuel DAI Jian-Guo DARBY Antony
DAWOOD Mina DE LORENZIS Laura DRISSI HABTI Monssef
EID Rami EI-HACHA Raafat FAM Amir
FENG Peng FERNANDO D. FERRIER Emmanuel
FOSTER Stephen FRANCOIS Raoul G. GENTRY Russell
GRACE Nabil F. GREEN Mark F GREMAL Hughes
GRIFFITH Michael GUADAGNINI Maurizio HARIK Issam E.
HARRIES Kent A. IBELL Tim ILKI Alper
KANAKUBO Toshiyuki KARBHARI Vistasp M. KELLER Thomas
KIM Jimmy KODUR Venkatesh KOTYNIA Renata
LAM Lik LEES Janet LEUNG Christopher K.Y.
LI Hui LI Li-Juan LI Rong
LIU Wei-Qing LOPEZ Maria LU Yi-Yan
MA Zhongguo John MATSUMOTO T. MATTA Fabio
MEIER Urs MIRMIRAN Amir MONTI Giorgio
MOSALAM Khalid M. MOTAVALLI Masoud NANNI Antonio
OZBAKKALOGLU T. PARK Younghwan PELLEGRINO Carlo
PULIDO, M Dolores RABINOVITCH Oded RIZKALLA Sami H.
RTEIL Ahmad SAVOIA Marco SCHMIDT Jacob W.
SENA-CRUZ José SERACINO Rudolf SHEIKH Shamim A.
SMITH Scott T. STRATFORD Tim TAN Kiang Hwee
TAYLOR Susan TENG Jin-Guang TRIANTAFILLOU T.C.
UEDA Tamon WAN Bao-Lin WANG Jia-Lai
WANG Xin WANG Yuan-Feng WU Gang
WU Yu-Fei WU Zhi-Shen XIAN Gui-Jun
XIAO Yan XUE Wei-Chen YANG Yong-Xin
YAO Jian YE Lie-Ping YU Tao
YUE Qing-Rui ZHAO Xiao-Ling ZHOU Li Min
TABLE OF CONTENT
Keynotes ....................................................................................................................................................... 22
TECHNICAL SPECIFICITIES WHEN DESIGNING WITH COMPOSITE MATERIALS – CASE OF
BUILDING AND ARCHITECTURE .................................................................................................................. 23
Samuel Durand1
DEVELOPMENT OF UK GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS OF FRP BRIDGES ............................................... 25
N.Farmer
OPPORTUNITIES FOR RECYCLING AND REUSE OF FRP COMPOSITES FOR CONSTRUCTION IN A
CIRCULAR ECONOMY ..................................................................................................................................... 26
Lawrence C. Bank
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ON FRP REBARS AS INTERNAL REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE
STRUCTURES AND FIELD APPLICATIONS .................................................................................................. 27
Brahim Benmokrane1 and Hamdy M. Mohamed2
HYBRID FRP-CONCRETE-STEEL TUBULAR MEMBERS............................................................................ 28
Tao Yu
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF FRP-REINFORCED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE SANDWICH WALL
PANELS FOR PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION ...................................................................................... 29
Jian-Guo DAI* and Jun-Qi HUANG
Composite Material ........................................................................................................................... 30

SHEAR TESTING OF DIFFERENT TYPE AND SIZE OF GFRP REINFORCING BARS .............................. 31
A.S. Genikomsou 1, G.P. Balomenos 2 and M.A. Polak 3
SALT WATER AND ALKALINE ATTACK ON GFRP REBARS .................................................................... 32
Miguel M. Estêvão1, Manuel A. G. Silva2 , Fernando F. S. Pinho3
EFFECTS OF FIBER ARCHITECTURE ON FLEXURE PROPERTIES OF PULTRUDED GFRP PLATES AND
SECTIONS ........................................................................................................................................................... 33
Tianqiao Liu1, Kent A. Harries1,2 and Qi Guo1
FATIGUE AND DURABILITY OF LAMINATED CARBON FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER STRAPS FOR
BRIDGE SUSPENDERS ...................................................................................................................................... 34
Fabio Baschnagel1, Giovanni Pietro Terrasi1, Zafiris Triantafyllidis2, Urs Meier 3
GLASS–GFRP HYBRIDS: FROM BRITTLE GLASS TO DUCTILE AND HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL
GLASS .................................................................................................................................................................. 35
Mithila Achintha 1*, Bogdan Balan 1, Mikhail Bessonov 1, Tudor Zirbo 1, Jesmer Kanvar 1
INFLUENCE OF CURING CONDITIONS ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF GLUED JOINTS OF
CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITE / CONCRETE .................................................... 36
Anh Tuan LEE1, Marie MICHEL1, Emmanuel FERRIER 1
BEHAVIOR OF CFRP STRANDS EXPOSED TO SEVERE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ................ 37
Omar Khalafalla 1, Sami Rizkalla 1, Adel ElSafty 2, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz 1
INCREASING THE MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY OF PIN-LOADED STRAPS USING THE SLING
ANCHORAGE METHOD.................................................................................................................................... 38
Bernd Zwingmann1, Yue Liu 2, Mike Schlaich 2, Steffen Janetzko 3
EFFECT OF INTERNAL MOISTURE CONTENT ON THE TG VALUES OF CFRP RODS .......................... 39
Eleni Toumpanaki1, Janet M. Lees2, Michel Barbezat3 and Giovanni P. Terrasi4
EVOLUTION OF THE TENSILE RESPONSE OF UNIDIRECTIONAL HYBRID FRP LAMINATES
FABRICATED BY HAND LAY-UP METHOD: EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTIC ASSESSMENT ....... 40
Filipe Ribeiro1, José Sena-Cruz 2, Eduardo Júlio 1, Fernando Branco 3, Fernando Castro 4
NOVEL CAPACITIVE CFRP SENSOR FOR STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING .............................. 42
J. Yan 1, S. Hassan 1, A. Chen 1 and S. Laflamme 1
EMBEDDED PIEZO MICRO-PATCHES FOR CURE MONITORING OF FIBER-REINFORCED EPOXY IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING REPAIRS ....................................................................................................................... 43
Olivier Bareille1, Michelle Salvia 1, Fernanda Benezra-Maia 2
DYNAMIC TENSILE PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE FIBER BUNDLE WITH
LARGE DEFORMABILITY ................................................................................................................................ 44
Y.L. Bai 1, Z.W Yan 1, J. G. Dai 2, D. J. Zhu 3, Q Han 1, X.L. Du 1
INTERFACIAL ADHESION STUDY ON EPOXY PREPREG MODIFIED WITH HIGH POLY(CARBONATE)
LOADING ............................................................................................................................................................ 45
Utai Meekum* and Waree Wangkheeree
TWO-DIMENSIONAL DELAMINATION IN GFRP LAMINATES: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION . 46
Aida Cameselle-Molares1, Anastasios Vassilopoulos1, Thomas Keller 1
RELAXATION OF FRP MATERIALS – ISSUE OVERVIEW IN THE AVAILABLE LITERATURE, CODES
AND GUIDELINES ............................................................................................................................................. 48
Marta Przygocka1, Renata Kotynia 1
BEHAVIOR OF GFRP BARS IN SEAWATER-CONTAMINATED CONCRETE SUBJECTED TO
SUSTAINED LOADING ..................................................................................................................................... 49
Hilal El-Hassan1, Tamer El-Maaddawy1, Abdelrahman Al-Sallamin1
ENVIRONMENTAL DURABILITY OF HAND-LAYUP CARBON/EPOXY COMPOSITES INTENDED FOR
STRENGTHENING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES ....................................................................................... 50
Wendlamita Zombré1, Robert Chlela2, Marie Michel1, Julien Mercier3, Karim Benzarti2, Laurence Curtil1
ASTM SPECIFICATION FOR GLASS-FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER BARS FOR CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT ............................................................................................................................................. 51
R. Gentry 1 and C. E. Bakis 2
PREDICTION OF TENSILE STRENGTH OF FRP CABLE CONSIDERING RANDOM STRENGTH
DISTRIBUTION ................................................................................................................................................... 52
Z. Q. Peng1, L. N. Ding2, X. Wang1 and Z. S. Wu1
Eco composite or bio sourced composites materials ......................................... 53

FATIGUE PERFORMANCE OF BIORESIN GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMERS ............................ 54
A. Watfa 1, M. F. Green 2 and A. Fam 2
ILLUMINATED BIOBASED SANDWICH FACADE WITH NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER
AND CARDBOARD CORE ................................................................................................................................ 55
Carolin Petzoldt1, Ralf Gliniorz1, Andreas Ehrlich1, Sandra Gelbrich1, Lothar Kroll1
EFFECTS OF CNF CONTENT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLAX FIBER REINFORCED
NANOCOMPOSITES .......................................................................................................................................... 56
Yanlei Wang1, Baolin Wan2, Xiushui Yin3
BIOBASED EPOXY NETWORKS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS ........................................ 57
J. Galy, A. Viretto
PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NATURAL FIBERS AND FABRICS AS
REINFORCEMENT FOR COMPOSITE SYSTEMS .......................................................................................... 58
Giuseppe Ferrara1, Bartolomeo Coppola 2, Luciano Di Maio 2, Enzo Martinelli1
EMPIRICAL DESIGN EQUATION TO PREDICT THE AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY OF SANDWICH PANELS
WITH FLAX FRP SKINS .................................................................................................................................... 59
M. Noël 1 and A. Fam 2
HYGROTHERMAL AGEING OF FLAX FIBRE REINFORCED COMPOSITES INTENDED FOR THE
STRENGTHENING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES ....................................................................................... 60
R. Chlela 1, W. Zombré 2, M. Quiertant 3, L. Curtil 2, and K. Benzarti 1
BASALT FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER (BFRP): AN INNOVATIVE COMPOSITE TO REPAIR
CONCRETE STRUCTURES? ............................................................................................................................. 61
Clément Lacoste1, Anne Bergeret 1
FRC and cement based composite materials ......................................................................................................... 62
STRAIN AND CRACK DETECTION IN EXPERIMENTAL TESTS ON TEXTILE REINFORCED MORTAR
COMPOSITES ...................................................................................................................................................... 63
Marcin Tekieli1*, Stefano De Santis2, Gianmarco de Felice2, Łukasz Hojdys1, Piotr Krajewski1, Arkadiusz
Kwiecień1, Francesca Roscini2
MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTI-PLY STEEL REINFORCED GROUT COMPOSITES
FOR THE STRENGTHENING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES ...................................................................... 64
Georgia E. Thermou1,2, Gianmarco de Felice3, Stefano De Santis3, Sultan Alotaibi1, Francesca Roscini3, Iman
Hajirasouliha1, Maurizio Guadagnini1
DURABILITY OF TEXTILE REINFORCED MORTAR (TRM) SYSTEMS .................................................... 65
Francesca Giulia Carozzi1, Pierluigi Colombi1, Tommaso D’Antino1, Carlo Poggi1
STUDY OF THE MATRIX-FIBER BOND BEHAVIOR OF CARBON AND GLASS FRCM COMPOSITES 66
Lesley H. Sneed1, Tommaso D’Antino2, J.H. Gonzalez-Libreros3, Christian Carloni4, Carlo Pellegrino3
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF PBO FRCM-CONCRETE JOINTS ................................................................... 67
Tommaso D’Antino1, Lesley H. Sneed2, Christian Carloni3, Carlo Pellegrino4
BOND BEHAVIOR OF BASALT TEXTILE GRID IN UHDCC ....................................................................... 68
Jiafei Jiang 1,2, Xiangxiang Dou 1, Jiangtao Yu 1, Haibei Xiong 1
A MULTISCALE APPROACH FOR TEXTILE REINFORCED CONCRETE: ILLUSTRATION ON TRC
SANDWICH PANELS ......................................................................................................................................... 69
Zakaria.Ilyes .Djamai1, Ferdinando .Salvatore1, Amir.Si Larbi1, Mohamed.El Mankibi2
INFLUENCE OF PRE-IMPREGNATION PROCESS ON MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF
GLASS/ETTRINGITIC MATRIX COMPOSITE ................................................................................................ 70
Omayma HOMORO, Marie MICHEL, Emma LANOYE, Thouraya N. BARANGER
APPLICATION OF A TRILINEAR BOND-SLIP MODEL TO FRCM-CONCRETE JOINTS ......................... 71
Xingxing Zou1, Lesley Sneed 1, Tommaso D’Antino 2, Christian Carloni 3
SINGLE FIBRE-TO-MORTAR BOND CHARACTERIZATION IN TRM COMPOSITES ............................. 72
Bahman Ghiassi1, Ali Dalalbashi2, Daniel V. Oliveira2
Bond ................................................................................................................................................................ 73
MODE II INTERFACE CONSTITUTIVE LAW FOR CONCRETE SUBSTRATES STRENGTHENED WITH
STEEL REINFORCE POLYMERS ..................................................................................................................... 74
Francesco Ascione1, Marco Lamberti 1, Annalisa Napoli 1, Ghani Razaqpur 2 , Roberto Realfonzo1
FRP-TO-CONCRETE DEBONDING - GLOBAL AND LOCAL BOND BEHAVIOUR .................................. 75
M. Breveglieri 1*, A. Hosseini 1,2 and C. Czaderski 1
BOND BEHAVIOR OF PRE-CURED CFRP STRIPS TO CONCRETE USING EXTERNALLY BONDED
REINFORCEMENT ON GROOVE (EBROG) METHOD .................................................................................. 76
Niloufar Moshiri 1,2, Davood Mostofinejad 1, Amir Tajmir-Riahi 1
BOND RESISTANCE OF A SINGLE GROOVE IN EBROG METHOD TO ATTACH CFRP SHEETS ON
CONCRETE ......................................................................................................................................................... 77
Amir Tajmir-Riahi 1, Davood Mostofinejad 1, Niloufar Moshiri 1,2
WIDTH EFFECT OF INTERFACIAL BOND ..................................................................................................... 78
Yu-Fei Wu 1, Jian-Ping Lin 2, Liang He 3
THE BOND BEHAVIOR OF SRP-TO-CONCRETE SYSTEM IN FIELD ENVIRONMENT .......................... 79
Wei Wang 1, and John J. Myers 2
FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF RC BEAMS USING SIDE NSM CFRP BARS: AN EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION ................................................................................................................................................ 81
Thanongsak Imjai 1, Udomvit Chaisakulkiet 2 and Reyes Garcia 3
ANALYSES ON THE BOND TRANSFER BETWEEN FRP COMPOSITES AND OTHER STRUCTURAL
MATERIALS ........................................................................................................................................................ 82
Hugo Biscaia1, Carlos Chastre2, João Cardoso3, Noel Franco4
COHESIVE ZONE MODELLING OF A PRESTRESSED NON-MECHANICAL CFRP ANCHORAGE
SUBJECTED TO FREEZE-THAW CYCLES ..................................................................................................... 83
Yunus Emre Harmanci1,2, Edmunds Zile3, Julien Michels 4, Eleni Chatzi 1
ATOMISTIC INVESTIGATION ON INTERFACIAL DETERIORATION OF EPOXY-BONDED INTERFACE
UNDER HYGROTHERMAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................ 84
Chao Wu, Ruidong Wu, Lik-ho Tam *
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CFRP-TO-CONCRETE BONDED JOINTS UNDER FATIGUE LOADING . 85
Hao Zhou, Van Thuan Nguyen, Dilum Fernando
INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF
CFRP/CONCRETE ADHESIVE BOND .............................................................................................................. 86
Karim Benzarti1, Nicolas Roche2, Corentin Le Roy3, Jeremy Roth3, André Flety3, Christophe Aubagnac3
Composites structures ..................................................................................................................... 87

LONG-TIME BEHAVIOUR OF GFRP/CONCRETE HYBRID STRUCTURES .............................................. 88
Ibrahim Alachek1, Nadège Reboul1, Bruno Jurkiewiez 1
THE BEHAVIOUR OF DUCTILE LINK SLAB DESIGNED WITH FRP REINFORCED ECC ...................... 89
Yu Zheng1, Lipeng Xia1, Lifei Zhang1 and Jianbin Yang1
AXIAL COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE TUBES WITH DIFFERENT GROUT INFILLS .. 90
Ali A. Mohammed1,2, Allan C. Manalo1, Ginghis B. Maranan1, Yan Zhuge 1
AXIAL COMPRESSION – BENDING INTERACTION OF HYBRID FRP STRENGTHENED RC COLUMN
ELEMENTS .......................................................................................................................................................... 92
Chellapandian M1, Suriya Prakash S2, Akanshu Sharma3
EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF GFRP AND UFC COMPOSITE BEAMS .................... 93
Isuru Sanjaya Kumara Wijayawardane1, Hiroshi Mutsuyoshi2
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF AN INNOVATIVE CONNECTION FOR STRUCTURAL SANDWICH
PANELS ............................................................................................................................................................... 94
R. Lameiras 1, J. Barros2, I.B. Valente2 and M. Azenha2
BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE SANDWICH WALL PANELS IN FLEXURE USING A NOVEL GFRP SHEAR
CONNECTOR ...................................................................................................................................................... 95
Debrup Dutta1, Amir Fam2
HOW MUCH DAMAGE CAN FRP TUBE TOLERATE IN CFFT? .................................................................. 96
Chenxi Lu 1, James St. Onge 2 and Amir Fam 3
DOUBLY-CURVED SANDWICH PANELS WITH UHPC-FACINGS ............................................................. 97
Alexander Stark1, Christian Knorrek1, Sophia Perse1
LARGE-SCALE SLENDER HYBRID FRP-CONCRETE-STEEL DOUBLE SKIN TUBULAR COLUMNS
SUBJECTED TO ECCENTRIC COMPRESSION .............................................................................................. 98
P. Xie1,2, T. Jiang3 and J.G. Teng2,*
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A NEW PRECAST BEAM-COLUMN CONNECTION FOR
CONCRETE-FILLED FRP TUBES (CFFTS)...................................................................................................... 99
Ahmed M. Ali 1, Radhouane Masmoudi 2
MOMENT-CURVATURE CHARACTERISTIC OF STEEL AND CFRP REINFORCED CFFT COLUMNS:
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY .......................................................................................... 100
Maha Hussein Abdallah1, Hamdy M. Mohamed2, Radhouane Masmoudi3, Ahmed Moussa4
BEHAVIOR OF GFRP WALL PANEL WITH INTERNAL TUNED LIQUID COLUMN DAMPER ............ 101
H. Wu 1, A. Chen 2 and S. Laflamme 3
Timber and FRP ................................................................................................................................ 102

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF HYBRIDAL FLOOR PANELS TO TIMBER COLUMNS JOINTS .......... 103
Magdalini Titirla 1, Laurent Michel 1, Emmanuel Ferrier 1
BOND ANALYSIS OF BASALT FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER (BFRP) BARS AND TIMBER BEAMS
UNDER AXIAL LOADING .............................................................................................................................. 104
D. Walline 1 and A. Rteil 2
COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF MEDIUM STRENGTH CIRCULAR GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
COLUMNS JACKETED WITH FRP SHEETS ................................................................................................. 105
Omer Asim SISMAN1, Ali ISIKARA2, Ergun BINBIR3 and Alper ILKI4
WIDTH EFFECT OF FRP EXTERNALLY BONDED TO TIMBER ............................................................... 106
Abbas Vahedian1, Dr Rijun Shrestha1, Prof Keith Crews1
All FRP Structures .......................................................................................................................... 107

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON FLANGE LOCAL BUCKLING OF PULTRUDED GFRP BOX-
SECTION UNDER FLEXURE .......................................................................................................................... 108
Tianqiao Liu1 and Kent A. Harries1,2
LONG-TERM DESIGN OF GFRP-PUR WEB-CORE SANDWICH STRUCTURES ..................................... 109
Sonia Yanes-Armas1, Julia de Castro1, Thomas Keller1
MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF A COMPOSITE SANDWICH PANEL FLOOR SYSTEM FOR
BUILDING REHABILITATION ....................................................................................................................... 111
Mário Garrido1, José F.A. Madeira2,3, Miguel Proença1, João R. Correia1
DEVELOPMENT OF A SNAP-FIT CONNECTION SYSTEM BETWEEN PULTRUDED GFRP SANDWICH
PANELS FOR BUILDING FLOORS ................................................................................................................ 112
Miguel Proença1, Mário Garrido1, João R. Correia1
FORM-FINDING AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF AN ARCHITECTURAL SCENERY WITH ALL GFRP
FREE-FORM FACADE ..................................................................................................................................... 113
Yuchao ZHAO1, Xu JIANG 1, Qilin ZHANG 1, Qi WANG 1
MONOTONIC AND CYCLIC BEHAVIOUR OF BEAM-TO-COLUMN BOLTED METALLIC-CUFF JOINTS
BETWEEN PULTRUDED GFRP PROFILES ................................................................................................... 114
David Martins1, João Azevedo1, José A. Gonilha1, João R. Correia1, Mário Arruda1, Nuno Silvestre2
INDENTATION AND IMPACT BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE SANDWICH PANELS FOR CIVIL
ENGINEERING STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS ......................................................................................... 115
Rui Teixeira1, Mário Garrido1, Miguel Proença1, João R. Correia1, Leigh Sutherland2
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SHEAR PROPERTIES OF GFRP CHANNEL MEMBER ............................ 116
Yuanbin Wang 1, Hitoshi Nakamura 1, Yuya Ishii 2, Yutaro Inari 3, Hiroshi Nakai 4, Masayuki Nishida 5
DIC STRAIN FIELD MEASUREMENT OF FRP PLATES WITH AND WITHOUT HOLES ....................... 117
Brad C. McCoy, P.E.1, Rudolf Seracino, Ph.D. 1, Gregory W. Lucier, Ph.D. 1, Timothy W. Langerhans2
LOCAL BUCKLING OF PULTRUDED GFRP I-SECTION UNDER FLEXURE .......................................... 118
Everton Souza1, Janine Vieira 2, Daniel Cardoso1
ADAPTIVE REUSE OF FRP COMPOSITE WIND TURBINE BLADES FOR CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE
CONSTRUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 119
R. Gentry 1, L. Bank 2, J. F. Chen 3, F. Arias 2, and T. Al-Haddad 1
DESCRIPTION & MATERIAL FACTOR OF FRP IN THE STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR HYBRID
STRUCTURES 2014 BY JSCE .......................................................................................................................... 120
Itaru Nishizaki1, Hitoshi Nakamura2, Yasuo Kitane3, Takashi Matsumoto4, Kunitaro Hashimoto5, Akira
Kobayashi6
FIBER MODEL ANALYSIS ON THE FLEXURAL BEHAVIORS OF CFRP BOX BEAMS ....................... 121
Takashi Matsumoto1, Momoka Nasu2
PREDICTION OF THE WEB CRUSHING CAPACITY OF PULTRUDED GFRP I SECTIONS UNDER
TRANSVERSE LOADING ................................................................................................................................ 122
Xidong Wu 1,Chao Wu 1, *
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE WEB CRIPPLING BEHAVIOR OF PULTRUDED GFRP CHANNEL
SECTIONS ......................................................................................................................................................... 123
Li-Teng Zhang 1, Xi-Dong Wu 1 and Chao Wu 1, *
SHAKING TABLE TEST ON CFRP CABLE DOME STRUCTURE .............................................................. 124
W. H. Qin1,2, Z. Xi1,2, Y.J. Li1, Z. C. Zhang1 and X. Zhang1
BEHAVIOR OF GFRP WALL PANEL WITH INTERNAL TUNED LIQUID COLUMN DAMPER ............ 125
SPLICE CONNECTION FOR TUBULAR FRP COLUMN MEMBERS ......................................................... 126
C. Qiu 1, Y. Bai 2
BRIDGE PARADIS NORWAY: DESIGN AND ENGINEERING OF A 42M SPAN FULL FRP FOOTBRIDGE
............................................................................................................................................................................ 127
Liesbeth Tromp1, Kees van IJselmuijden 2, Stian Persson 3
EFFECTS OF HOLE GEOMETRY AND BOLT TIGHTENING ON CREEP BEHAVIOR OF PIN-BEARING
PULTRUDED FRP CONNECTIONS ................................................................................................................ 128
Dr. David W. Scott1 and Javaid Anwar2
ELASTIC GRIDSHELL IN COMPOSITE MATERIALS: SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ................... 129
Jean-François Caron1, Olivier Baverel1, Lionel du Peloux1, Cyril Douthe1
FALCON – A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY EFFORT TO PROMOTE FRP BRIDGES IN SWEDEN................. 130
Reza Haghani 1, Erik Olsson1,2
TOWARDS A STRUCTURAL EUROCODE FOR FRP STRUCTURES: THE ROLE OF CEN/TC 250 ....... 131
L. Ascione 1
RC structures internally reinforced by FRP bars .............................................. 132

IMPROVEMENT OF MECHANICAL SHEAR RESISTANCE OF HIGH MODULUS CFRP ROD WITH GFRP
RIBS.................................................................................................................................................................... 132
Hiroaki Hasegawa 1, Nobuhiro Hisabe 1, Yoshiki Onari 2 and Isamu Yoshitake 2
SERVICEABILITY AND MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION OF CONTINUOUS CONCRETE ELEMENTS
REINFORCED WITH STEEL-BASALT BARS ............................................................................................... 135
Mohammad Akiel1, Tamer El-Maaddawy2, Ahmed El Refai3
NUMERICAL MODELING OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GFRP REIN-FORCEMENT AND HIGH
STRENGTH CONCRETE DURING HYDRATION PROCESS....................................................................... 136
Slim Kammoun1,2, Ahlem Sdiri1 and Atef Daoud1,3
PARAMETRIC STUDY ON BOND OF GFRP BARS IN ALKALI ACTIVATED CEMENT CONCRETE . 137
Biruk H. Tekle1, Amar Khennane 2, Obada Kayali 3
BOND STRENGTH OF POST-INSTALLED GFRP IN BEAM-COLUMN CONNECTIONS........................ 139
Muhammad S. Bajwa1, 3, Benjamin Z. Dymond1, Rania Al-Hammoud2

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE BEAMS WITH RECTANGULAR
GFRP SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT.................................................................................................................. 140
Ginghis B. Maranan 1, Allan C. Manalo 2, Tanniru Wamshi Krishna 2, Brahim Benmokrane 3
BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS REINFORCED WITH GFRP HEADED END BARS ............ 141
Ahmed Mohamed1, Ehab El-Salakawy2
INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT APPROACHES ON DESIGN, DESIGN VALUES AND GENERAL SAFETY
FOR INTERNAL FRP REINFORCEMENT...................................................................................................... 142
André Weber1, Faustin Gaufillet,2
CONTRIBUTION OF SHEAR TRANSFER MECHANISMS AND STRENGTH OF GFRP REINFORCED
CONCRETE ....................................................................................................................................................... 144
Danielle Pacheco 1, Daniel Cardoso 1, Martin Noël 2
A REVIEW ON EXPERIMENTAL DEFLECTIONS IN FRP RC FLEXURAL MEMBERS .......................... 145
Cristina Barris1, Arnau Bover1, Javier Gómez1, Lluís Torres1
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SHEAR FAILURE IN SCALED GFRP REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
WITHOUT STIRRUPS ...................................................................................................................................... 146
S. Khodaie 1 and F. Matta 2
EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURES ON THE BOND PERFORMANCE OF GFRP BARS TO CONCRETE
............................................................................................................................................................................ 147
Inês C. Rosa1, João P. Firmo1,2, Luís Granadeiro1, João R. Correia 1
SHEAR TESTS ON GFRP REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS USING DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION
SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................................................. 148
M. Kaszubska 1, R. Kotynia 1, D. Szczech1, M. Urbaniak2
TESTS ON GFRP REINFORCED CONCRETE CLOSING JOINTS ............................................................... 149
Nader Sleiman1, Maria Anna Polak2
EFFECT OF SURFACE TREATMENT AND TEST CONFIGURATION ON BOND BEHAVIOUR OF GFRP
REBARS ............................................................................................................................................................. 150
Ondrej Janus1, Frantisek Girgle2, Vojtech Kostiha2, Petr Stepánek2
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE SLAB STRENGTHENED WITH CFRP
USING 24 HR AND CYCLIC LOAD TESTING .............................................................................................. 151
Thanongsak Imjai 1, Surin Sutthiprapa 1 Burachat Chatveera 2 and Udomvit Chaisakulkiet 3
SHRINKAGE BEHAVIOUR OF FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER GRID REINFORCED INFRA-
LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE ........................................................................................................................... 152
Yue Liu 1, Arndt Goldack 1, Mike Schlaich 1, Alex Hückler 1
BOND EVALUATION OF GFRP REINFORCING BARS EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE UNDER
AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENTS ................................................................................................................... 153
Alvaro Ruiz Emparanza1, Francisco De Caso Y Basalo 2, Raphael Kampmann 3 and Antonio Nanni4
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CONCRETE BEAMS REINFORCED WITH HYBRID (SFCB AND BFRP)
BARS .................................................................................................................................................................. 154
Yang Yang 1, and Gang Wu 2
BEHAVIOUR OF PRECAST SEGMENTAL CONCRETE BEAMS (PSBS) PRESTRESSED WITH CFRP
TENDONS .......................................................................................................................................................... 155
Thong M Pham*, Tan D Le, and Hong Hao
STUDIES ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION MONITORING OF PRECAST CONCRERE MUNICIPAL
TUNNEL REINFORCED WITH GFRP BARS ................................................................................................. 156
X. Hu1, W. C. Xue1, Fei Peng1, and T. Liu1
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE BOND BEHAVIOR BETWEEN FRP REBARS AND CONCRETE ... 157
Arnaud Rolland1, Karim Benzarti2, Marc Quiertant3, Pierre Argoul3, Sylvain Chataigner4, Aghiad Khadour5
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF BFRP REINFORCED BEAMS WITH PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT
............................................................................................................................................................................ 158
Mohammad Mirshekari1, Ted Donchev1,Diana Petkova1
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF UHPC PANELS REINFORCED
WITH FRP BARS ............................................................................................................................................... 159
Jiaxing Chen1, Zhi Fang 1,2
AXIAL PERFORMANCE CAPACITY OF HOLLOW CONCRETE COLUMNS REINFORCED WITH GFRP
BARS .................................................................................................................................................................. 160
Omar S. AlAjarmeh1, Allan Manalo 1, Warna Karunasena1, Brahim Benmokrane2
PERFORMANCE OF GFRP IN BALCONY SLAB THERMAL BREAKS ..................................................... 161
Sarah Boila1, David Kuhn 2, Kevin Knight 3, John Wells 4, Dagmar Svecova 1
TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR DEBONDING IN FRP-CONCRETE SYSTEMS: AN EXPERIMENTAL
CONTRIBUTION FOR BASALT-FRP ............................................................................................................. 162
Elisabetta Monaldo1, Francesca Nerilli1, Giuseppe Vairo2
GFRP STRAND PROTOTYPE: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND TECHNOLOGY READINESS
............................................................................................................................................................................ 163
Marco Rossini1, Pedro Jalles1, Gabriele Balconi2, Antonio Nanni1
BEHAVIOR OF GFRP REINFORCED CONCRETE UNDER FLEXION: EXPERIMENTAL TESTS ON REAL
SCALE SLABS................................................................................................................................................... 164
M. Arduini 1 and G. Balconi 2
LOAD DEFLECTION BEHAVIOUR OF SELF-CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE BEAMS PRESTRESSED
WITH CFRP BARS ........................................................................................................................................ - 165 -
S. Krem 1, K. Soudki 2
BOND BEHAVIOUR BETWEEN GFRP RODS AND CONCRETE PRODUCED WITH SEAWATER: AN
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ........................................................................................................................ 166
José Sena-Cruz 2, Eduardo Pereira 1, Emanuel Pereira 1, Nelson Freitas 1, Sérgio Soares 1
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF PULTRUDED GLASS FIBER-REINFORCED POLYMER DISTRIBUTION
POLES ................................................................................................................................................................ 168
Omar I. Abdelkarim1, Jose Manuel Guerrero2, Hamdy M. Mohamed3, Brahim Benmokrane4
Masonry strengthening ............................................................................................................... 169

NON-DIMENSIONAL AXIAL LOAD-MOMENT INTERACTION DIAGRAMS FOR FRP STRENGTHENED
MASONRY WALLS .......................................................................................................................................... 170
Sonia Martínez 1, M. Dolores García2, J. Pedro Gutiérrez1
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH INTO DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF NON-REINFORCED AND FRP
REINFORCED MASONRY BARREL VAULTS ............................................................................................. 171
Jiří Witzany 1, Miroš Pirner 2, Radek Zigler 1, Shota Urushadze 2, Jan Kubát 1, Klára Kroftová 3
ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF DIFFERENT BASALT-TEXTILE REINFORCED
MORTAR STRENGTHENING SYSTEMS....................................................................................................... 172
Carmelo Caggegi 1, Emma Lanoye1, Denise Sciuto2
AN ANALYTICAL METHOD TO ESTIMATE THE RESISTING BENDING MOMENT OF FRCM
STRENGTHENED MASONRY WALLS SUBJECTED TO OUT-OF-PLANE LOAD ................................... 173
Tommaso D’Antino1, Francesca Giulia Carozzi1, Pierluigi Colombi1, Carlo Poggi1
DESIGN OF THE OUT-OF-PLANE STRENGTHENING OF MASONRY WALLS WITH TEXTILE
REINFORCED MORTAR (TRM) COMPOSITES ............................................................................................ 174
Stefano De Santis1*, Alessandro Bellini2, Gianmarco de Felice1, Claudio Mazzotti3, Pietro Meriggi1
CONFINEMENT OF EXISTING RC AND MASONRY COLUMNS WITH FRCM COMPOSITES: ACI-
RILEM PROVISIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 175
Maria Antonietta Aiello1 and Lesley H. Sneed2
DESIGN RULES FOR IN-PLANE SHEAR STRENGTHENING OF MASONRY WITH FRCM ....................... 176
G.P. Lignola1, M. Di Ludovico1, A. Prota1, M.A. Aiello2, A. Cascardi2, G. Castori3, M. Corradi3
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF FRP REINFORCED RING BEAMS............................................................ 177
Antonio Borri1, Marco Corradi1*, Giulio Castori1, Vikki Edmondson2
FRP CONFINEMENT OF CLAY BRICK MASONRY COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL LOAD: EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................................... 178
Jennifer D’Anna1, Giuseppina Amato2, Jian Fei Chen2, Lidia La Mendola1, Giovanni Minafò1
REPAIR OF A MASONRY WALL WITH AN INNOVATIVE CIMENT BASED COMPOSITE .................. 179
Jean-Patrick Plassiard1, Olivier Plé 1, Pascal Perrotin 1
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR STRENGTHENING OF MASONRY VAULTS WITH TEXTILE REINFORCED
MORTAR ........................................................................................................................................................... 180
G. de Felice1, F. Focacci2, M. Malena1, G. Tomaselli1, M.R. Valluzzi3*
AXIAL COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF RECYCLED BRICK BLOCK CONCRETE-FILLED FRP TUBES
............................................................................................................................................................................ 181
T. Jiang 1, X.M. Wang 2, G.M. Chen 3, F.M. Ren 4, W.P. Zhang 5
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR OF CALCARENITE MASONRY
COLUMNS WRAPPED BY FIBER REINFORCED MORTAR WRAPS ........................................................ 183
Giovanni Minafò*, Lidia La Mendola, Dionisio Badagliacco, Alessia Monaco, Calogero Cucchiara
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE OF MORTAR JOINTS IN TRM-MASONRY BOND
............................................................................................................................................................................ 184
Paraskevi Askouni1, Catherine Papanicolaou 1
OUT-OF-PLANE BEHAVIOR OF RM WALLS STRENGTHED WITH FRCM COMPOSITE OR NSM WITH
CEMENTITIOUS ADHESIVE .......................................................................................................................... 185
Zuhair Al-Jaberi 1, John J. Myers 2, and Mohamed ElGawady 3
REVERSIBLE FRP-CONFINEMENT OF HERITAGE MASONRY COLUMNS .......................................... 187
Alessio Cascardi 1, Riccardo Dell’Anna 1, Francesco Micelli 1*,
Francesca Lionetto 1, Maria Antonietta Aiello 1, Alfonso Maffezzoli 1
INVESTIGATION ON THE FRCM-MASONRY BOND BEHAVIOUR ......................................................... 188
F. Nerilli 1 and B. Ferracuti 2
Seismic retrofitting .......................................................................................................................... 189

EFFECTIVENESS OF A NOVEL ANCHORAGE SYSTEM FOR FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF RC
BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS USING CFRP sheets .............................................................................................. 190
Alireza Akhlaghi1, Davood Mostofinejad 1
GFRP-RC EDGE SLAB-COLUMN CONNECTIONS SUBJECTED TO SEISMIC LOADING ..................... 191
Mohammed El-Gendy1, Ehab El-Salakawy 1
MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A RC WALL-SLAB JOIST REINFORCED BY FRP UNDER
ALTERNATING CYCLIC LOADING .............................................................................................................. 193
A.Chalot, L.Michel, E.Ferrier, C.Caggegi, N.Reboul, C.Grazide
CIRCULAR AND SQUARE GFRP-REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO SIMULATED
SEISMIC LOADS............................................................................................................................................... 194
Zahra Kharal1, Shamim Sheikh1
MODELING PARAMETERS AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR FRP-RETROFITTED CONCRETE
COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO SEISMIC LOAD ............................................................................................... 195
Benben Li1,2 and Kent A. Harries2,3
SEISMIC RESPONSES OF THE POST-YIELD HARDENING SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM (SDOF)
SYSTEMS INCORPORATING FRP MATERIALS ......................................................................................... 196
H.L. Qiang 1, P. Feng 1, Z. Qu 2 and L.P. Ye 1
REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS WITH THE USE OF TEXTILE
REINFORCED MORTARS (TRM’S)................................................................................................................ 197
Theofanis Krevaikas
Steel strengthened structures................................................................................................. 198

FATIGUE TESTS ON STEEL PLATES WITH AN INCLINED CENTER CRACK REPAIRED WITH CFRP
STRAND SHEETS ............................................................................................................................................. 199
Tao Chen1, Lingzhen Li 1, Ningxi Zhang 1 , Yuya Hidekuma 2
FACTORS INFLUENCING BOND OF CFRP TO STEEL ............................................................................... 200
Manuel A G Silva1, Pedro Ribeiro 2, Hugo Biscaia 3
EXPERIMENT STUDY ON BOND BEHAVIOR BETWEEN CFRP PLATE AND STEEL .......................... 201
Yuyang PANG1, Gang WU2, Haitao WANG3
STUDY ON REPAIR METHOD FOR CORRODED GUSSET PLATE CONNECTION BY BONDING CFRP
SHEET ................................................................................................................................................................ 202
Ngoc Vinh PHAM1, Takeshi MIYASHITA2, Kazuo OHGAKI3, Yusuke OKUYAMA4, Akira KOBAYASHI5,
Yuya HIDEKUMA6, Takeshi HIROSE7, and Takuya HARADA8
FRACTURE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-EDGE CRACKED TUBULAR STEEL BEAM REHABILITATED BY
CFRP SHEETS ................................................................................................................................................... 203
Mahdi Razavi Setvati1, Zahiraniza Mustaffa2 and Dokyun Kim3
FEASIBILITY OF ACCELERATED CURING FOR STRENGTHENING OF STEEL MEMBERS BY
PRESTRESSED BONDED CFRP PLATES ...................................................................................................... 204
Ardalan Hosseini 1,2, Elyas Ghafoori 1, Abdola Sadeghi Marzaleh 1, Masoud Motavalli 1,3
GLASS TRANSITION EVALUATION OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE EPOXY ADHESIVES FOR
STRENGTHENING OF STEEL STRUCTURES WITH BONDED CFRP PLATES ....................................... 205
1,2
Ardalan Hosseini , Michel Barbezat 3, Julien Michels 1,4, Elyas Ghafoori 1, Masoud Motavalli 1,5, Giovanni
Terrasi 3
FASSTBRIDGE METHODOLOGY AND STRENGTHENING SYSTEM: THE JARAMA BRIDGE
EXPERIENCE .................................................................................................................................................... 207
David García-Sánchez1, Mazen Wabeh2, Frank Lehmann 3 Sylvain Chataigner4, Luis Sopeña5, Veit Birtel6
PROPOSAL OF A METHODOLOGY BASED ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSES FOR THE DESIGN OF
BONDED CFRP REINFORCEMENT OF STEEL CRACKED ELEMENTS .................................................. 208
Emilie Lepretre1, Florent Chemin2, Sylvain Chataigner2, Lamine Dieng2, Laurent Gaillet2
DEFINITION AND ASSESSMENT OF AN ADHESIVELY BONDED COMPOSITE REINFORCEMENT IN
FATIGUE FOR STEEL STRUCTURES DEVELOPPED IN FASSTBRIDGE PROJECT .............................. 209
Sylvain Chataigner1, Karim Benzarti2, Gilles Foret2, Jean-François Caron2, Gianluca Gemignani3, Matteo
Brugiolo3, Veit Birtel4, Frank Lehmann4, Inigo Calderon5, Ignacio Piniero5
MODEL UNCERTAINTY OF EXTERNALLY BONDED CFRP-TO-STEEL JOINTS.................................. 210
Qian-Qian Yu 1, Dongming Zhang 2, Xiang-Lin Gu 3, Hongwei Huang 2
STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR FOR DOUBLE-SIDED CRACKED STEEL BEAM STRENGTHENED WITH
CFRP PLATES ................................................................................................................................................... 211
Hai-Tao Wang1, Gang Wu2, Yu-Yang Pang 2
IMPROVEMENT OF FATIGUE DURABILITY OF WELDED GUSSET JOINTS BY CF SHEETS USING
VARTM TECHNIQUE ...................................................................................................................................... 212
Visal Thay 1, Chang Tan 1, Hitoshi Nakamura 1, Takahiro Matsui 2, Fan Lin 3
DEVELOPMENT OF A SENSOR FOR MONITORING MECHANICALLY STRESSED ADHESIVE JOINTS
............................................................................................................................................................................ 213
F. Lehmann1, V. Birtel1, J. Wang1, S. Chataigner2, O. Konrad1
BEHAVIOR OF CONICAL STEEL TANKS STRENGTHENED BY CFRP ................................................... 214
Mohamed S. A. Saafan1
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF STEEL-CFRP BONDED JOINTS WITH VARIOUS NON-LINEAR
TRACTION-SEPARATION LAWS .................................................................................................................. 215
Vladimir Berka 1, Mina Dawood1
SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY (SMA) STRIPS FOR FATIGUE STRENGTHENING OF CRACKED STEEL
PLATES .............................................................................................................................................................. 216
M.R. Izadi 1, 2, E. Ghafoori 1,3, M. Motavalli 1, 2, S. Maalek 2, A. Hosseini 1, 4
APPLICATION OF PRE-STRESSED UN-BONDED CFRP FOR STRENGTHENING OF METALLIC
STRUCTURES ................................................................................................................................................... 218
E. Ghafoori 1,2, A. Hosseini 1, 3, E. Pellissier 4, M. Hueppi 4, M. Motavalli 1, 5
INCREASING THE REMAINING FATIGUE SERVICE LIFE OF STEEL STRUCTURES USING
ADHESIVELY BONDED COMPOSITES - DESIGN APPROACH DEVELOPED IN FASSTBRIDGE ....... 219
Mazen Wahbeh1, Rami Boundouki1, Mark Weidemueller2, Sylvain Chataigner3, Elena Martín4, Luis Sopeña4
SMALL-DIAMETER CFRP SHEAR STRENGTHENING SYSTEM FOR STEEL BRIDGE GIRDERS ...... 220
Hamid Kazem1, Ye Zhang 1, Sami Rizkalla 1, Rudolf Seracino 1, Akira Kobayashi2
BUCKLING BEHAVIOR OF STEEL COLUMNS STRENGTHENED BY PRE-STRESSED (PS) CFRP
LAMINATES...................................................................................................................................................... 221
L.L. Hu, P. Feng, H.L. Qiang and Y.C. Zou
LARGE-SCALE SPACE FRAMES ASSEMBLED USING GFRP COMPOSITES AND ALUMINUM NODAL
JOINTS ............................................................................................................................................................... 222
Lei Zhang 1, Yu Bai 2, Run Guo 1, and Jiawen Mao 1
A LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS APPROACH APPLIED TO THE STRENGTHENING OF STEEL BRIDGES 223
A. Orcesi 1, A. Feraille 2 and S. Chataigner 3
Strengthening of concrete structures ............................................................................. 224

CFRP STRENGTHENING OF BUBBLEDECKS WITH OPENINGS ............................................................. 225
Nazar Oukaili1 and Hammad Merie 2
FLEXURAL DEFORMATION CAPACITY OF FRP-CONFINED CONCRETE COLUMNS ....................... 226
N. Hany 1 and M. Harajli 2
STOCHASTIC INVERSE APPROACH FOR DURABILITY OF CFRP-CONFINED CONCRETE .............. 227
Yongcheng Ji 1, Troy Butler 2 and Yail J. Kim 3
AXIAL COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR OF CFFT COLUMNS WITHOUT AND WITH STEEL FIBRES ... 228
Qasim S. Khan 1, Joshua C. Tinker 2, M. Neaz Sheikh 3 and Muhammad N. S. Hadi 3
CONFINING CONCRETE COLUMNS WITH BASALT FIBRE TEXTILE REINFORCED ECC ................ 229
Y. Zhuge1; A.N. AL-Gemeel1
ASSESSMENT OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF STEEL-REINFORCED GROUT JACKETED
CONCRETE COLUMNS ................................................................................................................................... 231
Georgia E. Thermou1,2, Iman Hajirasouliha1
STUDY OF RECTANGULAR CONCRETE COLUMNS REINFORCED WITH EXTERNAL FRP ............. 232
Ana De Diego1, Sonia Martínez 1, Luis Echevarría 1, José Pedro Gutiérrez1
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FRP-CONFINED CONCRETE SUBJECTED TO PARTIAL UNLOADING
AND PARTIAL RELOADING .......................................................................................................................... 233
Pengda Li1, Yufei Wu 1,2, Yingwu Zhou 1, Feng Xing 1
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CFRP REPAIRING PLAIN CONCRETE ...................................................... 234
Mariem LIMAIEM1, 2, Elhem GHORBEL 1, Oualid LIMAM 2, Julien MERCIER 3
MULTI-LAYER TRC-TSR INTERNAL CONFINEMENT FOR HIGH-STRENGTH CIRCULAR
REINFORCED-CONCRETE COLUMNS ......................................................................................................... 235
Rami Eid, Avraham Cohen, Reuven Guma, Eliav Ifrah, Netanel Levi, Avidor Zvi
BEHAVIOUR OF CFRP WRAPPED REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS UNDER UNIAXIAL
COMPRESSION ................................................................................................................................................. 236
Asad-ur-Rehman Khan1, Shamsoon Fareed1
AXIAL COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR OF HYBRID FRP CONFINED CONCRETE .................................. 237
Filipe Ribeiro1, José Sena-Cruz 2, Eduardo Júlio 1, Fernando Branco 3
A STUDY ON FRP-CONFINED CONCRETE IN PRESENCE OF DIFFERENT PRE-LOAD LEVELS ...... 239
Francesco Micelli 1, Alessio Cascardi 1, Maria Antonietta Aiello 1
MINERAL COMPOSITE AS A SUSTAINABLE BONDING ALTERNATE TO BENEFIT CFRP RETROFIT
............................................................................................................................................................................ 240
Raghavendra Vasudeva Upadhyaya1, T.G. Suntharavadivel2, Kai Duan3
BEHAVIOUR OF CFRP CONFINED RC SQUARE COLUMNS UNDER ECCENTRIC COMPRESSIVE
LOADING .......................................................................................................................................................... 241
Faiz U.A. Shaikh*, Reza Alishahi and Prabir K. Sarker
COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE COLUMNS AXIALLY-LOADED BEFORE CFRP-
WRAPPING. REMARKS BY EXPERIMENTAL-NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION. ................................... 242
Marco Filippo Ferrotto1, Oliver Fischer2, Roland Niedermeier2, Liborio Cavaleri1
STUB COLUMN TESTS OF FRP-CONFINED RUBBER CONCRETE WITH VARIOUS REPLACEMENT
RATIOS .............................................................................................................................................................. 243
Chun-Wa Chan1, Shi-Shun Zhang2, Tao Yu3
BEHAVIOUR OF FRP-CONFINED RUBBERISED CONCRETE: AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
............................................................................................................................................................................ 244
Samar Raffoul 1, Reyes Garcia 1, David Escolano-Margarit 1, Maurizio Guadagnini 1, Iman Hajirasouliha 1,
Kypros Pilakoutas 1
RETROFITTING OF BRIDGE GIRDER WITH CFRP .................................................................................... 245
Anees Muhammad1, Samiullah Qazi 2
DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BEAMS PRESTRESSED WITH CFRP SYSTEMS ..... 246
A. Belarbi 1, H. Tahsiri1, P. Poudel1, M. Reda1, M. Dawood1, and B. Gencturk 2
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO ANCHORING SPIKES DESIGN IN FLEXURAL APPLICATIONS .... 247
Marco Rossini1, Antonio Nanni 1, Carlo Poggi 2
FRACTURE MECHANICS BASED CALCULATION MODEL OF FLEXED RC ELEMENTS
STRENGTHENED WITH FRP .......................................................................................................................... 248
Justas Slaitas1, Juozas Valivonis1
EXPERIMENTAL AND FINITE ELEMENT STUDY ON RC BEAMS RETROFITTED WITH FULL-LENGTH
AND SPLICED FRP LAMINATES ................................................................................................................... 249
Akram Jawdhari 1, Issam Harik 1
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF STRENGTHENED SHORT REINFORCED
CONCRETE CORBEL BONDED BY CFRP UNDER CYCLIC LOADS ........................................................ 250
Jules Assih1, Ivelina Ivanova1,2, Veselin Stankov1,2 Dimitar Dontchev2
REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES BY FRP AND WOOD ..................... 251
Cecile GRAZIDE*, Emmanuel FERRIER, Laurent MICHEL
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF SRG STRENGTHENED REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS .................. 252
Luciano Ombres 1; Salvatore Verre2
INTERFACIAL BOND DEGRADATION OF FRP STRENGTHENED RC BEAMS SUBJECTED TO FREEZE-
THAW CYCLES ................................................................................................................................................ 253
Jiawei Shi1, Zhishen Wu 2
INFLUENCE OF BOND DETERIORATION ON THE FLEXURAL RESPONSE OF FRP STRENGTHENED
RC BEAMS ........................................................................................................................................................ 254
Rebecca Gravina1, Hasret Aydin1, Philip Visintin2
TIME-DEPENDENT RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF FRP STRENGTHENED REINFORCED CONCRETE
BEAMS CONSIDERING MATERIAL DETERIORATION AND STOCHASTIC LOADING ...................... 255
Xiaoxu Huang1, Yingwu Zhou1
USE OF CFRP AS AN IMPRESSED CURRENT ANODE FOR THE CATHODIC PROTECTION OF STEEL
REINFORCED REBAR ..................................................................................................................................... 256
X. Hallopeau 1, C. Tourneur 1, V. Buchin-Roulié 1 and J. Mercier 1
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON TORSIONAL STRENGTHENING OF BOX RC
STRUCTURES USING NSM FRP .................................................................................................................... 257
Chandan C Gowda1, Joaquim A O Barros 2 & Maurizio Guadagnini3
MODELLING OF CFRP LAMINATES APPLIED ACCORDING TO THE ETS/NSM TECHNIQUE .......... 258
Carlos Nonato da Silva, Jacopo Ciambella, Joaquim Barros, Inês Costa
EFFECT OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF RC SLABS USING
PRESTRESSED NSM CFRP LAMINATES...................................................................................................... 259
Mohammadreza Mostakhdemin Hosseini1, Salvador Dias2, Joaquim Barros2
FLEXURAL CAPACITY OF FRP RC BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH NSM TECHNIQUE ................... 260
C. Barris1, P. Sala2, J. Gómez2, Lluís Torres2
INFLUENCE OF ADHESIVE TYPE ON THE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF RC SLABS STRENGTHEND
WITH NSM-CFRP SYSTEMS ........................................................................................................................... 261
José Ricardo Cruz 1, José Sena-Cruz 1, Pedro Fernandes 1, Anja Borojevic 1, Arkadiusz Kwiecień 2, Bogusław
Zając 2
NSMR STRENGTHENING OF SHORT RC BEAMS USING ACTIVATED ANCHORAGE ....................... 263
J.W. Schmidt 1, K. D. Hertz 1 and P. Goltermann 1
COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT STRENGTHENING SCHEMES FOR PUNCHING SHEAR OF
FLAT PLATE SLABS ........................................................................................................................................ 264
S. Elkholy 1,2, A. Godat 2, M. Elassaly 1 and E. Rabee 1
INFLUENCE OF THE AREA OF CFRP LAMINATES ON IMPROVING THE PUNCHING SHEAR
CAPACITY OF SLAB-COLUMN CONNECTION .......................................................................................... 265
*H. Akhundzada 1, *T. Donchev 1 D. Petkova 1 and N. Kolikar 1
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW CFRP STRIP PRESTRESSING SYSTEM FOR STRUCTURAL
STRENGTHENING ........................................................................................................................................... 266
Piątek Bartosz1, Siwowski Tomasz1
EFFECTIVENESS OF FABRIC REINFORCED CEMENTITIOUS MORTAR (FRCM) IN STRENGTHENING
BEAMS WITH HIGH REINFORCEMENT RATIOS ....................................................................................... 267
T. N. S. Billows1 and A. Rteil2
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE T-BEAMS STRENGTHENED IN SHEAR WITH EXTERNALLY
BONDED FRP COMPOSITES .......................................................................................................................... 268
Samir Dirar 1,2, Michael Qapo 3, Marios Theofanous 1
FRP SHEAR STRENGTHENED RC BEAMS: AN ANALYTICAL MODEL ................................................. 269
Cheng Chen1, Lijuan Cheng 2
CRACK PROPAGATION OF RC BEAM STRENGTHENED IN SHEAR BY CFRP GRID .......................... 272
Ngoc Linh Vu 1,2, Kimitaka Uji 1, Kentaro Ohno 1
INFLUENCE OF SIZE ON THE BEHAVIOR OF RC T-BEAMS STRENGTHENED IN SHEAR WITH
EXTERNALLY BONDED CFRP ...................................................................................................................... 273
Zine El Abidine Benzeguir1, Georges El-Saikaly2, Omar Chaallal3
RELIABILITY OF DIC MEASUREMENTS FOR THE STRUCTURAL MONITORING OF FRP RC
ELEMENTS ........................................................................................................................................................ 274
Matteo Di Bendetti1, Javier Gómez2, Szymon Cholostiakow3, Hamed Fergani3, Cristina Barris2,
Maurizio Guadagnini3
REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS WITH THE USE OF TEXTILE
REINFORCED MORTARS (TRM’S)................................................................................................................ 275
Theofanis Krevaikas
ROBUST MODELING OF ANGLE-PLY LAMINATE RESPONSE FOR STRENGTHENING APPLICATIONS
............................................................................................................................................................................ 276
H. A. Rasheed 1 and H. Charkas 2
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF PRE-CRACKED FRP BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH CARBON FIBER
LAMINATES...................................................................................................................................................... 277
Himanshu Chawla1 and Shamsher Bahadur Singh2
Fire blast and impact loading ............................................................................................... 278

BLAST RESPONSE OF RC SLABS WITH EXTERNALLY BONDED REINFORCEMENT ....................... 279
Azer Maazoun 1,2, Bachir Belkassem 2, Rodrigo Mourão 2, Stijn Matthys 3, D.Lecompte2 , John Vantomme 2
EFFECT OF THE GEOMETRY AND IMPREGNATION OF THE TEXTILE REINFORCEMENT ON THE
MECHANICAL AND THERMOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A TEXTILE REINFORCED CONCRETE
(TRC) .................................................................................................................................................................. 280
Tala Tlaiji1, Xuan Hong Vu1, Emmanuel Ferrier1, Amir Si Larbi2
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THERMOMECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF CFRP REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURE SUBJECTED TO ELEVATED TEMPERATURE .............................................. 281
Phi Long NGUYEN1,2, Xuan Hong VU1, Emmanuel FERRIER1
MESOSCALE MODELING OF THE ELEVATED TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOR OF THE BASALT TEXTILE
REINFORCED CONCRETE.............................................................................................................................. 283
Manh Tien TRAN1,2, Xuan Hong VU1, Emmanuel FERRIER1
FIRE BEHAVIOUR OF GFRP-REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB STRIPS: FIRE RESISTANCE TESTS AND
NUMERICAL MODELLING ............................................................................................................................ 285
Inês C. Rosa1, João P. Firmo1,2, Carolina Churro1, Pedro Santos1, Mário R. T. Arruda, João R. Correia 1
FIBRE-REINFORCED INTUMESCENT COATINGS AS A FIRE-SAFE CONFINING MATERIAL FOR
CONCRETE COLUMNS ................................................................................................................................... 286
Zafiris Triantafyllidis 1 and Luke Bisby 1
EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE THERMOMECANICAL BEHAVIOUR AT
ELEVATED TEMPERATURE OF THE TEXTILE REINFORCED CONCRETE (TRC): EFFECT OF THE
HYDRIC STATE OF TRC ................................................................................................................................. 287
Mohamed SAIDI, Xuan Hong VU, Emmanuel FERRIER
TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODELING OF THERMO-MECHANICAL RESPONSES OF GFRP BOX BEAM
SUBJECTED TO ISO-834 FIRE ........................................................................................................................ 289
Lingfeng Zhang1, Lu Wang 2, Weiqing Liu 3*
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF CFRP CONFINED RC BRIDGE BENT UNDER IMPACT LOADING .... 290
Charles Plante1, Nathalie Roy1, Charles-Philippe Lamarche1, François Settecasi1
TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON THE BOND BEHAVIOUR OF A TRANSVERSELY COMPRESSED
MECHANICAL ANCHORAGE SYSTEM ....................................................................................................... 291
Luis Correia1, Cristina Barris2, José Sena-Cruz3
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF GFRP-RC SLABS IN FIRE ..................................................................... 293
Antonio Bilotta1, Alberto Compagnone1, Emidio Nigro1
MULTIPHYSICS INVESTIGATIONS INTO NSM CFRP AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES ................... 294
Thushara Siriwardanage 1 and Yail J. Kim 2
Practical applications ................................................................................................................... 295

NDT SIGNAL ANALYSIS OF CFRP-LAMINATE BOND ON RC BRIDGES .............................................. 296
Kenneth C. Crawford
I75 BRIDGE OVER SEXTON/KILFOIL DRAIN, THE LONGEST HIGHWAY BRIDGE SPAN
PRESTRESSED WITH CFRP STRANDS ......................................................................................................... 297
Nabil Grace1,4, Matthew Chynoweth2, Tsuyoshi Enomoto3, Mena Bebawy1
REPAIR OF PANAMA'S 50-YEAR-OLD BRIDGE WITH CFRP RODS ....................................................... 298
Julien Mercier1, Vanessa Buchin1, Christian Tourneur 1, Guillermo Medina2
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE SLAB STRENGTHENED WITH CFRP
USING 24 HR AND CYCLIC LOAD TESTING .............................................................................................. 300
Thanongsak Imjai 1, Burachat Chatveera 2 and Udomvit Chaisakulkiet 3
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A HYBRID DOUBLE-SKIN TUBULAR ARCH BRIDGE ............... 301
Leo de Waal1, Shuan Jiang1, Juan Torres1, Guang-Ming Chen2, Jin-Guang Teng3, Paul Rodman4, Peter Burnton5,
Dilum Fernando1,*
DISTRIBUTED OPTICAL FIBRE SENSORS TO MONITOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE BEAM
STRENGTHENED WITH BONDED FRP ........................................................................................................ 302
Aghiad Khadour1, Marc Quiertant1, Gonzague Six1, Corentin Le Roy2, Christophe Aubagnac2
DEVELOPMENT OF A MODULAR FOOTBRIDGE WITH PRE-TENSIONED CFRP REINFORCEMENT –
PRE-DESIGN AND DIMENSIONING OF BOND ANCHORAGE ZONE ...................................................... 303
Sophia Perse1, Christian Knorrek1, Norbert Will 1, Josef Hegger 1
COMPOSITE RAILWAY SLEEPERS – NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND OPPORTUNITIES ....................... 304
Allan Manalo1, Peter Schubel1 and Wahid Ferdous2
NDT SIGNAL ANALYSIS OF CFRP- BOND ON RC BRIDGES LAMINATE ............................................. 305
Kenneth C. Crawford
DISTRIBUTED OPTICAL FIBRE SENSORS TO MONITOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE BEAM
STRENGTHENED WITH BONDED FRP ........................................................................................................ 305
SMART MONITORING OF THE FRP COMPOSITE BRIDGE WITH DISTRIBUTED FIBRE OPTIC
SENSORS ........................................................................................................................................................... 307
T. Siwowski1, M. Rajchel1, R. Sienko2 and L. Bednarski3
CONSTRUCTION OF NIPIGON RIVER CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE USING PRECAST CONCRETE
PANELS REINFORCED WITH GLASS FRP REBARS .................................................................................. 308
Hamdy M. Mohamed1 and Brahim Benmokrane2
Keynotes
Paris
TECHNICAL SPECIFICITIES WHEN DESIGNING WITH COMPOSITE MATERIALS

– CASE OF BUILDING AND ARCHITECTURE
Samuel Durand1
1 : MECA Design Office
12 rue du chapeau rouge
F- 44000 NANTES
samuel.durand@cluster-meca.fr
Composite materials in architecture and building are nowadays frequently used. In addition to the recurrent lightening and
excellent resistance to environmental conditions, composite materials can lead to new shapes and architectural details in
building and construction (Millennium dome à London, 2000; Princess Nora University dome, Riyadh, 2010, roof of H.H.R.,
2014 in Jeddah and Mecca, domes CSCOR in Paris, 2015).
From a design office point of view, cladding, envelopes, roofs or structural elements made of composite materials have their
own specificities, making them specific to their counterparts in concrete, steel or wood. A poor knowledge of the specificities
of composite materials can lead to a non-optimized design also called "black metal".
Fig. 1. Toiture H.H.R. à Jeddah, water tests
Composite materials are partially covered by standards or regulations for building as for Eurocodes types. Standardization work
is on going [2] to reduce this lack. The design of composite material parts must at least take into account some specificities
such as orthotropy, creep behavior, the influence of humidity and temperature on mechanical characteristics and fracture modes
that can sometimes be fragile ( fiber breaks, delaminations), or progressive (inter-fiber or resin damage). The safety factors
must be adapted to the failure mode and the manufacturing process.
The designer must also in early project phases, choose from many manufacturing methods (pultrusion, wet molding, infusion,
prepreg, ...). Surface aspect, appearance, mechanical performance and ultimately cost are strongly related to the limits and
possibilities of the manufacturing process. The work on the optimization of tools must be carried out in parallel with the first
budget estimates.
Fire resistance and performance are a key element to specify in the case of composite materials. Thermosetting resins commonly
used (polyester, vinylester, epoxy) are combustible and flammable. The addition of flame retardant fillers and an intumescent
gelcoat may be necessary to achieve a minimum fire performance but the implementation of these resins then becomes more
difficult. Advances are expected on the development of fire-resistant resins suitable for implementation by the infusion process.
Fig. 2. Dômes CSCOR -PARIS before lifting
Références
[1] DURAND S. BILLAUDEAU E., LUBINEAU G. « Design Analysis of GRP Panels for the Roof of the Haramain High
Speed Railway Jeddah Station». International Conference on Sandwich Structures, ICSS10, NANTES, 2012.
[2] ASCIONE L. TROMP Liesbeth « Development of the Eurocode, FRP Technical Report WG4 FRP Structures».
Composite In Construction, CompIc2015, AMSTERDAM, 2015.
[3] CARON JF. « Matériaux composites pour la construction: état de l’art et spécificités». Séminaire AMAC, AUSSOIS,
2011.
Biographie
Samuel Durand is the co-creator of the design office MECA, specialized in innovative structures for building and construction.
Since 2006, MECA has been involved in many composite materials projects, in France and abroad (Rehabilitation of ESIEE
in Noisy le Grand 2007, Roof of Multimodal exchange center at Saint Nazaire 2010, Roofs of H.H.R. train stations 2012-2014
in Jeddah and Mecca, Domes CSCOR in Paris, 2015, …).
Paris
DEVELOPMENT OF UK GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS OF FRP BRIDGES

N.Farmer
Executive Director, Tony Gee and Partners LLP
Esher, Surrey, UK
KEYWORDS
FRP, guidance for designers, bridges, structural, processing, inspection, repair.
ABSTRACT
A team of design and construction practitioners, with assistance from academia, has been producing guidance for
clients and their designers, and for suppliers who would like to procure FRP bridges, but need reassurance that
those involved in the process can be guided by an engineering reference document that is accepted as state-of-the-
art by experts in this specialist field. Publication of the guidance document is being progressed by the Construction
Sector Group of the Trade Association Composites UK and is due for publication in 2018. The paper explains
why the guidance is required and introduces each chapter by highlighting key recommendations in the guidance.
To give context to the guidance, case studies will be given in the paper to illustrate the types of FRP bridges already
designed and constructed in the UK.
Paris
OPPORTUNITIES FOR RECYCLING AND REUSE OF FRP COMPOSITES FOR

CONSTRUCTION IN A CIRCULAR ECONOMY
Lawrence C. Bank
City University of New York
ABSTRACT
Sustainability and green engineering have evolved into a more comprehensive framework known as the Circular
Economy. The importance to this shift in thinking to the FRP composites for construction industry will be
discussed. The aerospace and automotive sectors of the composites industry are moving rapidly to embrace the
circular economy concepts such as design for reuse, adaptability, modularity, recycling, reclamation, life cycle
assessment, materials flow analysis and industrial ecology. Current major projects in Europe and the US will be
reviewed. Examples of materials testing and concepts from an ongoing NSF funded US/Ireland/Northern Ireland
Tripartite research project on the reuse of glass/polymer wind turbine blades will be presented.
Paris
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ON FRP REBARS AS INTERNAL REINFORCEMENT

IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND FIELD APPLICATIONS
Brahim Benmokrane1 and Hamdy M. Mohamed2
1Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1K2R1.
Brahim.benmokrane@usherbrooke.ca
2Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1K2R1.
Corresponding author:Hamdy.Mohamed@usherbrooke.ca
KEYWORD
Fields applications and case studies; Structure; FRP internal reinforcement.
ABSTRACT
In the last decade, there has been a rapid increase in using noncorrosive fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP)
reinforcing composite bars for concrete structures due to enhanced properties and cost-effectiveness. The FRP bars
have been used extensively in different applications such as bridges, parking garages, water tanks, tunnels and
marine structures in which the corrosion of steel reinforcement has typically led to significant deterioration and
rehabilitation needs. Many significant developments from the manufacturer, various researchers and Design Codes
along with numerous successful installations have led to a much higher comfort level and exponential use with
designers and owners. After years of investigation and implementations, public agencies and regulatory authorities
in North America has now included FRP as a premium corrosion resistant reinforcing material in its corrosion
protection policy. Currently, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications and the Canadian Highway Bridge
Design Code contain design provisions for the design of concrete bridge members reinforced with FRP bars. As a
result, well over 500 bridges across Canada and USA have been designed and constructed using FRP bars. This
paper presents a summary and overview of different recent field applications of FRP bars in different types of civil
engineering concrete infrastructures.
Paris
HYBRID FRP-CONCRETE-STEEL TUBULAR MEMBERS

Tao Yu
University of Wollongong, Australia. Email: taoy@uow.edu.au
KEYWORDS
FRP, concrete, steel, hybrid members, tubular members, confinement.
ABSTRACT
Hybrid fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)-concrete-steel (FCS) tubular members are an emerging type of structural
members. These hybrid members involve the use of an external FRP tube as a confining device and a corrosion-
resistant skin, a concrete infill, and encased steel reinforcement of various forms (e.g. steel bars, a steel section, or
a steel tube). In such members, the FRP tube is generally designed to possess only a small axial stiffness so that
its confinement effectiveness on the concrete is not compromised by buckling due to substantial axial compressive
stresses, while the potential buckling of steel reinforcement is well restrained by the confined concrete, leading to
excellent structural performance. This paper offers an overview of existing research on hybrid FCS tubular
members before providing a summary of several novel forms of such members recently developed at the University
of Wollongong.
Paris
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF FRP-REINFORCED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

SANDWICH WALL PANELS FOR PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION
Jian-Guo DAI* and Jun-Qi HUANG
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong,
China. Email: cejgdai@polyu.edu.hk
KEYWORDS
FRP; geopolymer concrete; sandwich wall panel; connector
ABSTRACT
Prefabricated concrete sandwich panels (PCSPs) consist of two concrete wythes and a thermal insulation layer
between them. They have great potential to be used for prefabricated building construction. This paper
experimentally studies the development of a new PCSP system. The two exterior wythes are made of FRP-
reinforced geopolymer concrete while FRP tubular connectors are used to realize the composite action. The
reported tests include: (1) the structural performance of FRP tubular connectors; (2) the structural performance of
steel and BFRP rebar reinforced geopolymer concrete one-way slabs; (3) the structural performance of the formed
sandwich wall panels subjected to out-of-plane loading. Due to its green feature and its structural efficiency, the
developed PCSP system may find wide applications in prefabricated construction which is popular in Hong Kong
and the rest of China.
Composite Material
Paris
SHEAR TESTING OF DIFFERENT TYPE AND SIZE OF GFRP REINFORCING

BARS
A.S. Genikomsou 1, G.P. Balomenos 2 and M.A. Polak 3
1 Queen’s University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kingston, Canada,
Email:aikaterini.genikomsou@queensu.ca
2 Rice University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Houston, USA.
3 University of Waterloo, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Waterloo, Canada.
KEYWORDS:
Shear testing; GFRP bars; straight and bent bars; failure modes; bar coating; shear stiffness.
ABSTRACT:
Shear testing of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcing bars can be considered for material
specifications, quality control, quality assurance and structural design purposes. The shear testing procedure
requires the cutting blades of the shear device to match exactly the bar’s diameter, therefore, for each different bar
diameter new blades would have to be manufactured. In this research, a developed device to test GFRP bars in
shear is manufactured based on both ASTM D7617 and CSA S806-12 standards. The paper aims to provide
information about the significance of shear testing of GFRP bars and the potential outcomes of this type of test.
For that purpose, different types of GFRP bars (straight and bent) provided by two different suppliers (sand/ribbed
coating), are studied. The conducted tests consider GFRP reinforcing bars with measured diameter 18 mm. Then,
the bars are “shaved” using a lathe machine to exclude the external coating and their diameter is reduced to 15.5,
13.5 and 10 mm. The idea of testing GFRP bars with reduced diameter that excludes the effect of the outer treated
surface can possibly provide more unbiased information for quality control. Finally, discussion on the failure
modes and stiffness is presented for both straight and bent bars.
Paris
SALT WATER AND ALKALINE ATTACK ON GFRP REBARS

Miguel M. Estêvão1, Manuel A. G. Silva2 , Fernando F. S. Pinho3
1Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Portugal;
2 Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Portugal Email: mgs@fct.unl.pt);
3 Universidade Nova de Lisboa, CERIS and Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Portugal
ABSTRACT
The work is focused on environmental degradation of bars of glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP) a type of
structural reinforcement (fib, 2007) often used in masonry (Tumialan and Nanni, 2002; Mohamed et al. 2012),
waterfront structures and bridges (Worner, 2015), and in special cases where steel may cause adverse operational
consequences. Uncertainties on service life of those rods under aggressive environmental conditions require further
data despite some existing literature on their durability. Those factors motivated an experimental program on the
effects of sorption of (i) salt water, with salinity 50g/l, and (ii) an alkaline solution (pH 13.6) on bars of GFRP,
including the study of protection given by concrete cover since rods are usually embedded. Diffusion of
contaminants was modeled and changes on chemical composition and on the transition vitreous temperature (T g)
of resin, and on porosimetry of concrete mortar were examined. Redistribution and progressive reduction of the
number of larger pores with aging was detected, though causing little effect on porosity, with salt water found
more influential than the alkaline solution. Modification of T g was negligible. Microscopic electronic scanning
(SEM) confirmed damage concentration on the matrix, and mostly in the peripheral region of rods. Alterations of
proportion of chemical elements were summarized and examined. Interpretation and correlation of data shed light
on mechanisms of failure of structural members reinforced with GFRP bars.
Paris
EFFECTS OF FIBER ARCHITECTURE ON FLEXURE PROPERTIES OF

PULTRUDED GFRP PLATES AND SECTIONS
Tianqiao Liu1, Kent A. Harries1,2 and Qi Guo1
1University of Pittsburgh, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pittsburgh, USA (kharries@pitt.edu)
2University of Bath, BRE Centre for Innovative Construction Materials, Bath, UK
KEYWORDS
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Material Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems; Codes, Standards
and Design Guidelines; Fiber and Matrix Architecture
ABSTRACT
Flexural properties of pultruded glass fibre reinforced polymer (pGFRP) materials vary considerably and, unlike
longitudinal properties, are affected by fibre architecture which, itself, is typically a function of plate thickness.
Thin plates may have only a single longitudinal glass roving located near the plate midline while thicker plates
will have multiple rovings arranged at a distance from the midline. As a result, thicker plates will be
disproportionately stiffer and stronger in their flexural response than thinner plates. While the rule of mixtures is
appropriate for assessing axial and shear properties, additional information on the fibre architecture is required to
assess flexural properties which the rule of mixtures alone will overestimate. Variation of the location of the roving
through the plate thickness will also significantly affect longitudinal flexural properties. Thus the authors argue
for a member stiffness approach: determining flexural stiffness as the product of modulus and moment of inertia
(EI) rather than determining E and I separately. The paper presents a parametric study of idealised plate geometry
that demonstrates the impact of fibre architecture and that the rule of mixtures formulation results in an upper
bound solution for stiffness. Subsequent experimental and imaging data is presented that illustrates the significant
variation of fibre architecture and its effect on the flexural stiffness of the plate. Conclusions and recommendations
are made having direct relevance to ongoing international pGFRP design standards development.
Paris
FATIGUE AND DURABILITY OF LAMINATED CARBON FIBRE REINFORCED

POLYMER STRAPS FOR BRIDGE SUSPENDERS
Fabio Baschnagel1, Giovanni Pietro Terrasi1, Zafiris Triantafyllidis2, Urs Meier 3
1 Mechanical Systems Engineering Lab, Empa, Dübendorf, Switzerland; 2 IIE, The University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh, UK; 3 Director emeritus, Empa, Dübendorf, Switzerland
KEYWORDS :
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; Fatigue ; Characterization of FRP and FRC
materials/systems; Durability, long-term performance; CFRP tensile elements; bridge suspenders
ABSTRACT:
Steel cables and suspenders in bridges are at high risk of corrosion-fatigue and in some cases of fretting-fatigue in
their anchorages. These factors greatly limit the service stresses of a specific cable system and involve expensive
corrosion and fretting protection measures. The fretting fatigue behaviour of novel pin-loaded carbon fibre
reinforced polymer (CFRP) straps was studied as models for corrosion resistant suspenders of half-through arch
bridges. Two types of straps were tested: small model straps and large full-scale straps. In a first phase, ten fully
laminated and carbon pin-loaded CFRP model straps were subjected to an ultimate tensile strength test. Thereafter,
and in order to assess the durability, 29 model straps were subjected to a fretting fatigue test, which was
successfully passed by ten. An S-N curve was generated for a load ratio of 0.1 and a frequency of 10 Hz, showing
a fatigue limit of the straps around the epoxy matrix fatigue limit strain, corresponding to nearly half the ultimate
tensile strength of the straps. The fatigue limit was defined as 3 million load cycles (N = 3×106), but tests were
even conducted up to N = 11×106. In a second phase, one full-scale strap was tested for its ultimate tensile strength
and two full-scale straps were fatigue tested. In all tests, catastrophic failure of the straps was initiated in their
vertex areas. The influence of the fatigue testing on the straps’ residual mechanical properties was also assessed
for both strap types and although fretting fatigue represents an important limitation for laminated CFRP straps, it
could be shown that the investigated CFRP tension members can compete with the well-established steel
suspenders.
Corresponding author’s email: fabio.baschnagel@empa.ch
Figure 1 : Picture and illustration of the test setup of the model straps (left) and picture of a full-scale bridge
hanger before testing.
Paris
GLASS–GFRP HYBRIDS: FROM BRITTLE GLASS TO DUCTILE AND HIGH

STRENGTH STRUCTURAL GLASS
Mithila Achintha 1*, Bogdan Balan 1, Mikhail Bessonov 1, Tudor Zirbo 1, Jesmer Kanvar 1
1 University of Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
(* corresponding author: Mithila.Achintha@soton.ac.uk)
KEYWORDS :
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; Experimental study ; Characterization of FRP
and FRC materials/systems; Bond and interfacial stresses ; Glass; Joints
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents selected findings from a research programme that aimed to exploit the use of externally-bonded
Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) laminates as a mean of improving strength and ductility of glass
structures. Despite the potential of glass for delivering energy efficient buildings, brittle material behaviour and
the low tensile strength of glass pose major challenges when constructing facades and load-bearing structural
members. In particular, inefficiency of connections, where stress concentrations present and most likely to trigger
brittle failure, is the main difficulty compared to other construction materials, such as concrete and steel.
In the first half of the paper, using the results of a combined experimental/numerical investigation on the load
response and failure behaviour of glass–GFRP hybrid beams, it is shown that strong and ductile structural members
can be made from annealed glass. The hybrid beams consist of glass strips that are bonded to prefabricated GFRP
sheets by means of structural adhesives is a novel, yet a simple concept, but it has potential to initiate a radical
shift in the role of annealed glass in buildings: from its conventional use as inefficient infill panels, to structurally
efficient components in a robust structure.
The paper also shows that stress concentration features in glass such as bolted joints can sustain higher loads, even
after microcracks form, if the joint is reinforced with adhesively-bonded GFRP laminates. The efficacy of GFRP
reinforcement in increasing the load capacity and the ductility of bolted joints in tensile test specimens is presented.
The results show that bonded GFRPs have potential to strengthen joints in glass by either arresting the cracks
developed in the critical zone or eliminating the failure from the vicinity of the joint area. It is anticipated that the
findings of this study could be effectively used to develop reinforcement strategies for joints in glass.
Paris
INFLUENCE OF CURING CONDITIONS ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF

GLUED JOINTS OF CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITE /
CONCRETE
Anh Tuan LEE1, Marie MICHEL1, Emmanuel FERRIER 1
1 LMC2, Université LYON 1, Villeurbanne France
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Experimental study ; Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems;
Bond and interfacial stresses; Glass transition; curing
ABSTRACT:
Polymeric adhesives are widely used in the case of the bonding of CFRPs on concrete structure. Indeed, structural
reinforcement by FRP is a very efficient method thanks to the high mechanical characteristics of the FRP and to
the implementation methods which make it possible to reduce work times. This method of reinforcement is carried
out on site on reinforced concrete supports which must be prepared before the reinforcement is applied. Working
on site assumes that the conditions for implementation are highly dependent on climatic conditions. However the
temperature and humidity conditions are likely to affect the mechanical and physical properties of the epoxy
polymers. Indeed, the hardeners used are of polyamide type hardening at ambient temperature. This leads to
composites whose mechanical and physical properties can be highly dependent on the curing time and its
temperature.
The paper presents an experimental study to highlight the impact of the application temperature on the behavior
of composite reinforcement. The objective is to analyze the mechanical and physical behavior of epoxy polymers
used for reinforcement by measuring on one hand the mechanical properties of composite adhesion on concrete
support by means of a double-shear and pull-out test and on the other hand, glass transition temperatures Tg. The
Tg measurements are carried out by DSC and TMA. Double shear tests results consist on establishing the laws of
local behavior in shear of composite / concrete adhesive joints according to the nature of the polymers and the
curing conditions. The shear-slip local bonding laws are identified by inverse method and are compared to the
analytical model available in the literature. The tests make it possible to determine the charge transfer lengths (Le)
and to evaluate the influence of the curing conditions on the value of this length. The physical measurements of
Tg support the study by specifying the influence of the curing conditions on these properties.
^ ex o
TG - DSC curing = 1 4 j - 4 0 °C
0,5
RESIN 1 O nset - 61,28 °C
A ngle Midpoint - 63,70 °C
0,0
Heat flow mW
-0,5
curing = 1 4 j - 5 °C curing = 1 4 j - 2 0 °C
O nset - 32,86 °C O nset - 44,48 °C
A ngle Midpoint - 35,76 °C A ngle Midpoint - 51.40 °C
-1,0
curing = 1 4 j - 1 0 °C
O nset - 32,99 °C
-1,5
A ngle Midpoint - 38,90 °C
-2,0
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Temperature °C
ME T T LE R T O LE DO S T A R e S W 15. 01
Figure 1 : mechanical and physical characterizations of glued joints

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BEHAVIOR OF CFRP STRANDS EXPOSED TO SEVERE ENVIRONMENTAL

CONDITIONS
Omar Khalafalla 1, Sami Rizkalla 1, Adel ElSafty 2, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz 1
1 North Carolina State University, Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, USA.
2 University of North Florida, College of Computing, Engineering and Construction, USA.
KEYWORDS
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer, Composites, Durability, Prestressed Concrete, Sustained load effects.
ABSTRACT
Fiber reinforced polymer materials are becoming widely used as a primary reinforcement for concrete structures
due to their high strength and non-corroding characteristic, therefore, providing an alternative to steel
reinforcement. Degradation of FRP mechanical properties may occur due to environmental factors such as
moisture and alkalinity or physical effects such as sustained loading and fatigue. The synergistic effects of
environmental and mechanical loading has not been thoroughly studied which lead to a conservative design
process. Understanding the synergistic effects on the degradation of FRP leads to a more economic design and a
better prediction of the long-term performance of concrete structures.
This paper describes a comprehensive research undertaken to study the durability of CFRP prestressing strands
used for concrete bridge girders. The main objective of this research is to understand the effect of severe
environmental exposure and sustained loads on the mechanical properties of CFRP prestressing strands. The first
part of this research focuses on quantifying the possible degradation of CFRP strands under simultaneous sustained
loading and exposure to high alkali solution at elevated temperature. The second part, examines the structural
performance of CFRP strands used as pretensioning strands in reinforced concrete beams. The third part, focuses
on understanding the durability of constituent materials of CFRP strands.
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INCREASING THE MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY OF PIN-LOADED STRAPS USING

THE SLING ANCHORAGE METHOD
Bernd Zwingmann1, Yue Liu 2, Mike Schlaich 2, Steffen Janetzko 3
1 schlaich bergermann partner sbp GmbH, Germany; 2 Berlin Institute of Technology, Department of
Conceptual and Structural Design, Germany; 3 SGL Carbon GmbH, Germany;
b.zwingmann@sbp.de
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Experimental study ; Prestressing with FRP composites
ABSTRACT:
Pin-loaded straps are CFRP tension members typically anchored with laminated loop anchorages. A loop
anchorage is a very lightweight force locking anchorage, but its mechanical efficiency is limited to 70 % of the
tension member’s breaking load. At the pin, the laminated loop anchorage is exposed to high stresses caused by
the superposition of tension stress, bending stress and lateral compression. A new design is proposed for anchoring
pin-loaded straps called the sling anchorage. The sling anchorage provides a mechanical efficiency of 100 %. The
high mechanical efficiency of the sling anchorage is achieved by increasing the tension member’s cross section
locally at the anchorage.
The mechanical efficiency of the sling anchorage was predicted using the orthotropic tube model. By applying this
model, it was proven that the mechanical efficiency of the sling anchorage is higher than that of the loop anchorage.
Analytical analysis showed that the increased cross section reduces the average tension stress providing reserve
capacity for additional bending stress. Numerical analysis was used to compare the mechanical behaviour of the
loop anchorage and the sling anchorage. The results show that the location or fibre fracture was moved from the
inside to the outside of the anchorage. The stress in the sling anchorage was calculated to be significantly lower
for the same load.
The innovative fibre layout of the sling anchorage is achieved by alternately overlapping the ends of CFRP profiles
to form the loop shape. This method was used to produce sling anchorage prototypes. CFRP lamellas with
thermoplastic matrix were welded as defined by the sling anchorage fibre layout. Static tension tests were
conducted to characterise the load bearing behaviour of the sling anchorage prototypes. The experimental results
showed that the sling anchorage can achieve a mechanical efficiency of 100 %.
Figure 1 : Fibre layout of a loop anchorage and a sling anchorage

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EFFECT OF INTERNAL MOISTURE CONTENT ON THE TG VALUES OF CFRP

RODS
Eleni Toumpanaki1, Janet M. Lees2, Michel Barbezat3 and Giovanni P. Terrasi4
1 University of Cambridge, Department of Architecture, Cambridge, UK; 2 University of Cambridge,
Engineering Department, Cambridge, UK; 3,4 Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
(EMPA), Laboratory for Mechanical Systems Engineering, Dübendorf , Switzerland
(Eleni Toumpanaki: et343@cam.ac.uk)
KEYWORDS :
CFRP, DMA test, Material Characterisation, Environmental Conditions
ABSTRACT:
DMA tests are used for the material charaterisation of CFRP tendons for civil engineering applications and to
assess the high temperature behavior of CFRP prestressed structures by measuring the glass transition temperature
Tg. The glass transition temperature is sensitive to the moisture content of the CFRP tendons and standard test
methods (e.g. ASTM D7028 (ASTM 2007)) have not yet qualitatively addressed the effect of small moisture
content variations arising from environmental conditions on Tg values. The effect of the internal moisture content
on the Tg values of two CFRP rods with different diameters and manufacturing processes is evaluated. Lab
conditioned specimens (group D) with varying drying times (9, 15, 36 and 210 days) and thus moisture contents
are tested to study the effect of small variations in lab conditions on the measured glass transition temperature and
the sensitivity of the DMA testing. Specimens exposed at 60°C for roughly 3 years (group C) are also investigated
to record the effect of an even greater moisture absorption on the Tg values. Two heating runs were conducted for
every test to differentiate post-curing effects and mass weight measurements were recorded before and after each
heating run. A linear relationship between the mass loss of the specimens due to drying under vacuum and during
the heating runs was observed (Figure 1). Post-curing effects could not be clarified even for the dry specimens.
The exposed specimens showed a reduction in Tg of 38°C that was reversible after drying. It is recommended that
the use of Tg values to infer the degree of curing should be carried out on dry specimens.
Figure 1: Tg-tanδ versus mass loss ΔΜ-Group D experimental series
REFERENCES:
ASTM (2007). “Standard Test Method for Glass Transition Temperature (DMA Tg) of Polymer Matrix
Composites by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)”, ASTM D7028 − 07, West Conshohocken, PA.
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EVOLUTION OF THE TENSILE RESPONSE OF UNIDIRECTIONAL HYBRID FRP

LAMINATES FABRICATED BY HAND LAY-UP METHOD: EXPERIMENTAL AND
ANALYTIC ASSESSMENT
Filipe Ribeiro1, José Sena-Cruz 2, Eduardo Júlio 1, Fernando Branco 3,
Fernando Castro 4
1 CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; 2 ISISE, Department of Civil
Engineering, University of Minho, Portugal; 3 ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra,
Coimbra, Portugal; 4 CT2M, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Portugal (corresponding
author: jsena@civil.uminho.pt)
Keywords:
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; hybrid effect, pseudo-ductility, analytical
modelling
ABSTRACT:
Hybridisation, i.e., the incorporation of two different types of fibres, namely low strain (LS) and high strain (HS)
fibres, within the same polymeric matrix is an established approach to promote the appearance of a gradual and
non-fragile tensile failure mode of unidirectional Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP). This behaviour is known as
pseudo-ductile. In addition, hybridisation can increase the apparent strain at the failure of LS fibres. This
phenomenon has been described as “hybrid effect”.
In the present work, the tensile behaviour of 10 layer-by-layer unidirectional hybrid combinations has been
investigated using both experimental testing (see Figure 1) and analytical modelling. All the hybrid FRP samples
were made through the hand lamination of three different commercially available dry unidirectional fabrics
manufactured for civil engineering applications, namely high-modulus carbon (CHM), high-strength carbon (C)
and E-glass (G). For each type, a large number of single fibres were randomly taken from the dry fabrics and tested
in tension to define the Weibull distribution parameters, as shown in Figure 1.
15 20
50
Glue
Clip
Hybrid gauge
Gauge length
composite Grip
Tabs
specimen
20
40
100
Fibre
150
Grips
Paper
frame
50
10
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(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 1: Tensile tests: (a) geometry of composite specimen; (b) illustration of the composite test; (c) geometry
of single fibre specimen; (d) illustration of the single fibre test (dimensions in mm).
In the two tested hybrid combinations that included HM carbon as LS material (2G/1CHM/G, 1G/1CHM/1G),
pseudo-ductile tensile responses with fragmentation and dispersed delamination were achieved, as shown in Figure
2. In the same figure the number before letters in series ID shows the number of layers. In these combinations, the
mean yield stress varied between 732.6 and 768.2 MPa and the pseudo-ductile strain between 1.2% and 1.4%. An
analytical model presented in literature allowed to predict all the failure modes successfully. In this way, the
presented work validated the developed model for the set of materials and fabrication method used.
The hybrid effect varied between -14.1% and 27.7%. It was demonstrated that progressive damage model (PDM)
is a simple model that if used with care can predict reasonably the hybrid effect. However some limitations should
be taken into account. For instances, it does not take into account the real number of fibres leading that scale effects
to be ignored. Furthermore, it ignores the dispersion of fibres, which has been shown to be a very important
parameter for the hybrid effect.
(a) (b)
Figure 2: Typical example of pseudo-ductile tensile response: (a) 2G/1CHM/2G and (b) 1G/1CHM/1G.
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NOVEL CAPACITIVE CFRP SENSOR FOR STRUCTURAL HEALTH

MONITORING
J. Yan 1, S. Hassan 1, A. Chen 1 and S. Laflamme 1
1
Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, USA
(corresponding author: yanjin@iastate.edu).
ABSTRACT
Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) is widely used in strengthening, rehabilitating and retrofitting of
existing structures because of its ease and speed of construction, low maintenance requirement, and high strength-
to-weight ratio. The objective of this study is to employ CFRP as a multifunctional material for both strengthening
and Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). The authors have developed a capacitive-based CFRP sensor, which
consists of two CFRP layers separated by a dielectric layer. Damage can be detected through a variation in the
sensor’s capacitance provoked by the strain. This design utilizes the advantages of CFRP, including high corrosion
resistance, weak thermoelectric behavior, and high electrical conductivity. Such multi-functional CFRP is
particularly suitable for applications to civil structures because of its capability to both strengthen and monitor a
structure. This paper investigates the use of titania dispersed in the epoxy layer separating the CFRP layers to
enhance the strain sensitivity of the sensor. Electromechanical experiments are conducted on tension specimens to
demonstrate the capability of utilizing the change in electrical signal to measure strain.
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EMBEDDED PIEZO MICRO-PATCHES FOR CURE MONITORING OF FIBER-

REINFORCED EPOXY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING REPAIRS
Olivier Bareille1, Michelle Salvia 1, Fernanda Benezra-Maia 2
1 Ecole Centrale de Lyon, LTDS CNRS UMR 5513, Université de Lyon, France;
2 Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Civil Engineering, Brasil
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; ; Inspection, NDT methods and quality assurance; Characterization of FRP
and FRC materials/systems
ABSTRACT:
In recent years high interests of maintenance and repair of civil structures were concentrated on the use of natural
fiber or carbon fiber reinforced thermosets as structural component. The thermosets were mainly room temperature
curing bio-based epoxies. The properties of the resulting mechanical composites are directly in relation to
reinforcement type but also to viscoelastic matrix properties and reinforcement/matrix interactions.
The most important factor which can control the properties of the matrix and of the reinforcement-matrix interface
is in particular the cross-linking density resulting from the manufacturing process that is linked to the degree of
cure. The cure of a thermoset is a complex process which leads to a three-dimensional macromolecular network.
The final morphology of the three-dimensional network, which determines the properties of the material, depends
on this transformation. So, there is a growing need for sensors, which provide real-time, in situ monitoring of the
manufacturing process. This study, in the frame of a collaborative research (MICRO ANR project), proposes to
in-situ follow-up the cure mechanism of an epoxy-amine resin using piezoelectric elements embedded in the
composite structure at different locations. The technique used in this work is based on the measurement of the
electrical impedance of piezoelectric ceramics. The change in the impedance spectrum which is linked to the
changes of matrix viscoelastic properties as cure progressed is used to understand the different steps of the epoxy
cure regarding molecular motion, viscosity, density and their consequences on the mechanical properties of the
material.
Moreover, after curing, the sensor may be used as damage detector and wear sensor. In order to assess the
efficiency of such a system and especially the optimal placement of the set of piezopatches for both curing
observance and health monitoring, tests were performed based on three-point bending measurements and scanning
electron microscope.
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DYNAMIC TENSILE PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE

FIBER BUNDLE WITH LARGE DEFORMABILITY
Y.L. Bai 1, Z.W Yan 1, J. G. Dai 2, D. J. Zhu 3, Q Han 1, X.L. Du 1
1 Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of Ministry of Education,
Beijing University of Technology, China.
2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China.
(corresponding author: cejgdai@polyu.edu.hk.)
3 College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, China
KEYWORDS :
Strain rate; Dynamic tensile mechanical properties; Weibull analysis; Polyethylene terephthalate
ABSTRACT:
In this paper, strain rate effects on the tensile mechanical properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) fiber
bundles at room temperate were studied. First of all, an MTS load frame together with an Instron drop-weight
impact system were used to carry out the tensile test under the quasi-static (1/600s-1) and the dynamic loadings
(40, 80, 120 and 160s-1), respectively. The dynamic mechanical properties, consisting of the tensile strength, peak
strain, elastic modulus and toughness, were analyzed based on the test data. It was concluded that the tensile
strength increases with strain rate while the peak strain and toughness decrease with the strain rate. The initial
elastic modulus remains almost unchanged at the low strain rate (no more than 40s -1) and starts to grow when the
strain rate is beyond 40s-1. The second-stage elastic modulus rises continuously with the strain rate from 1/600 to
160s-1. Afterwards, the dynamic tensile strength of a PET fiber bundle was statistically analyzed by using the two-
parameter Weibull distribution model that can help to quantify the scatter of the dynamic tensile strength. The
corresponding parameters can be added into a numerical simulation in future to reflect the different tensile strength
caused by defects.
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INTERFACIAL ADHESION STUDY ON EPOXY PREPREG MODIFIED WITH HIGH

POLY(CARBONATE) LOADING
Utai Meekum* and Waree Wangkheeree
a
Institute of Design Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Maung, Nakorn Ratchasima, THAILAND
*
Corresponding author: umsut@g.sut.ac.th
KEYWORDS:
Interfacial shear strength, prepreg epoxy, Poly(carbonate), epoxidized natural rubber and multiwall carbon
nanotube.
ABSTRACT
The interfacial adhesion strength of the in-house prepreg epoxy formulation modified with poly)carbonate()PC(,
50% by mole epoxidized natural rubber)ENR50( and multiwall carbon nanotube)MWCNT( were studied. In the
modification of prepreg epoxy matrix formulation with PC at 0 – 80 phr, the interfacial shear strengths showed the
tendency to be decreased with increasing the PC loading. The added PC had caused the low surface energy, the
constrain in resin infusion/impregnation into fiber due to absolute high viscosity, crack tip sensitive of added PC
and inferior in chemical inter locking due to the low network density; retarded by the transesterification and/or
cyclization. Those hypothesizes were the main justification for the interfacial strength inferiority. Attempting to
enhance the interfacial adhesion by mixing the ENR50 into 30 phr PC modified prepreg epoxy matrix was also
found ineffective. The adhesion strength was obviously decreased with increasing the ENR50 loading. The similar
hypothesizes with the additional of the rubber phase separation phenomenon were taken for explanation. The
interfacial adhesion strength enhancement was achieved by modification the prepreg epoxy formulations by adding
MWCNT nanofiller at the concentration not exceed 0.3 phr. The agglomeration of the nanofiller was observed at
the critical loading at 0.5 phr. It was suspected for the fiber/matrix adhesion ineffectiveness.
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TWO-DIMENSIONAL DELAMINATION IN GFRP LAMINATES: EXPERIMENTAL

INVESTIGATION
Aida Cameselle-Molares1, Anastasios Vassilopoulos1, Thomas Keller 1
1 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Composite Construction Laboratory (CCLab), Lausanne,
Switzerland
KEYWORDS :
Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems; Fracture; 2D crack propagation
ABSTRACT:
The 2D delamination behavior of composite laminates under quasi-static out-of-plane opening loading has been
experimentally investigated. A new design and experimental set-up for square GFRP/epoxy plates have been
developed. A circular embedded pre-crack was introduced in the center and at the midplane of the laminate and
the load was introduced by means of thin steel sheets also embedded in the laminates and in-house developed
piano hinges. In order to investigate the effect of the fiber architecture on the fracture behavior, three different
types of isotropic and orthotropic fabrics were selected. Increasing load-displacement curves were obtained as a
result of an increasing crack front length during propagation. During the loading process, stiffening and softening
mechanisms were activated. The stretching of the delaminated laminates, in both the radial and circumferential
directions, constituted the main stiffening mechanism that appeared and increased as the plate opened. Once the
crack started growing, a corresponding softening due to crack propagation occurred together with a secondary
stiffening mechanism, fiber bridging. All these stiffness-related mechanisms were reflected in the compliance,
initially exhibiting a descending branch where the stiffening mechanisms prevailed and increasing only when the
softening due to crack propagation became the dominant mechanism.
Figure 1: Description of assembling of loading system; dimensions in mm

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Figure 2: Experimental set-up and instrumentation layout
Figure 3: Example of load and crack length vs opening displacement curves
Figure 4: Example of deformation in one of the plates

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RELAXATION OF FRP MATERIALS – ISSUE OVERVIEW IN THE AVAILABLE

LITERATURE, CODES AND GUIDELINES
Marta Przygocka1, Renata Kotynia 1
1 Lodz University of Technology, Department of Concrete Structures, Lodz, Poland; (corresponding author:
martaprzygocka@wp.pl)
KEYWORDS
All FRP and smart FRP structures; prestressing with FRP composites; Material; Standard; relaxation; durability;
rheology
ABSTRACT
Use of FRP (fiber reinforced polymer) materials for reinforcing and strengthening of RC structures with
simultaneous prestress results in the increase of load carrying capacity of RC members and the improvement of
serviceability limit state conditions. The main issue affecting the durability of prestressed construction are
prestressing losses. The general division of prestressing losses distinguishes immediate losses, which appear
immediately after the termination of the prestressing and delayed losses increasing with time of occurrence of
phenomena that cause them. The immediate prestressing losses are caused by different factors in dependence of
the prestressing technique: friction, relaxation of the FRP material, temperature and elastic shortening of concrete.
Delayed prestressing losses consists of creep, shrinkage and relaxation. The overview of experimental tests
described in the available literature considering the relaxation of FRP materials is presented herein. According to
experimental results the relaxation of FRP materials is affected by different factors as insolation, temperature and
humidity. The review of test methods for long-term relaxation of FRPs with the description of geometry of
samples, anchorage details for different types of tendons (circular, flat), duration of tests and frequency of
measurements in available codes and guidelines is also presented.
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BEHAVIOR OF GFRP BARS IN SEAWATER-CONTAMINATED CONCRETE

SUBJECTED TO SUSTAINED LOADING
Hilal El-Hassan1, Tamer El-Maaddawy1, Abdelrahman Al-Sallamin1
1 UAE University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
(corresponding author: helhassan@uaeu.ac.ae)
KEYWORDS:
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Experimental study; Durability, long-term performance; Characterization of
FRP and FRC materials/systems
ABSTRACT:
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest to replace steel reinforcement in concrete by non-corrosive
material to alleviate corrosion-related problems. Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars are advocated as a
potential alternative, owing to their superior physical and mechanical properties. Though, the acceptance of these
materials by the construction industry is critically dependent on their long-term performance. This paper
investigates the durability behavior of GFRP bars embedded in moist seawater-contaminated concrete under a
sustained load of 25% of its ultimate tensile stress. Samples were conditioned for 10 months at temperatures of
20, 40, and 60°C and then retrieved for uniaxial tensile testing. However, GFRP bars conditioned at 60°C
experienced creep-rupture during conditioning. As such, tensile strength retentions were measured for non-creep-
ruptured bars only as a means to evaluate the long-term durability of GFRP. The microstructure of creep-ruptured
specimens was characterized by employing scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. Research findings showed that an increase in conditioning
temperature from 20 to 40°C led to a decrease in tensile strength retention from 90 to 73% due to accelerated
diffusion of water and, consequently, a higher moisture uptake. At a higher conditioning temperature of 60°C,
microstructure analysis highlighted development of hydroxyl groups, plasticization and chemical degradation of
the matrix, and deterioration of the fiber-matrix interface (see Figure 1). In comparison to unloaded, conditioned
GFRP samples, the presence of a sustained load promoted tensile strength loss and degradation of GFRP bars.
Nevertheless, this detrimental effect was more prominent at elevated temperatures.
(a) (b)
Figure 1: SEM micrographs of GFRP bar conditioned for 9.6 months at 60°C under sustained load: (a) cross-
sectional (b) longitudinal
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ENVIRONMENTAL DURABILITY OF HAND-LAYUP CARBON/EPOXY

COMPOSITES INTENDED FOR STRENGTHENING OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
Wendlamita Zombré1, Robert Chlela2, Marie Michel1, Julien Mercier3, Karim Benzarti2, Laurence Curtil1
1
University of Lyon, University Lyon 1, LMC² (EA 7427), France, Email: marie.michel@univ-lyon1.fr
2
University Paris-Est, Laboratory Navier (UMR 8205), IFSTTAR, France
3
Freyssinet International, France
KEYWORDS
Strengthening and repair; Durability study; Long-term performance; Mechanical characterization, CFRP
Composites; Hydrothermal Ageing.
ABSTRACT
In the framework of a project funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR), which is called MICRO, a
large-scale durability study is currently being conducted on composite materials intended for strengthening
applications on building or civil structures. This paper aims at presenting the first results of accelerated ageing
tests performed on carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates made by wet lay-up process, and on CFRP
strengthened concrete slabs. The experimental test program consists in subjecting the various specimens (CFRP
laminates and strengthened concrete slabs) to six different hydrothermal environments, obtained by combining 3
temperature conditions (25°C, 50°C and 60°C) and 3 relative humidity levels (50%, 75% and 100% RH under
total immersion). Mechanical characterizations are periodically carried out on aged specimens to monitor their
evolutions in terms of tensile performances and interlaminar shear properties (for CFRP laminates), and in terms
of adhesive bond properties (through pull-off tests on concrete/CFRP assemblies). Changes in these performance
indicators are then correlated with each other, and with water mass uptake as well. A correlation between water
uptake and exposure temperature has been established, revealing the dependence of ageing kinetics upon
temperature. It is also showed that when the conditioning temperature is higher than the initial glass transition
temperature of the unaged specimens, post cure phenomena occur and lead to an increase in the cohesion of the
fiber/matrix interface, together with a slight decrease in the residual performances of the CFRP laminates. In the
end, conclusions are drawn regarding links between the selected key performance indicators and mass uptake.
Collected data provide a better comprehension on the hydrothermal ageing mechanisms of CFRP laminates and
their adhesive bond with concrete, and will be used at a further stage to develop predictive models for reliability
and service-life assessment.
Figure 1: Evolution of the water uptake for CFRP laminates subjected to the various ageing conditions.
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ASTM SPECIFICATION FOR GLASS-FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER BARS

FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
R. Gentry 1 and C. E. Bakis 2
1 Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Architecture, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
Email: russell.gentry@arch.gatech.edu
2 Pennsylvania State University, Engineering Science and Mechanics, University Park, PA 16802 USA
KEYWORDS
Codes, standards, FRP internal concrete reinforcement, GFRP
ABSTRACT
A major barrier to the acceptance of FRP composite materials in civil engineering is the lack of standard materials.
Non-standard and proprietary materials must be qualified for short- and long-term performance, using test
methods and meeting requirements that may also lack standardization. In North America, ASTM D30.10 –
Composites for Civil Structures, develops test methods and material standards for FRP materials. This paper
reports on the recently approved ASTM Standard for Solid Round Glass FRP Bars for Concrete Reinforcement.
The standard covers requirements on constituent materials, bar geometry and testing for physical, mechanical and
durability properties. The paper outlines the material specification, introduces the dependent test methods that
support the specification, and discusses possible future standardization efforts for FRP bars in ASTM D30.
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July 17-19, 2018
in Civil Engineering (CICE 2018), PARIS 17-19 JULY 2018
PREDICTION OF TENSILE STRENGTH OF FRP CABLE CONSIDERING

RANDOM STRENGTH DISTRIBUTION
Z. Q. Peng1, L. N. Ding2, X. Wang1 and Z. S. Wu1
1 National and Local Unified Engineering Research Center for Basalt Fiber Production and Application
Technology, International Institute for Urban Systems Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096,
China, E-mail: pzq8251228@163.com
2 School of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
ABSTRACT
Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) cables have been developed as advanced materials to substitute steel cables for
their light weight, high strength, and high resistance to corrosion. In this paper, a finite element model was
established to predict the tensile strength of the cable component FRP tendon considering random strength
distribution. The influence of initial curvature of fibre yarns was particularly discussed, and simulated results
showed that curvature had neglectable effect on tensile strength but significant influence on coefficient of variation
of strength. The predicted ultimate strength and strain of the tendon based on the proposed model achieved good
consistency with the experimental results, which provides an efficient method for further study on members and
structures regarding FRP cables.
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Eco composite or bio sourced composites

materials
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FATIGUE PERFORMANCE OF BIORESIN GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED

POLYMERS
A. Watfa 1, M. F. Green 2 and A. Fam 2
1 Queen’s University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kingston, Canada,
Email: 11ahw1@queensu.ca
2 Queen’s University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kingston, Canada.
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Fatigue ; Durability, long-term performance; Characterization of FRP and
FRC materials/systems; Bioresin; GFRP.
ABSTRACT:
Fatigue performance of glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRPs) is critical for applications for wind turbine towers.
Substantial experimental fatigue data is available for GFRPs with epoxy, polyester, and vinylester matrices.
However, the cyclic behaviour of GFRP with bioresins is a new research area and little information is available.
This paper investigates the fatigue behaviour of unidirectional GFRPs fabricated with a bioresin matrix for wind
turbine tower applications.
Seventeen single layer GFRP specimens (36 % fibre volume fraction) are subjected to tension-tension cyclic
loading of varying loading stress ratio of R = 0.1 and R = 0.5 in constant amplitude load control with a loading
frequency of 2.5 Hz. At least twelve specimens are tested for each loading stress ratio. Additionally, two to three
specimens are considered at each maximum stress level for consistency purposes. Stress-life experimental data are
obtained for the single layer bioresin GFRPs. The S-N curves show that the tensile strength degradation of the
bioresin GFRP is 58% after 106 cycles for a stress ratio of 0.5. Two methods for the statistical analysis of
unidirectional bioresin GFRP fatigue data and the derivation of reliability-based S-N curves are also presented.
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ILLUMINATED BIOBASED SANDWICH FACADE WITH NATURAL FIBRE

REINFORCED POLYMER AND CARDBOARD CORE
Carolin Petzoldt1, Ralf Gliniorz1, Andreas Ehrlich1, Sandra Gelbrich1, Lothar Kroll1
1Technische Universität Chemnitz, Institute of Lightweight Structures, Chemnitz, Germany
(email: carolin.petzoldt@mb.tu-chemnitz.de);
KEYWORDS:
Interactive FRP-structure; Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems; Eco-composite & bio-sourced
composite materials; Sandwich Element
ABSTRACT:
The building envelope as an integral part of buildings and renewable resources have a key role in energy
consumption. So the aim of the project was the development and implementation of a free forming facade system
from biobased materials with an integration of additional functions. The field of application is aimed in modern
architecture, like the office building "Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V." with its oak wood recycled
facade. The build-up of the sandwich contains face sheets from natural fibre reinforced polymer (NFRP), using
flax fibres and biobased epoxy resin respective pre-accelerated, filled polyester resin with excellent weather
resistance and no significant reduction in fire performance, and a stuck cardboard core structure. Furthermore a
formwork system was designed enabling biobased sandwich elements to be produced with special needs according
to efficiency and architectural design. As a result, the biobased and sustainable sandwich elements exhibit low
system weight, high sound reduction and sufficient load capacity for the use as facade elements. Additionally
LED-stripes were integrated for illuminating the facade elements. Because of the regular pattern of the stuck
cardboard core and the translucent face sheet laminates the facade works like a screen on which each created pixel
can be controlled in RGB-colours. Therefore an area of 10 m x 5 m biobased sandwich facade with 25 elements is
planned as a reference object in Chemnitz (Germany), forming a facade with 100 x 48 pixels. In summary the
illuminated biobased sandwich element produced with an efficient technology of production and with the use of
renewable resources can replace extensively 3D-formed customary facade systems.
Figure 1: Reference object in Chemnitz (left) and a model of the illuminated facade element (right)
Paris
EFFECTS OF CNF CONTENT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLAX FIBER

REINFORCED NANOCOMPOSITES
Yanlei Wang1, Baolin Wan2, Xiushui Yin3
1 Dalian University of Technology, School of Civil Engineering, Dalian, China; 2 Marquette University,
Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Milwaukee, USA; 3 (corresponding author:
baolin.wan@marquette.edu)
KEYWORDS :
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; Experimental study ; Eco-composite & bio-
sourced composite materials; Carbon nanofibers (CNF); Flax fiber reinforced polymer (FFRP); Mechanical
properties; Nanocomposites; Scanning electron microscope (SEM).
ABSTRACT:
Flax fibers are widely grown materials which have short growth cycle, low density, high specific strength, and
high specific stiffness. Therefore, flax fiber reinforced polymer (FFRP) has potential to replace part of GFRP and
CFRP in engineering applications. Nanoparticles have large surface area and stable structure due to its small-scale
structure. They can form strong bond with resin. Therefore, adding nanoparticles to epoxy resin matrix can improve
the mechanical and thermal properties, and fire resistance of the composite material. Carbon Nano Fiber (CNF)
has a length in the order of micron while its diameter in the order of nano-meter.
In order to study the effect of CNF on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin and FFRP, different amounts of
CNF were dispersed in the epoxy resin matrix by using high-speed mechanical mixing, vacuum and ultrasonic
dispersion methods in this study. Direct tensile tests were performed to evaluate the tensile strength, modulus of
elasticity and elongation at break of the CNF modified epoxy and the flax fiber reinforced nanocomposites.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was also used to observe the CNF distribution in the epoxy resin matrix.
With the increase of the content of carbon nanofibers, both tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of the
nanocomposites increased first and then decreased as shown in Figure 1. However, all specimens with CNF had
larger tensile strength and modulus of elasticity than those of specimens with pure epoxy resin. The maximum
tensile strength and modulus of elasticity happened in the flax fiber reinforced nanocomposite with 0.5% of CNF
in epoxy resin by weight. The elongation of the specimens increased continuously with the increase of CNF
content. SCM images show that CNF dispersed more uniformly in the specimens with 0.5% of CNF than those
with 1.0% of CNF. This is the reason why the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites with 0.5% of CNF
were better than those with 1.0% of CNF.
(a) Tensile strength (b) Young’s modulus ( c) Elongation

Figure 1: Mechanical properties of FFRP with different contents of CNF.
Paris
BIOBASED EPOXY NETWORKS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

J. Galy, A. Viretto
Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP-UMR 5223), 17 Avenue Jean
Capelle, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
jocelyne.galy@insa-lyon.fr
KEYWORDS :
New composite materials, Epoxy, Biobased matrices
ABSTRACT:
Epoxy matrices are successfully used for structural strengthening in civil engineering applications by means of
carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP). These high-performance materials have unique properties that make
them especially attractive for such applications — quick cure time, good mechanical strength, and ease of
processing. In the context of sustainable development, the aim of our study is to develop biobased epoxy matrices
as an alternative to the traditional petroleum-based epoxy matrices used in CFRP. The work presented here is part
of a much larger research study to develop ‘green composites’, where the use of flax or basalt fibres as reinforcing
fibres is investigated (ANR ‘micro’). We focus on two biobased epoxy monomers: a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol
A (DGEBA) and a sorbitol polyglycidyl ether (SPGE). These monomers were reacted with a biobased curing
agent, a phenalkamine (PhA), derived from cardanol. After in-depth characterisation of the chemical structures of
the three monomers, the reactivity of both systems, DGEBA-PhA and SPGE-PhA, was studied using DSC and
rheology. The properties of the networks were characterised via dynamic mechanical analysis and water uptake
measurements for networks with partial or full conversion of epoxy groups, which were obtained by crosslinking
at room temperature or at high temperature, respectively. The results reveal that the two systems are good
candidates for the preparation of green composite materials as they meet the requirements necessary for
manufacturing composites in civil engineering applications.
works cured at room temperature::

DGEBA – PhA, : SPGE – PhA.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Funding for this study was provided by ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) through the contract ANR-15-
CE22-0007-04 - “MICRO: Matériaux Innovants Composites pour la Réparation d’Ouvrage”.
Paris
PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NATURAL FIBERS

AND FABRICS AS REINFORCEMENT FOR COMPOSITE SYSTEMS
Giuseppe Ferrara1, Bartolomeo Coppola 2, Luciano Di Maio 2, Enzo Martinelli1
1University of Salerno, Department of Civil Engineering, Fisciano (SA), Italy; 2University of Salerno,
Department of Industrial Engineering, Fisciano (SA), Italy; (corresponding author: e.martinelli@unisa.it).
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Experimental study; Eco-composite & bio-sourced composite materials; FRC and
cement composite materials; Flax fibres
ABSTRACT:
In the last years, the increasing interest toward more environmental friendly materials has focused the attention on
natural fibres and on their potential contributions in composite materials. Although several research activities have
shown the good mechanical properties of these fibres, their use is still limited due to both the absence of a standards
and guidelines and some open durability issues highlighted in the literature.
The present work is a contribution to identifying the main physical and mechanical properties of flax fibers and
fabrics intended as internal reinforcement in composite materials with mineral matrix. Due to the lack in
standardization on vegetable fibres as constituent of building materials, the experimental research moves from
characterising the geometry of bundles. The diameter of single yarn and twisted bundles has been measured by
means of a large number of measurements obtained by a microscope: specifically, six values have been recorded
for each one of thirty specimens. A comparison with a most accurate SEM analysis has been performed as well.
Tensile tests on single yarn, double yarn twisted bundle and textile strip specimens have been carried out. Tensile
test on flax textile have been performed after a specific curing period in controlled environment in order to evaluate
the durability of the textile and its sensitivity to alkali agents. A bidirectional grid flax textile have been embedded
in inorganic matrix obtaining a Textile Reinforcing Mortar composite system. Tensile tests on TRM specimens
have been performed to evaluate the efficiency of the use of natural fibres in such composite systems. The results
of the experimental activity showed that the diameter values assessed by means of microscope are affected by the
irregularities of the flax bundles, due to their twisted arrangement.
Figure 1 : Flax twisted bundle microscope image

Paris
EMPIRICAL DESIGN EQUATION TO PREDICT THE AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY OF

SANDWICH PANELS WITH FLAX FRP SKINS
M. Noël 1 and A. Fam 2
1
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, Email: MartinNoel@uOttawa.ca
2
Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada.
ABSTRACT
A new design approach is presented for predicting the axial strength of flax fiber reinforced polymer (FFRP)
sandwich panels which is calibrated using experimental results with consideration of different failure modes
including global buckling and localized failures. Use of natural fiber composite materials for construction is rapidly
gaining interest in response to the growing need to reduce consumption of non-renewable resources and the
embodied energy of buildings and infrastructure to meet sustainability and climate change initiatives. FFRP
materials in particular have shown potential as an alternative to glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites
with similar mechanical properties for structural and semi-structural applications. Lightweight insulated FFRP
sandwich panels with polyisocyanurate foam cores present one such application which can be used in rapid
modular construction, cladding, or decking. The current study presents a new model for predicting the ultimate
axial strength of FFRP sandwich panels which has been calibrated using an experimental study comprised of 87
column specimens having cross-sectional dimensions of 100 x 50 mm that investigated the effects of slenderness
ratio (ranging from 22 to 62), FFRP skin thickness (one to five layers corresponding to core-to-skin thicknesses of
15 to 64), and foam core density (ranging from 32 to 96 kg/m 3). The preliminary model presented agreed well with
experimental results with an experimental-to-predicted ratio of 0.98 and a COV of 0.18. Additional work is needed
to apply the model to other FRP skin types and core thicknesses.
Paris
HYGROTHERMAL AGEING OF FLAX FIBRE REINFORCED COMPOSITES

INTENDED FOR THE STRENGTHENING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
R. Chlela 1, W. Zombré 2, M. Quiertant 3, L. Curtil 2, and K. Benzarti 1
1 Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier (UMR 8205), IFSTTAR, France, Email: robert.chlela@ifsttar.fr
2 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratory of Composite Materials for Construction (LMC2), France
3 Université Paris-Est, IFSTTAR, MAST-EMGCU, France.
ABSTRACT
The combination of natural fibres and a bio-based matrix to produce environmentally friendly composites for
structural strengthening applications in construction has been the subject of a significant amount of research.
However, a main drawback of natural fibres is their sensitivity to environmental conditions, which may affect the
mechanical properties of both the composite itself and its adhesive bond with the host structure in the long term.
The present durability study, conducted in the framework of the MICRO project funded by the French National
Research Agency (ANR), aims at investigating the influence of hygrothermal ageing on the mechanical
performances of an innovating composite strengthening system based on a bio-epoxy matrix reinforced by flax
fibres. The test program consists in subjecting composite laminates and strengthened concrete slabs to accelerated
ageing conditions, under six different combinations of temperature and humidity. Aged laminates are then
periodically characterized by tensile tests and interlaminar shear tests, while the bond properties of
concrete/composite assemblies are assessed by pull-off tests.
This paper presents the first results of this ongoing experimental program which is scheduled over a total period
of 2 years. Results are discussed in the light of complementary investigations (monitoring of the water sorption
behaviour, microscopic observations, and evaluation of the glass transition temperature by differential scanning
calorimetry – DSC) in order to relate the observed performance evolutions to actual microstructural changes or
damage processes taking place in the material during ageing.
KEYWORDS
Hygrothermal ageing, flax fibre reinforced polymer composites, bio-based epoxy matrix, tensile test, pull-off test,
water sorption.
5
5 5
0
20°C
0 ; 50% 20°C ; 100% 40°C
0 ; 100%
µ
µ µ
m
m m
50 5
µ 0
m µ
m
Figure 1: Microscopic observations of polished cross-sections of FFRP laminates subjected to various ageing
conditions for 3 months.
60°C ; 50% 60°C ; 75% 60°C ; 100%

Paris
BASALT FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER (BFRP): AN INNOVATIVE

COMPOSITE TO REPAIR CONCRETE STRUCTURES?
Clément Lacoste1, Anne Bergeret 1
1 Centre des Matériaux des Mines d’Alès (C2MA), Alès, France (corresponding author:
clement.lacoste@mines-ales.fr)
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Material ; Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems; Eco-
composite & bio-sourced composite materials
ABSTRACT:
Concrete structures could be modified under various environmental conditions (corrosion, fatigue or exceptional
loads) and need to be reinforced to extend their service life. A recent and popular technic have been introduced
with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP). The reinforcement of concrete structure is achieved by hand lay-up of the
composite materials. Usually, Carbone Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) is the first commercial choice according
to their high tensile properties and durability. However, considering the need of lowering the delivery and
environmental cost of the composite materials, non-conventional innovative materials should be explored.
The promising nature, low cost and effective properties of basalt fibers could make basalt a prospective candidate
for reinforcement in FRP because of their good resistance to weather, alkaline and acids exposure. The usage of
natural fibers such as flax with interesting mechanical properties as replacement for inorganic fibers is also of
major interest. However, the non-structure application of this material still limited their development in FRP.
This study is focused on the development of basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) and its potential use for
concrete structures reinforcement. The development of a new type of hybrid composite, associating basalt and flax
fibers was also studied as well as surface treatments for flax fibers to improve their durability.
Figure 1: Basalt (left), flax (middle) and hybrid (right) fabrics reinforced epoxy composites
Paris
FRC and cement based composite

materials
Paris
STRAIN AND CRACK DETECTION IN EXPERIMENTAL TESTS ON TEXTILE

REINFORCED MORTAR COMPOSITES
Marcin Tekieli1*, Stefano De Santis2, Gianmarco de Felice2, Łukasz Hojdys1, Piotr Krajewski1, Arkadiusz
Kwiecień1, Francesca Roscini2
1
Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; 2
Roma Tre University, Department of Engineering. Via Vito Volterra 62, 00146 Rome, Italy.
*corresponding author: mtekieli@L5.pk.edu.pl
KEYWORDS:
direct tensile tests, shear bond tests, crack pattern, full-field optical measurement technique, TRM, FRCM, strain
detection
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents the application of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) to the measurement of displacement and
strains and to the detection of crack pattern in tensile and bond tests on Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM)
composites (Figure 1). DIC is a full-field contactless optical method for measuring displacements in experimental
testing, based on the correlation of the digital images taken during test execution. With respect to conventional
methods, DIC offers the advantageous possibility of selecting several measurement points after the test, is more
cost-efficient, does not entail any risks of damage to instrumentation, and is generally less affected by stroke or
encumbrance limitations. On the other hand, it detects only the outer surface of the specimen, so no information
is directly available on the textile that is embedded in the matrix, and requires particular care for setup preparation.
In this work, two DIC software programs were used and their results were compared to each other as well as to
those provided by traditional transducers for mutual validation. The advantages offered by DIC with respect to
conventional sensors, as a tool for improving the mechanical characterization of TRMs and for developing a deeper
understanding of their behaviour, are discussed together with some of its limitations.
Figure 1: TRM-to-substrate hear bond tests: crack pattern (a,b), and fields of vertical displacements (c) and
strain (d) recorded by DIC.
Paris
MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTI-PLY STEEL REINFORCED

GROUT COMPOSITES FOR THE STRENGTHENING OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
Georgia E. Thermou1,2, Gianmarco de Felice3, Stefano De Santis3, Sultan Alotaibi1, Francesca Roscini3, Iman
Hajirasouliha1, Maurizio Guadagnini1
1The University of Sheffield, Civil and Structural Engineering Department, Sir Frederick Mappin Building
Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK (corresponding author: g.thermou@sheffield.ac.uk); 2Aristotle University
of Thessaloniki, Civil Engineering Department, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece (on leave); 3Roma Tre University,
Department of Engineering, Via Vito Volterra 62, 00146 Rome, Italy
KEYWORDS:
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; Experimental study; Bond and interfacial
stresses; Bond and interfacial stresses; Steel-Reinforced Grout (SRG); Digital Image Correlation (DIC)
ABSTRACT:
The use of externally bonded Steel-Reinforced Grout (SRG) composites, comprising Ultra High Tensile Strength
Steel (UHTSS) textiles embedded in an inorganic mortar matrix (Fig. 1), has been shown to provide an effective
and cost-efficient solution for the repair and strengthening of existing structures. Although several studies have
been carried out in the last decade to investigate the SRG-to-concrete bond behaviour, most of the existing
literature examines the use of systems with a single layer of steel textile and only limited information is available
on multi-ply SRG composites, which are often required for applications to large structural elements. This paper
presents the preliminary results of an experimental study on SRG systems comprising multiple layers of galvanized
UHTSS textiles within a geopolymer mortar. The investigation comprises three stages: 1) direct tensile tests on
SRG coupons to characterize the tensile properties of the composite system; 2) lap-splice tests (for overlap length
ranging from 100 mm to 300 mm) to develop an improved understanding of the textile-to-textile load transfer
capacity; 3) single-lap bond tests to examine the effect on bond behaviour of number of steel textile plies (one,
two or three) and steel cord density (4 and 8 cords/in) on concrete substrates. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was
used to obtain full-field displacement measurements and map crack development.
(a) (b)
Figure 1 (a) Schematic of a single cord embedded in grout(b) of density 4 cord/in (left), 8 cords/in (right)
Paris
DURABILITY OF TEXTILE REINFORCED MORTAR (TRM) SYSTEMS

Francesca Giulia Carozzi1, Pierluigi Colombi1, Tommaso D’Antino1, Carlo Poggi1
1 Politecnico di Milano, Department of architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering, Milan,
Italy; (corresponding author: pierluigi.colombi@polimi.it)
KEYWORDS :
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; Experimental study ; Durability, long-term
performance; FRC and cement composite materials; TRM systems
ABSTRACT:
Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) materials are an innovative strengthening technique particularly used in the
retrofitting of masonry structures. These systems are composed of a fibers grid embedded in an inorganic matrix
(lime or cementitious mortar) sometimes enriched with short fibers.
The knowledge of the durability of these composite materials is of primary importance in order to calibrate design
guidelines and to evaluate the design life of the strengthened structure. In literature only few experimental works
are available, and only a limited number of systems and aggressive environments are considered.
In this work a large experimental campaign is described. A series of TRM (also pre-cracked) and dry textile
specimens were subjected to freeze and thaw cycles, alkaline environment and saltwater. After the conditioning,
the samples were subjected to tensile tests and the results were compared with the ones obtained by tests performed
on control specimens. In particular the slops of the different phases of the stress-strain curves, and the stress
reached at the first cracking phase and at collapse are compared. Different materials were analysed, composed of
lime or cementitious mortars and Glass, PBO, Basalt and Carbon fibers. A total number of about 150 tests was
performed.
The experimental results obtained and the analysis reported could represent an important contribution in the
calibration of a guidelines procedure.
Figure 1: Tensile test on FRCM sample

Paris
STUDY OF THE MATRIX-FIBER BOND BEHAVIOR OF CARBON AND GLASS

FRCM COMPOSITES
Lesley H. Sneed1, Tommaso D’Antino2, J.H. Gonzalez-Libreros3, Christian Carloni4, Carlo Pellegrino3
1 Missouri University of Science and Technology, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental
Engineering, Rolla, MO, USA; 2 Politecnico di Milano, Department of Architecture, Built Environment, and
Construction Engineering, Milan, Italy; 3 University of Padua, Department of Civil, Environmental, and
Architectural Engineering, Padova, Italy 4 University of Bologna, Department of Civil, Chemical,
Environmental, and Materials Engineering, Bologna, Italy; (corresponding author: sneedlh@mst.edu)
KEYWORDS:
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; Experimental study; Characterization of FRP
and FRC materials/systems; Bond and interfacial stresses; FRCM; Effective bond length.
ABSTRACT:
Strengthening and retrofitting of existing reinforced concrete (RC) elements have been gaining interest in recent
decades. Among the strengthening solutions available, fiber reinforced composites present certain advantages,
such as high strength-to-weight ratio and low invasivity, which make them attractive in some applications. In
particular, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been successfully employed for bending and shear
strengthening and for confinement of axially loaded elements, however they suffer from UV degradation,
(relatively) high temperature exposure, and cannot be applied onto wet surfaces. To overcome these limitations,
which are mostly related to the use of organic binders (usually epoxy resins), a new type of composite comprised
of a fiber mesh embedded within an inorganic matrix has recently been developed and is referred to as fiber
reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites. While FRCM composites have proven effective for
strengthening RC elements, each specific composite presents a different behavior and needs to be properly
characterized. In this paper, the results of single-lap direct-shear tests of carbon and glass FRCM-concrete joints
are presented and discussed. Specimens with different composite bonded lengths were tested in an attempt to
identify the effective bond length of each composite. The debonding stress experimentally obtained for carbon
FRCM composites is also compared with that obtained through a fracture mechanics approach based on fiber
strains measured on the same material using strain gauges bonded to the longitudinal fibers.
Paris
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF PBO FRCM-CONCRETE JOINTS

Tommaso D’Antino1, Lesley H. Sneed2, Christian Carloni3, Carlo Pellegrino4
1 Politecnico di Milano, Department of Architecture, Built Environment, and Construction Engineering, Milan,
Italy; 2 Missouri University of Science and Technology, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental
Engineering, Rolla, MO, USA; 3 University of Bologna, Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and
Materials Engineering, Bologna, Italy; 4 University of Padova, Department of Civil, Environmental, and
Structural Engineering, Padova, Italy (corresponding author: tommaso.dantino@polimi.it)
KEYWORDS:
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; Material; Bond and interfacial stresses; FRC
and cement composite materials; FRCM; Numerical analysis.
ABSTRACT:
The use of fiber reinforced composites for strengthening and retrofitting existing reinforced concrete (RC)
structures has been increasing popularity in the last few decades. Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have
been heavily studied and proven successful for bending and shear strengthening of RC beams and slabs and for
confining axially loaded RC elements. Recently, fiber reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites, which
are comprised of high-strength fiber net embedded within inorganic matrices, have been proposed as an alternative
to FRP composites.
The bond behavior of fiber reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites applied to concrete elements is
investigated in this paper by means of a three-dimensional numerical analysis. The FRCM-concrete joints studied
are part of an extensive experimental campaign conducted using the single-lap direct-shear test set-up and include
specimens both with and without the external layer of matrix. The input data of the numerical models are obtained
applying a fracture mechanics approach that allowed for studying the shear stress – slip relationships that
characterize the matrix-fiber interfaces. The load responses and strain profiles obtained from the numerical models
of specimens with and without the external matrix layer are compared with the corresponding load responses and
strain profiles observed in the experimental tests. A good agreement between the numerical solutions and the
experimental results is obtained.
Figure 1: Single-lap direct-shear test.

Paris
BOND BEHAVIOR OF BASALT TEXTILE GRID IN UHDCC

Jiafei Jiang 1,2, Xiangxiang Dou 1, Jiangtao Yu 1, Haibei Xiong 1
1 College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; 2 College of Civil Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai, China (corresponding author: jfjiang@tongji.edu.cn)
KEYWORDS :
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; Experimental study ; FRC and cement composite
materials; Bond and interfacial stresses
ABSTRACT:
Textile reinforced mortar (TRM) is one possible solution to replace the organic binding for the application of fiber
reinforced polymer (FRP) in retrofitting. Although it can solve the fire resistance and durability issue from epoxy,
but the brittle fracture of the traditional mortar makes great influences on the bond strength transfer between matrix
and fiber and subsequently causes a significant decrease on the efficiency of fibers/textiles. A new inorganic
composite, textile reinforced ultra high ductility cementitious composite (TR-UHDCC), was proposed to replace
the mortar and expected to have an attractive foreground of engineering applications for UHDCC and large rupture
strain (LRS) FRP. Fundamentally, the transfer of force from the textile to UHDCC is accomplished through the
bond properties which finally affect the tensile behaviour of TR-UHDCC. In this paper, the experimental study is
presented, targeting on the basalt textile grid reinforced UHTDCC. The UHDCC was developed by Yu et al (2017),
which is PE fiber reinforced cementitious composite and has higher rupture strain before strain-softening than
traditional Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC). The double-sided pull-out test was conducted on 54
specimens. The bond performance is studied with consideration of the bridging effect from the fibers in the matrix.
The bond behavior differs with different failure modes, which is related to the embedded length, grid spacing and
warp and weft spacing ratio.
a) Dimension of specimens b) Test set-up
Figure 1 : Pull-out test of basalt textile grid embedded in UHDCC

Paris
A MULTISCALE APPROACH FOR TEXTILE REINFORCED CONCRETE:

ILLUSTRATION ON TRC SANDWICH PANELS
Zakaria.Ilyes .Djamai1, Ferdinando .Salvatore1, Amir.Si Larbi1, Mohamed.El Mankibi2
1- Université de Lyon, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Saint-Etienne (ENISE), Laboratoire de Tribologie et de
Dynamique des Systèmes (LTDS), UMR 5513, 58 rue Jean Parot, 42023 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France.
2- Département de Génie Civil et Bâtiment, Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’Etat (ENTPE), 3 Rue
Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France
Corresponding author : zakaria-ilyes.djamai@enise.fr
KEYWORDS:
textile-reinforced concrete, multiscale, finite element modelling, bond slip law, pull-out failure, anchorage length,
sandwich panels.
ABSTRACT
The present study establishes a numerical strategy for describing the textile /concrete bond behaviour in textile-
reinforced concrete (TRC) composites that separates the cohesive and coulomb friction contributions.
The textile -concrete bond approach, validated on an existing pull out test in the literature, has been used to
calibrate the textile-concrete bond slip law of an existing TRC tested in tension by an innovative inverse approach
thanks to its pull-out mode of failure.
The calibrated bond slip law has been used as an input parameter to produce an enhanced TRC multiscale
numerical model that is based on the nonlinear behaviour of its constitutive components (concrete, textile, and
textile-concrete bond slip law) and takes into account all the damage mechanisms of TRC, which are mainly
characterized by matrix cracking and yarn pull-out .The model has been validated on the basis of the previous
TRC experimental tensile test.
3D TRC multiscale finite element approach which involves definition of the textile-concrete interaction bond slip
law has been used to evaluate the behavior of a TRC sandwich panel. Accurate results have been achieved with
the TRC multiscale approach; furthermore, the experimental mode of failure of the sandwich panel has been
captured
Paris
INFLUENCE OF PRE-IMPREGNATION PROCESS ON MECHANICAL

PERFORMANCE OF GLASS/ETTRINGITIC MATRIX COMPOSITE
Omayma HOMORO, Marie MICHEL, Emma LANOYE, Thouraya N. BARANGER
Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Laboratory of Composite Materials for Construction (LMC2), 82 bd
Niels Bohr, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France. Mail: omayma.homoro@univ-lyon1.fr, marie.michel@univ-lyon1.fr,
emma.lanoye@univ-lyon1.fr, thouraya.baranger@univ-lyon1.fr
KEYWORDS:
Strengthening and repair, Experimental study, glass multifilament yarns, ettringitic matrix, pre-impregnation
ABSTRACT:
FRP used in many applications for new light structures and for the strengthening or repair of old structural
elements, TRC (Textile reinforced concrete) has also mechanical properties and durability, which are appropriate
to these purposes. However, the use of multifilament reinforcements for cements is challenging because the cement
particles can not fully penetrate the space between the inner filaments, so we obtain a yarn in which the external
filaments are in direct contact with the matrix, but the internal filaments are relatively free (Figure ), which
decreases the yarn/matrix bond and consequently the mechanical performance of the composite.
The objective of this study is to improve this bond by pre-impregnating the glass yarn with mineral
powder according to two different processes: Conventional pre-impregnation in a wet way and pre-impregnation
in a dry way which is based on the use of an alternating electrostatic field that allows to impregnate powder into
yarns. This innovative process developed by Fibroline1 provides an homogeneous distribution of powder and
increase the degree of impregnation. Classical pull-out tests have been used for the mechanical characterization
of an AR glass yarn embedded in an ettringitic matrix. Three types of specimens have been tested: a dry yarn, a
yarn pre-impregnated in a wet way with matrix particles, and a yarn per-impregnated in a dry way with different
types of powder. These tests allowed to identify the mechanical properties of the yarn/matrix interaction and to
highlight the efficient pre-impregnation process.
In order to better understand the filaments/matrix interaction mechanisms and explain the pull out
behavior, this study has been completed by microscopic observations using the X-ray tomography and by carrying
out direct tensile tests on composites consisting of matrix and yarn, which are treated in the same way as the pull
out tests.
Filaments
Yarn
Internal filaments
Matrix
External filaments
Matrix
Metal rods
Figure 1: pull-out specimen: glass yarn embedded in ettringitic matrix

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APPLICATION OF A TRILINEAR BOND-SLIP MODEL TO FRCM-CONCRETE

JOINTS
Xingxing Zou , Lesley Sneed , Tommaso D’Antino 2, Christian Carloni 3
1 1
1 Missouri University of Science and Technology, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental
Engineering, Rolla, MO 65409, USA; 2 Politecnico di Milano, Department of Architecture, Built Environment,
and Construction Engineering, Milan, Italy; 3 University of Bologna, Department of Civil, Chemical,
Environmental, and Materials Engineering, Bologna, Italy
(corresponding author: sneedlh@mst.edu)
KEYWORDS :
Fiber reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composite; Trilinear bond-slip model; Effective bond length; New
composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques.
ABSTRACT:
This study presents an analytical approach for predicting the load-slip response of fiber reinforced cementitious
matrix (FRCM)-concrete joints. The FRCM-concrete interfacial behavior was described with a trilinear cohesive
material law consisting of a linear stage, a softening stage, and a friction stage. Accordingly, provided that the
bonded length is longer than the composite effective bond length, the full-range applied load-global slip response
consists of five stages: an elastic stage, an elastic-softening stage, an elastic-softening-debonding stage, a
softening-debonding stage, and finally a fully debonded stage. Closed-form solutions for the applied load-global
slip, interfacial shear stress distribution, and longitudinal stress distribution along the composite bonded length
were derived. Also, the debonding load, peak load, and the effective bond length were analytically obtained.
Results of the analytical model were compared to experimental results of six single-lap shear specimens
instrumented with strain gauges mounted to the longitudinal fibers along the composite bonded length.
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SINGLE FIBRE-TO-MORTAR BOND CHARACTERIZATION IN TRM

COMPOSITES
Bahman Ghiassi1, Ali Dalalbashi2, Daniel V. Oliveira2
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United
Kingdom, (bahman.ghiassi@nottingham.ac.uk)
2 ISISE, University of Minho, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
KEYWORDS
Strengthening and repair; Experimental study; Bond and interfacial stresses; FRC and cement composite
materials; TRM; Pull-out test.
ABSTRACT
Textile-reinforced mortars (TRM) have been identified as sustainable materials for externally bonded
reinforcement (EBR) of masonry and historical structures. The fibre-to-mortar bond, the TRM-to-masonry bond,
and the mechanical properties of the TRM constituents have a fundamental role in the performance of this
strengthening technique. Although several studies can be found in the literature with the focus on characterization
of the tensile response and TRM-to-masonry bond behaviour, the fibre-to-mortar bond response that plays a
critical role in the performance of these systems have received few attention.
This paper, as an step towards addressing the gap in characterization of the fibre-to-mortar bond behaviour,
presents an experimental and analytical investigation on the effect of test setup and fiber embedded length on the
pull-out response and bond-slip laws in TRM composites. Three different pull-out test setups, consisting of one
pull-pull and two pull-push configurations, are developed and investigated for characterization of the single fibre-
to-mortar bond behaviour. The experimental and analytical results are discussed and presented and bond-slip laws
are extracted for each test setup and embedded length.
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Bond
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MODE II INTERFACE CONSTITUTIVE LAW FOR CONCRETE SUBSTRATES

STRENGTHENED WITH STEEL REINFORCE POLYMERS
Francesco Ascione1, Marco Lamberti 1, Annalisa Napoli 1, Ghani Razaqpur 2 , Roberto Realfonzo1
1 University of Salerno, Department of Civil Engineering, Salerno, Italy; 2 Nankai University, Department of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tainjin, China; 3
(corresponding author: fascione@unisa.it)
KEYWORDS :
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; Experimental study ; Bond and interfacial
stresses; Seismic applications
ABSTRACT :
A new effective and economical solution was recently introduced for the external strengthening of RC existing
structures, which consists of an innovative composite material using steel wires in lieu of traditional carbon and
glass continuous fibers, embedded in a polymer matrix. The steel fabric can be externally bonded to a substrate
via wet lay-up, using either epoxy or polyester resin. The resulting composite system is termed Steel Reinforced
Polymer (SRP).
In order to properly predict the debonding load and the interface mode of failure, robust local bond-slip model is
required. When estimating debonding failure load, many design guidelines consider the mode II fracture energy
as the key material property. For SRP-concrete interfaces the above quantity has not been yet established.
Consequently, two nonlinear interface laws are here presented and calibrated using several results of a previous
large experimental program on SRP-to-concrete bonded joints in terms of axial strain measurements of the steel
strips. The first bilinear interface law presented, was originally proposed for FRP-to-concrete system. The second
nonlinear bond-slip law is proposed by the authors. The calibration procedure consists of least square minimization
between theoretical and experimental data. The results obtained show that, for the case of the SRP system, the
proposed local bond-slip model provides a more accurate prediction of the maximum shear stress and
corresponding slip than the counterpart bilinear law.
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FRP-TO-CONCRETE DEBONDING - GLOBAL AND LOCAL BOND BEHAVIOUR

M. Breveglieri 1*, A. Hosseini 1,2 and C. Czaderski 1
1 Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf
Resilient Steel Structures Laboratory, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
*Email: matteo.breveglieri@empa.ch
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Modeling ; Bond and interfacial stresses; Codes, standards and design guidelines; FRP-
Concrete interfacial shear stress
ABSTRACT:
FRP (fiber reinforced polymer) strips are used to flexurally strengthen reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The global
bond strength namely the maximum transferable bond stress due to the increase of FRP tensile stress in a cracked
concrete element (subsequently named as global bond shear stress) is a relevant aspect of flexural strengthening
design. The differences between the bond strength in an uncracked concrete (end anchorage) and in a cracked
concrete element have been highlighted in the existing literature; however, despite a large number of research
works on the simple lap-shear test (local bond shear stress), less effort has been dedicated to investigate and model
debonding on a global view. The current version of Swiss code on externally bonded reinforcement (SIA 166-
2004) limits the local and global bond strength by means of the shear stresses, τf,max=τl0 and τl,lim, which are both
assumed to be only functions of the concrete tensile strength. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated in the
literature that the maximum interfacial shear stress between two adjacent flexural (or flexural-shear) cracks
depends also on the stress level in the FRP (σo). In the current paper, the difference between the local and global
bond behavior and its debonding processes is explained and discussed with analytical and numerical models.
In analogy to the existing approach developed to study the bond behavior of prestressed carbon fiber reinforced
polymer (CFRP) strips during force release, a fracture energy-based model is proposed in the current study to
determine the maximum global bond developed in a so-called intermediate crack element (ICE). The proposed
model is a function of the FRP tensile stress (σo) and assumes a constant shear stress law. It is here demonstrated
that the proposed model provides similar results to the more complicated models available in the literature. The
main findings are here discussed with the aim to evaluate the feasibility of this new model for a future enhancement
of the Swiss code.
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BOND BEHAVIOR OF PRE-CURED CFRP STRIPS TO CONCRETE USING

EXTERNALLY BONDED REINFORCEMENT ON GROOVE (EBROG) METHOD
Niloufar Moshiri 1,2, Davood Mostofinejad 1, Amir Tajmir-Riahi 1
1 Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Civil Engineering Department, Isfahan, Iran
2 Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa)
(Corresponding author: niloufar.moshiri@cv.iut.ac.ir)
KEYWORDS
Strengthening and repair, Experimental study, Bond and interfacial stresses, EBROG method, CFRP strips, DIC,
Externally Bonded Reinforcement On Groove.
ABSTRACT
FRP debonding from concrete substrate may lead to premature failure and diminish the FRP-strengthening
performance. Externally Bonded Reinforcement On Groove (EBROG) technique has been presented as a
promising substitute to Externally Bonded Reinforcement (EBR) in order to postpone FRP debonding.
Eliminating/postponing of debonding of FRP sheets installed through wet layup EBROG was demonstrated in
previous studies. In this research, bond behavior of pre-cured CFRP strips with much higher level of stiffness and
strength were investigated to examine versatile efficiency of EBROG technique. To do so, 6 specimens were
strengthened with EBR and EBROG techniques. Bond resistance and failure modes were experimentally assessed.
EBROG method removed the concrete failure and thus, helped the bonded joint to resist higher anchorage
resistance. Specimens with two longitudinal grooves in this study experienced a bond resistance twice of those in
EBR specimen. In addition, inspecting slip distribution revealed that effective bond length was longer in EBROG
method compared to EBR.
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BOND RESISTANCE OF A SINGLE GROOVE IN EBROG METHOD TO ATTACH

CFRP SHEETS ON CONCRETE
Amir Tajmir-Riahi 1, Davood Mostofinejad 1, Niloufar Moshiri 1,2
1 Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Civil Engineering Department, Isfahan, Iran
2 Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa)
(Corresponding author: amir.tajmir@yahoo.com)
KEYWORDS
Strengthening and repair; Experimental study; Bond and interfacial stresses; EBROG method; Size effect, FRP
sheet.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays the strengthening of existing building in order to ensure proper operation in emergency time is one of
the most important construction industry’s challenges. Because of composite sheets fast and easy implementation,
their very low weight and very high tensile resistance and ability to resist corrosion, FRP composite sheets has
become one of the most widespread materials for strengthening of concrete structures. The conventional method
for utilizing FRP sheets is externally bonded reinforcement (EBR). The main advantage of EBR technique is facile
installation, but premature debonding of FRP sheets has restricted EBR technique. Externally bonded
reinforcement on groove (EBROG) method has been proposed as an alternative to EBR method. EBROG in
comparison with EBR is capable of postponing/eliminating of debonding phenomenon and the results have been
discussed in the literature. In this paper, load carrying capacity of a single groove is experimentally evaluated. To
focus on bond resistance of a groove, just one groove with length of 200mm is created in the middle of bond zone.
Size effect of grooves is another intention of the current research. To do so, single shear tests were conducted on
8 specimens with dimension of 150×150×350mm that were strengthened with EBR and EBROG. Results showed
that the maximum load carried by an EBROG joint is much more than that of the counterpart EBR joint. The bond
resistances of a single groove in EBROG joint are also compared in different sizes of grooves. In addition, an
innovative method was proposed to evaluate the effective bond length.
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WIDTH EFFECT OF INTERFACIAL BOND

Yu-Fei Wu 1, Jian-Ping Lin 2, Liang He 3
1 Professor, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Australia
(corresponding author: yufei.wu@rmit.edu.au);
2 Lecturer, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China;
3 Engineer, Guangzhou Metro Design and Research Institute Corporation Limited, China.
KEYWORDS
Interface, bond, size effect, width effect, fracture mode.
ABSTRACT
The bond properties of an interface in composite structures are generally considered as local mechanical
characteristics in extant literature. Through experimental testing, analytical study, and numerical simulation, it is
shown in this work that the interfacial bond characteristics are generally size dependent and non-local structural
properties. Interfacial shear bond generally involves both Mode II and Mode III fractures. When both fracture
modes are involved, the bond characteristics are size dependent. However, when only Mode II fracture is involved,
the interfacial bond is size independent. Rational study of the problem indicates that some key and important
factors have not been considered in existing models. A more sensible and accurate bond model considering all the
key factors and the size effect is developed in this work for externally bonded FRP-to-concrete joints.
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THE BOND BEHAVIOR OF SRP-TO-CONCRETE SYSTEM IN FIELD

ENVIRONMENT
Wei Wang 1, and John J. Myers 2
1 PhD Candidate, Department of Civil, Architectural &Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of
Science and Technology, MO, USA
2 Professor, Department of Civil, Architectural &Environmental Engineering, and Associate Dean, Missouri
University of Science and Technology, MO, USA
KEYWORDS:
Steel reinforced polymer (SRP), micro-fine galvanized and micro-fine brass coating steel fibers, freeze-thaw,
temperature and moisture conditions, flexural bending tests, direct pull-off bond tests.
ABSTRACT:
In this study concrete beams reinforced with a steel reinforced polymer (SRP) strengthening system that were
loaded and unloaded were subjected to real-time seasonal weather and solar exposure in Rolla, MO for 12 months.
Two types of steel fibers (micro-fine galvanized and micro-fine brass coating steel fibers) were used in this study.
A total of 22 SRP specimens, including 12 specimens loaded and 10 specimens unloaded, were maintained in
outdoor weather in Rolla, which has moderate UV radiation with various freeze-thaw, and variable temperature
and moisture conditions. Flexural bending tests and direct pull-off bond tests were performed to evaluate the long-
term bond performance of SRP-to-concrete interfaces. The flexural bending test results illustrated that the bond
behavior between SRP and concrete was affected by the harsh environmental conditioning. The results for the
pull-off test were scattered. This high variability was related to several issues such as non-homogenous
characteristic of the concrete, applied load rate using hand, or the inappropriateness to prepare the specimens.
INTRODUCTION:
Currently, there are several composite application technologies to repair and retrofit deficient and aging concrete
members in existing buildings and bridges. These technologies involve manual FRP lay-up, pre-cured laminate
plates, near surface mounted (NSM) bars, mechanically fastened FRP, and SRP. There is limited available data to
exhibit the influence of real-time seasonal weather on the bond performance between SRP strengthening systems
and concrete. Deng et al. (2015) evaluated durability performance of concrete beams reinforced with CFRP sheet
under real-time weather and solar exposure, and found flexural strengths showed a 45% loss. The failure modes
were also changed from substrate to interfacial. Direct pull-off tension strength decreased after 18 months of real-
time exposure. Liau and Tsent (1998) reported that that cracks occurred when CFRP specimens were exposed to
the UV, finally reducing the strength due to stress concentrations.
In order to investigate the effects of field exposure on the bond performance of concrete beams reinforced with
SRP, they were subjected to real-time weather and solar exposure in Rolla, MO for 12 months (from October 2015
to September 2016). A total of 22 SRP specimens, including 12 specimens loaded and 10 specimens unloaded,
were maintained in outdoor weather in Rolla, which has moderate UV radiation with various freeze-thaw, and
variable temperature, and moisture conditions. These SRP specimens were tested in three-point loading. At the
same time, direct pull-off tension tests were conducted after 12 months of exposure.
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM:
In this study, Hardwire® tapes of 5 wires per inch were utilized with 3x2-G Hardwire® (a new galvanized coated
wire version-RG) and 3x2 Hardwire® (RNG) were applied individually to specimens to study the durability
performance of concrete members reinforced externally with composite materials made from Hardwire® and
epoxy (SRP). In addition, Sikadur® 330, which consists of Sikadur® 330 US Part A (component A) and Part B
(component B), was used. Plain concrete beams with a compressive strength of 6010 psi (41.4 MPa) were cast.
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The dimension of the specimens were 6 in. (width) x 6 in. (height) x 24 in. (length) (152.4 x 152.4 x 609.6 mm)
based on ACI 440.9R-15 provisions. The bond durability between the SRP strengthening system and concrete
substrate was evaluated through a flexural three-point bending test (ASTM D790-17) and a direct pull-off test
(ASTM D30-09).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Flexural Bending Test (FBT)
No sign of corrosion was observed on the surface of the SRP strengthening system for the exposed specimens. It
can be concluded that the epoxy resin utilized in this research exhibited a perfect moisture-tolerant behavior to
protect the steel fibers for the period studied. The average percentage of concrete cover area for the control
specimens was 31.5%. In contrast to this, the percentages of concrete cover area of loaded (40% and 20%) and
unloaded specimens decreased by 60.6%, 24.8%, and 34.3% respectively.
Pull-off Test (POT)
There was a large degree of scatter and variation in the test results, indicating the variability of this test method.
The average bond strength of control RG specimens was almost the same as the results of the control RNG
specimens. While this test method may be suitable for minimum bond compliance verification during
strengthening installation, it seems inappropriate to capture degradation in the system. As indicated in Figure 1 (c
and d), it may be noted that the failure occurred in the concrete substrate indicating that the failure did not occur
in the interface between the strengthening system and concrete substrate.
(a) FBT control (b) FBT conditioned (c) POT control (d) POT conditioned
Figure 1. Representative failed specimens from control and conditioned FBT and POT tests
CONCLUSIONS:
Test results of three-point loading tests indicated that the externally bonded SRP strengthening systems can capture
the durability performance and degradation factors, CE, can be established for use in design models such as ACI
440.2R. When subjected to real-time weather and solar exposure, the concrete covered areas of the exposed
specimens reduced significantly when compared to the counterparts of the control specimens. The degradation
should be attributed to loss of adhesion at the bond surface due to the influence of moisture and temperature.
For direct pull-off tests, this study determined a 5.3% (RG specimens) and 13.8% (RNG specimens) tensile
strength increase when the specimens were exposed to real-time weather and solar exposure for 12 months. The
results of this test exhibited a large degree of scatter and variation, indicating the variability of this test method.
Therefore, direct pull-off tests may not be considered as a technology to evaluate the long-term bond performance
of SRP-to-concrete systems. However, it may be an effective avenue for installation minimum bond compliance.
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FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF RC BEAMS USING SIDE NSM CFRP BARS:

AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
Thanongsak Imjai 1, Udomvit Chaisakulkiet 2 and Reyes Garcia 3
1 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-Ok, Bangkok, Thailand;
(Email: Thanongsak_im@rmutto.ac.th)
2 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin, Bangkok, Thailand;
3 Dept. of Civil Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK;
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Structure ; Bond and interfacial stresses; Side Near-surface Mounted; SNSM
ABSTRACT:
The strengthening of existing reinforced concrete (RC) elements is a leading challenge in civil engineering. The
need strengthening of RC structures can be due to an increase in design loads, construction errors in design or
workmanship, changes in design guidelines and/or live loads, or a combination of the above. A promising
strengthening technique for RC components is the use of near-surface mounted (NSM) FRP reinforcing bars or
strips into pre-cut grooves in the member. Normally, NSM FRP reinforcement is placed into pre-cut grooves at
the bottom/soffit of concrete elements. Such practice is difficult to implement in many countries (especially in
Thailand) because mechanical and electrical wiring is usually placed in pipes placed and cast near the soffits of
slabs and beams. As a result, alternative ways of installing NSM FRP reinforcement in existing structures are
necessary.
This paper presents initial results from tests aimed to examine the use of side near-surface mounted (SNSM) FRP
bars or strips to strengthen RC members. To achieve this, four-point bending tests were carried out on five
150x250x2500 mm RC beams using different SNSM FRP strengthening configurations. Typical construction
practices used in Thailand for strengthening of structures were adopted. The results are discussed in terms of
cracking, observed failure modes, load-deflection behaviour, and effectiveness of the strengthening solution. The
results indicate that the SNSM technique offers significant enhancement in flexural performance of RC beams in
both tension and compression, although the effectiveness is somehow limited by debonding of the FRP bars.
Placing of CFRP rod into the side groove Application of epoxy resin along the groove
Figure 1 : Application of side near-surface mounted FRP reinforcing bar on RC beams

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ANALYSES ON THE BOND TRANSFER BETWEEN FRP COMPOSITES AND

OTHER STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
Hugo Biscaia1, Carlos Chastre2, João Cardoso3, Noel Franco4
1 Fluid and Structures Engineering, UNIDEMI, Department of Civil Engineering,
NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal. Email: hb@fct.unl.pt
2 Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, ICIST, Department of Civil Engineering,
NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal. Email: chastre@fct.unl.pt
3 Fluid and Structures Engineering, UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering,
NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal. Email: jbc@fct.unl.pt
3 Department of Civil Engineering,
NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal. Email: ni.franco@campus.fct.unl.pt
KEYWORDS:
FRP composites; Concrete; Timber; Steel; Masonry; Aluminium; Bond; Modelling.
ABSTRACT:
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) can be used as a strengthening material in several types of structures built with
different materials, such as concrete, timber, steel, aluminium or clay masonry. Contrary to fasteners, the bond
technique currently used to connect the FRP composites to the substrate avoids stress concentrations. The
knowledge on the performance of those bonded joints has been increasing but there are several issues not well
understood yet. For instance, it is not clear which interfacial local bond-slip relationship should represent best each
type of interface. Such knowledge could be important for distinguishing different bond behaviours that, along with
the contribution on to the field of the numerical and/or analytical modelling, will certainly help to identify the main
causes for such differences between them all. Furthermore, the case of bonded joints between FRP and masonry
clay bricks is now starting their first steps and in this particular case, the actual knowledge needs to be improved
in order to increase the heritage building life cycle. Likely to other bonded joints such as FRP/concrete,
FRP/masonry joints have been tested under single/double-lap shear conditions as well. These two bonded joints
share, at least, one common particularity: both develop cracks when submitted to tensile stresses. Therefore, it is
expected that similar interfacial bond-slip relationships may be used in both circumstances. In bonded joints
between FRP composites and steel or timber substrates, the cracking phenomenon doesn't arise. However, on
FRP/timber interfaces, depending on the type of the timber used or depending on the orientation of the grains
throughout the bonded area, the interfacial bond-slip relationship may change. The work herein reported presents
a full comparison of bonded joints between FRP composites and other structural materials in which will be used
different analytical approaches to model their debonding behaviours. All modelling is based on cohesive bond-
slip relationships experimentally obtained from tests carried out by the authors or collected from the literature
which have the purpose of locally induce a cohesive rupture within the adhesive.
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COHESIVE ZONE MODELLING OF A PRESTRESSED NON-MECHANICAL CFRP

ANCHORAGE SUBJECTED TO FREEZE-THAW CYCLES
Yunus Emre Harmanci1,2, Edmunds Zile3, Julien Michels 4, Eleni Chatzi 1
1 Department of Structural Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; 2 Structural Engineering Research
Lab., Empa, Dübendorf, Switzerland; 3 Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia;
4 re-fer AG, Brunnen, Switzerland
KEYWORDS:
Strengthening and repair; Modeling ; Bond and interfacial stresses; Prestressing with FRP composites;
Durability, long-term performance
ABSTRACT:
The application of prestressed carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) as an externally bonded reinforcement
has attracted significant attention due to its well-known advantages both for the ultimate state as well as
serviceability conditions. Initially conceptualized by Urs Meier 1, gradient anchorage offers an alternative to
conventional mechanical anchoring techniques purely based on the bond between CFRP-epoxy-concrete. It is
achieved by a segment-wise prestressing force release at the strip end after the accelerated curing of epoxy under
high temperatures. The long-term behaviour is a significant factor for real-world applications due to the thermal-
and moisture sensitive nature of epoxy. Experimentally, it has been observed that FTC causes a reduction in the
residual anchorage resistance and deformation capacity of the system. Moreover, the failure mode is switched
from a concrete substrate to an epoxy-concrete interface failure. In order to accurately capture the failure
mechanisms, a cohesive zone modelling (CZM) approach is herein. Zero-thickness cohesive elements are
embedded between each continuum element, and subsequently constitutive traction-separation laws of the concrete
substrate and epoxy-concrete interface are introduced. These laws are derived via an inverse analysis relying on
experimental observations, obtained via digital image correlation. The CZM approach proves successful in
accurately simulating the experimentally observed behaviour based on the provided traction-separation curves.
Meier, U., and Stöcklin, I. (2005). “A Novel Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) System for Post-Strengthening.”Int. Conf. on Concrete
1
Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (ICCRRR), CRC Press, Taylor &Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
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July 17-19, 2018
ATOMISTIC INVESTIGATION ON INTERFACIAL DETERIORATION OF EPOXY-

BONDED INTERFACE UNDER HYGROTHERMAL ENVIRONMENT
Chao Wu, Ruidong Wu, Lik-ho Tam *
School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191,
China, Email: leo_tam@buaa.edu.cn
KEYWORDS
Epoxy-bonded interface, interfacial integrity, hygrothermal environment, molecular dynamics simulation.
ABSTRACT
The fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) has been increasingly used for strengthening concrete infrastructure through
external bonding by using epoxy adhesive. The long-term durability of FRP-concrete structure is seriously
degraded under hygrothermal environment at high level of temperature and humidity, which is mainly caused by
interfacial debonding between concrete and epoxy. The microscopic information on local interfacial deterioration
is important for understanding the failure mechanism of epoxy-bonded FRP-concrete structure under hygrothermal
environment, which is still lacking at this stage. This paper aims to understand the effect of hygrothermal
environment on nanoscale mechanical and interfacial behavior of epoxy-bonded interface by using molecular
dynamics simulation. The interface model is conditioned in dry and wet environment at room and elevated
temperature. By simulating interfacial debonding process, the structural and mechanical properties of epoxy-
bonded interface are examined, which degrades most seriously in wet environment at elevated temperature,
resulting in significant decrease of interfacial adhesion. The mechanistic knowledge provided in this paper could
contribute to the understanding of environment-affected structural failure of FRP-concrte system from the
nanoscale perspective, and it is believed to be applicable to similar FRP-strengthened structure.
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July 17-19, 2018
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CFRP-TO-CONCRETE BONDED JOINTS UNDER

FATIGUE LOADING
Hao Zhou, Van Thuan Nguyen, Dilum Fernando
The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia, Email: dilum.fernando@uq.edu.au
KEYWORDS
FRP-to-concrete bonded joints, Data acquisition, Fatigue behaviour, Failure mode.
ABSTRACT
Externally bonded (EB) FRP strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) structures has gained popularity worldwide
because of its many advantages compared to conventional strengthening methods. Performance of the structures
strengthened using EB FRP laminates depends significantly on the performance of the bonded interface between
the FRP and concrete. Therefore, extensive research has been carried out to study the behaviour of FRP-to-concrete
bonded joints, and numerous theoretical models have been developed to predict the behaviour of such bonded
joints under monotonic loading. However, only limited research efforts have been made on understanding and
modelling the behaviour of FRP-to-concrete bonded joints under fatigue cyclic loading. This paper presents the
results of an experimental study aimed at investigating the behaviour of FRP-to-concrete bonded joints under
fatigue cyclic loading. A customized data acquisition system was developed to capture the axial strains of FRP
plate during fatigue cyclic loading. From the test results, it was observed that the loading amplitude, concrete
strength and the type of the CFRP plate used significantly affected the failure mode of FRP-to-concrete bonded
joints under fatigue cyclic loading.
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INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE MECHANICAL

PERFORMANCE OF CFRP/CONCRETE ADHESIVE BOND
Karim Benzarti1, Nicolas Roche2, Corentin Le Roy3, Jeremy Roth3, André Flety3, Christophe Aubagnac3
1 Université Paris-Est, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Laboratoire Navier (UMR 8205), France
Email: karim.benzarti@ifsttar.fr
2 EDF, TEGG/SGC, Organic Materials Group, Aix en Provence, France
3 CEREMA, DTerCE/DLA, Autun, France.
ABSTRACT
CFRP are widely used in RC structures reinforcement and retrofitting, a large majority of which are currently
applied manually by hand lay-up, leading to various defects in the composite laminate and the adhesive bond
depending on the experience of the applicator.
In this experimental study, pultruded CFRP plates were installed on concrete blocks by controlling different
parameters of the bonding process, such as viscosity/consistency of the epoxy adhesive, temperature of the
concrete substrate, application of a contact pressure during bonding operation or the use of vacuum bagging. The
influence of these parameters on various bond characteristics was studied by performing mechanical tests and
micrographic observations. Mechanical bond performances were assessed using an instrumented Single Lap Shear
(SLS) test setup providing the shear capacity of the assembly. Standard Pull-off tests were also performed.
Besides, the morphology/geometry of the concrete/CFRP adhesive joint (thickness of the joint and penetration
depth of the polymer adhesive in the porous concrete substrate) was characterized by optical microscopy, and the
influence of the process parameters on these characteristics was discussed. Finally, the possible relationship
between morphological characteristics of the adhesive joint and mechanical properties was discussed.
KEYWORDS
CFRP, concrete, adhesive bonding, process parameters, pressure, vacuum bagging, bond performances,
morphology of the adhesive joint
Paris
Composites structures
Paris
LONG-TIME BEHAVIOUR OF GFRP/CONCRETE HYBRID STRUCTURES

Ibrahim Alachek1, Nadège Reboul1, Bruno Jurkiewiez 1
1Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Laboratoire des matériaux composites pour la construction LMC2, Lyon,
France (ibrahim.alachek@univ-lyon1.fr)
KEYWORDS:
Hybrid structures; Creep ; Durability, long-term performance; Bond and interfacial stresses ; Glass fibers
ABSTRACT:
Nowadays, new materials such as high-performance concrete and glass fibre reinforced polymer “GFRP” are
appearing in the construction market. All these materials offer improved performances compared to conventional
materials but they exhibit a brittle behaviour and thus differ from conventional ductile materials. Then to extend
their use, it is necessary to develop material-adapted structure forms and study their behaviours. In this context,
this study presents experimental and numerical investigations about the creep behaviour of a hybrid structure
consisting of I-shaped GFRP pultruded profile bonded to a thin deck made of reinforced concrete. The
experimental program included a flexural creep tests on GFRP I-profiles and on hybrid beams subjected to constant
loads equivalents to one-third of their ultimate loads. To assess the influence of environmental conditions on the
behaviour and the load-carrying capacity of these beams, other beams were left beside the loaded beams during
the test period and they were tested to failure under short term loading at the end of creep tests. The deflections
and axial strains over time, at the midspan sections, were measured in natural environmental conditions and
recorded for time durations up to 3600 h. The test configuration was three-point bending to simulate the most
severe loading in a proposed application. Also in this study, the Finite Element Method has been used for
simulation and stress analysis of hybrid bonded structures under elastic load. A three-dimensional model based on
the linear viscoelastic theory was proposed to study the evolution and distribution of strains and stresses over time.
The parameters of the proposed model were calibrated based on the experimental results. Special adhesive
elements have been used for stress and displacement analyses in adhesively bonded joints. The proposed model
allows predicting the evolution of the strains and displacement over the time period and the stress redistribution.
Figure 1: Creep tests

Paris
THE BEHAVIOUR OF DUCTILE LINK SLAB DESIGNED WITH FRP REINFORCED

ECC
Yu Zheng1, Lipeng Xia1, Lifei Zhang1 and Jianbin Yang1
1 Dongguan University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Dongguan China;
KEYWORDS :
Hybrid structures; Experimental study ; FRP internal reinforcement; Durability, long-term performance
ABSTRACT:
In the multispan deck system, mechanical expansion joints are typically designed and employed to facilitate both
rotations and lateral movements between simply supported adjacent bridge spans due to thermal expansions,
shrinkage, creep and girder deflections due to service loads. However, it is well reported that the deterioration of
mechanical expansion joint components, such as rubber aging and steel corrosion, has been one of the major factors
in the deterioration of those bridge structures. A possible approach to solve the durability problem and reduce the
high cost of maintenance in expansion joints is the elimination of mechanical deck joints. As a result, continuous
and jointless bridge decks have been suggested and proposed. One type of jointless bridge design proposed by a
number of researches is the application of link slab elements within bridge deck, which is used to connect the two
adjacent simple-span girders. In this paper, a flexible and corrosion-free link slab element by utilizing highly
ductile ECC and low stiffness non-corrosive FRP reinforcement is proposed and suggested. The proposed link slab
needs to maintain structural integrity and durability while conforming to crack width limitations and having
sufficient deformation capacity. In addition, a low stiffness of the link slab element is desired in order for the two
adjacent simply supported bridge deck spans, connected by the link slab, to undergo unrestrained deformations.
In this study, to verify that the proposed ECC material is able to exhibit the criteria of link slabs in the literatures,
a group of ECC specimens were employed and tested under compression, tension and flexure to investigate the
material properties. Subsequently, a FRP reinforced ECC slab was used as joint link slab in bridge deck structures
and a group of test specimens were conducted, including ECC link slab, ECC link slab reinforced with FRP grid
and ECC link slab reinforced with FRP bars. A series of monotonic repeated loading was applied for all the test
specimens. The performance is described based on the load-deflection/moment-rotation response, strain
development, cracking and energy absorption. The influence of FRP reinforcing materials on the link slab
structural performance is presented and discussed. The significant enhancement of deflection capacity and crack
with control in ECC link slab reinforced with FRP bars suggest that the use of ductile ECC and low stiffness FRP
can effective in extending the service life of joint-free bridge deck system.
Paris
July 17-19, 2018
AXIAL COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE TUBES WITH DIFFERENT

GROUT INFILLS
Ali A. Mohammed1,2, Allan C. Manalo1, Ginghis B. Maranan1, Yan Zhuge 1
1University of Southern Queensland, Centre for Future Materials, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences,
Toowoomba, Australia
2The University of Mustansiriya, College of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, Baghdad,
Iraq (corresponding author: alikuraishy88@gmail.com ; ali.mohammed@usq,edu.au)
KEYWORDS:
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; FRP tube; Composite jacket; Characterization of
ABSTRACT:
This paper investigates the effects of grout infill characteristics on the axial compressive behaviour of glass fibre
reinforced polymer (GFRP) tubes to determine the most effective infill for prefabricated composite repair systems.
As detailed in Table 1, five different types of grout infills were considered in this study based on their availability,
with taking into consideration the nominal compressive strength and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE). Grout infills
made from concrete, cementitious and epoxy grouts with compressive strength ranging from 10 MPa to 70 MPa
and MOE ranging from 10 GPa to 35 GPa, respectively, were selected. Characterisation of the compressive
properties of these grouts was conducted. These grouts were then filled into a 3 mm thick GFRP tubes to investigate
the effectiveness of the different grouts in stabilising the composite tubes and effectively utilising its hoop strength.
The experimental results showed that the increase of the grout MOE increases the overall stiffness of the filled
GFRP tube, while a low compressive strength grout (less than 20 MPa) is more effective than high compressive
strength grouts in utilising the GFRP tubes’ hoop strength. Moreover, as depicted in Figure 1, the degree of GFRP
tube rupture decreases and becomes less severe and more localised at the upper section of the specimen as the
grout compressive strength increases, which tends to suggest that increasing the infill compressive strength
decreases the portion of FRP tubes being utilised. Finally, the developed theoretical model predicted accurately
the load-carrying capacities of the GFRP tubes filled with different grouts.
Table 1. Grout infills properties
Type Compressive Strength, MPa MOE, GPa
Cementitious Grout 40.02 34
Epoxy Grout 75.29 12
Concrete (C1) 12.62 19

Paris
July 17-19, 2018
(a) Hollow tube (b) Filled-C1 (c) Filled-C3
Figure 1. Typical compression failure of FRP tubes with different infills

Paris
AXIAL COMPRESSION – BENDING INTERACTION OF HYBRID FRP

STRENGTHENED RC COLUMN ELEMENTS
Chellapandian M1, Suriya Prakash S2, Akanshu Sharma3
1 Research Associate, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
(Email: ce15resch11005@iith.ac.in)
2 Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
(Email: suriyap@iith.ac.in)
3 Junior Professor, Institute of Construction Materials, University of Stuttgart, Germany (Email:
akanshu.sharma@iwb.uni-stuttgart.de)
KEYWORDS:
CFRP; EB Strengthening; Interaction Study; NSM Strengthening; Hybrid Strengthening; RC Column Element.
ABSTRACT
Strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) element is challenging as the efficiency of a particular strengthening
scheme may change under different loading conditions. The importance of hybrid Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
strengthening on the behavioral improvement of RC column elements under combined axial and bending loads is
investigated. In total, thirty-two RC square elements of dimensions 230 mm (B x D) are cast. The specimens are
tested under different uniaxial eccentric (e) compression like (i) axial compression (e=0), (ii) low eccentric
compression (e=0.15*D), (iii) high eccentric compression (e=0.63*D) and (iv) pure flexure (e=∞). The specimens
are strengthened using (i) Near Surface Mounting (NSM) of Carbon FRP (CFRP) laminates, (ii) External Bonding
(EB) of CFRP fabrics and (iii) Hybrid strengthening which uses a combination of NSM and EB technique. Two
specimens are tested under each series to ensure the consistency of test results. Axial compression (P) – bending
(M) interaction diagram developed from the experimental results revealed that hybrid FRP strengthening resulted
in the best performance under all combinations of axial compression and bending loads. EB strengthening which
exhibited better performance under axial compression had a reduced improvement under combined bending and
compression loads. Moreover, the behavior of NSM strengthened specimens had significant improvement due to
presence of bending in the interaction diagram.
Paris
EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF GFRP AND UFC COMPOSITE

BEAMS
Isuru Sanjaya Kumara Wijayawardane1, Hiroshi Mutsuyoshi2
1 Saitama University, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Saitama and Japan, Email:
isuruwijayawardane@gmail.com
2 Saitama University, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Saitama and Japan
KEYWORDS :
Hybrid structures; Modeling ; FRC and cement composite materials; Characterization of FRP and FRC
materials/systems ; Fiber model analysis ; Flexural behavior
ABSTRACT:
Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) and ultra-high strength fiber reinforced concrete (UFC) composite beams
are a good alternative for short-span bridge girders located in severe corrosive environments. The outstanding
features of GFRP include high corrosion resistance, high fatigue resistance, low density, and high tensile strength.
The use of UFC slab on the GFRP I-beams can avoid premature delamination failure and increase both flexural
strength and stiffness of the GFRP I-beams. However, the relatively low stiffness of the GFRP I-beams becomes
one of the critical design limitation of GFRP bridges. The American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) suggest that the deflection
limit for pedestrian bridges should be less than L/500, where L corresponds to the bridge span. Therefore, it is
important to analyze the flexural behavior of GFRP-UFC composite beams prior to their application on a real
bridge. This paper describes the analysis of GFRP-UFC composite beams using a simple fiber model, which is
economical and less time-consuming. Large-scale four-point bending tests were conducted on GFRP-UFC
composite beams having different beam parameters and the experiment results were compared with the fiber model
analysis results. The fiber model results were agreed well with the experiment results.
Paris
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF AN INNOVATIVE CONNECTION FOR

STRUCTURAL SANDWICH PANELS
R. Lameiras 1, J. Barros2, I.B. Valente2 and M. Azenha2
1 University of Brasília – UnB, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, FT-ENC, Brasília, Brazil, email: rmlameiras@unb.br
2 University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, Portugal
KEYWORDS
Hybrid structures, Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems, Sandwich panel, Connector, PERFOFRP,
Flexural behaviour.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of an experimental work conducted with composite beam specimens that are part
of a series of feasibility studies for a new type of shear connector, called PERFOFRP. The connector is applied in
Steel Fibre Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete (SFRSCC) structural sandwich wall panels. PERFOFRP
consisted of a flat Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) plate with aligned holes evenly distributed along its
length. The perforated part of connector is embedded in the outer concrete layers and the connection is materialized
by the combined effects of friction/adhesion and mechanical interlock between the perforated laminate and the
concrete dowels formed by the concrete that pass through the holes. In previous works, the authors this paper
investigated the mechanical behaviour of connections made with PERFOFRP connectors under transversal loads.
The flexural behaviour of sandwich panels produced with the PERFOFRP connectors is a subject that has not yet
been reported. In such context, this paper pertains to research on the overall mechanical behaviour of the
connection under flexure with explicit focus on: failure modes, stiffness and ultimate flexural capacities of
composite beams. Further focus is given to the impact of using connectors made with two different types of GFRP
laminates on the mechanical behaviour of composite beams.
Paris
BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE SANDWICH WALL PANELS IN FLEXURE USING A

NOVEL GFRP SHEAR CONNECTOR
Debrup Dutta1, Amir Fam2
1Queen’s University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kingston, Canada (15dd13@queensu.ca)
2Queen’s University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kingston, Canada (amir.fam@queensu.ca)
KEYWORDS
Sandwich panels, Composite action, Shear connector, Concrete wythe, Thermal bridging, Pultruded sections.
ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the structural behaviour of three half-scale concrete sandwich panels with a new GFRP
shear connector, under four-point bending. The connector attempts to maximize the degree of composite action
between the two concrete wythes while maintaining a minimal thermal bridging, compared to steel connectors.
The overall dimensions of the specimens are 3048 mm x 610 mm x 279 mm. Each concrete wythe is 76 mm thick
and are separated by a 127 mm thick Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) foam layer in between the wythes. The GFRP
shear connector is a 203 mm deep C-shaped pultruded channel located at mid-width of the specimens and its two
flanges are embedded at mid thickness of the concrete wythes (Figure 1). The first specimen was fabricated using
a flexural steel reinforcement ratio of 0.34% in its concrete wythes, while the second specimen was fabricated with
a steel ratio of 0.68%, with the aim to study the effects of change of reinforcement ratio in the slab system. In both
specimens the same GFRP connector, in the form of one continuous GFRP section, was used. The last specimen
was fabricated using a conventional steel truss shear connector system with a cross sectional stiffness of the
diagonals equivalent to the GFRP C-section and the same steel reinforcement ratio in the wythes as the first
specimen. The aim was to compare the two different shear connectors. It was found that the GFRP connector
resulted in a flexural strength 2.85 times that of the specimen with steel truss system. Also, doubling the steel
reinforcement ratio of the wythe increased flexural capacity by 40% when GFRP connectors were used.
Figure 1: Test setup and instrumentation (dimensions in mm)

Paris
HOW MUCH DAMAGE CAN FRP TUBE TOLERATE IN CFFT?

Chenxi Lu 1, James St. Onge 2 and Amir Fam 3
1 MASc. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Queen’s University, Canada, Ellis Hall, 58 University
Avenue, Kingston, K7L 3N6, Canada, Email: 16cl2@queensu.ca
2 PhD. Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Queen’s University, Canada,
Ellis Hall, 58 University Avenue, Kingston, K7L 3N6, Canada, Email : james.st.onge@queensu.ca
3 Associate Dean of Research and Graduate Studies, Donald and Sarah Munro Chair in Engineering and
Applied Science, Professor Department of Civil Engineering, Queen’s University, Canada, Ellis Hall, 58
University Avenue, Kingston, K7L 3N6, Canada, Email: amir.fam@queensu.ca.
KEYWORDS
Concrete-filled, FRP tube, damage, cut, section loss, flexure
ABSTRACT
Concrete-filled FRP tube (CFFT) is an attractive system suitable for structural applications such as columns, piles,
poles and arches. The tube is a stay-in-place structural form that fully or partially replaces internal reinforcement.
Layers or fibres oriented at various directions provide great flexibility and control of the strength and stiffness in
the longitudinal and circumferential directions. One vulnerability of the system is that the FRP tube, being external,
is exposed. As such, it is possibly vulnerable to accidental or intentional damage. This study is the first of its kind
to address this concern. Damage is simulated by a controlled narrow cut of the tube throughout its full thickness.
The extent of damage is represented by the length of the cut. The objective is to establish the threshold of damage
beyond which significant strength loss of the CFFT member is observed. The findings of the work will help inform
important decisions made by engineers, for example shutting down a bridge or a building to remove live loads, or
alternatively conducting the repair work while the structure is in service. This paper focuses on flexural
performance of damaged CFFTs, while the next phase of the study will focus on axial compression members.
Seven CFFT specimens of 113 mm-diameter were fabricated and tested under four-point bending. One CFFT was
tested fully intact as a control specimen. The other six CFFTs were cut at mid-span on the tension side to eliminate
the primary contributing fibres in tension. Five were cut in the circumferential direction, one in the longitudinal
direction and one had a square cut. The length of the cut varies as a percentage of the perimeter of the tube. The
results showed that a 3% circumferential cut in tension results in nearly 50% loss of ultimate moment, however,
the rate of reduction in strength is much lower at longer length cuts (Figure 1). For the tube used in this study, the
critical circumferential cut length that can be sustained by the CFFT was found to be 29% of the tube perimeter,
after which the member should be taken out of service.
Figure 1: Test setup and summary of results

Paris
July 17-19, 2018
DOUBLY-CURVED SANDWICH PANELS WITH UHPC-FACINGS

Alexander Stark1, Christian Knorrek1, Sophia Perse1
1 RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Structural Concrete, Aachen, Germany
(corresponding author: astark@imb.rwth-aachen.de)
KEYWORDS :
Sandwich constructions, CFRP, UHPFRC, PU, foamed polyurethane, production methods.
ABSTRACT:
The demands on contemporary buildings make new construction methods and materials necessary. Sandwich
elements with layers made of high performance concrete and additional specialised characteristics can fulfil the
requirements of sustainable and durable building envelopes. The application of two thin doubly-curved facings
made of high performance concrete and a core of polymeric rigid foam can highly enhance the load-bearing
capacity of the sandwich panel providing a low weight at the same time. Due to the corrosion resistance, pre-
tensioned CFRP (Carbon fiber reinforced polymer) reinforcement was used to enable long spans. The use of UHPC
(ultra-high performance concrete) with high compressive and tensile strengths results in a reduction in concrete
usage and the realisation of slender panels.
The paper reports on the production and experimental investigations on doubly-curved sandwich panels with
UHPC facings and pre-tensioned CFRP tendons (Fig. 1). An adjusted formwork and prestressing frame were
produced to allow for smooth concrete surfaces and pre-tensioned CFRP tendons. The core material (PU) was
foamed in pack between the hardened concrete layers to achieve a homogeneous bond quality and account for the
curved shape of the facings.
The doubly-curved sandwich panels were tested under flexural loading.
Figure 1: Doubly-Curved Sandwich Panels

Paris
LARGE-SCALE SLENDER HYBRID FRP-CONCRETE-STEEL DOUBLE SKIN

TUBULAR COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO ECCENTRIC COMPRESSION
P. Xie1,2, T. Jiang3 and J.G. Teng2,*
1
Department of Civil Engineering, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China;
2
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong,
China,*Email: cejgteng@polyu.edu.hk
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,
KEYWORDS :
Hybrid structures; Experimental study ; Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems; Eccentric
compression; Slenderness
ABSTRACT
Hybrid FRP-concrete-steel double skin tubular columns (hybrid DSTCs) are a new and promising form of columns
that exhibits excellent structural performance and corrosion resistance. Previous studies on hybrid DSTCs have
mainly been limited to small-scale specimens and paid limited attention to the behavior of eccentrically-loaded
slender hybrid DSTCs. This paper presents the test results of two eccentrically-loaded large-scale hybrid DSTCs,
including one short column and one slender column, of a larger test program aimed at investigating the behavior
of large-scale slender hybrid DSTCs subjected to eccentric compression. A comparison of test results of the two
columns reveals clearly the effect of slenderness on the load–carrying capacity and failure mode of eccentrically-
loaded hybrid DSTCs. To capture the effect of slenderness on the behavior of eccentrically-loaded hybrid DSTCs,
a theoretical column model, which traces the lateral deflection of columns using the numerical integration method
and incorporates an eccentricity-dependent stress-strain model for concrete in hybrid DSTCs, was developed. It is
shown that the column model is accurate in predicting the load-carrying capacity of hybrid DSTCs and reasonably
accurate in predicting the lateral deflection of hybrid DSTCs.
Paris
July 17-19, 2018
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A NEW PRECAST BEAM-COLUMN

CONNECTION FOR CONCRETE-FILLED FRP TUBES (CFFTS)
Ahmed M. Ali 1, Radhouane Masmoudi 2
1 Université de Sherbrooke, (J1K 2R1), Canada, PhD Candidate, Email: ahmed.ali3@usherbrooke.ca
2 Université de Sherbrooke (J1K 2R1), Canada, Professor, Email: radhouane.masmoudi@usherbrooke.ca
KEYWORDS
Fiber-reinforced polymer, Concrete-filled FRP tubes, Precast CFFT connection, Beam-column connection,
Monotonic loading, Bond.
ABSTRACT
Concrete-filled fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) tube (CFFT) is a superior hybrid system regarding to its high
performance. Extensive research was studied the behavior of CFFTs as column or as beam separately. Very
limited data are available about how to connect CFFT beam and column together. This research is presenting a
new precast CFFT beam-column connection. The beam tube was a pultruded FRP tube and the column tube was
a filament-winding tube. The CFFT beam had not any internal reinforcement. The CFFT column had internal steel
reinforcement. The connection part was consisted of hollow rectangular steel beam welded to steel end plate. The
beam tube was filled with normal strength concrete. After it hardened, the CFFT beam was embedded into the
rectangular steel beam. The gap between the steel connection and the CFFT beam was filled with epoxy-grout.
The end plate of the steel connection has eight holes. The column tube was prepared to have the same position
and number of the steel end plate holes. The steel cage of the column was inserted in the tube then the tube was
filled with concrete. After the CFFT column hardened, the beam was bolted to the column using eight steel rods,
4 in the tension side and 4 in the compression side. This CFFT beam-column connection was tested under
monotonic loading. The experimental results indicated that the failure occurred on the tension side of the CFFT
beam in flexural failure manner. The slippage between the CFFT beam and the grout was measured, also between
the grout and the steel connection.
MOMENT-CURVATURE CHARACTERISTIC OF STEEL AND CFRP
REINFORCED CFFT COLUMNS: EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY
Maha Hussein Abdallah1, Hamdy M. Mohamed2, Radhouane Masmoudi3, Ahmed Moussa4
1 PhD candidate Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1K2R1.
Maha.Abdallah@Usherbrooke.ca
2 Research Associate-Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada,
J1K2R1. Hamdy.Mohamed@Usherbrooke.ca
3 Professor of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada,
J1K2R1, Radhouane.masmoudi@usherbrroke.ca.
4 Professor of Concrete Structures, and former Dean, Helwan University.
Dean of faculty of Engineering, Badr University in Cairo, BUC, E-mail: ahmousa2@yahoo.com.
KEYWORD
Concrete, Eccentricity, Columns, Moment-Curvature.
ABSTRACT
The paper highlights the investigation of experimental and theoretical moment-curvature relationships for circular
steel and carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) reinforced concrete-filled FRP tube (CFFT) columns. To
experimentally investigate the moment curvature behavior of circular CFFT columns, Steel reinforced CFFT and
CFRP reinforced CFFT columns were tested under eccentric loads. It was found that a nonlinear moment-
curvature (M-ɸ) response was observed regardless the type of reinforcement and the applied eccentricity ratio. A
theoretical model based on layer by layer method has been developed to investigate the theoretical behavior of
CFFT columns. Material constitutive models of each component of the column have been chosen adequately to
insure the accuracy of the developed model. The analytical model has been validated with the experimental results
and proved to be an accurate model.
BEHAVIOR OF GFRP WALL PANEL WITH INTERNAL TUNED LIQUID COLUMN
DAMPER
1
Iowa State University. Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, USA,
Email: haowuj@iastate.edu;
2
Email: achen@iastate.edu;
3
Iowa State University. Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, USA, Email: laflamme@iastate.edu.
ABSTRACT
Pultruded Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) structures have been increasingly used in buildings and civil
infrastructure systems because of their high strength, light weight, durability, and fatigue resistance. However,
these structures are elastic and typically have low damping ratio, which limits their capability to dissipate energy
during earthquakes. Adding damping mechanisms to GFRP components can improve traditional structures’
resistance to lateral loads. This paper studies a cellular GFRP wall panel with an internal liquid flow system,
engineered to control a structure’s temperature using liquid as thermal exchange. In this study, we further adapt
the panel to allow oscillation of water in its internal hollow cells, providing supplemental damping for the GFRP
structure during seismic events. Different combinations of water heights and cell openings are evaluated using
shaking table tests to study vibration reduction of the GFRP wall panel by leveraging the motion of water. For
each combination, the natural frequency of TLCD can be predicted with a simple model. It is found that higher
water volume inside the panel can achieve greater mitigation. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is
created to study the liquid motion inside the GFRP panel under harmonic ground excitations. Results from the
CFD simulation are in good agreement with those from the test.
Paris
July 17-19, 2018
Timber and FRP

Paris
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF HYBRIDAL FLOOR PANELS TO TIMBER

COLUMNS JOINTS
Magdalini Titirla 1, Laurent Michel 1, Emmanuel Ferrier 1
1 Laboratoire des Matériaux Composites pour la Construction, LMC², Université LYON 1, 82 boulevard Niels
BOHR, Site de Villeurbanne DOUA, 69622 VILLEURBANNE Cedex - FRANCE;
KEYWORDS :
Hybrid structures; Experimental study ; FRP internal reinforcement;
ABSTRACT:
The aim of the present paper is the experimental investigation of five different types of joints between concrete-
timber hybrid panels and timber columns. The five connections presented in Figure 1. Each panel consists of
Glulam timber and/or Concrete members with timber and concrete beams and concrete cladding. The first
connection type incorporates a dowel-type column that jointed to the beam through long bolts, while the second
one is a steel plate slotted into the timber beam and timber columns connected to them by means of transverse
bolts. The other three connection types are far from the bolted connections, as the third connection type
incorporates a steel rebar connection in UHPFRC concrete, the fourth one is made of Carbon FRP rebar in glulam
both in the timber and concrete part of the beams, while the fifth one connected by Glass FRP rebar in glulam
both. The experimental set-ups of all the connections is subjected to monotonically increasing bending action, and
there are conducted at the premises of Laboratory for Composite Materials and Composite Structures of the
University Claude Bernard Lyon I.
Figure 1: The five proposed connections that experimentally investigated.

Paris
July 17-19, 2018
BOND ANALYSIS OF BASALT FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER (BFRP) BARS

AND TIMBER BEAMS UNDER AXIAL LOADING
D. Walline 1 and A. Rteil 2
1 The University of British Columbia, School of Engineering, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7,
Canada, Email: devin.walline@gmail.com
2 The University of British Columbia, School of Engineering, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7,
Canada, Email: ahmad.rteil@ubc.ca
KEYWORDS
Strengthening and repair, experimental study, bond and interfacial stresses, timber beams, development length,
fibre reinforced polymer (FRP)
ABSTRACT
Flexural reinforcement of damaged or deteriorated timber beam using fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars is a
potentially attractive solution to extend the service life of aged or historic timber structures. However, to ensure
full utilization of the FRP, the bond between the two materials must be strong enough to reach the ultimate strength
of the FRP bars. This paper details the investigation of the effects of bar size and bond length on the bond strength
of basalt FRP bars and Douglas Fir timber beams under axial loading. A total of 18 double shear specimens were
tested (shown in Figure 1). Both parameters were determined to be statistically significant and an empirical model
was proposed. From the empirical model, a bonded length of 467 mm and 1938 mm would be required to prompt
bar failure for 6 mm and 10 mm bars respectively.
Figure 2: 3D model of double shear specimens
104
Paris
COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF MEDIUM STRENGTH CIRCULAR GLUE

LAMINATED TIMBER COLUMNS JACKETED WITH FRP SHEETS
Omer Asim SISMAN1, Ali ISIKARA2, Ergun BINBIR3 and Alper ILKI4
1 Senior Student, Civil Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
2 Master Student, Energy Institute, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
3 PhD Candidate, Civil Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
4 Professor, Civil Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey. E-mail:
ailki@itu.edu.tr
KEYWORDS:
CFRP; Compression; Fiber reinforced polymers; Glulam; Timber columns.
ABSTRACT:
Glue laminated timber (glulam) is an aesthetical, natural, energy saving and sustainable construction material that
is a renewable, easily applicable and lightweight alternative in low and medium rise buildings, unlike steel and
other reinforced concrete structural elements. In high-rise buildings, however, high strength and ductile columns
and long-span beams are required. To meet these requirements, mechanical properties of timber are enhanced by
minimizing the effects of initial defects, knots and discontinuities in the wood and protecting against deterioration
caused by moisture and weathering that result in splitting, cracks, insect damage and fungal decay. Use of ﬁber
reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets is also among potential promising approaches to improve mechanical
performance of timber members. This paper presents compression test results of medium strength circular glulam
columns externally jacketed with carbon ﬁber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets to enhance the structural
behaviour of timber columns. In the experimental program, 6 reference and 6 externally jacketed circular glulam
columns were prepared with three different diameters and tested under uniaxial compression loading (Figure 1).
The aim of this research is to investigate the failure modes and to obtain stress-strain relationships of these columns
before and after jacketing with CFRP sheets. The external jacketing of glulam columns with CFRP sheets has
resulted in significant improvement in deformability. However, in contrast, the confinement effect was not that
significant for some strengthened specimens due to the presence of knots at the outer surface. In addition,
generally, there was a slight gain in compression strength due to external jacketing as well.
Figure 1: General appearance of the test setup
105
9th International Conference on Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
Composites
Paris
July 17-19, 2018
WIDTH EFFECT OF FRP EXTERNALLY BONDED TO TIMBER

Abbas Vahedian1, Dr Rijun Shrestha1, Prof Keith Crews1
1
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia (corresponding
author: abbas.vahedian@student.uts.edu.au)
ABSTRACT:
Bond mechanism between timber and fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites is affected by a number of
variables. However, effect of parameters such as bond width, bond length, material properties and geometries on
the bond strength is not fully understood. This study investigates the influence of bond width on the bond strength
and failure mode of externally bonded FRP-to-timber interface. Pull-out tests on 136 FRP-to-timber joints with
different FRP widths were conducted. Results of experimental tests showed that the bond width has significant
effect on the bond strength; with the increase of FRP width, the interfacial bond strength increases. In addition, it
was observed that the maximum shear stress decreases with the increase of FRP-to-timber width ratio.
Furthermore, FRP-to-timber width ratio impacts on the local bond-slip in which slip of the bond reduces when this
ratio is increased.
KEYWORD: Bond strength, Width effect, LVL, FRP, Bond-Slip.
106
Composites
Paris
July 17-19, 2018
All FRP Structures
107
Paris
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON FLANGE LOCAL BUCKLING OF

PULTRUDED GFRP BOX-SECTION UNDER FLEXURE
Tianqiao Liu1 and Kent A. Harries1,2
1
University of Pittsburgh, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pittsburgh, USA (kharries@pitt.edu)
2
University of Bath, BRE Centre for Innovative Construction Materials, Bath, UK
KEYWORDS
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Experimental Study; Flange Local Buckling
ABSTRACT
Flexural stability of various pultruded glass fibre reinforced polymer (pGFRP) profiles, such as I-, C- and box-
sections, have been experimentally and analytically investigated in numerous studies in past decades. Flange local
buckling (FLB) behaviour of pGFRP box-sections subject to flexure, however, has not been sufficiently studied
through practical experiments. Consequently, a lack of data impedes the development and validation of theoretical
predictions of the critical FLB behaviour of box-sections. To augment the data for box-sections, an experimental
program, consisting of a series of four-point bending tests having various constant moment and shear span lengths,
was conducted to investigate the FLB behaviour of pGFRP box-sections having slender flanges subject to flexure.
The sections and loading patterns were intentionally selected to promote FLB behaviour. Additionally, in order to
accurately evaluate the mechanical properties of the specimens, material characterisation tests were carried out.
Experimentally determined critical FLB moments were contrasted with the analytical solution for an infinitely
long plate supported at its edges subject to uniform compression. Variations of this solution are used by all known
design guides. The lower bound prediction, using measured material properties provided a reasonable and suitably
conservative estimate of actual behaviour for the 102 x 152 x 6.4 mm box sections tested.
108
Paris
LONG-TERM DESIGN OF GFRP-PUR WEB-CORE

SANDWICH STRUCTURES
Sonia Yanes-Armas1, Julia de Castro1, Thomas Keller1
1
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Composite Construction Laboratory (CCLab), Lausanne,
Switzerland (corresponding author: thomas.keller@epfl.ch)
KEYWORDS :
Sandwich structures; Web-core sandwich; Creep ; Polyurethane foam; Codes, standards and design guidelines
ABSTRACT:
The structural behavior of GFRP-polyurethane (PUR) web-core sandwich structures subjected to sustained loading
was investigated. The approach followed in currently available design guidelines for FRP sandwich structures to
consider the PUR foam creep behavior in structural design was first addressed and discussed. It was shown that
creep parameters proposed in design recommendations differ from equivalent experimental ones and may result
in an unconservative design for long-term loading. The influence of creep on the web-core interaction, i.e. on the
shear load distribution and local instability phenomena were then analyzed. The effects of applying particular
design recommendations on the design were assessed based on the example of a real GFRP-PUR sandwich roof.
The design shear resistance of the GFRP webs, their dimensions and governing failure mode significantly
depended on the applied recommendation. The overall shear resistance of the GFRP-PUR core over time, taking
into account creep effects, was further evaluated. It was demonstrated that considering the summation of the
components’ individual resistances results in an unsafe design. A design procedure to take this into account was
established.
Figure 1 : Novartis Campus Entrance Building, GFRP-PUR sandwich roof, Switzerland, 2006; (a) view from the
south; (b) four-point bending set-up of roof sandwich beam, Keller et al. (2008).
1.2
BÜV (2014)
Shear modulus reduction factor, G (-)
A1,20J from A1(1000h)

1.0 A1,20J from A1(5000h)
A1,20J from A1(10000h)
A1,20Jav
0.8 Source (Just 1996)
Experiments
Model
50 years
10 years
0.6
0.4
0.2
foam = 50kg/m3
foam = 46kg/m3
0.0
10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Time, t (h)
Figure 2: Comparison of shear modulus reduction factor for 50-kg/m3 PUR foam calculated according to BÜV
recommendation and experimentally determined.
109
Composites
Paris
July 17-19, 2018
(a) (b)
6 30
50 years
6 months
10 years
1 week
50 years
6 months
10 years
1 week
5 25
Design shear strength (MPa)

Overall material factor,  (-)
4 20
3 15
Permanent
2 10
Medium
Short
Long
Eurocomp BÜV EUR 27666
Permanent
1 Verification Eurocomp BÜV EUR 27666 5
d
Medium
Shear
Short
wr,d
Long
Shear wrinkling
0 0
10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Time, t (h) Time, t (h)
Figure 3: Design shear (d) and shear wrinkling (wr,d) strength of GFRP webs according to different design
recommendations.
(a) (b)
0.7 0.25
Normalized design shear resistance (N/mm2)
50 years
6 months
t1 = 3 months
10 years
1 week
a = 0.3% a = 0.3% Core components:

VRd,w / bh
VRd,c / bh
Contributions of web and core (-)
0.20 Hybrid core:

0.6 (VRd,w+VRd,c) / bh
Web failure
for t > t1 VRd,1 / bh
V GA
w Rd < w VRd,2 / bh
0.15 Change of
Core failure failure mode
0.5 for t < t1
cVRd < cGA Core failure
for t < t1
0.10
Change of failure mode
Web failure
for t > t1
0.4
t1 = 3 months
Web Core 0.05

Permanent
Permanent
GA GA
w c
Medium
Medium
Stiffness
Short
Short
Long
Resistance wVRd cVRd Long

0.3 0.00
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Time, t (h) Time, t (h)
Figure 4: (a) Time-dependent contribution of web-core components to shear stiffness and resistance; (b) time-
dependent normalized shear resistance of hybrid core and individual components from case study.
110
Paris
MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF A COMPOSITE SANDWICH PANEL

FLOOR SYSTEM FOR BUILDING REHABILITATION
Mário Garrido1, José F.A. Madeira2,3, Miguel Proença1, João R. Correia1
1
CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; 2 IDMEC, Instituto Superior
Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon Portugal; 3 ISEL, Department of Mathematics, IPL, Lisbon, Portugal
(corresponding author: mario.garrido@tecnico.ulisboa.pt)
KEYWORDS:
composite sandwich panels; multi-objective optimization; building floors; structural rehabilitation; cost
minimization; carbon footprint minimization
ABSTRACT:
Composite sandwich panels are being increasingly considered for structural applications in civil engineering.
However, their high versatility regarding possible constituent materials and geometrical arrangement translates to
a high number of design variables. Additionally, there is a potentially large number of design requirements and
objectives related to the panels’ functions. This paper presents an optimization study of a composite sandwich
panel floor system for use in building rehabilitation. Pultruded multicellular panels with a polyurethane (PUR)
foam core and carbon- or glass-fibre reinforced polymer (C/GFRPF) faces and ribs/webs are considered (Figure
1). The Direct MultiSearch (DMS) optimization method is adopted. The panel architecture is defined using 3
geometrical variables and 14 material related variables. In addition, 8 competing objective functions are studied,
related to different aspects, such as structural serviceability and resistance, thermal insulation, acoustic
performance, cost minimization, and environmental performance. The results are presented in the form of Pareto
optimal sets, from which several conclusions are drawn regarding common design-related options. The influence
of core material density, number of ribs/webs or the type of fibre reinforcement and its respective layup on the
different objective functions is addressed. Optimal solutions for meeting different design purposes are presented,
providing useful insights for structural designers and composite sandwich panel manufacturers.
Figure 1: Generic cross-section of the considered sandwich panels
111
Paris
DEVELOPMENT OF A SNAP-FIT CONNECTION SYSTEM BETWEEN

PULTRUDED GFRP SANDWICH PANELS FOR BUILDING FLOORS
Miguel Proença1, Mário Garrido1, João R. Correia1
1
CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (corresponding author:
mario.garrido@tecnico.ulisboa.pt)
KEYWORDS:
composite sandwich panels; building floors; connections; snap-fit
ABSTRACT:
This study presents the development of a snap-fit connection system to join FRP composite sandwich panels
produced by pultrusion. The panels were developed for the replacement of degraded timber floors in old buildings,
where restrictions in the available on-site space are often encountered, limiting the maximum size and weight of
the sandwich panels. A preliminary design was made and used as baseline for a parametric study on the influence
of the joint geometry in the deformability and behaviour of the connection. Finite element (FE) models were
developed for this purpose, simulating two connected sandwich panels loaded along their transverse direction. The
force required for the assembly of the snap-fit joint taking into account the geometric clearances, and the stresses
and strains resulting from the joining operation, were analytically predicted. An FE model of a floor composed of
sandwich panels connected using the developed snap-fit system was used to predict the load distribution along the
main floor spans, as well as maximum deflections and stress vs. strain profiles in the panels (Figure 1). The
parametric study provided a better understanding of the influence of different parameters concerning the snap-fit
in the joints’ deformability. The study of the assembly forces indicated the advantage of adopting longer latches
in order to reduce the mating forces and induced deformations. The results obtained show that those forces should
enable the use of only manual labour for the execution of the connections, and that the joints should exhibit
sufficient stiffness and strength to guarantee an adequate structural performance of the composite floor, promoting
the distribution of loads along the main directions of the sandwich panels.
Figure 1: General view of the floor deformed shape (left) and detail of the deformations and axial stresses in the
transverse direction (represented as “S11”, in MPa, right) at a snap-fit connection
112
Paris
FORM-FINDING AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF AN ARCHITECTURAL

SCENERY WITH ALL GFRP FREE-FORM FACADE
Yuchao ZHAO1, Xu JIANG 1, Qilin ZHANG 1, Qi WANG 1
1
Tongji University, College of Civil Engineering, Shanghai, China; (Xu JIANG: jiangxu@tongji.edu.cn)
KEYWORDS :
GFRP; Free form curved facade ; Processing technology; Secondary girders
ABSTRACT:
With the pursue of architecture artistic effect improving rapidly all around the world, constructions with curved
facade were built one after another. This gives a challenge to the construction skills of facade, and also exposes
the weakness of traditional materials when applying to curve surface modelling. GFRP (Glass-Fibre-Reinforced
Polymer), as an emerging building material, has advantages on plenty of aspects over traditional materials, especial
on processability. Thus it is an extremely ideal free form surface modelling material and possible to provide an
excellent solution to curved architecture facade. The architecture schematic design of a sunken plaza covering
structure in Fuzhou, China is a sculptural shaped construction similar to three trumpet flowers. The whole design
presents an obvious warping shape from the top view, thus its surface is complicated and completely in free form
curve. The owner's demand for the final effect of the structure is pretty high, so traditional materials were
abandoned since they cannot meet the demand and GFRP are selected as facade material finally. There are three
main problems are encountered in detailed designing and processing stage of GFRP: a. processing technology of
free-form surface panels for mass production; b. the selection and layout of secondary girders which support
panels; c. the connection problem between GFRP panels and secondary girders. The contradiction points and
solving process of these three main practical problems are discussed in this paper and solutions are listed, thus
similar problems encountered in the future can be further directed.
Figure 1: Secondary girders
113
Paris
MONOTONIC AND CYCLIC BEHAVIOUR OF BEAM-TO-COLUMN BOLTED

METALLIC-CUFF JOINTS BETWEEN PULTRUDED GFRP PROFILES
David Martins1, João Azevedo1, José A. Gonilha1, João R. Correia1, Mário Arruda1, Nuno Silvestre2
1
CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Portugal; 2 IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico,
University of Lisbon, Portugal (corresponding author: jose.gonilha@tecnico.ulisboa.pt)
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Experimental study ; Seismic applications; Characterization of FRP and FRC
materials/systems; Beam-to-column connections
ABSTRACT:
Owing to their high strength, light-weight and corrosion resistance, pultruded glass fibre reinforced polymer
(GFRP) profiles have been pointed out as a promising alternative to traditional structural materials. Nevertheless,
widespread use has been hindered by their brittle behaviour, low elastic moduli and lack of widely accepted design
guidelines. The connection technology for GFRP frame structures, which must account for the linear-elastic
behaviour at the material level and has a significant influence on the overall deformability of pultruded GFRP
members, is still relatively underdeveloped.
This paper presents the development of a novel beam-to-column connection system for GFRP tubular profiles
comprising an external thin-sheet metallic cuff. Aiming at the development of ductile or pseudo-ductile connection
systems, envisaging the inelastic energy dissipation under cyclic loads and, thereafter, the development of GFRP
frame structures with adequate seismic performance, 2 mm steel cuffs were tailored to 120 mm square tubular
profiles, being bolted to the beam’s (i) web or (i) flanges. The experimental programme comprised (i) monotonic
and (ii) cyclic tests on these beam-to-column joints (Figure 1). The results show that the steel cuff is a promising
structural solution for GFRP beam-to-column connections, providing an enhanced performance, in terms of
strength and stiffness, when compared to other connection systems previously tested by the authors. Moreover,
the test results show that this connection system provides considerable ductility (monotonic tests) and ability to
dissipate energy (cyclic tests), despite the pinching effect (Figure 2).
Figure 1: Test setup of GFRP beam-to-column Figure 2: Results of monotonic (WM2) and cyclic (WC1)
steel-cuff joints. tests of web-bolted specimens.
114
Paris
INDENTATION AND IMPACT BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE SANDWICH PANELS

FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
Rui Teixeira1, Mário Garrido1, Miguel Proença1, João R. Correia1, Leigh Sutherland2
1
CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; 2 CENTEC, Instituto Superior
Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (corresponding author: mario.garrido@tecnico.ulisboa.pt)
KEYWORDS:
composite sandwich panels; building floors; indentation; impact
ABSTRACT:
Composite sandwich panels are a promising solution for the rehabilitation of building floors and pedestrian
bridges. However, previous studies on relatively thin sandwich panels have pointed out their particular
susceptibility to concentrated loads. In this respect, studies developed for relatively thick sandwich panels such as
those used in civil engineering structural applications are scarce. The present work presents an experimental,
numerical and analytical study of the indentation/punching and perforation behaviour of relatively thick GFRP
composite sandwich panels under concentrated loads. In the experimental study, the effects of the indenter
geometry (shape and diameter) and of different core materials (PUR and PET foams and balsa wood) on the
indentation stiffness, first damage and peak resistances, and energy absorption capacity of the sandwich panels are
investigated. The results obtained show that the present type of sandwich panels, despite exhibiting high resistance
values, present a relatively low energy absorption capacity up to first damage. Indenter geometry was the most
influential parameter for the low-velocity impact behaviour of these thick FRP composite sandwich panels. The
indentation stiffness was mainly influenced by the core material, but the effect of this on impact resistance was
less marked. Quasi-static tests provided a conservative estimate for the impact behaviour of composite sandwich
panels. The numerical study comprised the development of 3D finite element models of the sandwich panels,
concluding that the Hashin (failure initiation) criterion gives a very reasonable prediction of the first damage
resistance (12% relative difference compared to the test value selected as a case study). For the two analytical
models analysed, a parametric study was completed and a new formulation was proposed; the results obtained
showed that the models can provide very reasonable predictions of first damage resistance.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 1: (a) Quasi-static indentation test setup; and damage caused by the action of (b) hemispherical and
(c) flat indenters
115
Paris
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SHEAR PROPERTIES OF GFRP CHANNEL

MEMBER
Yuanbin Wang 1, Hitoshi Nakamura 1, Yuya Ishii 2, Yutaro Inari 3, Hiroshi Nakai 4, Masayuki Nishida 5
1
Tokyo Metropolitan University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hachioji-shi, Japan
2
Tokyo Metropolitan University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hachioji-shi, Japan
3
East Nippon Expressway Co., Ltd., Saku-shi, Japan
4
Nippon Expressway Research Institute Co., Ltd., Machida-shi, Japan
5
Maedakosen Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Japan
6
Nihon FRP Co., Ltd., Osaka-shi, Japan
KEYWORDS:
GFRP channel member; Unidirectional material; Experimental study; Shear modulus; Shear strength
ABSTRACT:
A pultruded GFRP made of unidirectional material is a typical material for FRP structures, for example, a
footbridge, inspection path, hydraulic gate, etc. The properties of tensile, compression and bending have been
investigated in pultruded GFRPs. However, the shear properties were not clarified sufficiently, nevertheless shear
failures were often observed. In study, shear properties and evaluation method of pultruded GFRP made of
unidirectional materials (Channel member; C75) were investigated experimentally. The several shear tests were
conducted using the coupon and beam specimens for shear properties. In the V-notched beam method based on
ASTM D 5379, it was found that the shear properties were equivalent of the result of the beam test. The short
beam specimens were conducted by 3-point bending test. As a result, shear failures occurred in the shear span and
shear strength was properly and easily evaluated by short beam test, Therefore, the V-notched beam method was
proper method for evaluation of shear properties of pultruded unidirectional GFRP members.
116
Paris
DIC STRAIN FIELD MEASUREMENT OF FRP PLATES WITH AND WITHOUT

HOLES
Brad C. McCoy, P.E.1, Rudolf Seracino, Ph.D. 1, Gregory W. Lucier, Ph.D. 1, Timothy W. Langerhans2
1
North Carolina State University, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Raleigh,
North Carolina, United States (Email: bcmccoy@ncsu.edu)
2
United States Military Academy, Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, West Point, New York,
United States
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and Repair; Material; Digital Image Correlation; Mechanically Fastened-FRP
ABSTRACT:
This paper examines the results of material testing of hybrid glass/carbon fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) plates
for use in mechanically fastened applications. The small-scale material tests were conducted in three phases: 1)
uniaxial tension without holes, 2) uniaxial tension with open holes, and 3) uniaxial tension with bolted connections.
In all three phases of testing, Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was used to obtain continuous strain data, showing
holistic strain field development through failure. The high-resolution strain data provides detailed information for
the design of an efficient hole pattern in Mechanically Fastened-Fiber Reinforced Polymer (MF-FRP) plates. The
tests presented here are an initial phase of a larger project that aims to employ prestressed MF-FRP plates as a
repair for deteriorated prestressed hollow-core bridge slabs. Candidate slabs are those that have exposed tendons
such that the bridge is typically load posted. It is proposed that the use of a prestressed MF-FRP repair will restore
lost performance until replacement can be scheduled in a way that is cost effective, rapid, and enables periodic
inspection over the lifespan of the short-term repair – prior to scheduled superstructure replacement. The use of
prestressed MF-FRP in this application will eliminate the need for an adhesive bond and QA/QC concerns that are
often associated with externally bonded FRP.
eyy exy
Figure 1: Example DIC strain field
117
Paris
LOCAL BUCKLING OF PULTRUDED GFRP I-SECTION UNDER FLEXURE

Everton Souza1, Janine Vieira 2, Daniel Cardoso1
1
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil; 2
Fluminense Federal University, Department of Civil Engineering, Niteroi, Brazil. (corresponding author:
janinedv@id.uff.br )
KEYWORDS :
Codes, standards and design guidelines
ABSTRACT:
The use of pultruded glass fiber reinforced polymer (pGFRP) has increased significantly in the last few years,
especially in aggressive environments. The structural performance of pGFRP members is strongly dependent on
their buckling behavior, because of the association of low elastic properties and relatively thin-walled sections
adopted. The aim of this study is to present the results of an ongoing experimental work focused on evaluating the
local buckling behavior of GFRP I-beams subject to 4-point bending tests. Lateral deflections were measured with
displacement transducers and the curvature at compression flange during loading was measured with back-to-back
strain gages. A finite element model using actual material properties and bracing conditions was adopted to ensure
behavior governed by local buckling and to determine critical bending moment. The influence of web-to-flange
rotational stiffness on the behaviour is discussed and, finally, experimental critical loads obtained using Southwell
and Koiter techniques are compared to those obtained using analytical expressions recently proposed in literature
and to computational analysis.
118
Paris
ADAPTIVE REUSE OF FRP COMPOSITE WIND TURBINE BLADES FOR CIVIL

INFRASTRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION
R. Gentry 1, L. Bank 2, J. F. Chen 3, F. Arias 2, and T. Al-Haddad 1
1
Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Architecture, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
Email: russell.gentry@arch.gatech.edu
2
City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
3
Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
KEYWORDS
Recycling of FRP Composites, Adaptive Reuse, Design of FRP Structures, Composite Wind Turbine Blades
ABSTRACT
The rapid growth in wind energy technology has led to an increase in the amount of thermosetting FRP composite
materials used in wind turbine blades that will need to be recycled or disposed of in the near future. Calculations
show that 16.8 million tons of waste from wind blades will need to be managed globally by 2030, increasing to
39.8 million tons by 2050. Three waste management route are possible: disposal, recycling or reusing. Currently,
most FRP composites taken out of service are disposal of in landfills or are incinerated. Recycling options consist
of reclamation of the constituent fibers or the resins by thermo–chemical methods or recycling of small pieces of
granular FRP material as filler material by cutting, shredding or grinding. Reuse options consist of reusing the
entire FRP blade or large parts of the blade in new structural applications.
This paper reports on the potential for reusing parts of wind turbine blades in new or retrofitted architectural and
civil infrastructure projects. The paper introduces the geometry, materials, and laminates typically used in wind
blades and provides a snapshot of the sizes of wind blades likely to be available from the inventory of active
turbines. Because the materials and manufacturing of commercial wind blades are proprietary, generic blade
geometries and materials are discussed. These come from the Sandia National Laboratory and National Renewable
Energy Laboratory, in the United States, and from OPTIMAT in the European Union. The paper presents an
example of the geometry and material properties of structural elements cut from wind blades, using the Numerical
Manufacturing and Design Tool (NUMAD), published by the Sandia National Laboratory.
119
Paris
DESCRIPTION & MATERIAL FACTOR OF FRP IN THE STANDARD

SPECIFICATION FOR HYBRID STRUCTURES 2014 BY JSCE
Itaru Nishizaki1, Hitoshi Nakamura2, Yasuo Kitane3, Takashi Matsumoto4, Kunitaro Hashimoto5, Akira
Kobayashi6
1
Public Works Research Institute, Innovative Materials & Resources Research Center (iMaRRC), Tsukuba,
Japan; 2 Tokyo Metropolitan University, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Tokyo, Japan; 3
Nagoya University, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Nagoya, Japan; 4 Hokkaido University,
Faculty of Engineering, Sapporo, Japan; 5 Kobe University, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Kobe, Japan; 6 Nippon Steel & Sumikin Materials Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan T
(corresponding author: nisizaki@pwri.go.jp)
KEYWORDS :
Hybrid structures; Standard ; Codes, standards and design guidelines; Characterization of FRP and FRC
materials/systems, hybrid structures, standard specification, FRP, material factor, design, construction,
maintenance
ABSTRACT:
Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) has published the standard specifications for hybrid structures in 2014 as
its second revised edition. In the revised edition in 2014, FRP members and hybrid structures with FRP and
steel/concrete were also introduced as main structural types. In order to describe the standard methods of design,
construction and maintenance of structural FRP in the standard specifications, standard methods for the design,
construction and maintenance of FRP structures and FRP hybrid structures, and reliability and performance
evaluation methods of FRP members were studied by JSCE. The standard material factor was considered based
on the study on changes and dispersion of the mechanical properties of FRP materials. This paper introduces the
main description of FRP in the standard specifications of hybrid structures 2014, including the results of the study
on the changes of the performance of FRP members.
Figure 1 : Design flow and partial safety factors in the standard specifications 2014
120
Paris
FIBER MODEL ANALYSIS ON THE FLEXURAL BEHAVIORS OF

CFRP BOX BEAMS
Takashi Matsumoto1, Momoka Nasu2
1
Hokkaido University, Faculty of Engineering, Sapporo, Japan; 2 Hokkaido University, Graduate School of
Engineering, Sapporo, Japan
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Modeling ; Characterization of FRP and FRC
ABSTRACT:
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer, CFRP, is a promising structural material for the application to civil structures.
However, as CFRP beams show nonlinear and brittle behaviors at the ultimate state, it is necessary to develop a
method to obtain the deflection of CFRP beams by considering both the bending and shear deflection component.
This study aims to develop a fiber model analysis method to reproduce the behaviors of CFRP box beams that
have been tested in earlier experiments, and to verify the effectiveness of the method. CFRP box beams are
examined with two laminate structures, quasi-isotropic and cross-ply, and under four-point bending with three
different shear span cases. The bending deflection component is obtained by moment-area method, and the shear
deflection component is calculated based on Timoshenko’s beam theory. The shear strain of quasi-isotropic CFRP
is regarded as linear, whereas that of cross-ply CFRP as nonlinear, following the experimental observations.
Analytical results reproduce sufficiently the load-deflection relationships, showing the validity and the
effectiveness of the current analysis method developed.
P kN
P kN
120
120
解析結果(部材計測)
Analysis(Beam)
100
100 解析結果(材料試験)
Analysis(Material)
80
Analysis(Beam) 80
QI-1(expt.)
QI-1 (実験)
60 60
QI-2(expt.)
QI-2 (実験) CP375-1(expt.)
CP375-1 (実験)
40 QI-3(expt.)
QI-3 (実験) CP375-2(expt.)
CP375-2 (実験)
40
0°failure(analysis)
0°層破壊 (解析) CP375-3 (実験)
CP375-3(expt.)
20 45°層破壊 (解析)
45°failure(analysis) 20 0°failure(analysis)
0°層破壊 (解析)
90°failure(analysis) 90°層破壊 (解析)
y mm y mm
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
(a) (b)
P kN P kN
120 120
100 100
80 80
Analysis(Beam) 解析結果(部材計測)
Analysis(Beam)
60 解析結果(材料試験)
Analysis(Material) 60 解析結果(材料試験)
Analysis(Material)
CP285-1 (実験)
CP285-1(expt.) CP185-1 (実験)
CP375-1(expt.)
40 CP285-2 (実験)
CP285-2(expt.) 40 CP185-2 (実験)
CP375-2(expt.)
CP285-3 (実験)
CP285-3(expt.) 0°層破壊 (解析)
20 0°層破壊 (解析)
0°failure(analysis) 20 90°層破壊 (解析)
y mm y mm
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
(c) (d)
Figure 1 : Load-deflection relationship (a) quasi-isotropic, (b) cross-ply (shear span 375mm), (c) cross-ply
(shear span 285mm), and (d) cross-ply (shear span 185mm)
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PREDICTION OF THE WEB CRUSHING CAPACITY OF PULTRUDED GFRP I

SECTIONS UNDER TRANSVERSE LOADING
Xidong Wu 1,Chao Wu 1, *
1
China, Email: wuchao@buaa.edu.cn
KEYWORDS
Web crushing; Transverse loading; Glass fiber reinforced polymer; Pultruded sections; Finite element analysis;
Prediction
ABSTRACT
Pultruded glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sections are prone to web crippling failure under concentrated
loading in the transverse direction to the pultrusion axis due to their low elastic and strength properties. This paper
reports an analytical and numerical study on the web crushing mechanism of pultruded GFRP I sections. Firstly,
finite element (FE) analysis was conducted using Abaqus. FE models were constructed using shell elements. Tsai-
Hill failure criterion was adopted to simulate the crushing failure of the I sections. Two transverse loading
conditions including interior two flanges (ITF) and end two flanges (ETF) were selected. The length of the bearing
plate and the height of the I section were varied to study their effects on the web crushing failure mechanism. The
results showed that the web crushing capacity was a linear function of the bearing length. It is also approximately
linearly correlated with the height of the section. Finally, an empirical equation for predicting the web crushing
capacity of the pultruded GFRP I section was proposed which agreed well with the existing experimental results
in the literature. This work contributes to a better understanding of the web crushing failure mechanism of
pultruded GFRP I section under transverse loading. .
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE WEB CRIPPLING BEHAVIOR OF PULTRUDED

GFRP CHANNEL SECTIONS
Li-Teng Zhang 1, Xi-Dong Wu 1 and Chao Wu 1, *
1
China, Email: wuchao@buaa.edu.cn
KEYWORDS
Web crippling; Pultruded; Glass fiber reinforced polymer; Channel section; Transverse loading
ABSTRACT
Pultruded glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sections see increasing applications in civil constructions.
However, due to their inherent pultrusion manufacturing process, the pultruded GFRP sections are susceptible to
web crippling failure under concentrated transverse loading. This paper presents a preliminary experimental
investigation on the web crippling behaviour of pultruded GFRP channel sections. Three channel sections were
tested under two transverse loading conditions, namely end-two-flange (ETF) and interior-two-flange (ITF). Two
failure modes were observed including web buckling and failure at web-flange junction. It was found that the web
crippling capacities were not affected by the loading conditions when the failure was at the web-flange junction.
When the failure was web buckling, the web crippling capacities were more related to the web slenderness. This
paper contributes to enrich the experimental database of web crippling of pultruded GFRP channel sections.
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SHAKING TABLE TEST ON CFRP CABLE DOME STRUCTURE

W. H. Qin1,2, Z. Xi1,2, Y.J. Li1, Z. C. Zhang1 and X. Zhang1
1
Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of the Ministry of Education, Southeast
University, Nanjing, China, Email: 101005205@seu.edu.cn
2
National Prestress Engineering Research Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
KEYWORDS :
CRFP; cable dome ; shaking table experiment; anti-seismic
ABSTRACT:
Cable dome is a kind of whole prestressed structure whose struts are in compression and the other components are
in tension. In this article, a 5.4 meter diameter cable dome model, whose cables and struts was made of CFRP bars
and CFRP pipes respectively, was fabricated and prestressed. By this way, the advantages of high-strength and
lightweight of the CFRP material was combined with advantage of the high proficiency of cable dome structure.
So that the anti-seismic performance of this kind of cable dome can be greatly improved. Shaking table experiment
of the above-mentioned model was prosecuted with multiple load cases. The time history numerical analysis on
the test model was executed and good agreement of the results can be concluded by comparing with the results of
the tested ones. Several principles about the dynamic response of this structure under the action of different seismic
waves and different maximum acceleration are drawn. Good seismic performance of CFRP cable dome structures
can be demonstrated by the research results about this paper.
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BEHAVIOR OF GFRP WALL PANEL WITH INTERNAL TUNED LIQUID COLUMN

DAMPER
1
Email: haowuj@iastate.edu;
2
Email: achen@iastate.edu;
3
Iowa State University. Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, USA, Email: laflamme@iastate.edu.
ABSTRACT
Pultruded Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) structures have been increasingly used in buildings and civil
infrastructure systems because of their high strength, light weight, durability, and fatigue resistance. However,
these structures are elastic and typically have low damping ratio, which limits their capability to dissipate energy
during earthquakes. Adding damping mechanisms to GFRP components can improve traditional structures’
resistance to lateral loads. This paper studies a cellular GFRP wall panel with an internal liquid flow system,
engineered to control a structure’s temperature using liquid as thermal exchange. In this study, we further adapt
the panel to allow oscillation of water in its internal hollow cells, providing supplemental damping for the GFRP
structure during seismic events. Different combinations of water heights and cell openings are evaluated using
shaking table tests to study vibration reduction of the GFRP wall panel by leveraging the motion of water. For
each combination, the natural frequency of TLCD can be predicted with a simple model. It is found that higher
water volume inside the panel can achieve greater mitigation. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is
created to study the liquid motion inside the GFRP panel under harmonic ground excitations. Results from the
CFD simulation are in good agreement with those from the test.
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SPLICE CONNECTION FOR TUBULAR FRP COLUMN MEMBERS

C. Qiu 1, Y. Bai 2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Australia
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Australia, Email: yu.bai@monash.edu
KEYWORDS
Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP), tubular member, splice connection, experimental study, axial loading, flexural
loading.
ABSTRACT
Pultruded fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) members are increasingly favoured in civil engineering as they are
lightweight and corrosion-resistant. However, their application is limited by the challenge to connect them,
especially tubular members, i.e. with closed sections. A splice connection is developed in this paper for tubular
FRP members and its mechanical performance under axial and flexural loadings is investigated. The developed
splice connection entails two tubular steel-FRP bonded sleeve joints (BSJs) and a steel bolted flange joint (BFJ)
in between. Experimental tests were conducted on the splice connections of varied bond lengths and bolt
configurations; results are reported and discussed regarding failure mode, load-displacement behaviour and strain
response. The experimental investigation revealed that an effective bond length exists for the BSJs under axial
loading, and that an eight-bolt configuration for the BFJ is more effective compared to a four-bolt one in terms of
tensile and rotational stiffness and strength. Besides, it is concluded that the splice connection can be designed to
fail in a ductile manner under both axial and flexural loadings.
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BRIDGE PARADIS NORWAY: DESIGN AND ENGINEERING OF A 42M SPAN

FULL FRP FOOTBRIDGE
Liesbeth Tromp1, Kees van IJselmuijden 2, Stian Persson 3
1
Liesbeth.Tromp@RHDHV.com, Royal HaskoningDHV, Infrastructure, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
2
Royal HaskoningDHV, Infrastructure, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 3 Norwegian Public Roads
Administration-Statens vegvesen, Bridge Department Region West, Bergen, Norway;
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Case studies ; Codes, standards and design guidelines; Durability, long-term
performance
Mini-Symposium: "Full FRP system: design and standard"
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents the engineering story behind the bridge Paradis, Bergen, Norway. It is a full Fiber Reinforced
Polymer (FRP) tender design, prepared by Royal HaskongDHV. The material and detailing have been optimised
for the application in the Norwegian wet and cold climate. Statens vegvesen requires a low maintenance solution
to minimise life cycle costs and hindrance for traffic on road and rail. The choice for FRP was made to prevent
durability issues due to thermal fatigue and salting in winter times.
With its free span of 42m, this bridge is one of the longest spans for bridges in full FRP worldwide. A team of
architects and engineers of RoyalHaskoningDHV prepared the design in close cooperation with a multi
disciplinary team of the Client, Statens vegvesen. This way of work contributed to the confidence in FRP design
and developing design and engineering protocols for FRP structures in Norway. In the design use was made of the
latest insights in FRP design, safety concepts and material safety factors. Structural challenges involved
connections, stability of FRP members and behaviour of FRP material and connections under sustained loading.
This paper presents the interaction of design, material and manufacturing process from an engineering perspective.
It describes the results of the structural analysis and highlights the principle of the solutions for reliable and easy
to assemble connections.
Figure 3. Bridge Paradis, Bergen, Norway
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EFFECTS OF HOLE GEOMETRY AND BOLT TIGHTENING ON CREEP

BEHAVIOR OF PIN-BEARING PULTRUDED FRP CONNECTIONS
Dr. David W. Scott1 and Javaid Anwar2
1 2
Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Atlanta, GA, USA;
National University of Sciences and Technology, School of Civil Engineering, Risalpur, Pakistan
(corresponding author: david.scott@ce.gatech.edu)
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Creep; Durability, long-term performance; Codes, standards and design
guidelines; Pultrusion; Connections
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation into the time-dependent pin-bearing behavior of
pultruded E-glass/polyester fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials. In this study, long-term pin-
bearing strength tests are carried out on single-bolt connections subjected to in-plane loading in tension under a
double-lap shear configuration. The connection geometry is selected such that bearing is the predominant failure
mode. The time-dependent response of the connection is evaluated at various load levels and lateral applied bolt
torques. The time-dependent experiments are carried out for durations of up to 1,000 hours at sustained load levels
of 60% and 90% of the characteristic short-term pin-bearing strength. The results indicate that increasing loads
and lateral applied torque significantly increase bolt-hole deformations in the system. In addition, apparent
increases in short-term pin-bearing strength due to lateral applied torque are lost when the FRP material exhibits
viscoelastic behavior under sustained loading.
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ELASTIC GRIDSHELL IN COMPOSITE MATERIALS: SOME RECENT

DEVELOPMENTS
Jean-François Caron1, Olivier Baverel1, Lionel du Peloux1, Cyril Douthe1
1 Navier Laboratory, Université Paris-Est, ENPC/IFSTTAR/CNRS
Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 6-8 Ave Blaise Pascal

77455 France
caron@enpc.fr
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Structure ; FRC and cement composite materials; Characterization of FRP
ABSTRACT:
This article shows how composite materials might be an original and profitable solution for lightweight structures
called gridshells. In this paper the principal characteristics of gridshells are recalled first and a demonstration that
glass fibres reinforced polymers (GFRP) are suitable for these structures is shown.
The purpose of the proposed article focuses on the last realization in France, a temporary church in Creteil near
Paris, and on some other developments, including a mixed solution with concrete, theoretical developments and
an original green urban application.
Ephemeral Cathedral of Créteil (figure 1-a) was build in 2013, always in place, and cover 300m2. It represents the
only composite gridshell in the world, and the most accomplished. It was used “for real” during the refection of
the original cathedral, and is now for city’s association meetings. The subjects of numerical simulation,
construction, details, reliability and robustness are addressed in the paper. A point is made on the actual situation
and durability, and the potential of a new theoretical development about the nonlinear behavior of this kind of
deployable structures is described briefly.
A new attempt is made, replacing the GFRP bracing of the structure, and the classical canvas for roofing, by a
more fleshy solution. A thin layer of High Performance Concrete is lay on the final shape, quite deformable at this
stage, stiffening the structure as a classical bracing. The thin grid on which the cement is laid, is a fabric fasted on
the flat structural grid, and deployed in the same time. Details for the fabrication of a 2mx2m prototype are given,
and mechanical testing are described. It provides a way to imagine more usable gridshells, with a better thermal
or acoustic behavior for instance, and always affordable from both economical and environmental point of view.
Finally, another application (figure 1-b) of gridshells for the vegetalization of urban area, for fighting the heat
island phenomenon and helping biodiversity is proposed.
Figure 1 : a- Ephemeral cathedral of Créteil, b- vegetalized gridshell
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FALCON – A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY EFFORT TO PROMOTE FRP BRIDGES IN

SWEDEN
Reza Haghani 1, Erik Olsson1,2
1
Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gothenburg,
Sweden; 2ELU Consultants, Gothenburg, Sweden (corresponding author: reza.haghani@chalmers.se)
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Structure ; Codes, standards and design guidelines;
Mini-Symposium: “FRP Bridges”
ABSTRACT:
Sweden has a long history in using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in marine, transportation and energy
sectors. However, when it comes to application of composite materials to build bridge structures, it somewhat falls
behind.
Despite several advantages that FRP composites offer, such as high specific strength and stiffness, corrosion
resistance and light-weight, their infrastructural applications in Sweden have not been fully understood and yet to
be realized. The first efforts to use FRP composites for construction of pedestrian bridges started in 2011, however,
due to lack of knowledge about the materials and design of composite structures among engineers, they were
halted.
Falcon, a joint effort project with total budget of 640 k Euro funded by VINNOVA and co-funded by industrial
consortium partners, aims at gathering together the relevant parties, consisting universities, research institutes,
bridge designers, composite manufacturers and clients to realize the first FRP bridge in Sweden. The main
objectives of the project are to investigate and implement the best practice for FRP bridges and improve the
procurement processes for bridge owners and thereby pave the way towards widespread infrastructural application
of composites. This paper, presents some results of this project including legal hindrances and possible strategies
to promote FRP as a construction material for future bridges.
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TOWARDS A STRUCTURAL EUROCODE FOR FRP STRUCTURES: THE ROLE

OF CEN/TC 250
L. Ascione 1
1
Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy, Email: l.ascione@unisa.it
KEYWORDS
Full composite structures, Design rules, Standardization
ABSTRACT
Over the past twenty years, several innovative solutions have confirmed the usefulness of composite structures
made of FRPs (Fibre Reinforced Polymer or Plastics), both within and outside Europe. The use of FRP profiles,
shell structures and sandwich structures is particularly advantageous for applications in the Civil Engineering
field. FRP bearing structures are therefore widely used for the construction of buildings for industrial or residential
purposes. FRP usage has also become increasingly widespread for civil engineering works. Applications range
from lock gates, to entire bridges or bridge decks both for pedestrian and vehicular traffic. Due to their steadily
increasing market volume and given the complexity of selection from available materials for FRP structures, it
became obvious that it would be necessary to develop a standardization document for both the production of FRP
structural elements and practical rules for the design and verification of structures to be used for buildings and
civil engineering works. CEN Technical Committee 250 (CEN/TC250) has taken the initiative to prepare a
document addressing the purpose and justification for new European technical rules and associated standards for
the design and verification of composite structures made of FRPs. CEN/TC250 formed a Working Group, WG4,
to develop the work item. The convenor is the author of this paper. The work item is motivated by the need to
both ensure adequate reliability of the applications, as well as promote a broader market for these materials and
ensure a circulation of these materials between EU countries conforming to well-defined standards. The aim of
this paper is to summarize and diffuse the activity already developed by CEN/TC 250, as well as highlight the
further procedures to be followed on the road towards the publication of a structural Eurocode dedicated to FRP
structures.
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RC structures internally reinforced by FRP

bars
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IMPROVEMENT OF MECHANICAL SHEAR RESISTANCE OF HIGH MODULUS

CFRP ROD WITH GFRP RIBS
Hiroaki Hasegawa 1, Nobuhiro Hisabe 1, Yoshiki Onari 2 and Isamu Yoshitake 2
1
Mitsubishi Chemical Infratec Co.,Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
2
Yamaguchi University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
Email: yositake@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp (Isamu Yoshitake)
KEYWORDS
Strengthening, Bond strength, Interfacial stresses, CFRP rod internal reinforcement, Cantilevered slab, NSM.
ABSTRACT
This study focuses on the strengthening method for upper-side of cantilevered bridge deck slabs subjected to
negative bending moment. A general strengthening method in Japan, RC overlay method, is to place reinforcing
bars and concrete on existing deck slabs. For prevention of reinforcement corrosion, thick concrete cover (100 mm
or thicker) is required in the method. Such system induces the increase of dead load, and it may negatively
influence on bridge girders and substructures. Near-surface-mounted (NSM) method using FRP rods/strips can
decrease the thickness of strengthening layer compared to the RC overlay method. In particular, NSM using CFRP
rod/strip of high modulus has several advantages, such as high strengthening-effect and low deformation. The high
modulus CFRP rod/strip are manufactured by PULTRUSION method, so the surface of the composite materials
is smooth without ribs like rebars. Hence, the most concern of the reinforcing material is low bond performance.
In this study, GFRP ribs were attached to CFRP rods to improve the bond strength (Figure 1). The study prepared
various CFRP ribs and conducted fundamental tests. Pull-out test of the CFRP rod having GFRP ribs was
conducted to examine the bond performance (Figure 2). Flexural loading test using RC beam embedding these
CFRP rods was carried out to confirm the strengthening effect (Figure 2). The pull-out test confirmed that even
CFRP rod attached with GFRP ribs of 3.0 mm thick indicated adequate bond strength. The experimental
investigation confirmed that by providing a rib of over 3.0 mm thick, the same degree of bonding strength as the
reinforcing bars can be obtained and the load-bearing capacity of the strengthened beams were higher than the
designed load.
Figure 1: CFRP rod with GFRP rib
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Thickness of GFRP rib

t = 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 mm Mortar
Dia=55
t
10
30 50 30
GFRP rib
110
L=
Gypsum plaster
160
Steel plate
50
50
Unbonded section
Sectional View Side View
Rebar : D6
100 700 250 700 100
Interval of stirrup Interval of GFRP
250 50 3@200=600 50
7@100=700 125 125 100
110
150
160
160
Mortar
10
10
50
10
50 50 Stirrup : D10
150
100 1650 100
1850
CFRP rod (HM8)
(a) Pull-off test (b) Flexural loading test
Figure 2: Test methods of bond-improved CFRP rods
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July 17-19, 2018
SERVICEABILITY AND MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION OF CONTINUOUS

CONCRETE ELEMENTS REINFORCED WITH STEEL-BASALT BARS
Mohammad Akiel1, Tamer El-Maaddawy2, Ahmed El Refai3
1 McGill University, Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Montreal, Canada; 2 UAE
University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Al Ain, UAE (corresponding author:
tamer.maaddawy@uaeu.ac.ae); 3 Laval University, Department of Civil and Water Engineering, Quebec City,
Canada
KEYWORDS:
Hybrid structures; Experimental study ; FRP internal reinforcement; Codes, standards and design guidelines
ABSTRACT:
The serviceability and moment redistribution of continuous concrete flexural elements internally-reinforced with
either basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars or a combination of steel and BFRP bars are evaluated in this
paper. Six two-span concrete specimens were constructed and tested. The specimens were 200 mm deep, 500 mm
wide, and 5000 mm long. Each span had a length of 2400 mm. Three specimens were reinforced with BFRP bars
only whereas the remaining three specimens were reinforced with hybrid steel-BFRP bars. The specimens had
different hogging-to-sagging reinforcement ratios. Specimens reinforced with hybrid steel-BFRP bars were
designed in a way to have nominal sagging and hogging moment capacities similar to those of their counterparts
reinforced with BFRP bars only. The use of hybrid steel-BFRP reinforcing bars rather than BFRP bars only
improved the serviceability performance of continuous concrete elements without compromising their
deformational capacity. Specimens reinforced with hybrid steel-BFRP bars exhibited less deflections and smaller
crack widths at service load than those of their counterparts reinforced with BFRP bars only. Hybrid-reinforced
specimens reached their ultimate loads at deflection values comparable to those of their counterparts reinforced
with BFRP bars only. The behavior of the specimens reinforced with BFRP bars only deviated from the elastic
response, which resulted in a considerable moment redistribution between the sagging and hogging regions.
Specimens reinforced with hybrid steel-BFRP bars exhibited less deviation from the elastic response and lower
moment redistribution ratios comparted with those of their counterparts reinforced with BFRP bars only. Figure 1
shows a typical specimen at failure.
Figure 1: A test in progress
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NUMERICAL MODELING OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GFRP REIN-

FORCEMENT AND HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE DURING HYDRATION
PROCESS
Slim Kammoun , Ahlem Sdiri1 and Atef Daoud1,3
1,2
1Université de Tunis El Manar, National Engineering School of Tunis, Civil Engineering Laboratory, Tunisia,
Email: slim.kammoun@enig.rnu.tn; 2 Université de Gabès, National Engineering School of Gabès, Tunisia; 3
Université de Sfax, National Engineering School of Sfax, Tunisia.
KEYWORDS :
Fields applications and case studies; Modeling ; Bond and interfacial stresses; Durability, long-term performance
ABSTRACT:
Numerical study has been conducted to simulate the behavior of the early-age high strength concrete (HSC)
reinforced with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) rebars. During hydration, HSC is subjected to both
thermal and autogenous deformations. Once restrained, these deformations might entail early-age cracking. To
model this early-age behavior, a numerical chemo-thermo-mechanical scheme has been developed and
implemented in ABAQUS finite element software via various user subroutines. Neither basic nor drying strains
are accounted for in this paper. To account for damage in HSC, the well known Mazars's elastic-damageable model
is adopted. Within this model, Young's modulus, Poisson's coefficient and damage parameters are assumed to
evolve depending on the hydration degree. Mazars's constitutive law is implemented via UMAT subroutine. GFRP
rebars are considered to be elastic and transversally isotropic. Interface between GFRP rebars and HSC is assumed
to be perfect. In a first attempt, an extensive validation of the concrete model is performed against experimental
data from literature. They are selected for both plain and steel reinforced early-age HSC, with various thermal and
mechanical boundary conditions. In a second attempt, steel rebars are substituted by GFRP ones while keeping the
same reinforcement percentages and configurations. Numerical predictions of GFRP reinforcement are compared
against those of steel reinforcement.
Figure 1 : Damage contours at 140h in cross sections and longitudinal cuts for two reinforcement
configurations: 1Φ12 and 4Φ6. (a) Steel rebars (b) GFRP rebars.
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PARAMETRIC STUDY ON BOND OF GFRP BARS IN ALKALI ACTIVATED

CEMENT CONCRETE
Biruk H. Tekle1, Amar Khennane 2, Obada Kayali 3
1,2,3 School of Engineering and Information Technology, UNSW Canberra, Campbell, Australia;
(corresponding author: a.khennane@adfa.edu.au)
KEYWORDS:
Alkali Activated Cement Concrete; GFRP bars ; Bond properties; Parametric study
ABSTRACT:
Bond behaviour plays an important role in the design and performance of reinforced concrete structures. In this
study, a finite element model is developed for beam-end specimens. The bond between the GFRP bar and Alkali
Activated Cement (AAC) concrete is modelled by surface-based cohesive behaviour. The GFRP bar and the
concrete are modelled using 8-node linear brick element. The shear and flexural reinforcements are modelled as a
two-node linear three-dimensional truss element. The accuracy of the model is validated by comparing different
model predictions with experimental results from the literature. Figure 1 and Figure 2 shows this comparison
between an experimental specimen and the model in terms of failure mode and free end and loaded end bond
stress-slip curves, respectively. The verified model is then used for analysing the effect of different parameters
such as: concrete cover, bar diameter, concrete compressive strength, lead length (unbonded length at loaded end),
embedment length and elastic modulus of GFRP bars on bond behaviour. Each of this parameter is varied on a
range of applicable values as shown in Table 1 in order to study its influence on the bond behaviour between GFRP
bars and AAC concrete. The parametric study showed that the bond behaviour is mainly affected by concrete
cover, bar diameter, embedment length and compressive strength of the concrete. The effect of GFRP bar elastic
modulus is not as pronounced as that of the other parameters, while the influence of lead length can be avoided by
providing enough unbonded length at the loaded end. The parametric study is further used to calibrate a well-
known bond equation and develop a new regression equation for predicting the maximum bond stress. The
predicted results from these equations showed a good agreement with the experimental as well as finite element
results with a ratio close to one as can be observed in Figure 3.
Figure 1 : Experimental vs model failure mode: (a) A16-6d1 experiment; (b) A16-6d model
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Figure 2 : Experimental vs modelling bond stress-slip curves for A16-6d

Table 1 : List of parameters and corresponding range of variation
Parameter Range of variation Model ID
Clear concrete cover As a multiple of bar diameter (⌀16 mm): Cover_1d to Cover_5d
from 1d to 5d at 1d increment
Bar diameter Standard GFRP bar diameters: 9.5, Diam_10, Diam_13, Diam_19,
12.7, 19.05, 22.2 and 25.4 mm Diam_22 and Diam_25
Concrete compressive 20 MPa to 80 MPa at 10 MPa increment Comp_20 to Comp_80

strength
Lead length 25 mm, 75 mm, 100 mm, 150 mm and Lead_25, Lead_75, Lead_100,
200 mm Lead_150 and Lead_200
Elastic modulus of 42 GPa and 50 GPa Modulus_42 and Modulus_50

GFRP bar
Embedment length From 3.0d to 12.0d at 1.5d interval Embed_3d to Embed_12d
Figure 3 : Predicted to test (FEA model) bond stress ratios versus embedment length
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BOND STRENGTH OF POST-INSTALLED GFRP IN BEAM-COLUMN

CONNECTIONS
Muhammad S. Bajwa1, 3, Benjamin Z. Dymond1, Rania Al-Hammoud2
1
University of Minnesota Duluth, Department of Civil Engineering, Duluth, Minnesota, USA; 2
3
University of Waterloo, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada;
(bajwa016@d.umn.edu)
KEYWORDS:
Strengthening and repair; Bond Behaviour
ABSTRACT :
Post-installed reinforcement in concrete is used to connect a new concrete member to an existing concrete
structure. Design using post-installed reinforcing bars is gaining acceptance due to design flexibility, formwork
simplification and the ability to have horizontal, vertical, and overhead applications. Research has been conducted
on the efficacy of post-installed steel reinforcement in concrete structures. However, steel corrodes in aggressive
environments resulting in a loss of bond strength and serviceability. Alternatively, glass fiber-reinforced polymer
(GFRP) bars can be used as post- installed reinforcement. GFRP bars are gaining acceptance in the structural field
due to their corrosion resistance and high strength to weight ratio. This research presents an experimental study
with GFRP bars from three manufacturers, which were post-installed using an epoxy-based adhesive. Eight
specimens were constructed and tested monotonically to failure. A specimen was composed of two identical
vertical elements, which were anchored into the base of the structure using post-installed GFRP bars. The
specimens were designed to simulate a rigid connection of two cantilever beams to a column. The concrete
compressive strength for all the specimens was 3 ksi (20.68 MPa) and the size of all the post-installed and cast-in-
place bars was #4 (#13). The specimens were tested with bars installed at 6 and 11.5 in. embedment depths (15.24
and 29.21 cm). The results from the specimens with bars installed at a longer embedment depth indicated an
increase in the loading capacity and the ductility compared to the specimens with bars installed at a shorter
embedment depth. The evaluation of bond strength was done by comparing the type of failure and load capacity
of the post-installed GFRP bars with the cast-in-place steel and GFRP bars. The specimens with cast-in GFRP bars
exhibited a bond-slip failure, whereas the specimens with post-installed GFRP bars had a splitting failure (concrete
cone breakout), indicating a stronger bond of the post-installed GFRP bars with concrete.
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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE BEAMS WITH

RECTANGULAR GFRP SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT
Ginghis B. Maranan 1, Allan C. Manalo 2, Tanniru Wamshi Krishna 2, Brahim Benmokrane 3
1 School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand; 2 School of Civil Engineering and
Surveying, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba City, Australia; 3 Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (Ginghis Maranan: gmaranan@waikato.ac.nz)
KEYWORDS :
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; Experimental study ; FRP internal reinforcement;
Codes, standards and design guidelines; GFRP spirals ; geopolymer concrete beams
ABSTRACT:
The combination of glass-fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebars and geopolymer concrete is an innovative
construction technique for the development of civil infrastructures with high durability and high sustainability and
with adequate strength and structural integrity. However, few studies have dealt with this system particularly on
the use of GFRP spirals as shear reinforcement for geopolymer concrete beams. In this study, the shear behaviour
of geopolymer concrete beams transversely reinforced with continuous rectangular GFRP spirals (Figure 1) was
investigated using the four-point static bending test. Five full-scale beams were designed, prepared, and tested up
to failure: one control beam without transverse reinforcement, three spirally-reinforced beams with varying spiral
pitch (i.e. 75 mm, 100 mm, and 150 mm), and one beam with conventional GFRP stirrups spaced at 100 mm on-
centres. As can be expected, the shear performance of the beam increases as the spiral pitch decreases because the
closely spaced spirals enhanced both the shear strength contribution of the confined concrete core and the
longitudinal reinforcement dowel action, effectively controlled the widening of shear cracks, and distributed the
pressure uniformly along the shear span. The shear load-bearing and deflection capacities of the control beam were
63 kN and 12.7 mm, respectively. With the use of GFRP spirals, the shear strength and deflection capacity
increased by as much as 220% and 410%, respectively. The shear strength and deflection capacity of the spirally-
reinforced beam were 19 % and 116 % higher than that of the conventionally-reinforced beam, respectively. It can
be deduced, therefore, that the GFRP spiral is a viable alternative to the traditional closed GFRP stirrups because,
aside from improving the beams’ overall performance, it can also reduce the material expenditures and the time
and cost of installation.
Figure 1 : Continuous rectangular GFRP spirals
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BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS REINFORCED WITH GFRP HEADED

END BARS
Ahmed Mohamed1, Ehab El-Salakawy2
1,2 University of Manitoba, Civil Engineering Department, Winnipeg, Canada
(corresponding author: Ehab.El-Salakawy@umanitoba.ca)
KEYWORDS
Deep beams, glass fiber-reinforced polymers, headed end bars, shear span-to-depth ratio, shear strength.
ABSTRACT:
Reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams are commonly used as transfer girders in high rise buildings and bridges, as
they have the capability to sustain higher loads compared to slender beams. Deep beams are characterized by their
relatively small shear span-to-depth ratio. The use of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars, as an alternative to steel
bars, is a promising solution to mitigate the deleterious effect of steel corrosion. In particular, glass (G) FRP
reinforcement becomes more attractive to the construction industry because of its lower cost and more deformation
before failure. However, due to the relatively low modulus of elasticity of GFRP with respect to steel, GFRP-RC
deep beams will be susceptible to deeper and wider cracks, which will in turn adversely affect the shear capacity.
Also, FRP has a different bar surface and bond characteristics than that of steel, which require a longer
development length. In addition, very little experimental data exist for FRP-RC deep beams. This paper presents
an experimental study designed to demonstrate the shear behaviour of concrete deep beams internally reinforced
with GFRP and without web reinforcement. In this study, three large-scale simply supported RC deep beams
reinforced with headed-end GFRP bars were constructed and tested up to failure under monotonic load using three-
point loading scheme. The specimens have a rectangular-section of 590-mm height by 250 mm width, while the
length of the specimens are 2100, 2600, and 3100 mm. The main variable is shear span-to-depth ratio, which varied
between 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. The test results are presented in terms of ultimate strength, cracking, deflection and
strains in reinforcement. The test results confirmed the formation of the strut-and-tie model. Also, it showed that
increasing the shear span-to-depth ratio led to decreasing the load capacity of the beam significantly.
Table 1: Details of Testing Specimens
Depth a* fc’ Reinforcement ratio

Beam ID a/d **
(mm) (mm) (MPa) ρ%
SDB1.0 508.6 520 43 1.0 1.0
SDB1.5 508.6 770 46 1.5 1.0
SDB2.0 508.6 1020 45 2.0 1.0
* a is the clear shear span
** d is the effective depth

MTS Machine
a a
200.00
280.00 150.00 150.00 280.00
LVDTs PI gauges
All Dimensions are in mm
Figure 1: Beams Test Set-up
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INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT APPROACHES ON DESIGN, DESIGN VALUES AND

GENERAL SAFETY FOR INTERNAL FRP REINFORCEMENT
André Weber1, Faustin Gaufillet,2
1 Schoeck Bauteile GmbH, R&D, Baden-Baden Germany; 2 Schoeck SARL, Entzheim, France
(corresponding author: andre.weber@schoeck.de)
KEYWORDS
Fields applications and case studies; Material ; Codes, standards and design guidelines; FRP internal
reinforcement Standards , Design concept
ABSTRACT:
Since more than 20 years there is a growing interest in internal FRP reinforcement. In this time a couple of
interesting applications have been developed. It is interesting, that in different regions different applications are in
the focus. While in Northern America corrosion applications like bridge decks and barriers are the field of attention
in Europe there are temporary and electrical non-conductive applications are in the main focus. For these different
application groups different design and verification approachs had been followed.
For structures like diaphragm walls, where we have overlap between steel and FRP we need to follow the same
design approach for steel as for FRP reinforced parts of the structure. This starts for the partial factors for actions
as well as them for different materials.
The question of under-reinforced structures with internal FRP reinforcement has to be posed. In contrast to over-
reinforced structures the under-reinforced structure shows much more deformability, but the resistance of the FRP
has to be predicted correctly, How the different failure mode has to be taken into account?
How the resistance of FRP is determined. The same bar has different resistance in different regions.
Is there a clear definition of short term loading: Is this 1h, 10h, 100h, 1 year or 10years. From which loading time
live load has to be taken into account as sustained load?
Another question is the size/diameter of reinforcement. While engineers design with required reinforcement areas
and can distribute a different number of bars into a structure, some Standards fix local historical sizes known from
the steel industry for FRP.
Assuming the physics as well as materials are the same all over the world it seems to be strange, that we have so
different design results for FRP reinforced structures, while steel reinforced structures seem to be much more
similar
This paper analyses the different design approaches using practical examples from 20 years of experience in this
field.
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Figure 1 : Strains in concrete and steel vs. GFRP reinforcement for the same sectional area
In figure 1 is to be seen that higher stress in the concrete is the consequence of high strain reinforcing materials.
High strain is observed for high strength and/or low modulus reinforcement like GFRP-reinforcement. In over-
reinforced sections the lower stiffness leads directly to lower capacity of this section regardless of the possibly
higher strength of this reinforcing material.
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CONTRIBUTION OF SHEAR TRANSFER MECHANISMS AND STRENGTH OF

GFRP REINFORCED CONCRETE
Danielle Pacheco 1, Daniel Cardoso 1, Martin Noël 2
1
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Department of Civil Engineering, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil; 2 University of Ottawa, Department of Civil Engineering, Ottawa, Canada; (corresponding author:
dctcardoso@puc-rio.br)
KEYWORDS :
Choose an element ...; Experimental study ; Choose an element ...; Choose an element ...; GFRP reinforced
concrete; Shear transfer mechanisms; Shear strength; Digital image correlation;
ABSTRACT:
This paper aims to discuss the shear behavior and strength of concrete beams internally reinforced with glass-fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) longitudinal bars, with and without stirrups. The partial results of an ongoing
experimental program intending to investigate the crack kinematics and contribution of different shear transfer
mechanisms to the final strength are presented. The test results for two dowel specimens and six beams subjected
to four-point bending are reported. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used to gather information about crack
opening and sliding throughout the tests and the measured kinematics were used as inputs in theoretical models.
The approach was validated with the experimental results and was used to quantify the participation of each shear
mechanism. It is shown that the contribution of aggregate interlock gradually reduces as the crack opens, whereas
participation of stirrups linearly increases up to failure.
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July 17-19, 2018
A REVIEW ON EXPERIMENTAL DEFLECTIONS IN FRP RC FLEXURAL

MEMBERS
Cristina Barris1, Arnau Bover1, Javier Gómez1, Lluís Torres1
1 AMADE, University of Girona, Girona, Spain (cristina.barris@udg.edu)
KEYWORDS :
Experimental study ; FRP internal reinforcement; Codes, standards and design guidelines
ABSTRACT:
It is commonly acknowledged that serviceability limit states may govern the design of concrete structures
reinforced with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars, mainly due to the lower modulus of elasticity of FRPs
compared to that of steel. FRP bars present a wide range of rebar surfaces that can have an effect on the
deformational behaviour of FRP reinforced concrete (RC) flexural members. In the last three decades, many
experimental studies providing results on deflections of FRP RC beams have appeared, and several approaches for
adjusting expressions initially developed for steel RC beams have been published.
This paper aims at studying the experimental deflection of FRP RC beams, by analysing the results available in
the literature of 171 beam specimens tested under 4-point bending load. The theoretical deflection is calculated
according to an equivalent moment of inertia based on interpolation of deflection, and it is compared to the
experimental value. A deflection ratio (DR) is defined as the predicted/experimental deflection. The influence of
the level of loading, the surface coating and the main parameters affecting the tension stiffening effect (nρ and d/h
ratio) is analysed and conclusions are drawn. It is observed that DR increases with the load level. Moment ratios
close to the cracking moment provide higher scatter of results, whilst high moment ratios give DR lower than the
unity. Specimens reinforced with sand coated FRP yield to marginally lower values of DR compared to wrapped
or ribbed coating. Finally, the effect of nρ or d/h ratio on DR was not clearly observed in this work due to the
scatter of results found in the analysis.
Figure 1: Experimental vs. theoretical deflection at M=1.5·M cr and M=3.0·Mcr.
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July 17-19, 2018
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SHEAR FAILURE IN SCALED GFRP

REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS WITHOUT STIRRUPS
S. Khodaie 1 and F. Matta 2
1
University of South Carolina, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, USA
2
University of South Carolina, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, USA, Email: fmatta@sc.edu
ABSTRACT
Evidence from load tests on concrete beams reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars without
stirrups highlights a decrease in the shear stress at failure at increasing effective depths. The physical explanation
of this size effect remains controversial, and existing nominal shear strength algorithms may not consistently
capture this phenomenon. This paper reports on the validation of a computational model based on a concrete
Lattice Discrete Particle Model (LDPM) vis-à-vis actual four-point bending test data for slender GFRP RC beams
having an effective depth in the range 292-883 mm. The concrete LDPM approximates the physical heterogeneity
of concrete, and incorporates constitutive laws that are important to simulate shear transfer mechanisms. The
numerical simulations yielded accurate predictions of load-deflection response, strength, and diagonal-tension
failure mode. These preliminary results are relevant since, for the first time, they demonstrate the successful use
of numerical simulations to accurately predict the shear behavior of scaled GFRP RC beams without stirrups,
whereas existing nominal strength algorithms may not consistently yield accurate predictions.
146
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EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURES ON THE BOND PERFORMANCE OF GFRP

BARS TO CONCRETE
Inês C. Rosa1, João P. Firmo1,2, Luís Granadeiro1, João R. Correia 1
1 CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; 2 Corresponding author:
joao.firmo@tecnico.ulisboa.pt
KEYWORDS:
Experimental study; Temperature; FRP internal reinforcement; Bond and interfacial stresses
ABSTRACT:
Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars have been successfully used during the last decade to reinforce
concrete structures subjected to aggressive environments, especially due to their corrosion resistance and
increasingly competitive costs when compared to stainless steel reinforcement. However, it is well known that the
strength, stiffness and bond properties of GFRP rebars are severely reduced with increasing temperatures,
particularly when approaching the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer matrix (typically in the range
of 65-150 ºC). This paper presents results of an experimental investigation on the bond between concrete and sand-
coated GFRP bars at moderately elevated temperatures. Pull-out tests on GFRP bars embedded in concrete
cylinders were performed up to 140 ºC; in these tests two bond lengths of the GFRP bars were considered,
corresponding to 5 and 9 times the diameter of the rebars. Specimens were first heated up to the predefined
temperature (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 or 140 ºC) and then loaded up to failure. The applied load and the slip of the bars
at both loaded and free ends were measured; the results obtained confirmed that the stiffness and strength of the
GFRP-concrete interface suffers significant reductions with temperature, especially when the Tg of the GFRP
rebars is approached. Bond vs. slip relations of the GFRP-concrete interface are proposed for each tested
temperature; these relations were derived based on a fitting procedure of the experimental data to a bond vs. slip
model available in the literature for FRP bars in concrete, originally developed for ambient temperature.
a) b) 30
T20-5db T20-9db
Average bond stress, τ [MPa]
Connection rod 25 T60-5db T60-9db

T100-5db T100-9db
T140-5db T140-9db
20
15
Target dots 10
5
Steel rod Angled
bracket 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Loaded end slip, s [mm]
Fixed plate c) 30
T20-5db T20-9db
Average bond stress, τ [MPa]
25 T60-5db T60-9db
T100-5db T100-9db
20 T140-5db T140-9db
15
GFRP rebar 10
Video extensometer 0
Metallic pipe 0 5 10 15 20 25
(loaded end) Loaded end slip, s [mm]
Figure 1: Schematic view of the test setup.
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SHEAR TESTS ON GFRP REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS USING DIGITAL

IMAGE CORRELATION SYSTEM
M. Kaszubska 1, R. Kotynia 1, D. Szczech1, M. Urbaniak2
1
Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environmental Engineering,
Łódź, Poland, Email: monika.dymecka@p.lodz.pl; 2 Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering, Łódź, Poland;
KEYWORDS:
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Experimental study; FRP internal reinforcement; DIC system
ABSTRACT:
The paper presents results of experimental test carried out on T-shaped concrete beams reinforced with glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars without stirrups. The beams varied mainly with longitudinal reinforcement ratio
(ρl) corresponding to about: 1.0%, 1.4% and 1.8%, a number of bars, their diameter and a number of reinforcement
layers (1 or 2 layers). Beams failed due to gradual development of diagonal cracks. Beneficial influence of two
reinforcement layers was confirmed especially for the high longitudinal reinforcement ratio equal of 1.8%, while
for the low reinforcement ratio about 1.0%, no difference in the shear capacity due to number of layers was
observed. Strain and displacement measured during the test are very important parameters used in analysis of the
test results. Most researchers still use conventional techniques, e.g. strain gauges or linear displacement transducer
(LVDTs), but recently digital image correlation system (DIC) shows increasing popularity especially in the
complex stress state like shear. DIC is an innovative non-contact optical technique for the study of crack
propagation and material deformation. The paper presents comparison test results registered by LVDT and DIC
system. The main aim of the research was to investigate the shear strength and crack propagation until failure.
148
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July 17-19, 2018
TESTS ON GFRP REINFORCED CONCRETE CLOSING JOINTS

Nader Sleiman1, Maria Anna Polak2
1 University of Waterloo, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Waterloo, Canada
(nsleiman@uwaterloo.ca);
2University of Waterloo, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Waterloo, Canada
(polak@uwaterloo.ca)
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Experimental study ; FRP internal reinforcement; Frame Joints
ABSTRACT:
The use of GFRP as main reinforcement in concrete structures is an appealing option for structures in aggressive
environments. Using GFRP reinforcement in frame corner joints may be problematic considering the weak link at
the reinforcement bend; the GFRP bars are much weaker at the bent portions of the bars due to non-standardized
manufacturing processes. The behaviour of GFRP reinforced corner frame joints has not been previously studied.
In the presented research, eight full-scale GFRP reinforced knee-joint specimens were prepared and tested under
monotonic closing loads. These specimens consist of beam-column joints where the beam and column terminate
at the joint. The presented experimental program was designed to study the effect of reinforcement ratio,
confinement stirrups, and corner geometry on the behaviour of the joint.
The failure mode was altered from bar rupture to failure of diagonal strut by increasing the reinforcement ratio of
bent bars going through the joint; however this had minimal effect on ultimate strength. The addition of
confinement stirrups to the joint reinforcement resulted in a substantial increase in ultimate strength and maximum
deflection. Joints with altered geometry by including interior chamfers performed better than joints without
chamfers; their load capacity was increased marginally but the joints failed in a non-brittle matter.
Figure 4: Experimental test setup
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EFFECT OF SURFACE TREATMENT AND TEST CONFIGURATION ON

BOND BEHAVIOUR OF GFRP REBARS
Ondrej Janus1, Frantisek Girgle2, Vojtech Kostiha2, Petr Stepánek2
1 Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno, Czech Republic (corresponding author:
janus.o@fce.vutbr.cz); 2 Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno, Czech Republic
KEYWORDS :
Reinforcement, Bond strength, Pull-out test, Beam test, Degradation.
ABSTRACT:
This paper deals with the determination of the effect of surface treatment and test configuration on the bond
behaviour of GFRP reinforcement embedded in concrete. Several types of tests were performed, such as centric
pull-out tests, modified pull-out tests, and beam tests to obtain the bond properties of bars with different surface
treatments. The sand-coated bars exhibited different bond behaviour compared to the ribbed ones due to different
forces transferred from the reinforcement to the concrete. This paper also focuses on the determination of the effect
of alkaline environment degradation on the efficiency of sand-coated bars. It is well-known that test configuration
affects bond behaviour, however, this effect was not sufficiently quantified until now. A modified beam-bending
test to assess the bond performance is presented in this study. The results of an experimental study comparing the
bond performance of GFRP bars with different surface treatments obtained from the beam tests and centric and
modified pull-out tests are presented.
Figure 1: Beam specimen geometry
150
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July 17-19, 2018
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE SLAB

STRENGTHENED WITH CFRP USING 24 HR AND CYCLIC LOAD TESTING
Thanongsak Imjai 1, Surin Sutthiprapa 1 Burachat Chatveera 2 and Udomvit Chaisakulkiet 3
1 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-Ok, Bangkok, Thailand; (Email:
thanongsak_im@rmutto.ac.th)
2 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand;
3 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin, Bangkok, Thailand;
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Structural assessment ; Post-tensioned slab; EBR; Load tests
ABSTRACT:
This article presents the showcase on a performance study of post-tensioned concrete slabs using externally bonded
carbon fibre reinforced composites (CFRP). The concrete slabs are part of a full-scale 17 storey building located
in in Thailand. The original building (completed in 2000) is currently used as the residential building. Design
verifications based on ACI 318 indicated that the flexural capacity of the original post-tensioned slab was
insufficient to resist the new superimposed loads from three water tanks with capacity of 1000 litres that is planned
to install on the roof top floor. Conversely, flexural, shear and torsional capacity of the existing RC beam and
column sections were sufficient to resist the superimposed loads by up to 120% (under the roof top level). As part
of the retrofitting programme, the concrete slab was strengthened with Carbon FRP (CFRP) laminates using a
manual lay-up application. The load capacity and deflection of the FRP-strengthened slab was then re-assessed
according to the 24 hours (ACI-318) and cyclic load (ACI-437) test protocols. Based on the floor load test results,
it was found that the proposed strengthening solution was adequate to sustain the increased load demand imposed
by the water tanks.
Overview of the 17 stories hotel EBR strengthening
Figure 1 : Application of EBR CFRP strengthening on post-tensioned concrete slab
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July 17-19, 2018
SHRINKAGE BEHAVIOUR OF FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER GRID

REINFORCED INFRA-LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
Yue Liu 1, Arndt Goldack 1, Mike Schlaich 1, Alex Hückler 1
1 Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Conceptual and Structural Design, Germany;
yue.liu@mailbox.tu-berlin.de
KEYWORDS :
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; Experimental study ; FRP internal reinforcement
ABSTRACT:
Infra-lightweight concrete (ILC) is a type of lightweight concrete (LC) with a dry density less than 800 kg/m3. ILC
has not only extremely low self-weight and excellent heat insulating capacity but also enough structural strength
for buildings. However, the shrinkage of ILC is relatively large, which may cause wide concrete cracks and steel
reinforcement corrosion. Noncorroding is the main advantage of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement,
which makes it suitable to substitute steel reinforcement in ILC. This paper presents the investigation on the
shrinkage of ILC reinforced with an FRP grid. Shrinkage experiments on the ILCs of different dry densities and
with different FRP grids were conducted. As expected, the shrinkage strains of FRP grid reinforced ILC prisms
are significantly smaller than that of plain ILC prisms, which allows controlling the shrinkage of ILC. Furthermore,
the CFRP (carbon fibre reinforced polymer) grid has a higher efficiency to reduce the ILC shrinkage compared
with the GFRP (glass fibre reinforced polymer) grid if the reinforcement ratios are kept the same. Moreover, the
higher the reinforcement ratio is, the greater the rate of shrinkage decline will be, if the grid materials remain
identical.
Figure 1 (a) Diagram of concrete prism (b) diagram of FRP grid
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BOND EVALUATION OF GFRP REINFORCING BARS EMBEDDED IN

CONCRETE UNDER AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENTS
Alvaro Ruiz Emparanza1, Francisco De Caso Y Basalo 2, Raphael Kampmann 3 and Antonio Nanni4
1,2,4 University of Miami, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Miami (Fl) USA;
3 Florida State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tallahassee (Fl) USA;
(Alvaro Ruiz Emparanza: axr1489@miami.edu)
KEYWORDS :
Aging; Bond strength; Concrete; Composite rebars; Pullout; Seawater; Surface enhancement
ABSTRACT:
Technologies developed over the last three decades have facilitated the use of glass fiber reinforced polymer
(GFRP) composites as internal reinforcement bars (rebars) for concrete structures, which have proven to be an
alternative to traditional steel reinforcement due to significant advantages, such as magnetic transparency and,
most importantly, corrosion resistance. GFRP rebar manufacturers have developed different GFRP rebar types,
where the surface enhancement to create the bond with concrete varies. However, a knowledge gap exists related
to adequate durability of the surface enhancement in composite rebars, needed to achieve a proper bond to concrete.
Thus, the durability of the bond enhancement of GFRP rebars to concrete must be addressed. This study evaluates
the mechanical and bond to concrete properties of GFRP rebars subjected to accelerated conditioning. To this end,
specimens were expose to circulating seawater chambers, at different temperatures (23°C, 40°C and 60°C) for
different periods of time (60 and 120 days). The selected GFRP rebars were made from the same glass fibers, but
different manufacturing methods and more importantly bond enhancements: i) sand-coated with helical wrap, ii)
ribbed/external deformations and iii) external cross fibers. Bond tests after exposure were performed according to
ASTM D7913. Preliminary results show that the different surface enhancements for the same nominal size GFRP
rebars, result in different bond to concrete strength slip relationships. However, the durability for the different
types of surface enhancements for the selected GFRP rebars did not exhibit a significant change in bond to concrete
strength over the exposed period of time.
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CONCRETE BEAMS REINFORCED WITH HYBRID

(SFCB AND BFRP) BARS
Yang Yang 1, and Gang Wu 2
1.Doctor, College of Civil Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127，China;
(Corresponding author: y.yang@yzu.edu.cn)
2. Professor, Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures, Southeast University, Nanjing
210096, China
KEYWORDS:
Flexural behavior; Steel fiber-reinforced polymer composites bar (SFCB); Basalt fiber-reinforced polymer
(BFRP); Hybrid bars
ABSTRACT:
A combination of steel and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars can been used to afford favorable strength,
serviceability, and durability in the concrete structures. However, the traditional hybrid reinforcements (by placing
FRP bars near the outer surface of the tensile zone, and steel bars at the upper levels of the tensile zone) often lead
to the decrease of the structural design point (approaching the yielding point). In addition, the corrosion of inner
steel reinforcements may still occur after concrete cracking. In this paper, new hybrid reinforcements using steel
fiber-reinforced polymer composites bar (SFCB) and basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bar were proposed
and investigated. All six concrete beams reinforced with a combination of SFCB, BFRP bars, and steel bars in
different hybrid ways were conducted and tested. The result shows that: (1) The hybrid reinforcement (SFCB and
BFRP) beams can reduce the crack width and crack spacing, and also increase the ultimate capacity, compared to
the traditional hybrid reinforcement (BFRP and steel). (2) With the same the FRP/steel ratio, the SFCB beam
almost has the better performance in crack behavior and capacity compared to the traditional hybrid reinforcement
(BFRP and steel). (3) The shear failure mode was observed as the FRP/steel ratio increased.
10φ8@80mm 10φ8@80mm
100 700 600 700 100
2200
300
S10
B49
S10B49 B49
S10B85 S10B49
220
B-5 B-6 B-3
S10
S10B49 S12 B49
B-4 B-1 B-2
Figure 1 : Section of specimens
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BEHAVIOUR OF PRECAST SEGMENTAL CONCRETE BEAMS (PSBS)

PRESTRESSED WITH CFRP TENDONS
Thong M Pham*, Tan D Le, and Hong Hao
Center for Infrastructural Monitoring and Protection, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin
University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia. *Corresponding author: thong.pham@curtin.edu.au
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Experimental study; Prestressing with FRP composites; Characterization of
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents a part of an ongoing research project on precast segmental concrete beam prestressed with
fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) tendons which are currently being conducted at Curtin University. Precast
segmental prestressed concrete bridge beams (PSBs) have gained rapid acceptance as they not only allow speeding
up the construction process, but also improving the quality control. Corrosion of steel tendons at joint locations,
however, causes deterioration or even collapse of the structures. This study aims at investigation of the use of
CFRP tendons in replacement of traditional prestressing steel tendons for PSBs to deal with corrosion-related
issues. Three precast segmental T-section concrete beams of 400 mm height and 3900 mm length which included
a control specimen with unbonded steel tendons were cast and tested. Both epoxied and dry shear-keyed joints
were used. Tested results indicate that CFRP tendons can be well used to replace the steel tendons on PSBs as the
beams with CFRP tendons exhibited both high strength and high ductility as compared to the beam with steel
tendons. However, the stresses in the unbonded CFRP tendons at ultimate of the tested beams were low, ranging
from only about 69% to 72% of the nominal breaking tensile strength. The type of joints greatly affects the initial
stiffness of the beams but has no effect on the opening of joints at ultimate. In addition, the codes examined in this
study predicted well the stress at the ultimate of the beam with unbonded steel tendons, however, the accuracy
significantly reduced in the case of the beams with CFRP tendons.
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STUDIES ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION MONITORING OF PRECAST

CONCRERE MUNICIPAL TUNNEL REINFORCED WITH GFRP BARS
X. Hu1, W. C. Xue1, Fei Peng1, and T. Liu1
1
Tongji University, College of Civil Engineering, Shanghai China (Weichen Xue: xuewc@tongji.edu.cn)
KEYWORDS:
Municipal tunnel; Precast concrete, GFRP bars; Flexural capacity; Crack width; Design procedure; Construction
monitoring.
ABSTRACT: Municipal tunnel (MT) is a joint-use underground structure that houses several types of power,
water, sewerage, communications, gas, and other statutory services. Structural types of MT include cast-in-site
and precast, and precast concrete MT (PCMT) would widespread use because of cost effectiveness, high quality,
and faster construction. Corrosion of steel reinforcement in PCMT structures is one of the major challenges for
structural durability because the structures are exposed to the underground aggressive environments. Substitution
of steel bars with glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) bars is an alternative solution to improve the durability of
PCMT structures. The design method of PCMT structures reinforced with GFRP bars is firstly investigated in this
paper. The improved design equation for flexural capacity of GFRP reinforced concrete members is proposed, and
that for crack width in ACI 440.1R-06 and GB 50608-2010 were summarized. Then, a PCMT structure located in
the park of 2010 Shanghai World Expo was designed according to the method presented here, and subsequently,
the structural safety of the GFRP reinforced PCMT structure is verified according to the results of construction
monitoring.
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE BOND BEHAVIOR BETWEEN FRP REBARS

AND CONCRETE
Arnaud Rolland , Karim Benzarti , Marc Quiertant3, Pierre Argoul3, Sylvain Chataigner4, Aghiad Khadour5
1 2
1
Cerema, Haubourdin, France. E-mail : arnaud.rolland@cerema.fr;
2
Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier (UMR 8205), Marne-la-Vallée, France;
3
Université Paris-Est, IFSTTAR, Département Matériaux et Structures, Marne-la-Vallée, France;
4
IFSTTAR, Département Matériaux et Structures, Bouguenais, France;
5
Université Paris-Est, IFSTTAR, Département Composants et Systèmes, Marne-la-Vallée, France;
KEYWORDS :
Composites; FRP bars; Bond; Pull-out tests; Distributed optical fiber sensors; Development length
ABSTRACT:
This study focuses on the experimental characterization of the bond behavior between concrete and Fiber
Reinforced Polymer (FRP) reinforcing bars (rebars). Pull-out tests were performed on glass, carbon, and aramid
FRP rebars, as well as on deformed steel rebars. The influence of various parameters on the bond behavior was
studied, such as the type of fibers, the diameter of the FRP bars and their surface geometry. Scanning-electron-
microscope observations were performed to study the sand coating. A main originality of the work relied on the
instrumentation of pull-out samples using distributed optical fiber sensing instrumentation (see Figure 1 (a) and
(b)) that provided access to the longitudinal strain distribution along the rebar near the rebar-concrete interface
(see Figure 1 (c)), and then made it possible to determine the effective development length of the various types of
rebars considered in this study.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 1: DOFS instrumentation: (a) Geometrie of the U-groove at the surface of the rebar, (b) Pull-out
specimens instrumented with DOFS prior to concrete casting, (c) example of strain distribution along the
embedded length of a GFRP rebar measured by DOFS instrumentation during a Pull-out test
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FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF BFRP REINFORCED BEAMS WITH PRESTRESSED

REINFORCEMENT
Mohammad Mirshekari1, Ted Donchev1,Diana Petkova1
1
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, London, UK
(mohammad.mirshekari@kingston.ac.uk,)
KEYWORDS:
Large scale samples, RC beams, BFRP reinforcement, Prestressing, Pre-tensioning.
ABSTRACT:
Non-corrosive nature and high strength of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement makes it attractive for
use in concrete applications. The main problem for using FRP reinforcement is the higher deformability especially
in cases of glass and basalt FRP. One of possible approaches for reducing of the deformations is via prestressing
of the reinforcement. This research is continuation of previous investigation and presents experimental results of
six large scale concrete beams reinforced with different types of reinforcement. Five of the beams are reinforced
with Basalt FRP (BFRP) 6mm diameter bars pretensioned with differing degree of pre-stressing and one beam is
steel reinforced. The aim of the paper is to present the experimental results reflecting the behaviour of BFRP
reinforced beams with different level of prestressing and to compare them with the deformability of steel reinforced
beam. Test results showed that the prestressing of BFRP reinforced beams is resulting in reducing of their
deformability. The ultimate deflection at mid-span for BFRP beam with 40% of prestressing have 88% lower than
the steel reinforced beam at ultimate load for the steel reinforced sample.
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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF UHPC

PANELS REINFORCED WITH FRP BARS
Jiaxing Chen1, Zhi Fang 1,2
1 College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha and China;
2 College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha and China;
KEYWORDS:
FRP; UHPC ; Panel; Flexural capacity; Equation
ABSTRACT
The Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) has many advantages, such as high tensile strength, low self-weight and
excellent corrosion resistance, and its application has been growing to solve the problem caused by corrosion of
conventional steel reinforcement. However, the FRP bar can be seen as a type of liner-elastic material and has an
extremely low ductility, which may lead to a brittle failure of concrete structure. Moreover, the FRP has a low
Young’s modulus, reducing the flexural stiffness of concrete slab and causing the increase of the crack width. The
applications of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) are beneficial to improve the flexure capacity and
ductility of concrete structures reinforced with FRP bars due to its high strength and compressive strain. This paper
presented the experimental results of 8 simply supported panels and studied the effect of reinforcement ratio, type
of FRP bar and gird dimension on flexural performance of UHPC panels reinforced with FRP. Experimental results
indicated that no obvious improvement of flexural capacity was obtained by increasing reinforcement ratio under
concrete crushing failure pattern. The ultimate load increased only by 14.5%, but the reinforcement ratio increased
by 39%. Failure mode show that the number of cracks increases and crack spacing decrease with reduce of gird
dimension. Based on reasonable assumptions, a predicted equation for flexural capacity of UHPC panels reinforced
with FRP bars was derived. Moreover, the results from this set of experimental tests and others literature were
compared with the predicted results. Comparison results indicate that the equation can accurately predict the
ultimate load of FRP reinforced UHPC panels.
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AXIAL PERFORMANCE CAPACITY OF HOLLOW CONCRETE COLUMNS

REINFORCED WITH GFRP BARS
Omar S. AlAjarmeh1, Allan Manalo 1, Warna Karunasena1, Brahim Benmokrane2
1
Centre of Future Materials CFM, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Science, University of Southern
Toowoomba 4350, Queensland, Australia. (Corresponding author: omar.alajarmeh@usq.edu.au)
2
Department of Civil Engineering, University de Sherbrook, Sherbrook, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada.
KEYWORDS:
Hybrid structures; Experimental study ; FRP internal reinforcement; Codes, standards and design guidelines.
ABSTRACT:
Hollow concrete sections are widely used in bridge piers, electrical poles, and piles, owing to reduced material
usage and high strength-to-weight ratio. However, environmental conditions can be the main reason that affect the
performance of concrete elements reinforced with conventional steel by corrosion and rusting the internal
reinforcements. In fact, repairing and rehabilitating structural deficient elements experiencing corrosion of steel
reinforcements have cost many countries billions of dollars. To address this issue, the potential of hollow concrete
sections reinforced with non-corrosive glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars should be explored. In this
study, four 250 mm diameter and 1000 mm high concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with 6 – 16 mm
diameter GFRP bars and 10 mm dimeter spirals spaced at 100 mm on centres were cast and tested under concentric
compressive load. The effect of the inner-to-diameter ratio on the axial strength capacity and the overall behavior
was investigated. This was achieved changing the inside hollow size from 40mm (HG40) and 65mm (HG65) to
100mm (HG100), in addition to a solid column (SG). Hollow concrete columns were tested concentrically until
failure. The results showed that the stiffness was approximately same for all concrete columns, i.e. 180 kN/mm.
However, the strength enhancement and confinement efficiency was more noticeable for columns with high than
low inner-to-outer diameter ratio especially after the post peak stage. Similarly, the ductility factor was ascending
as the inner-to-outer diameter ratio is increasing. The average contribution of GFRP bars in carrying the load was
12.2% and with the compressive strength of the GFRP bars around 51% of the tensile strength capacity at the
maximum load.
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PERFORMANCE OF GFRP IN BALCONY SLAB THERMAL BREAKS

Sarah Boila1, David Kuhn 2, Kevin Knight 3, John Wells 4, Dagmar Svecova 1
1
University of Manitoba, Civil Engineering, Winnipeg, Canada; 2 University of Manitoba, Mechanical
Engineering, Winnipeg, Canada; 3 Red River College, Building Envelope and Technology Centre, Winnipeg,
Canada; 4 Crosier Kilgour & Partners Ltd., Winnipeg, Canada (umboilas@myumanitoba.ca)
KEYWORDS :
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; Experimental study ; FRP internal
reinforcement; Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems; Characterization of FRP reinforced thermal
break system; Thermal conductivity
ABSTRACT:
In an effort to reduce our collective consumption of natural resources and greenhouse gas emissions, the building
industry has recently focused on improving the insulation of the building envelope, thus lowering heating and
cooling loads. However, thermal bridges occurring at locations such as the interface of concrete balconies and wall
systems continue to compromise the integrity of the building envelope for the entire structure
The objective of this project is to design a practical and cost-effective thermal break system for concrete balconies
to improve the sustainability and cost efficiency of modern buildings and enhance the health, safety and comfort
of the building occupants. With a thermal conductivity approximately one tenth that of conventional reinforcing
steel, GFRP poses as an excellent solution to provide structural capacity while minimizing the thermal conductivity
across the thermal break. The performance of a GFRP reinforced thermal break will be compared to that of both
a steel and stainless steel reinforced system to demonstrate the benefits.
Representative sample sizes of the thermal breaks embedded in concrete slabs were constructed for thermal and
structural testing. Thermal testing was performed in a dual-sided thermal chamber with an interior building
temperature of +21˚C and exterior temperature of -31˚C for the Winnipeg, Canada design temperature. Thermal
sensors were embedded in the concrete slabs to record the temperature profile, allowing for determination of the
thermal conductivity of the system. These results were compared to those obtained from thermal modelling
performed in Heat 3D, allowing us to validate the accuracy of the model and fully assess the behaviour of the
system. Results are reported in industry relatable terms to ensure quick interpretation and facilitate implementation
of the system in the industry.
Figure 1 : Photograph (left) and infrared image (right) of GFRP reinforced slabs tested in thermal chambers,
taken from the warm chamber.
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR DEBONDING IN FRP-CONCRETE SYSTEMS: AN

EXPERIMENTAL CONTRIBUTION FOR BASALT-FRP
Elisabetta Monaldo1, Francesca Nerilli1, Giuseppe Vairo2
1
Università degli studi “Niccolò Cusano”, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Rome, Italy; 2 Università degli studi
“Tor Vergata”, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ingegneria Informatica (DICII), Rome, Italy.
(E. Monaldo: elisabetta.monaldo@unicusano.it)
Keywords: All FRP and smart FRP structures; Experimental study; Codes, standards and design
guidelines; Bond and interfacial stresses; Basalt-FRP
ABSTRACT:
Fibre-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are widely used in civil-engineering field. Their applications represent
a strengthened way for retrofitting existing concrete structures. In the context of strengthened RC beams
subjected to bending loads, a critical issue is the FRP debonding, mainly consisting in a brittle failure
mechanism. Bonding behaviour between FRP and concrete has been addressed in several
experimental, analytical and numerical studies, resulting in a number of analytical and empirical
formulations attempting to assess both maximum debonding force and effective bond length.
In this paper, analytical relationships proposed by different technical standards and guide-lines, are
consistently summarized and compared. In particular, a wide database of experimental results obtained
from debonding tests, and available in the recent literature, is reported and commented.
Finally, experimental results obtained via 42 double shear tests on basalt-based FRP (BFRP) sheets
attached on concrete supports are presented and discussed, aiming to highlight debonding mechanisms
occurring at BFRP-concrete interfaces. In this light, soundness and effectiveness of available technical
relationships, mainly proposed for FRPs based on carbon, glass and aramid fibres, are critically
discussed with reference to the case of BFRP-concrete systems. Accordingly, refinements of technical
relationships, based on a suitable calibration of model parameters and able to recover experimental
results, are proposed.
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GFRP STRAND PROTOTYPE: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND

TECHNOLOGY READINESS
Marco Rossini1, Pedro Jalles1, Gabriele Balconi2, Antonio Nanni1
1
University of Miami, Department of Civil Arch. and Environ. Engineering, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
2
Sireg Geotech, Arcore, Italy. (Marco Rossini: mxr1465@miami.edu)
Keywords: New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; Experimental

study; Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems; Prestressing with FRP
composites; GFRP strands;
ABSTRACT:
Employment of corrosion-resistant reinforcement represents a widely-recognized effective strategy to

ensure long-term durability of Reinforced Concrete (RC) and prestressed concrete (PC) structures.
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites are a reliable non-metallic solution, able to ensure both the
required mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Among composites, Carbon FRP (CFRP) has
historically been the preferred solution for prestressed concrete applications. Nevertheless, the high
cost of carbon fiber, along with some technological drawbacks, may prevent the widespread use of this
technology.
This study lays within a comprehensive research effort investigating the application of Glass FRP
(GFRP) to mild-prestressed concrete elements (MPC). Glass fiber is an economical alternative to carbon
fiber in applications that do not require high level of concrete pre-compression. Limiting the level of initial
prestress would allow to overcome some constructability issues noticed with CFRP tendons, while the
reduced cost of glass would make it a competitive and durable alternative to standard steel strands.
This study focuses on the experimental investigation of GFRP strand prototypes anchored to the cross-
heads of the testing frame with conventional steel prestressing chucks (Figure 1). The aim is to verify
prototype compatibility with construction techniques traditionally applied to steel-PC. Both instantaneous
pull tests and sustained pull tests are presented. The prototypical nature of the strands is accounted for
in the data handling. The technology readiness level in association with possible field implementations
(i.e. mild-prestressed concrete sheet piles) is discussed. Comparison with traditional materials and
corrosion-resistant alternatives is considered.
Figure 5 – GFRP strand prototype cross section (a), comparison to a CFRP alternative (b),
and prototype ready for pull test (c).
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BEHAVIOR OF GFRP REINFORCED CONCRETE UNDER FLEXION:

EXPERIMENTAL TESTS ON REAL SCALE SLABS
M. Arduini 1 and G. Balconi 2
1 FRC LAB, CEO, Milano, Italy
2 Sireg Geotech, Research & Development, Arcore (MB), Italy, Email: g.balconi@sireg.it
KEYWORDS
Field applications and case studies, Experimental
ABSTRACT
Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymers (“GFRP) are currently widely used for reinforcing concrete structures.
Reinforcement designs and rebar diameters used in the field for this application vary significantly, lacking
mandatory material qualifications or limitations in the existing guidelines. In order to understand the differences
in performance of diverse GFRP reinforcement designs, flexion tests were carried out on six real dimension
concrete slabs. All reinforcements were designed for very similar flexural capacity but significantly different
GFRP-concrete adhesion area. In order to simulate an extreme case of potential material deterioration, the GFRP
bars employed had been aged outside for three years. Experimental results confirmed that, for reinforcements with
similar flexural capacity, an increase in the shape ratio implies a reduction in the maximum load capacity and the
occurrence of slip phenomena. A reinforcement with a high shape ratio may not guarantee a perfect bond between
concrete and GFRP, and experience premature slip phenomena.
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LOAD DEFLECTION BEHAVIOUR OF SELF-CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE

BEAMS PRESTRESSED WITH CFRP BARS
S. Krem 1, K. Soudki 2
1
University of Waterloo, Canada, Email: skrem@uwaterloo.ca
2
University of Waterloo, Canada, (was a professor at University of Waterloo 1997-2013)
KEYWORDS
Self-Consolidating Concrete, CFRP, Prestressed, flexural, deflection.
ABSTRACT
Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) offers a number of potential benefits that derive from its unique flow
characteristics: improved productivity and quality of concrete construction. The current ACI 440 design guidelines
does not account for SCC in flexural deflection predication of beams reinforced or prestressed FRP bars. This
paper presents measurements from four beams (150 × 250 × 3600 mm) prestressed with 12.7 mm CFRP bars: two
beams made from SCC and two beams made from normal vibrated concrete (NVC). All beams were tested under
a four-point static bending load under displacement control at a rate of 1.0 mm/minute. Measurements of load,
midspan deflection, strain in FRP bars, and strain in the concrete were collected using a data acquisition system.
Results was compared to two methods for flexural deflection predictions: Simplified method (ACI 440.4R-04),
and detailed analytical method from literature. The simplified method was based on effective moment of inertia
approximation while the detailed method was based on effective moment of inertia and effective centroid
calculations. Prediction of the midspan deflection based on the simplified method for SCC beams was
unconservative after cracking (service loads). The predicted of midspan deflection based on simplified method at
failure load differ by more than 30% of the experimental results for SCC beams prestressed to 30 and 60%. The
detailed method correlated well with experimental results at higher loads range for both types of concrete at both
prestressing levels.
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BOND BEHAVIOUR BETWEEN GFRP RODS AND CONCRETE

PRODUCED WITH SEAWATER: AN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
José Sena-Cruz 2, Eduardo Pereira 1, Emanuel Pereira 1, Nelson Freitas 1, Sérgio Soares 1
1 ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Portugal (corresponding author:
jsena@civil.uminho.pt)
KEYWORDS:
Bond behaviour, GFRP rods, concrete produced with seawater, direct pull-out tests.
ABSTRACT:
It is unquestionable that water is an indispensable natural resource for the existence of life on planet Earth, holding
enormous environmental, economic and social value. Today, with the increase of the population and consequent
increase in pollution, drinkable water is an increasingly sought-after and scarce resource. In this context, the need
to explore the potential of the direct use of seawater in the production of reinforced concrete (RC) structures
becomes evident. On the other hand, since the earliest times of universal history the sea constitutes the most
important space in world economic development, to which onshore and offshore structures are associated.
Structures when exposed to marine environments (e.g. ports, offshore structures, buildings located by the sea) are
subjected to the simultaneous action of several physical and chemical deterioration processes that accelerate their
degradation and greatly reduce their service life.
With the advent of fibre reinforced polymers (FRP), the construction industry has experienced a revolution due to
the countless advantages that these materials present, among which stands out their resistance to corrosion.
Therefore, the use of these new materials in RC structures exposed to marine environments may prevent the main
damages that aggressive agents typically originate in conventional RC, as well as to allow seawater to be directly
used in the design of concrete, thus avoiding the use of drinkable water.
In this work the possibility of using seawater in the design of RC structures, in combination to the use of glass
FRP (GFRP) rods, is explored. The research carried out included two phases: (i) the development of concrete
compositions including seawater and (ii) the assessment of the bond behaviour between GFRP rods and the
developed concrete. The present part is mainly devoted to the second phase where the influence of type of water
(tap water or seawater), the GFRP diameter and anchorage length on the bond between GFRP rods and concrete
were investigated. The main results obtained have shown that the use of seawater in the concrete composition had
no severe effects on the mechanical properties of the concrete and on the bond behaviour between the GFRP rods
and the concrete.
From concrete characterization tests it was concluded that the (i) the SW provided a higher cohesion, viscosity and
compactness to the fresh concrete. Results have indicated also that SW may have reduced the concrete setting time
and led to a faster development of its mechanical properties; (ii) compression tests performed at 28 days of age
showed that the concrete which included TW presented a higher value of compressive strength (≈+15%) and
modulus of elasticity (≈+7%).
From the direct pullout test results, the following conclusions can be highlighted: (i) three different failure modes
were observed, mainly debonding failure with total, partial or without failure of GFRP ribs; (ii) the larger GFRP
rod diameter provided the higher values of Fmax and τmax. Additionally, higher values of sl and Gf were also
obtained; (iii) the longer Lb provided an increase in Fmax. On the other hand, by increasing the anchorage length,
a larger contact surface between GFRP and concrete was mobilized and consequently lower τmax were obtained,
due to the non-linear distribution of the bond stresses along the anchorage length. Additionally, higher values of
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sl and Gf were obtained; (iv) The use of SW instead of TW on the concrete mixture had influence
on the interface behaviour between GFRP and concrete. In the specimens where SW was included, lower Fmax
and τmax values were obtained. These reductions are directly related to the observed reductions in the concrete
mechanical strength at 28 days of age when SW was used. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that the use of SW
had no severe effects on the bond behaviour at 28 days after casting.
(a) (b)
Figure 1: Assessment of concrete properties at (a) fresh state and (b) hardened state.
100
Ø12_Lb5Ø_SW_1
100 Ø12_Lb5Ø_SW_2
Ø12_Lb5Ø_TW_1 Ø12_Lb5Ø_SW_3
Ø12_Lb5Ø_TW_2 80 Ø12_Lb10Ø_SW_1
Ø12_Lb5Ø_TW_3 Ø12_Lb10Ø_SW_2
80 Ø12_Lb10Ø_TW_1 Ø12_Lb10Ø_SW_3
Pullout force, F [kN]
Ø12_Lb10Ø_TW_2
Ø12_Lb10Ø_TW_3
Pullout force, F [kN]
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 Loaded end slip, sl [mm]
Loaded end slip, sl [mm]
(a) (b)
Figure 2: Results of pullout tests at 28 days: (a) concrete using tap water and (b) seawater.
Figure 3: Failure modes analysis.
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FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF PULTRUDED GLASS FIBER-

REINFORCED POLYMER DISTRIBUTION POLES
Omar I. Abdelkarim1, Jose Manuel Guerrero2, Hamdy M. Mohamed3, Brahim Benmokrane4
1 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1K2R1.
Abdelkarim.Omar@Usherbrooke.ca
2 Global PoleTrusion Group Corporation, Longueuil, QC, Canada J4N 1R2.
joseg@poletrusion.com

Hamdy.Mohamed@Usherbrooke.ca
Brahim.Benmokrane@Usherbrooke.ca
KEYWORDS
Utility poles; FRP; Composites; Fiber volume ratio; Finite element analysis.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the behavior of pultruded GFRP distribution poles under flexural loading. Electrical and
telecommunication utility infrastructures, including poles, H-frames, and towers, are typically made of wood,
concrete, or steel. Each of these materials has several shortcomings due to their performances under the
environmental conditions and the difficulty of transportation. In addition, a significant number of the electrical
infrastructures in North America needs renewal in the coming few years because of their environmental
deterioration. Currently, the industry of the utility poles trends to build new infrastructures to be more reliable,
cost-effective, and sustainable. Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites for the utility infrastructures
represent a viable alternative to the traditional materials. However, the lack in the theoretical and experimental
data on the GFRP composite utility infrastructures delays their implementation. In this study, two identical full-
scale GFRP distribution poles Class C5 were tested under flexural loading. Also, the effect of the fiber volume
ratio on the load capacity of GFRP poles was investigated using finite element analyses. The tested poles had a
height of 10.5 m, a diameter of 254 mm, a thickness of 6.35 mm, and a fiber volume ratio of 0.40. The tested poles
exceeded the required strength as per the American National Standards Institute. A finite element (FE) model was
developed for the poles using MSC Nastran software. The FE validation showed a very good agreement with the
experimental results with accuracies of 98% and 95% for the prediction of the load capacity and maximum
displacement, respectively. The FE analyses showed that the moment capacity of the GFRP poles increased almost
linearly with increasing the fiber volume ratio.
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Masonry strengthening
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NON-DIMENSIONAL AXIAL LOAD-MOMENT INTERACTION

DIAGRAMS FOR FRP STRENGTHENED MASONRY WALLS
Sonia Martínez 1, M. Dolores García2, J. Pedro Gutiérrez1
1
IETCC, CSIC. Eduardo Torroja Institute for Construction Science, Spain. Email: soniamdm@ietcc.csic.es
2
ETSAM, UPM. Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid, Spain
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Design models; Masonry walls
ABSTRACT:
Masonry is a material with poor capacity to withstand tensile loads, for this reason it results so vulnerable against
destabilizing accidental loads, such as earthquakes. External FRP (fibre reinforced polymer) reinforcements can
improve out-of-plane flexural capacity of masonry walls. For practical applications, we need to study the critical
sections to check Ultimate Limit State is not exceeded. In this sense, non-dimensional axial load-moment
interaction diagrams are a useful tool for the design/assessment of the FRP reinforcement, as well as for analyzing
the incidence of the main variables on the ultimate cross sectional capacity. The diagrams included in this work
have been prepared from a calculation procedure similar to that used for reinforced concrete sections but adapted
to the particularities of the strengthened masonry ones. For masonry, an idealized bilinear stress-strain relationship
is used. For FRP strengthening, linear elastic up to failure, the design strain for flexural applications is limited by
a "bond reduction factor" taking into account some aspects, such as intermediate FRP debonding failure, that
causes the FRP sheets can’t reach their ultimate tensile strength although their ends were properly anchored. Non
dimensional axial load-moment interaction diagrams are presented, which main parameters have been chosen to
be representative of different FRP strengthening systems. These diagrams allow analyzing the predictable failure
mode (due to masonry or FRP) and the improvement of flexural sectional cross capacity obtained by means of the
strengthening depending on axial load level supported by the wall.
This work is part of the Project PIE 201760E066 funded by the Spanish National Research Council and the Project
BIA 2016-80310-P funded by AECI and FEDER.
0,35
0,30 f = 0,50 efe = 0,006

0,40
0,25
0,30 region B f = f ffd /
m= Md / t b fmd
0,20 fmd
0,20 0,20
2
0,15
0,15
0,10
0,15 0,10 0,05
0,05
0,10 f = 0
AII
0,05
AI
0,00
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
n= Nd / t b fmd
Figure 1: Non-dimensional interaction diagram for FRP design strain equal to 0.006
170
Composites
Paris
July 17-19, 2018
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH INTO DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF

NON-REINFORCED AND FRP REINFORCED MASONRY BARREL VAULTS
Jiří Witzany 1, Miroš Pirner 2, Radek Zigler 1, Shota Urushadze 2,
Jan Kubát 1, Klára Kroftová 3
1
CTU in Prague, Department of Building Structures, Prague, Czech republic;
2
The Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics AS CR, v. v. i, Prague, Czech Republic;
1
CTU in Prague, Department of Architecture, Prague, Czech republic
(corresponding author: zigler@fsv.cvut.cz)
KEYWORDS :
Dynamic properties, natural frequencies, masonry vaults, experimental research
ABSTRACT:
The analysis of dynamic behaviour of vaults of historic buildings and the results of dynamic loading is the objective
basis for identifying and locating faults and evaluating the operability and structural reliability of vaulted structures
of historic buildings.
Experimental results are an important basis not only for the numerical modelling and subsequent validation of the
computational model, but are also an important source of information for selecting an effective remediation method
of the vaulted structure. The results are of utmost importance especially for the vaults of historic buildings located
in seismically active areas, or in areas with intensive technical and induced seismicity (mining, quarrying,
transport).
The paper presents the results of experimental research (performed on vaults with a span of 3 m and a height 0.75
m) and theoretical analysis of the behaviour of unreinforced and FRP reinforced segmental masonry barrel vaults
and their failure mechanism under the effect of vertical monotonously rising loading and dynamic loading in the
horizontal and vertical directions.
Figure 1 : a) Mounting of the TIRAvib electrodynamic exciter on the vault, b) Distribution of sensors on the
vault, c) Oscillation shapes, theoretical and obtained from experiments, corresponding to the sixth natural
frequency
171
Composites
Paris
July 17-19, 2018
ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF DIFFERENT BASALT-

TEXTILE REINFORCED MORTAR STRENGTHENING SYSTEMS
Carmelo Caggegi 1, Emma Lanoye1, Denise Sciuto2
1
University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratory of Composite Materials for Construction (LMC2), Site Bohr, 82
Boulevard Niels Bohr, Campus de la DOUA, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France. 2 University of Catania,
Department of Civil Engineering, Italy(corresponding author: emma.lanoye@univ-lyon1.fr)
KEYWORDS
Strengthening and repair; Textile Reinforced Mortar ; Basalt fibers ; Digital Image Correlation, Effective bond
length
ABSTRACT:
In the last decades the use of fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) composites has been widespread for structural
applications. However in the case of historical masonry structures, the use of organic polymer based composites
is not advisable (lack of permeability, incompatibility between resins and substrate materials, no reversibility ofthe
intervention); thereby textile reinforced mortar (TRM) composites are becoming an effective and compatible
solution for masonry rehabilitation and their use has steadily increased over the past few years. TRM is becoming
also a new effective technical solution to reinforce other types of structures, for instance concrete structures.
The present study has been carried out to evaluate the influence of the substrate (masonry and concrete) on the
behaviour of a reinforced system characterized by a Basalt-Textile Reinforced Mortar (Fig.1) and to determine
some mechanical characteristics. Nine series of experimental shear bond tests have been carried out to define the
maximal strength, the failure mode and the effective bond length of different reinforced system. A Digital Image
Correlation analysis of the external composite surface has permitted to deeply define the evolution of cracking and
to have information about the effective bond length.
(a) (b)
Figure 1: (a) a specimen characterized by a masonry substrate (series MS); (b) a specimen characterized by a
concrete substrate (series CS).
172
Composites
Paris
July 17-19, 2018
AN ANALYTICAL METHOD TO ESTIMATE THE RESISTING

BENDING MOMENT OF FRCM STRENGTHENED MASONRY WALLS
SUBJECTED TO OUT-OF-PLANE LOAD
Tommaso D’Antino1, Francesca Giulia Carozzi1, Pierluigi Colombi1, Carlo Poggi1
1
Politecnico di Milano, Department of Architecture, Built Environment, and Construction Engineering, Milan,
Italy; (corresponding author: tommaso.dantino@polimi.it)
KEYWORDS:
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; Material; Codes, standards and design
guidelines; FRC and cement composite materials; FRCM; Masonry.
ABSTRACT:
A large number of existing masonry structures are in need of strengthening and retrofitting. A possible alternative
to traditional strengthening techniques is represented by the use of externally bonded fiber reinforced composites.
Between them, fiber reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites, which are comprised of high strength
fiber open meshes embedded within inorganic matrices, represent a promising solution to strengthen existing
masonry structures. Although FRCM composites were shown to be effective in strengthening unreinforced
masonry (URM) walls subjected to shear (in-plane load), bending (out-of-plane load), and predominant axial load,
the only design guideline available is the American ACI 549.4R-13. In this paper, an analytical procedure to
compute the resisting bending moment of URM walls strengthened with FRCM composites against out-of-plane
load is proposed. The analytical procedure is based on simple equilibrium conditions and takes into account the
characteristics of the masonry support and of the FRCM strengthening. The accuracy of the proposed procedure
is assessed by comparison between the experimental results of 49 FRCM out-of-plane strengthened masonry walls
collected from the literature and the corresponding analytical provisions. In addition, the experimental database
collected is employed to assess the accuracy of the analytical approach provided by the ACI 549.4R-13.
Figure 1: FRCM strengthened masonry wall.
173
Paris
July 17-19, 2018
DESIGN OF THE OUT-OF-PLANE STRENGTHENING OF MASONRY WALLS

WITH TEXTILE REINFORCED MORTAR (TRM) COMPOSITES
Stefano De Santis1*, Alessandro Bellini2, Gianmarco de Felice1, Claudio Mazzotti3, Pietro Meriggi1
1
Roma Tre University, Department of Engineering, Rome, Italy; 2Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna,
CIRI Buildings and Construction, Bologna, Italy; 3Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Department of
Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Bologna, Italy; *corresponding author:
stefano.desantis@uniroma3.it
KEYWORDS:
Seismic retrofitting; Analytical design relationships; Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM); Acceptance
criteria; Experimental tests
ABSTRACT:
Masonry walls are particularly vulnerable against out-of-plane seismic actions. Steel tie-bars can prevent their
overturning, but collapse may take place also by bending, leaf separation or disaggregation. In order to improve
the response with respect to these failure modes, Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) composites, comprising high
strength fabrics applied with inorganic matrices, can be used. TRMs, recently developed and already available in
the market, can be efficiently integrated with traditional techniques and, when lime-based mortars are used, are
compliant with the preservation criteria required for applications to historic structures. A number of experimental
investigations have been carried out in the last decade, making use of different textile materials, matrices,
substrates, and experimental setups, showing the effectiveness of mortar-based composites for improving both
load and displacement capacity (Figure 1). Nevertheless, apart from the ACI 549.4R-13 guide, no instructions
addressed to practitioners have been developed for the design of the out-of-plane reinforcement of masonry walls
with externally bonded TRM systems. This paper proposes an approach for the assessment of the flexural capacity
of a masonry wall reinforced with TRM and subjected to compression and bending. The design properties of the
reinforcement are derived by combining the results of standard direct tensile tests and shear bond tests. Analytical
predictions are compared to experimental results to discuss the reliability of the proposed methodology and
calibrate a tuning coefficient that accounts for the possible occurrence of an intermediate debonding failure in the
TRM, which cannot be observed in small-scale bond tests. The outcomes of this work could contribute to the
development of a design guide for the repair and strengthening of existing masonry structures with Textile
Reinforced Mortars, which is currently underway within a Liaison ACI 549 – Rilem TC 250-CSM subcommittee,
as well as within other European and national committees.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 1: Full-scale tests on masonry walls reinforced with TRM: Babaeidarabad et al., J Compos Constr,
2014;18,4,04013057 (a), Bellini et al., Int J Archit Herit, 2017 (b), and De Santis et al., Earthq Eng Struct Dyn,
2016;54,2,229-251 (c).
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Paris
July 17-19, 2018
CONFINEMENT OF EXISTING RC AND MASONRY COLUMNS WITH FRCM

COMPOSITES: ACI-RILEM PROVISIONS
Maria Antonietta Aiello1 and Lesley H. Sneed2
1
Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy (corresponding author:
antonietta.aiello@unisalento.it); 2Missouri University of Science and Technology, Department of Civil,
Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
KEYWORDS :
Confinement, Concrete, Design, FRCM, Masonry
Mini-Symposium: TRM/FRCM for Strengthening Masonry Structures
ABSTRACT:
The use of fiber reinforced cementitious mortar (FRCM) composites for repair/retrofitting existing reinforced
concrete (RC) and masonry structures has gained increasing interest, especially in cases for which breathability,
reversibility, higher temperature resistance, and higher compatibility with the substrate are key issues. An
important application of FRCM composites is the confinement of columns; the use of a fiber mesh applied with
an inorganic matrix around the column affords higher hoop strength that contrasts the transversal deformation
induced by the compressive load acting on the column. Fibers provide high tensile strength, and failure of the
confined column usually occurs by fiber rupture. However, the matrix also plays a crucial role; in fact when the
mortar cracks, sliding of the fibers within the matrix may occur leading to an uneven distribution of tensile stress
between the fibers and a consequent decrease of the confining pressure. The mechanical behavior of FRCM makes
the available models/relationships for FRP-confined columns generally inconsistent with the case of FRCM-
confined columns. Recent efforts have been made within the scientific community to investigate the response of
FRCM-confined columns, and on the basis of available results, ACI guidelines have been published to support
their design. On the other hand, scientific and technical commissions are also working in Europe, and in some
cases in conjunction with the related ACI committees, to harmonize design approaches and extend design
relationships to existing structures typical of European countries.
In this work the most relevant design issues related to FRCM confinement of RC and masonry columns are
discussed in light of available experimental and theoretical results. Design relationships for American and
European guidelines are presented, and the state of the work of the joint ACI-RILEM committee focusing on this
topic is discussed. Finally, critical aspects are identified to provide suggestions for future research and technical
work.
175
Paris
July 17-19, 2018
DESIGN RULES FOR IN-PLANE SHEAR STRENGTHENING OF MASONRY WITH

FRCM
G.P. Lignola1, M. Di Ludovico1, A. Prota1, M.A. Aiello2, A. Cascardi2, G. Castori3, M. Corradi3
1
University of Naples “Federico II”, Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, Napoli, Italy,
Email: glignola@unina.it
2
University of Salento, Department of Engineering for Innovation, Lecce, Italy
3
University of Perugia, Department of Engineering, Perugia, Italy
KEYWORDS
Strengthening and repair, modelling, codes, standards and design guidelines, characterization of FRP and FRC
materials/systems
ABSTRACT
Textile Reinforced Mortar and Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix composites (FRCM) are nowadays
considered as a viable solution to enhance in-plane strength of masonry walls where they are bonded to. Such
composites are usually applied to the entire surface of the wall, bonded to one side of the wall or to both sides.
The past experimental activity demonstrated that there is a significant improvement of the in-plane strength even
applying a single layer of material to the sides of the walls, but not wide consensus has been found on the modelling
of these benefits for code and design guidelines purpose. Great effort has been put in defining simple models,
practitioner oriented, and the present paper aims at comparing the ACI549 and novel RILEM proposal. The main
crucial issue is the evaluation of an effective contribution of the strengthening solution to the as built in-plane
capacity of masonry walls. It is in fact expected that different substrates (both in terms of materials as in terms of
thickness and basic properties of the wall) has an impact on the efficiency of a strengthening system (characterized
by another variability of parameters like as fiber type, grid and mortar matrix geometrical and mechanical
properties). In this effort, main parameters governing the in-plane response are first recognized; hence a simple
mechanical model is proposed to fit the typical average experimental behaviour of TRM/FRCM strengthened
masonry walls in-plane loaded. Finally the impact of uncertainty and variability of results is analysed to propose
appropriate coefficients for design uses.
176
Paris
July 17-19, 2018
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF FRP REINFORCED RING BEAMS

Antonio Borri1, Marco Corradi1*, Giulio Castori1, Vikki Edmondson2
1
University of Perugia, Department of Engineering,Via Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy; 2 Northumbria
University, Department Mechanical & Construction Engineering, Newcastle upon Tyne
* corresponding author: marco.corradi@unipg.it
Keywords :
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques;Experimental study ; Seismic applications;
Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems
ABSTRACT:
The building structural capacity against horizontal forces can be effectively improved by means of introduction of
ring beams. By connecting load bearing walls with ring beams, it is possible to form a box-like container within
the volume defined by the walls and to prevent out-of-plane collapse mechanism of a single wall panel. Different
types of rings beams have been proposed in the past to increase the load capacity of historic masonry constructions
and box-like structures have previously proven to perform well under seismic action. The most common type of
ring beams is made of steel rebar reinforced concrete (RC). This retrofitting method has been widely used in the
last thirty years in many seismic prone areas, but several issues arose during earthquakes for the different
mechanical behaviour, mainly in terms of deformation, of the coupled materials (masonry and RC). In this paper
the structural behavior of simply supported masonry-made ring beams reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer
(FRP) materials are illustrated. Extensive research has shown that FRP are effective for strengthening historic
masonry structures and this technique is now widely used around the world in many different applications.
However, a potentially useful application of FRP for reinforcement of ring beams has received only limited
attention to date. This paper presents an experimental study carried out in the laboratory and funded by the Italian
Reluis programme. The aim is to identify a retrofitting method for historic masonry buildings, which, while
improving structural capacity against horizontal forces, will not significantly alter the stiffness properties of the
building and its structural components and it will meet the requirements imposed by the conservation bodies in
terms of reversibility and compatibility with original masonry. The experimental investigation was conducted in
the laboratory on two groups of full-scale ring beams, made of stone and brick masonry. Bending tests have
demonstrated that it possible to assemble masonry FRP-reinforced beams. High bending capacities have been
recorded with limited flexural stiffness.
177
Paris
July 17-19, 2018
FRP CONFINEMENT OF CLAY BRICK MASONRY COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL

LOAD: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Jennifer D’Anna1, Giuseppina Amato2, Jian Fei Chen2, Lidia La Mendola1, Giovanni Minafò1
1
University of Palermo, Department of Civil, Environmental, Aerospace, Material Engineering (DICAM),
Palermo (Italy); (corresponding author: jennifer.danna@unipa.it)
2
School of Natural and Built Environment David Keir Building, Queen’s University Belfast (UK);
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Experimental study ; Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems;
ABSTRACT:
Composite materials constitute a valid alternative to traditional systems thanks to the many advantages they can
offer. In particular, the use of composite materials for structural upgrading has become a common practice for
retrofitting masonry columns and piers. The target of this method is to improve the axial capacity and the local
ductility of the material by inducing a passive confinement action. This system has shown significant capabilities
since its origin, due to the great tensile strength of composite and consequently to the high values of confinement
pressure achievable.
The estimate of the effective collaboration of FRP wrap and the evaluation of the ultimate strength of the structure
was the subject matter of several experimental researches. However, in relation to the number of parameters
governing the failure mechanism (kind of brick element and mortar layer, dimension of columns and so on) the
experimental studies carried out on this topic are not enough to formulate a general theoretical model.
This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the compressive behaviour of clay brick masonry
cylinders reinforced with basalt fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP) grids. The main aim of this study is to assess the
effectiveness of the BFRP wraps on the strength and ductility of masonry columns. Twelve clay brick masonry
cylinders, cored from masonry walls and columns, were reinforced using either one or two layers of BFRP grids.
Two different arrangements were used for producing the cylinders in order to investigate the effect of vertical
joints on the response of masonry cylinders. The basalt grid had a cell size of 6x6 mm. After a preliminary
experimental study aimed at characterizing the mechanical properties of bricks, mortar and basalt grid, the
cylinders were tested under uniaxial compression loading. The test results showed a strength increase between
30% and 38% for cylinders wrapped with one layer and between 69% and 71% for those wrapped with two layers
of BFRP grids.
a)
b) c)
Figure 1. Specimens preparation and setup: (a) scheme I; (b) scheme II; (c) test setup
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July 17-19, 2018
REPAIR OF A MASONRY WALL WITH AN INNOVATIVE CIMENT BASED

COMPOSITE
Jean-Patrick Plassiard1, Olivier Plé 1, Pascal Perrotin 1
1
1Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LOCIE, F-73000 Chambéry, France
KEYWORDS :
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; Material ; FRC and cement composite materials;
Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems cement composite with steel grid ; numerical simulations
ABSTRACT:
This study focuses on the ability of a cement based composite to repair a damaged wall, previously submitted to
in plane shear loading. The composite associates a stainless steel grid with a repairing mortar. Sample tests show
that this combination provides a strong ductility, a strain hardening behaviour and fire resistance to the composite.
First, the masonry wall tested is submitted to a cantilever test, until the maximal shear resistance is reached. The
corresponding failure exhibits cracks that correspond to a transition between a flexural failure mode and a diagonal
failure mode. Then, the wall is repaired with the composite moulded directly on the wall. After the curing time, a
new cantilever test is performed. The strength of the repaired wall increases about ten per cent. Moreover, the
stiffness of the wall is improved while its ductility increases significantly. In order to evaluate the damage of the
composite, the digital image correlation was used. No failure was noticed inside of the repaired area during the
loading, giving the wall its better strength.
The modelling of the experiment is planed currently, by using a finite element approach. The main objective is to
evaluate the effect of the composite on the shear strength, depending on the wall slenderness, the vertical loading
and the failure pattern observed before the repair phase.
Figure 1 : Reparation of the masonry wall and loading curves for the initial and repaired wall
179
Paris
July 17-19, 2018
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR STRENGTHENING OF MASONRY VAULTS WITH

TEXTILE REINFORCED MORTAR
G. de Felice1, F. Focacci2, M. Malena1, G. Tomaselli1, M.R. Valluzzi3*
1Roma Tre University, Dept.of Engineering, Rome, Italy.
2 eCampus University, Novedrate (CO), Italy
3University of Padova, Dept of Cultural Heritage, Padova, Italy,
*Email: mariarosa.valluzzi@unipd.it
ABSTRACT
Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) also known as Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) represents a
valid alternative to Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) for structural strengthening. The use of inorganic matrix in
place of epoxy resin produces a substantial advantage in terms of physical and chemical compatibility with the
substrate, especially for application to masonry members (walls or vaults). However, the increasing use of TRM
systems for repair and strengthening of masonry structures is carried out in the absence of specific rules for design
and assessment. Aiming at filling this lack in regulation, a joint committee between ACI 549 and RILEM TC250
was established.
Based on the experimental results and modelling approaches available in the literature, a preliminary database of
the significant parameters characterizing the mechanical behaviour of TRM/FRCM systems applied to masonry
vaults was collected. More precisely, the load and displacement capacity of masonry vaults strengthened with
FRCM composites are put in relationship with the mechanical parameters characterizing the tensile and bond
properties of the strengthening systems.
In such a framework, the following relevant aspects are considered: i) the contribution of the strengthening system
in terms of additional capacity of the vault with respect of the delamination phenomenon; ii) the influence of the
curvature on the capacity of the reinforcement and on its bond to the substrate; iii) the comprehensive effect on
the overall deformability of the strengthened structure. Based on the collected data, an analytical approach is
proposed to draw up simplified design rules that can be used for application to real cases.
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Paris
AXIAL COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF RECYCLED BRICK BLOCK CONCRETE-

FILLED FRP TUBES
T. Jiang 1, X.M. Wang 2, G.M. Chen 3, F.M. Ren 4, W.P. Zhang 5
1
Space Structures Research Center, Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
(corresponding author: cetjiang@zju.edu.cn)
2
Space Structures Research Center, Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
3
School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
4
School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
5
School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
KEYWORDS :
Recycled brick block; Compound concrete; FRP tube; Confinement; Compressive behavior
ABSTRACT:
Waste bricks are one of the largest sources of China’s construction and demolition (C&D) waste. This study
attempts a new recycling method in which the waste bricks are directly used in their full size or only crushed into
blocks that are distinctly larger in size than normal-sized aggregate (recycled brick blocks, RBBs) for mixing with
fresh concrete to form new compound concrete (recycled brick block concrete, RBBC). RBBC generally features
weaker mechanical properties and greater discreteness compared with normal concrete due to the relatively low
strength and large size of RBBs. To improve the performance of RBBC, this study proposes the use of an outer
FRP tube as both the stay-in-place formwork and the confining device for RBBC (i.e. RBBC-filled FRP tubes,
RBBCFFTs). In order to understand the compressive behavior of RBBCFFTs, 36 standard cylinder specimens
were tested under axial compression with the experimental variables being the replacement ratio of RBBs (0, 10%,
20%) and the FRP tube stiffness (0, 1, 2, 3 plies). The test results show that the compressive strength and the
deformability of RBBC can be significantly improved by FRP confinement. However, RBBCFFTs show larger
discreteness in compressive behavior than normal concrete-filled FRP tubes mainly due to the large difference in
strength between the RBBs and the fresh concrete (approximately 45 MPa) and the inhomogeneous spatial
distribution of the RBBs. The test results also show that the stress-strain curves of the RBBCFFT specimens feature
a bilinear shape. The first portion of their stress-strain curves appears elongated compared with the bare RBBC
specimens. This phenomenon may be due to the delay in formation of the major cracks in RBBC when it is
confined in an FRP tube, allowing the integrity of RBBC to be kept till a higher axial stress level than when the
FRP tube is absent.
Figure 1 : Casting of specimens
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Figure 2 : Failure mode of typical specimens (replacement ratio = 20%)
90
80
70
Axial Stress c (MPa)
60
50
40
30
20 D150R10C0-1,2,3
D150R10C1-1,2,3
10 D150R10C2-1,2,3
D150R10C3-1,2,3
0
-0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Lateral Strain e l Axial Strain e c
Figure 3 : Stress-strain curves of typical specimens (replacement ratio = 10%)
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July 17-19, 2018
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR OF

CALCARENITE MASONRY COLUMNS WRAPPED BY FIBER REINFORCED
MORTAR WRAPS
Giovanni Minafò*, Lidia La Mendola, Dionisio Badagliacco, Alessia Monaco, Calogero Cucchiara
University of Palermo, Department of Civil, Environmental, Aerospace, Material Engineering (DICAM),
Palermo (Italy); (corresponding author: giovanni.minafo@unipa.it)
KEYWORDS
Strengthening and repair; Experimental study ; Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems;
ABSTRACT:
The use of Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Mortar (FRCM) systems for structural retrofitting of masonry structures
has become increasingly popular in the last years, due to the capability of this technique in overcoming some of
the drawbacks related to the adoption of resin-based composites. In fact, FRCM systems ensure good compatibility
between the reinforcing layers and the substrate, achieving also the removability requirement, which is of
fundamental importance for historical constructions. Recent research studies focused on the mechanical
performance of FRCM materials, by studying its tensile behaviour and bond between the strengthening layer and
masonry, pointing out as failure is always reached due to loss of bond with different mechanisms, the latter
depending on the physical properties of FRM and masonry. Further studies investigated on the effect of FRCM
wraps on the compressive behaviour of concrete members and demonstrated as the application of mortar-based
composites allows increasing strength and, above all, the ductility of the column. The main difference with FRP
confined columns is related to the different post-peak behaviour, characterized by a softening branch. Differently,
few studies are actually available on the literature on the efficiency of FRCM confinement in enhancing the
compressive behaviour of masonry columns.
This paper presents the result of an experimental investigation on the effect of FRCM wraps on the compressive
behaviour of calcarenite masonry columns. A preliminary study on the mechanical performances of the
strengthening layer is performed by selecting three different mortar grades for the FRM and testing these under
flexure and compression. Moreover, tensile tests on the glass fibre fabric and on FRM strips are performed to
characterize the behaviour of the reinforcing system. Finally, eleven columns are tested under concentric
compression, recording the axial strain, and discussion is made on modes of failure and gains of strength and
ultimate strain.
a) b)
Figure 1. Specimens and test set-up

a) Specimens before strengthening; b) Test set-up.
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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE OF MORTAR JOINTS IN TRM-

MASONRY BOND
Paraskevi Askouni1, Catherine Papanicolaou 1
1
University of Patras, Department of Civil Engineering, Rio, Greece (Paraskevi Askouni: askounip@upatras.gr)
KEYWORDS :
Textile Reinforced Mortar; Masonry; Shear bond tests; Mortar joints
Mini-Symposium: TRM/FRCM for Strengthening masonry Structures”
ABSTRACT:
Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) is a composite material that has already gained popularity as externally bonded
reinforcement for structurally deficient masonry structures. TRM qualifies for use in this field since it can fulfil
requirements related to compatibility with various masonry substrates and reversibility of the intervention.
However, the exploitation ratio of the material significantly depends on the bond between the externally bonded
textiles and the existing substrate. For this reason, an experimental campaign has already been deployed by the
authors investigating the shear bond behavior of TRM-masonry interfaces; TRM comprises a dry glass fibre textile
embedded in a cement-based mortar and masonry consists of smooth solid clay bricks. To this end, a double-
lap/double-prism shear bond test set-up has been employed. This work focuses on the investigation of a parameter
that has received minimal attention in the literature, namely the role of the substrate in the response of the TRM-
masonry system under direct shear. Specifically, the role of mortar joints is investigated through varying the mortar
joints’ area as a percentage of the total bonded one. The findings of this work (applicable to masonry with smooth
bricks of low porosity) seem to challenge a commonly accepted notion according to which the substrate plays
insignificant role in the shear stress transfer mechanism provided that failure is due to slippage of the textile within
the mortar layer. The results obtained show that for all bond lengths considered the increase of the mortar joints’
area leads to a non negligible increase of the maximum axial textile stress at failure, failure mode remaining
unchanged (textile slippage).
400
Maximum axial textile stress (MPa)
_
BL 250 mm ( Linear Fit)
_
350 _
300
250
(α)
200
0 5 10 15 20 25
joints/TRM bonded area (%)
Figure 1 : Maximum axial textile stress vs. joints/TRM bonded area ratio for bond lengths 250 mm, 150 mm and
100 mm
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OUT-OF-PLANE BEHAVIOR OF RM WALLS STRENGTHED WITH FRCM

COMPOSITE OR NSM WITH CEMENTITIOUS ADHESIVE
Zuhair Al-Jaberi 1, John J. Myers 2, and Mohamed ElGawady 3
1
PhD Candidate, Department of Civil, Architectural &Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of
2
Professor, Department of Civil, Architectural &Environmental Engineering, and Associate Dean at Missouri
University of Science and Technology, MO, USA
3
Associate Professor, Department of Civil, Architectural &Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of
KEYWORDS:
Strengthening or repair; Experimental study; Masonry; FRCM; NSM.
ABSTRACT:
Twelve reinforced masonry (RM) walls strengthened in flexure using a Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix
(FRCM) composite or the Near Surface Mounted (NSM) technique with a cementitious adhesive. These were built
as a part of this experimental study. FRCM strengthening composite materials consisted of one or two plies of
carbon or PBO (polyparaphenylene benzobisoxazole) fabric embedded in cementitious mortar. The NSM
technique consisted of carbon or glass bar encapsulated in slots that had been grooved into the masonry tension
surface .For all these specimens, a constant mild steel reinforcement ratio (ρ) was used. These simply supported
walls were tested under an out-of-plane cyclic load that was applied along two line loads. The key parameters for
this investigation were the type and amount of fabric, and bond pattern (stack and running). The behavior of the
specimens is discussed with emphasis on the load-deflection response, and changes in stiffness and flexural
capacity. The test results indicated that the behavior of the masonry walls was significantly dependent on the type
of fabric used. Different modes of failure occurred in the strengthened reinforced walls, including crushing of
concrete block, as well as a debonding of FRP from the masonry substrate and slippage of fabric within
cementitious matrix.
INTRODUCTION:
In the civil engineering field, the need for the upgrading capacity and strengthening of structural elements has
become a critical issue. Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites has recognized as viable solution for
strengthening and upgrading the capacity of infrastructure projects. Although epoxy adhesive was played the major
role as an effective bonding agent and was proved in many applications for strengthening of masonry structures,
it has some disadvantages. These include hazardous poor behavior of epoxy at the glass transition temperature,
inability to be applied on wet surface, emission of toxic fumes, moisture impermeability and flammability
(Hashemi and Al-Mahaidi, 2008, Al-Jabari et al., 2015, Al-Abdwais and Al-Mahaidi, 2016). In order to overcome
these disadvantages of FRP and epoxy system, FRCM or NSM with cementitious material adhesive has emerged
as a solution. Turco et al. (2006) compared the behavior and modes of failure of URM walls strengthened in flexure
with NSM and two different embedding materials (latex modified cementitious paste and epoxy-based paste).
Approximately similar results were achieved by using epoxy or cementitious paste as a bonding adhesive. The
dimension of the groove should be increased in case of using the cementitious paste. FRCM is a second generation
of externally-bonded retrofitting technique and complementary to FRP systems. Retrofitting of URM concrete or
clay brick walls with FRCM under uniformly distributed lateral load was investigated by (Babaeidarabad and
Nanni, 2015), who reported an enhancement in flexural capacity of range 2.7-7.8 compared to unstrengthened
specimens. The main objective of this investigation is to study experimentally the behavior of RM walls
strengthened with FRCM composite or NSM with cementitious adhesive.
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM:
This study considers tests and comparison on 12 reinforced masonry walls specimens, 10 of which were
strengthened in flexure with either FRP NSM bars (glass or carbon) or with FRCM (PBO or carbon). The
reinforced walls were tested under cyclic load up to failure. Each specimen were constructed using 152.5 mm (6
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in.) standard masonry blocks in running or stack bond pattern and type S mortar. The nominal dimensions of these
walls were 1220 mm (48-in.) in height and 610 mm (24-in.) length. 2#4 reinforced fully grouted steel bars were
installed four days after wall construction.
Strengthening Procedure
The procedure of FRCM strengthening was consisted of applying first layer of cementitious matrix with a nominal
thickness of approximately 5 mm (0.2-in.) on the bottom surface of the specimen. 1- Ply of pre-cut fabric was laid
on the cementitious matrix, and then second layer of cementitious matrix with a nominal thickness of 5 mm (0.2-
in.) was applied on the fabric. The procedure was repeated in case of multi-ply strengthening. No surface
preparation needed for NSM system and the strengthening procedure involved inserting FRP bar into a groove cut
at the tension surface of the specimen. The cementitious was placed into the grooves to cover 2/3 of the groove
height. The FRP bar was installed in the grooves and pressed to force the adhesive to flow around the bar and
ensure completely bond between the bar and the sides of the groove. The groove is then filled with more adhesive
and the surface levelled.
Test setup and Loading Protocol
Four-point line loading with simply supported boundaries can be used to conduct out-of-plane testing of reinforced
masonry walls. The load was applied in half-cycles of loading and unloading, as a displacement control at a rate
of 1.27 mm/min.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The general behavior of walls strengthened with FRCM or NSM system is a ductile behavior. The ductile behavior
is due to existence of steel reinforcement and gradual loss of composite action caused by slippage of fiber within
matrix or debonding failure. The debonding occurred at the bonding matrix/fiber interface in case of strengthening
using FRCM system while, it’s at FRP bar/cementitious adhesive interface in case of NSM. For both systems, the
stack and running pattern’s behave as the same response in terms of ductility but in term of capacity, the running
specimen got a little more flexural capacity as shown in Fig. (1). The behaviour of stack specimen improved when
the head joint was reinforced with an FRP bar or the tension face strengthened with PBO fabric sheet.
Displacement (cm) Displacement (cm)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 3 6 9
18 80 21 PBO(380)-2R 90
G2-2S
15 G2-2R 18 PBO(380)-2S 75
64
Load (kip)
Load (Kip.)
15 control
Load (kN)
control-R
Load (kN)
12 60
48 12
9 45
32 9
6 6 30
3 16 3 15
0 0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
Displacement (in.) Displacement (in)
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Load-displacement curves for specimens strengthened with (a) NSM, (b) FRCM
CONCLUSIONS
Test results indicated that FRCM and NSM systems remarkably increase the lateral load capacity of reinforced
masonry walls. Moreover, the strengthening systems were effective in enhancing the stiffness of strengthened
walls. The flexural capacity was increased by 172% for specimens strengthened with NSM while its double in case
of FRCM strengthening compared to the control wall. The failure mode was identified as a debonding failure for
all specimens strengthened with NSM and slippage or debonding for specimens strengthened with FRCM.
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REVERSIBLE FRP-CONFINEMENT OF HERITAGE MASONRY COLUMNS

Alessio Cascardi 1, Riccardo Dell’Anna 1, Francesco Micelli 1*,
Francesca Lionetto 1, Maria Antonietta Aiello 1, Alfonso Maffezzoli 1
1
University of Salento, Department of Innovation Engineering, Lecce – Italy.
KEYWORDS
confinement; masonry; heritage; reversibility; frps abstract
Heritage building is mainly made-up of historical masonry structures, which largely demonstrated their
vulnerability in case of seismic events in the last centuries. In this type of applications, the choice of the most
appropriate retrofitting technique is strongly limited due to the requirements of preserving the cultural and artistic
value. In this scenario, the design of Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) application is, definitely, not always
allowed because of the adhesive matrix that attaches the fiber to the masonry substrate and implies loss of material
when the removability is a mandatory issue. In FRP-strengthening, the matrix is mainly responsible for the
strength transfer from the substrate to the fibers by means of bond stresses. In case of column confinement, the
bond is generally assured despite it is not needed for the confinement effectiveness, since it is an application that
requires only contact between the compressed core and the confining jacket. In fact, the confining pressure is
provided by the FRP when transversal dilatation of the column is recorded; so, the retrofitting works due to
contact-phenomenon and not due to bond.
In this perspective, different alternative FRP-confinement techniques, based on preventing adhesion, can be
developed. The present paper aims to illustrate and describe three full-reversible FRP-confinement innovative
techniques: the FRP-filament-winding (FW) with ultrasonic welding, the interposing of a MylarTM sheet and the
surface treatment with a liquid adhesion inhibitor, which may protect the stone without losing his breathability.
The effectiveness of the confinement action was proved by means of experimental tests on small-scale masonry
columns; while the reversibility of the intervention is attested by the substrates comparison between the
unconfined columns and these one after the compression test. The results of traditional wet lay-up jacketed
columns are compared and discussed with the results obtained by applying the proposed techniques.
Figure 1: Detail of the loss of material: traditional (right) and innovative (left) confinement.
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INVESTIGATION ON THE FRCM-MASONRY BOND BEHAVIOUR

F. Nerilli 1 and B. Ferracuti 2
1
Niccolò Cusano University, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi, 3, Rome, Italy, Email: francesca.nerilli@unicusano.it
2
Niccolò Cusano University, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi, 3, Rome, Italy.
KEYWORDS
New composite materials, Systems and strengthening techniques; Material ; FRC and cement composite materials;
Bond and interfacial stresses, Masonry panels
ABSTRACT
In the last decade, the scientific community has posed great attention on Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix
(FRCM, made with a fiber mesh embedded in inorganic matrix). The good chemical and mechanical
characteristics make the FRCM suitable for structural application as strengthening material for existing structures.
In literature, results of different experimental campaigns on the mechanical characterization of FRCM are
available, in terms of tensile tests and FRCM-masonry bond tests. Basing on the second ones, it is worth pointed
out that the failure mode can change with respect of the components that constitute the composite. In detail, a
differentiation has emerged on the debonding behaviour of FRCM with respect to the most common FRP (Fiber
Reinforced Polymer), for which a cohesive debonding that interests the support can occur. This difference makes
the provisional formulations defined for the FRP-masonry debonding, not directly applicable for the FRCM-
masonry systems.
Aim of this paper is to frame the mechanical behaviour of the FRCM reinforcement with regards to its tensile
strength and debonding behaviour, when applied on masonry structural elements. A large database, based on the
experimental results of tensile tests and of debonding tests, is collected and presented. The data are analysed,
focusing the attention on those relative to the most frequent debonding failure mode, similar to those observed on
the structural elements reinforced by FRCM. Moreover, a critical analysis of the specimen geometry, mechanical
properties and different test setups adopted in the various available experimental campaign with the aim of
subdivided the database in homogenous data for better understand the bond behaviour between FRCM and
artificial/natural masonry blocks.
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Seismic retrofitting
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July 17-19, 2018
EFFECTIVENESS OF A NOVEL ANCHORAGE SYSTEM FOR FLEXURAL

STRENGTHENING OF RC BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS USING CFRP sheets
Alireza Akhlaghi1, Davood Mostofinejad 1
1
Isfahan University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Isfahan, Iran (corresponding author:
akhlaghi@cv.iut.ac.ir)
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Experimental study ; Seismic applications; EBROG; Flexural strengthening
ABSTRACT:
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are widely exploited in engineering practice for enhancing flexural
strength of reinforced concrete (RC) members. However, their application to increase the flexural strength of code-
compliant RC beam-column joints is stipulated by current codes and guidelines. The main issues of concern that
still await resolution include provisioning appropriate anchorage details for FRP composites at beam-column
interface, debonding of FRP composites off the concrete substrate, and effect of cyclic load reversal on FRP
reinforcement. The present experimental study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of carbon-FRP (CFRP)
anchor fan as a novel anchorage system at beam-column joint interface strengthened in flexure with CFRP sheets
installed on top and bottom sides of the beam where the plastic hinge is expected to form at the column face.
Furthermore, in order to avoid any likely debonding of FRP composites off the concrete substrate in tension or
buckling in compression, surface preparation of the test specimens was performed according to recently developed
grooving method (GM) in the form of externally bonded reinforcement on grooves (EBROG). For the purposes of
this study, two half-scale RC beam-column subassemblies were constructed. These included one control specimen
and two rehabilitated ones that were tested under constant axial compression and reversed cyclic lateral loading of
increasing amplitudes. The results indicated that the adopted rehabilitation strategy enhanced remarkably the
lateral strength and cumulative energy dissipation capacity of RC joints, thus confirming the efficiency of the
suggested anchorage system as well as the surface preparation method. In addition, the proposed scheme is capable
of effectively relocating the plastic hinge away from the column interface into the beam.
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July 17-19, 2018
GFRP-RC EDGE SLAB-COLUMN CONNECTIONS SUBJECTED TO SEISMIC

LOADING
Mohammed El-Gendy1, Ehab El-Salakawy 1
1
University of Manitoba, Department of Civil Engineering, Winnipeg, Canada
(corresponding author: Ehab.El-Salakawy@umanitoba.ca)
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Experimental study; Seismic applications; FRP internal reinforcement;
punching shear; edge slab column connection
ABSTRACT:
The elastic nature of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement raises concerns about the feasibility of using
this type of reinforcement in reinforced concrete (RC) structures subjected to seismic events, where significant
amount of energy needs to be dissipated. Recent studies on FRP-RC beam-column connections and column
elements demonstrated adequate overall seismic response of such structural elements, particularly using glass (G)
FRP. To date, however, no studies have been conducted to investigate the seismic response of FRP-RC slab-
column connections.
This paper presents the results of an experimental program carried out to assess the seismic response of slab-
column edge connections reinforced with GFRP reinforcement. Two isolated full-scale RC slab-column edge
connections were constructed and tested under gravity and reversed-cyclic lateral loading conditions. One
connection was reinforced with conventional steel reinforcement (Connection ES), while the other one was
reinforced with the same flexural reinforcement ratio of GFRP reinforcement (Connection EG); both connections
had no shear reinforcement and were subjected to a constant gravity shear ratio of 40%, as listed in Table 1. The
dimensions of the connections were 3,300 × 3,100 × 200 mm with a 300-mm square column extending above and
below the slab. Figure 1 shows Connection EG secured to the test setup before the beginning of the test. As shown
in Figure 2, Connection EG failed in punching shear at a drift ratio of 2.5%, which is higher than the 1.5%
minimum drift ratio suggested in the literature for steel-RC connections subjected to 40% gravity shear ratio. This
indicates the ability of the GFRP-RC slab-column edge connections to undergo or exceed the suggested seismic
drifts while maintaining their gravity load carrying capacity.
Table 1: Details of test connections
Reinforcement Negative reinforcement Concrete strength

Connection
type Ratio (%) (MPa)
ES Steel 0.66 45.2
EG GFRP 0.74 45.8
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Figure 1: Test setup
40
30
20
Lateral Load (kN)
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Drift Ratio (%)
Figure 2: Hysteretic response of Connection EG
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MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A RC WALL-SLAB JOIST

REINFORCED BY FRP UNDER ALTERNATING CYCLIC LOADING
A.Chalot, L.Michel, E.Ferrier, C.Caggegi, N.Reboul, C.Grazide
Laboratoire des Matériaux Composites pour la Construction, LMC²
Université LYON 1
82 boulevard Niels BOHR, Site de Villeurbanne DOUA, 69622 VILLEURBANNE Cedex
e-mail : laurent.michel@univ-lyon1.fr et emmanuel.ferrier@univ-lyon1.fr
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Experimental study ; Seismic applications;
ABSTRACT:
The strengthening of reinforced concrete structures by composite materials in the seismic applications is an
increasingly used solution thanks to the high performances of composite materials. At present, the behavior of
beams in bending or shearing, column in bending or confined, or slabs are well known in the literature. Design
methods dealing with the reinforcement of elementary elements (beams, columns, slabs, walls) are even developed
and available for the engineer. On the other hand, it is still very difficult to define the global behavior of the
strengthening at the scale of the building. Previous research shows that the reinforcement of the elementary
elements transfers the damage or the ruptures towards the joists between elements. In this case anchoring systems,
for example, shows a good improvement in the structural bonding response of FRP. On the other hand, it is still
very difficult to precisely characterize the impact of reinforced elementary elements and reinforced joists in the
overall response of the structure.
This paper presents the results of an experimental study for the characterization of wall-slab joists made of
reinforced concrete subjected to alternating cyclic loadings in order to characterize the impact of FRP
strengthening on this kind of joist. For this, 6 specimens were made and tested to failure. A reference specimen
and 5 different reinforcement configurations by composite materials are compared in order to assess the changes
in the maximum recovered loads, the displacements or the different dissipated energies. Aims to obtain a boundary
factor allowing to calculate the global response of a building.
Figure 1 : Wall-slab joist detail
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CIRCULAR AND SQUARE GFRP-REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS

SUBJECTED TO SIMULATED SEISMIC LOADS
Zahra Kharal1, Shamim Sheikh1
1
University of Toronto, Department of Civil Engineering, Toronto, Canada
KEYWORDS:
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Experimental study; Seismic applications; Codes, standards and design
guidelines; Ductility;
ABSTRACT:
A huge inventory of concrete structures exist in many parts of the world that have been made deficient due to steel
corrosion. Columns in these structures are especially critical for seismic resistance. In this research, use of GFRP
as longitudinal and lateral reinforcement in columns has been investigated as an alternative to steel.
The experimental program includes seventeen 356 mm diameter and sixteen 305 mm square concrete columns
tested under constant axial load and cyclic lateral displacement excursions simulating earthquake forces. Each test
was terminated only when the column was unable to support the axial load. All the columns were reinforced
laterally with GFRP spirals or rectilinear ties. Nine circular and two square columns contained longitudinal GFRP
bars while eight circular and fourteen square columns had longitudinal steel bars. Other variables included level
of axial load, amount of confining reinforcement, spacing of transverse reinforcement and reinforcement
configuration. While columns containing GFRP longitudinal and GFRP lateral reinforcement demonstrated
excellent post elastic stable response accompanying large deformability, they displayed softer responses with
lower shear and flexural capacity compared with columns that contained steel longitudinal bars. At larger
deformations, GFRP performed better as confining reinforcement compared with steel in similar columns that
were tested and reported in an earlier study. This is due to the fact that GFRP lateral reinforcement continues to
provide increasing confining pressure with increased deformations while steel yields at approximately 0.002 strain
and allows the concrete to expand and lose resistance. In addition, GFRP transverse reinforcement did not rupture
in any of the specimens tested with GFRP longitudinal bars while lateral steel has been reported to have ruptured
in several columns.
Results from a select group of specimens will be presented in this paper to highlight the effects of different
variables and establish the feasibility of using GFRP in columns for seismic resistance.
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MODELING PARAMETERS AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR FRP-

RETROFITTED CONCRETE COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO SEISMIC LOAD
Benben Li1,2 and Kent A. Harries2,3
1
Tongji University, Research Institute of Structural Engineering and Disaster Reduction, Shanghai, China
2
University of Pittsburgh, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pittsburgh, USA, Email: kharries@pitt.edu
3
University of Bath, BRE Centre for Innovative Construction Materials, Bath, UK
KEYWORDS
STRENGTHENING AND REPAIR, STANDARD, SEISMIC APPLICATIONS, CODES, STANDARDS AND

DESIGN GUIDELINES
ABSTRACT
External wrapping of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) is widely applied for the seismic retrofit of reinforced
concrete columns. Although ASCE 41 – Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings provides
recommendations for the nonlinear modelling of deformation behaviour of conventional reinforced concrete
columns under seismic load, there is no available guidance for the evaluation of seismic performance following
FRP retrofit. Using the methods promulgated by ASCE 41, nonlinear modeling of FRP-retrofitted concrete
columns is studied. In the nonlinear model curve, parameters a, b and c are used to represent nonlinear behavior.
Defining parameter a, the plastic rotation representing the limit of acceptable structural behavior (collapse
prevention (CP) performance level), is the focus of this work. A database of 116 large- and full-scale FRP-
retrofitted concrete columns – all exhibiting flexure-dominate behavior – was established. Factors influencing
plastic rotation (and therefore parameter a) were systematically studied, including axial force ratio, effective
transverse reinforcement ratio and normalized design shear force. An empirical relationship for plastic rotation
was established.
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SEISMIC RESPONSES OF THE POST-YIELD HARDENING SINGLE DEGREE OF

FREEDOM (SDOF) SYSTEMS INCORPORATING FRP MATERIALS
H.L. Qiang 1, P. Feng 1, Z. Qu 2 and L.P. Ye 1
1
Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Safety and Durability of China Education Ministry, Department of Civil
Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. Email: fengpeng@tsinghua.edu.cn.
2
Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics,
China Earthquake Administration, Yanjiao, Sanhe, Hebei 065201, China.
KEYWORDS
FRP, post-yield stiffness, single degree of freedom (sdof), peak displacement, residual deformation
ABSTRACT
The improvement to seismic capacity of the structures by ductility design is widely accepted in the world.
Nevertheless, the inelastic deformations of structures also bring serious damages to the structures. In recent years,
application of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) materials represents an important choice in the performance-based
design, damage control and seismic resilience enhancement of structures. Many materials, members and structures
incorporating both FRP and conventional materials show significant post-yield hardening (PYH) behaviors.
However, the findings and conclusions of previous studies on structures with elastic-perfectly plastic (EPP)
behavior or little post-yield stiffness may not lend themselves to PYH structures. The post-yield stiffness of the
structure needs to be taken into account as an important primary structural parameter in addition to the initial
stiffness, yielding strength and ductility. In this paper, extensive time-history and statistics analysis are carried out
for PYH single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems. The peak displacement and residual deformation responses
are obtained and discussed. Theoretical model are also established. These models provide a basis for developing
the appropriate seismic design and performance evaluation procedures for PYH structures.
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REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS WITH

THE USE OF TEXTILE REINFORCED MORTARS (TRM’S)
Theofanis Krevaikas
1
Xi’an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Civil Engineering dept., Jiangsu Suzhou 215011, (corresponding
author: Theofanis.Krevaikas @xjtlu.edu.cn)
KEYWORDS:
Strengthening and repair; Experimental study ; FRC and cement composite materials; Codes, standards and
design guidelines
ABSTRACT:
In the aftermath of strong earthquakes beam elements suffer from severe damage which is mainly attributed
to low shear strength. Appropriate intervention schemes are sought to regain initial strength and stiffness. A
promising and innovative method is to externally apply textile reinforced mortars (TRMs) to increase both
the flexural and the shear strength. In this paper, the results of an ongoing experimental programme are
presented. A total of eight Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams with four different reinforcement ratios, were
subjected to four-point bending up to failure. Subsequently the RC beams were repaired with the use of patch
repair mortars and epoxy resins. In the next stage Basalt fibers in the form of textiles embedded in
cementitious mortars were externally applied to increase both the flexural and the shear strength of the beams.
One and two layers of TRMs were used. In the final stage, the beams were loaded up to failure using a four
point bending set-up. The experimental results showed that the beams regain their initial stiffness and most
of their original strength, proving that the use of TRMs is an effective alternative for strengthening statically
deficient RC elements.
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Steel strengthened structures
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FATIGUE TESTS ON STEEL PLATES WITH AN INCLINED CENTER CRACK

REPAIRED WITH CFRP STRAND SHEETS
Tao Chen1, Lingzhen Li 1, Ningxi Zhang 1 , Yuya Hidekuma 2
1
Department of Structural Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
(corresponding author: t.chen@tongji.edu.cn) ; 2 Nippon steel & Sumikin Materials Co., LTD. Composites
Company, Tokyo, Japan
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Fatigue ; Experimental study ; Inclined crack; CFRP strands
ABSTRACT:
Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) has been adopted as an idea materials for fatigue improvement of cracked
steel structures. Considering the complexity of initial cracks and stress field around crack tips, mixed mode fatigue
behaviour were investigated by conducting fatigue tests on steel plates with an inclined centre crack repaired with
CFRP strands. Steel plates were artificially cut from a centre hole with five different angles. All of the cracks had
an identical projection length on the direction perpendicular to the load. Specimens were patched with CFRP
strands on single side or both sides. The effects of repairing schemes and CFRP types were studied by comparing
fatigue lives, crack lengths, crack trajectories and failure modes. It was found that fatigue crack propagation life
was mainly determined by the projection length of initial crack on the direction perpendicular to the load. Whereas,
the effect of initial inclined crack's angel has negligible influence on the fatigue life.
Figure 1 : Test setup
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FACTORS INFLUENCING BOND OF CFRP TO STEEL

Manuel A G Silva1, Pedro Ribeiro 2, Hugo Biscaia 3
1
Universidade Nova de Lisboa (FCT), Civil Engineering,Caparica, Portugal; Email mgs@fct.unl.pt
2
Universidade Nova de Lisboa (FCT), Civil Engineering,Caparica, Portugal;
3
UNIDEMI (UNL), Departmen tof Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Caparica, Portugal;
ABSTRACT
Many infrastructures require structural strengthening, e.g (Miller et al., 2001; Libby and Mullins, 2001; Bank,
2006; Kirk and Mallet, 2007), and the use of fiber reinforced polymers on that endeavor has been growing in spite
of uncertainties related to their lifetime behavior. An example of major concern is the premature debonding of
external strengthening of structures under adverse environmental conditions, a type of failure that may occur when
carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) are used in the strengthening of steel structures, namely bridges. Failure
of those CFRP-steel structural members may occur at the joints and this study examines factors that alter or explain
reduction of the load capacity of the latter, namely surface treatment prior to bonding, the glass transition
temperature (Tg) of the adhesive, the exposure to freeze-thaw (FT) cycles that artificially accelerate aging of the
components, and raising operating room temperature to near Tg. An experimental program was undertaken to
analyze the influence of these factors on the mechanical performance of the joints. The steel surface was subjected
to sand blasting (6.3bar), and abrasive grinding (6.9bar) Sa 2, to compare with no treatment, and the case of rust
induced by ten days exposure to salt fog was also considered. Tests made at different temperatures allowed
comparison of ultimate capacities of strains and failure modes, confirming rapid deterioration. The quantification
of the losses of mechanical resistance was made essentially by shear tests of double strap specimens. Adhesion
failures after FT were analyzed and compared. Evolution of Tg along FT aging showed negligible changes, in
general. Scanning electronic microscope images were used to help interpret results. In particular after 2,000 and
5,000 cycles of FT, for Ca, Si and O, a decrease of Si from the reference specimens 18.8% to 13.3% and 10.2%
was noticed while Ca showed 14.2%, 10.2% and 16.1%, but such preliminary values would require many
additional data to allow conclusive statements. Results are summarized and compared with those in available
literature.
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EXPERIMENT STUDY ON BOND BEHAVIOR BETWEEN CFRP PLATE

AND STEEL
Yuyang PANG1, Gang WU2, Haitao WANG3
1
Ph.D. Candidate, Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of the Ministry of
Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; 2 Professor, Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed
Concrete Structures of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096China (corresponding
author). E-mail:g.wu@seu.edu.cn;3Lecturer College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University,
Nanjing, China
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Material ; Prestressing with FRP composites; Bond and interfacial stresses
ABSTRACT:
To investigate the influencing factors of CFRP delamination failure in CFRP-to-steel, extensive CFRP-to-steel
specimens were tested in this paper. The main factors considered are the types of CFRP plates and adhesives.
Effects of the tensile strength of the CFRP plate, and mechanical properties (i.e. the strength and elastic modulus)
of the adhesive on failure modes are evaluated. The three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC)
technique was used to measure the displacements and strains of the specimens. Test results show that the failure
occurred within the CFRP layer, the ultimate load of the non-linear adhesive specimens is consistent basically,
while the ultimate load of the linear adhesive specimens increases with the tensile strength of CFRP plate. At the
same time, the experiment also revealed the load-displacement curve of CFRP-to-steel.
Figure 1: Stress-strain relationship of adhesive
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STUDY ON REPAIR METHOD FOR CORRODED GUSSET PLATE CONNECTION BY

BONDING CFRP SHEET
Ngoc Vinh PHAM1, Takeshi MIYASHITA2, Kazuo OHGAKI3, Yusuke OKUYAMA4, Akira KOBAYASHI5, Yuya
HIDEKUMA6, Takeshi HIROSE7, and Takuya HARADA8
1
Ph. D. Candicate, Nagaoka University of Technology,
1603-1, Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, JAPAN
E-mail: ngocvinhqv@gmail.com
2
Associate Professor, Nagaoka University of Technology,
1603-1, Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, JAPAN
3
Professor, Institute of Technologists,
333 Maeya, Gyoda City, Saitama, 361-0038, JAPAN
4
Assistant Professor, National Institute of Technology, Nagano College,
716 Tokuma, Nagano City, 381-8550 JAPAN
5
General Manager, Nippon Steel & Sumikin Material Co.,
7-16-13, Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0061, JAPAN
6
Chief, Nippon Steel & Sumikin Material Co.,
7-16-13, Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0061, JAPAN
7
General Manager, Nippon Expressway Research Institue Co.,
1-4-1 Tadao, Machida-shi, Tokyo, 194-8508, JAPAN
8
Nippon Expressway Research Institue Co.,
1-4-1 Tadao, Machida-shi, Tokyo, 194-8508, JAPAN
KEYWORDS :
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP), Steel truss bridges, Corroded gusset plate connection, Repair method, Finite
element analysis (FEA).
ABSTRACT:
In steel truss bridges, several severe damage due to corrosion at the gusset plate connection have been reported. The
reduction of load-carrying capacity of the gusset plate connection is confirmed to lead to the collapse of the entire truss
bridge. The collapse of I-35W steel truss bridge (in the USA, 2007) is considered a typical case because of the insufficient
gusset plate thickness that resulted lower load-carrying capacity of the connection. The attachment of stiffening plate and
member replacement are some of the traditional methods often applied to repair corroded structures. However, these repair
works lack in workability because of heavy machinery and welding facilities. Therefore, this study focused on investigating
the effectiveness of repair method by using carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) for the corroded gusset plate
connection. Loading test in the laboratory and FEM analysis with a model of approximately 1/2 size of real bridge, and the
degree of corrosion assumed about to 50% and 75% of the gusset plate thickness, were conducted. This study proposed
two CFRP bonding methods, including out-side bonding and both-sides bonding; to improve the load-carrying capacity of
the gusset plate connection. From the experiment and FEA, when the thickness of gusset plate reduced by 50% and 75%,
the load-carrying capacity declined significantly compared to the intact case. In the large corrosion cases, the two proposed
repair methods were able to increase the load-carrying capacity dramatically. The improvement rates were 55.5% and
74.7% respectively. Conversely, the load-carrying capacity of the small corrosion cases was not improved considerably.
The proposed repair methods recovered the initial stiffness and the out-of-plane stiffness of the corroded gusset plate
connection. In addition, the experimental results also show that the two proposed repair methods can increase the Yield
point load on the corroded section of the gusset plate. Furthermore, this study clarified that the experimental result and the
failure behavior of the gusset plate connection could be reproduced by using the finite element method.
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FRACTURE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-EDGE CRACKED TUBULAR STEEL BEAM

REHABILITATED BY CFRP SHEETS
Mahdi Razavi Setvati1, Zahiraniza Mustaffa2 and Dokyun Kim3
1,2&3
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610
Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia (corresponding author: zahiraniza@utp.edu.my)
KEYWORDS:
Stress Intensity Factor; Tubular Steel Beam ; CFRP; Composite Patch Repair
ABSTRACT:
The application of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for repair of structural elements has become
essential in recent years. However, most of the research focused on using pultruded FRP plates, which are limited
in repairing structures with flat surfaces. In this research, a three-dimensional finite-element approach was
proposed to calculate the stress intensity factor of single-edge cracked tubular steel beam before and after repair
with unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. Results indicated the efficiency of CFRP patch
sheets in terms of reducing stress intensity of the single-edge cracked tubular steel beam.
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FEASIBILITY OF ACCELERATED CURING FOR STRENGTHENING OF STEEL

MEMBERS BY PRESTRESSED BONDED CFRP PLATES
Ardalan Hosseini 1,2, Elyas Ghafoori 1, Abdola Sadeghi Marzaleh 1, Masoud Motavalli 1,3
1
Structural Engineering Research Laboratory, Empa, Dübendorf, Switzerland (corresponding author:
ardalan.hosseini@empa.ch); 2 Resilient Steel Structures Laboratory, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland; 3 School of
Civil Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran
KEYWORDS:
Strengthening and repair; Experimental study; Prestressing with FRP composites; Bond and interfacial stresses;
Accelerated curing (AC); Digital image correlation (DIC)
ABSTRACT:
Bond behavior and anchorage resistance of prestressed CFRP plates to steel substrate have been investigated in
the current study. To do so, a set of single lap-shear and prestress release tests was performed on CFRP-to-steel
bonded joints, and the feasibility of accelerated curing (AC) of epoxy adhesive by heating was investigated.
Furthermore, a set of so called mixed bond tests, with partial prestress release and subsequent lap-shear, was
performed to examine the practicability of prestressed strengthening of steel members using AC. A 3D digital
image correlation (DIC) technique was used to monitor the bond behavior of prestressed CFRP to steel during
prestress release and subsequent lap-shear tests. Experimental results of the current study revealed that AC of
epoxy adhesive by heating can be a promising alternative to the conventional room temperature curing (RTC) for
strengthening of steel members with externally bonded CFRP plates. It is evident that in prestressed strengthening
projects, the prestressing system needs to stay in place to keep the prestressing force constant over the curing of
the adhesive. Therefore, AC is certainly beneficial in reducing the required time and cost of such strengthening
solutions. Based on the experimental results of the current study, a relatively fast practical solution for
strengthening of existing steel members with prestressed bonded CFRP reinforcements is proposed.
Heating
device IPE 220
600 mm
Figure 1: Heat distribution in a steel I-profile during accelerated curing of epoxy adhesive used for bonding a
prestressed CFRP plate to steel substrate
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GLASS TRANSITION EVALUATION OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE EPOXY

ADHESIVES FOR STRENGTHENING OF STEEL STRUCTURES WITH BONDED
CFRP PLATES
Ardalan Hosseini 1,2, Michel Barbezat 3, Julien Michels 1,4, Elyas Ghafoori 1, Masoud Motavalli 1,5, Giovanni
Terrasi 3
1
Structural Engineering Research Laboratory, Empa, Dübendorf, Switzerland (corresponding author:
ardalan.hosseini@empa.ch)
2
Resilient Steel Structures Laboratory, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
3
Mechanical Systems Engineering Laboratory, Empa, Dübendorf, Switzerland
4
re-fer AG, Brunnen, Switzerland
5
School of Civil Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran
KEYWORDS:
Strengthening of steel structures, characterization of epoxy adhesives, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis
(DMTA), tensile mechanical properties, room temperature curing (RTC), accelerated curing (AC) by heating.
ABSTRACT:
Epoxy adhesives with relatively high stiffness and almost linear stress-strain behavior are typically used for
strengthening of concrete members with externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites.
However, utilization of low stiffness and high toughness non-linear epoxy resins can be more efficient for bonding
CFRP plates to steel substrate. The reason is attributed to the fact that contrary to CFRP-concrete joints, CFRP-
to-steel bonded joints often fail due to the fracture of the adhesive layer, and not of the substrate. This means that
application of low stiffness and high toughness epoxies can reduce the stress concentration in the adhesive layer,
and hence increase the ultimate bond capacity of the joint by further distributing the interfacial shear stresses along
the bonded length. On the other hand, a CFRP-strengthened steel structure can be subjected to moderately elevated
temperatures during its service life. Therefore, in order to achieve a reliable strengthening solution, the stiffness
reduction of the utilized epoxy adhesive with respect to temperature increase, or in general, the glass transition
behavior of the epoxy resin needs to be properly estimated. In the current study, the glass transition behavior of
three different two-component epoxies, commercially available as structural adhesives for CFRP strengthening of
concrete and steel structures, has been investigated. A set of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) tests
have been performed, through which the glass transition behavior of two high toughness epoxies, suitable for steel
strengthening, was compared to a typical high stiffness adhesive for concrete applications. In addition to DMTA
tests, a set of tensile tests was also performed on dogbone specimens to evaluate and compare the tensile
mechanical behavior of the selected epoxy adhesives. Furthermore, the influence of two different curing scenarios
(i.e., room temperature curing (RTC), and accelerated curing (AC) by heating) on the glass transition temperature
as well as tensile mechanical properties of all the three epoxy adhesives was investigated. Based on the
experimental results of the current study, certain recommendations are proposed to select a proper epoxy adhesive
for strengthening of steel structures with bonded CFRP composites.
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Mechanical
clamp
Load cell
Test
specimen
Epoxy sample Clip gauge
Temperature chamber
(a) (b)
Figure 1: (a) DMTA, and (b) tensile test setup.
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FASSTBRIDGE METHODOLOGY AND STRENGTHENING SYSTEM: THE

JARAMA BRIDGE EXPERIENCE
David García-Sánchez1, Mazen Wabeh2, Frank Lehmann 3 Sylvain Chataigner4, Luis Sopeña5, Veit Birtel6
1
FUNDACION TECNALIA RESEARCH AND INNOVATION (TECNALIA)
Calle Geldo, Edificio 700, Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, 48160, Derio, Spain
david.garciasanchez@tecnalia.com
2
ALTAVISTA SOLUTIONS
3260 Blume Drive, Suite 500, 94806, Richmond, USA
3
LEONHARDT, ANDRÄ UND PARTNER BERATENDE INGENIEURE VBI AG (LAP)
Rosenthaler Str. 40/41, 10178, Berlin
4
INSTITUT FRANÇAIS DES SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES DES TRANSPORTS, DE L'AMENAGEMENT
ET DES RESEAUX (IFSTTAR)
Route de Bouaye, 44344, Bouguenais, France
5
DRAGADOS S.A.
Avda. del Camino de Santiago 50, Building 4, 2nd Floor, 28050, Madrid, Spain
6
MPA UNIVERSITAET STUTTGART (USTUTT)
Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
KEYWORDS :
Steel bridge; fatigue; residual life; life time extension; CFRP
ABSTRACT:
Steel bridges present frequent fatigue problems that reduce their load-carrying capacity and residual life. The
increase of traffic flows and loads in the last decades has enhanced this problem, especially on ageing structures.
This phenomenon is very dangerous because a conventional structural stress analysis might result in misleading
conclusions about safety. In Europe 15% of the 300 000 bridges are made of steel or concrete-steel composite
structures, and approximately 68% of them need structural interventions. In the USA, figures are quite similar.
Having this in mind, in November 2015, the ERA-NET Plus project FASSTBRIDGE was launched aiming at
developing a complete methodology including a calculation method for assessing the remaining life of steel bridge
in terms of fatigue, a designing and applying method for the strengthening intervention, and a strengthening system
relying on the use of adhesively bonded CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer).
The paper presents the FASSTbridge methodology and strengthening system, which have been designed to work
with codes based on The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) or the
European Union's Eurocode and its implementation in Jarama Bridge (Madrid, Spain). Indeed, this methodology
is an evolution of the existing probabilistic and deterministic methods. It means an advance from the analysis based
on the standard load model to the more precise load approaches getting an easy assessment with satisfactory
accuracy level facilitating a real preventive assessment of existing steel bridge.
The innovation of FASSTbridge is to provide an integral and complete solution which embraces the whole process,
from the assessment of possible fatigue damage to the maintenance of the applied strengthening system to achieve
a sustainable and cost-effective preventive strategy for life time extension of steel bridges.
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PROPOSAL OF A METHODOLOGY BASED ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSES

FOR THE DESIGN OF BONDED CFRP REINFORCEMENT OF STEEL CRACKED
ELEMENTS
Emilie Lepretre1, Florent Chemin2, Sylvain Chataigner2, Lamine Dieng2, Laurent Gaillet2
1
CEREMA, DTech ITM, Sourdun, France; 2 IFSTTAR, MAST Department, SMC Laboratory, Bouguenais,
France (corresponding author: sylvain.chataigner@ifstta.fr)
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Fatigue; Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems; Finite element modelling
ABSTRACT:
Recent studies have shown the efficiency of the application of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials
to reinforce cracked steel elements even in the case of old steel materials (mild steel and puddled iron). Bonding
CFRP materials on cracked steel plates leads indeed to a significant reduction of the stress intensity factor (SIF)
at the crack tip and thus to a significant increase of the fatigue life. This is even more pronounced when using
ultra-high modulus or prestressed reinforcement. This could allow extending damaged steel structures service life
or securing a structure waiting for a more complete refurbishment. Yet, there is currently a clear lack of design
tools for the design office to be able to apply such reinforcement or repair technique.
The presented work concerns the appraisal of a methodology based on the use of finite element modeling to
determine the stress intensity factor modification ratio. After the presentation of the proposed methodology, it will
be compared with experimental investigations led by the authors on different steel substrates and with different
reinforcement processes. Similar comparison will then be done with results from the literature to identify the
precision of the method, and to be able to highlight its strengths and weaknesses. Finally, parametric analyses will
be done to assess the impact of different design characteristics on the increase of fatigue life.
Figure 1 : Finite element model and comparison of experimental and modelling results
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DEFINITION AND ASSESSMENT OF AN ADHESIVELY BONDED COMPOSITE

REINFORCEMENT IN FATIGUE FOR STEEL STRUCTURES DEVELOPPED IN
FASSTBRIDGE PROJECT
Sylvain Chataigner1, Karim Benzarti2, Gilles Foret2, Jean-François Caron2, Gianluca Gemignani3, Matteo
Brugiolo3, Veit Birtel4, Frank Lehmann4, Inigo Calderon5, Ignacio Piniero5
1
IFSTTAR, MAST department, SMC Laboratory, Bouguenais, France; 2 IFSTTAR, MAST department, Navier,
Marne La Vallée, France; 3 Collanti Concorde, Vittorio Veneto, Italy; 4 MPA, Stuttgart, Germany; 5 TECNALIA,
Bilbao, Spain; (corresponding author: sylvain.chataigner@ifsttar.fr)
KEYWORDS
Strengthening and repair; Experimental study ; Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems; Durability,
long-term performance
ABSTRACT:
One of the aims of Infravation project called FASSTbridge (Fast and effective Solution for the Strengthening of
existing steel bridges) is to develop a specific reinforcement system dedicated to the preventive fatigue
reinforcement of steel bridges. The proposed system relies on the use of an adhesively bonded composite plate.
The adhesive has been specifically formulated by Collanti Concorde within the project to respect the required
fulfillments of the studied application. It is combined with a commercially available composite plate.
The communication will first give insight of the required properties of the adhesive, the composite plate, and the
overall system for the considered application. Based on these requirements and existing literature and standards
on the topic, the chosen experimental plan will be described. It includes investigations on the adhesive before
curing, the adhesive after curing, the composite plate, and the whole reinforcing system. Both short term and
durability investigations were carried out by the different partners implied within the projects. The obtained results
will be presented, and allowed verifying the system properties. The participation of different partners to the
experimental campaign also gives insight of the encountered dispersion, and allowed studying different parameters
that may affect the capacities. The reinforcement system is forecast to be applied on a real bridge in Spain.
Figure 1 : Photos of one of the used test setting and of double lap shear samples
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MODEL UNCERTAINTY OF EXTERNALLY BONDED CFRP-TO-STEEL JOINTS

Qian-Qian Yu 1, Dongming Zhang 2, Xiang-Lin Gu 3, Hongwei Huang 2
1
Key Laboratory of performance Evolution and Control for Engineering Structures, Ministry of Education,
China; Department of Structural Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China (corresponding author:
qianqian.yu@tongji.edu.cn); 2 Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; 3
Key Laboratory of performance Evolution and Control for Engineering Structures, Ministry of Education,
China; Department of Structural Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
KEYWORDS
Strengthening and repair; Modeling ; Bond and interfacial stresses; Characterization of FRP and FRC
materials/systems; CFRP-to-steel; Model factor
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents a study of the model factor ε for bond strength model of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer
(CFRP)-to-steel joints, which is defined as the ratio of tested bond strength to the predicted result by the models.
A total of 402 single/double-lap shear tests of externally-bonded joints were collected to evaluate the statistics of
ε and two frequently used models in literature were compared. Specimens with cohesive failure, adhesion failure,
CFRP delamination as well as combined failure were included. The statistics of ε indicate a high level of both the
mean value and coefficient of variation (COV). It was found that the model factors of the models with a relatively
high COV value (larger than 0.3) were not random, but heavily dependent on the input parameters.
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STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR FOR DOUBLE-SIDED CRACKED STEEL BEAM

STRENGTHENED WITH CFRP PLATES
Hai-Tao Wang1, Gang Wu2, Yu-Yang Pang 2
1
Hohai University, College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Nanjing, China (corresponding author:
wangyibo_212@163.com); 2 Southeast University, Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete
Structures of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China;
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Fatigue ; Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems; Durability, long-term
performance
ABSTRACT:
The externally-bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) technique has been used to repair damaged steel
structures in recent years. Many studies have verified the effectiveness of this technique for prolonging the fatigue
life of cracked steel elements. The fatigue life of cracked steel elements mainly depends on the stress intensity
factors at the crack tip according to fracture mechanics theory. In this paper, the finite element (FE) and theoretical
analysis were conducted to evaluate the stress intensity factors of double-sided cracked steel beams strengthened
by CFRP plates. A three-dimensional FE model was developed to calculate the stress intensity factors. The effects
of the CFRP thickness and elastic modulus, adhesive thickness and adhesive shear modulus on the stress intensity
factors were considered in the EF analysis. According to the calculation equations of the stress intensity factors
for the cracked steel plates with double-sided cracks, a simplified calculation method was proposed to calculate
the stress intensity factors of cracked steel beams with double-sided cracks by simplifying the tension flange of
steel beam to a tension steel plate. Finally, the proposed equations were verified by the FE results. The predicted
results were compared with the numerical results. The comparisons demonstrate that the proposed equations can
predict the stress intensity factors of double-sided cracked steel beams strengthened by CFRP plates with
reasonable accuracy.
2l
σ0 σ0
a
2b
Constraint effect of the web

a
CFRP plate Adhesive

σ0 σ0 tf σ0 σ0
ta
Steel plate Steel plate 2ts
ta Tension flange
tf CFRP plate
(a) CFRP-strengthened steel plate (b) simplified CFRP-strengthened steel beam
Figure 1 : Schematic of the specimens
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IMPROVEMENT OF FATIGUE DURABILITY OF WELDED GUSSET JOINTS BY

CF SHEETS USING VARTM TECHNIQUE
Visal Thay 1, Chang Tan 1, Hitoshi Nakamura 1, Takahiro Matsui 2, Fan Lin 3
1 2
Tokyo Metropolitan University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo, Japan; Toray
Industries, Inc., ACM Technology Department, Tokyo, Japan;
3
Yunnan University, School of Urban Construction and Management, Kunming City, China;
(corresponding author: hnaka@tmu.ac.jp)
KEYWORDS:
Strengthening and repair; Fatigue; Bond and interfacial stresses; Durability, long-term performance; Vacuum
assisted resin transfer molding technique; Welded joints
ABSTRACT:
Vacuum assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VaRTM) as a composite fabricating technique can be used to apply CF
sheets on cracked steel structures. This paper deals with the fatigue durability of typical welded gusset joints in
steel bridges strengthened by externally bonded CF sheets using VaRTM technique. The strengthened operation
work have been proven to be very efficient and convenient even on complex shapes of structures due to the
flexibility of this method. Perfectly close contact particularly between weld beads and the CF sheets provides a
great advantage on reduction of the high stress concentration which is usually occurred at the fillet weld toe at the
end of gusset plate. The reduction of stress concentration at weld toe was analytical investigated, where the 3D
FEM models were simulated from a number of image data taken from actual experimental specimens by digital
camera. The target specimens of welded gusset plates were fabricated and subjected to cyclic load. The fatigue
tests of two types of specimens, non-strengthened and strengthened specimen using VaRTM technique in the
parameters of number of layers of CF sheets, have been conducted and strengthened effects have been evaluated
under applied stress ranges experimentally. As presented in Figure 1, the result shows that the fatigue durability
of welded gusset joints strengthened by CF sheets using VaRTM technique can be remarkably improved.
JSSC_F JSSC_E JSSC_D JSSC_C JSSC_B JSSC_A
200
180
Nominal stress range sn (MPa)
160
140
120
100
90 GPN
GPC23
80
GPC23_failure
70 GPC23_limit
GPC23_limit_ debonding −0.285
60 sn = 5480.4N
GPC45_debonding_stop
R=0.94
GPN_regression line
50 5 6 7
10 10 10
Number of cycles Nf (cycles)
Figure 1: Evaluation of Fatigue Durability of Welded Gusset Joints Strengthened by CF Sheets Using VARTM
Technique
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DEVELOPMENT OF A SENSOR FOR MONITORING MECHANICALLY

STRESSED ADHESIVE JOINTS
F. Lehmann1, V. Birtel1, J. Wang1, S. Chataigner2, O. Konrad1
1
MPA University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, Email: frank.lehmann@mpa.uni-stuttgart.de
2
IFSTTAR, MAST Department, SMC Laboratory, Bouguenais, France
KEYWORDS:
Strengthening and repair; Material; Durability, long-term performance; Inspection, NDT methods and quality
assurance
ABSTRACT:
A strengthening System with adhesively bonded CFRP reinforcement was developed in the Infravation
FASSTbridge project to extend the remaining lifetime in fatigue of existing steel bridge constructions. The
premature debonding of CFRP and steel is seen as a major risk to lose the contribution of the retrofitting system.
Therefore, one goal of the FASSTbridge project was to develop a debonding sensor which is integrated into the
strengthening system. Consequently, an ultrathin sensor placed directly in the adhesive layer between steel and
CFRP was developed. It is suited for continuous monitoring of the integrity of the adhesive joint.
The paper explains the underlying physical principles of the sensor and gives insight into the performed tests for
the calibration and verification of its functionality. The sensor conception takes the change of a capacitor’s
electrical impedance as a basis, which occurs when a change in distance between the adjacent conductive faces
takes place. It is well assumed that debonding yields to separation which leads to an increase of the monitored
impedance. The relationship is explored through single lap sheer experiments and vertical tension bond tests. The
sensitivity and the accuracy of the impedance with respect to deformations are revealed by comparing several
groups of prototypes with different dielectric layers and viscous materials. The influences of different temperature
effects and fatigue loadings are also presented
Figure 1: Photos of one of the vertical tension bond test and its results
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BEHAVIOR OF CONICAL STEEL TANKS STRENGTHENED BY CFRP

Mohamed S. A. Saafan1
1
Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, Structural Engineering Department, Cairo, Egypt
mohamed_saafan@eng.asu.edu.eg
KEYWORDS:
Strengthening and repair; Modeling
ABSTRACT:
Steel tanks are widely used as containment liquid vessels for ground or elevated tank structures. Buckling strength
of conical steel tanks can be reduced by many factors as corrosion especially at the base or by increasing the height
of tank itself. Nowadays, there is an extensive need to increase the storage capacities of elevated tanks. Therefore,
strengthening existing tanks are considered as a solution for upgrading existing water supplying systems to satisfy
the increasing demand of water supply.
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) are a promising alternative to repair or strengthen structures especially structures
subjected to an aggressive environment or to the effects of electromagnetic fields. FRP has been widely used in
strengthening concrete structures, and research has been extensively covering this area. Many studies for repair
and strengthening of concrete structures using FRP exist. A limited number of experimental and modelling have
been conducted to find the behaviour of FRP / steel systems.
This paper investigates the behaviour of conical tanks strengthened by small-diameter CFRP strands subjected to
hydrostatic pressure.
Three-dimensional numerical models are developed for conical steel tanks using the ANSYS finite element
program. For modelling thin shell structures state of instability under the influence of geometric and material
nonlinearity are included. This model can be used to predict both elastic and inelastic buckling. Due to the
symmetry of the conical tanks in both pressure and geometry, only quarter of the cone is modelled and used in the
analysis.
Ten conical steel tanks are investigated in this analysis with different height, base radius and angle of inclination.
Tanks are assumed to be filled with water. Strengthened tanks with CFRP height 15% of the tank wall length from
the bottom are chosen. This height covers the buckling wave near the bottom of the tank, at which maximum
compressive meridional stresses occurs leading the tank wall to buckle. The CFRP thicknesses are considered as
a percentage from the tank wall thickness.
This study shows that the use of small-diameter CFRP strands to increase the buckling strength of hydrostatically
loaded conical steel tanks is very beneficial. Adding CFRP strands with ratios 10, 20, and 40% of the tank wall
thickness lead to increase of buckling capacity by 34, 47, 64 % and decrease of the meridional displacement at the
bottom of the tank by 17, 22 and 30 %.
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FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF STEEL-CFRP BONDED JOINTS WITH

VARIOUS NON-LINEAR TRACTION-SEPARATION LAWS
Vladimir Berka 1, Mina Dawood1
1
University of Houston, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Houston, United States of America;
(corresponding author: mmdawood@central.uh.edu)
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Modeling; Bond and interfacial stresses; Characterization of FRP and FRC
materials/systems; Non-linear adhesives; Parametric Study
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents the findings of a finite element analysis that was conducted to study the effect of various
traction-separation relationships on the behavior of CFRP-steel bonded double-lap shear coupons with thin outer
adherends. The study investigates the influences various shear traction-separation laws have on bond capacity,
bond stresses, and general interface behavior. These simulations provide a first step towards suggesting target
properties for new developments in adhesive technologies. The results may also be used to identify mixed-mode
traction-separation definitions for joints made with poorly characterized adhesives by comparing experimental
behavior to the trends identified by the parametric study. The finite element model was validated by comparison
to previously published double-lap experimental data. The parameters considered in the parametric study include
the characteristics of the peel traction-separation relationship, the shear stiffness, maximum shear strength, and
plastic and softening responses in shear and the fracture energies. The results of the parametric study are compared
to assess the influence of different parameters on the behavior of bonded joints. The results indicate that for
sufficiently low bond lengths bond capacity is influenced most by shear strength. At bond lengths exceeding the
effective bond length, the bond capacity is influenced most by shear toughness. This paper also suggests two
equations for predicting bond capacity as functions of the parameters of a traction-separation formulation at low
and high bond lengths.
(a) Vary Ksoft, df, G (b)Vary Ke, Ksoft, (c) Vary max, Ke, G
(d) Vary df, G (e) Vary max, df, G (f) Vary Ke, max, Ksoft, df
Figure 1: Various shear traction-separation curves studied
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SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY (SMA) STRIPS FOR FATIGUE STRENGTHENING OF

CRACKED STEEL PLATES
M.R. Izadi 1, 2, E. Ghafoori 1,3, M. Motavalli 1, 2, S. Maalek 2, A. Hosseini 1, 4
1
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
(corresponding author: Mohammadreza.izadi@empa.ch);
2
University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran;
3
Smart Structures Laboratory, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Melbourne, Australia
4
Resilient Steel Structures Laboratory, EPFL, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland.
KeyWords:
Iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA); Steel strengthening; Fatigue; Shape memory effect
(SME); Prestressing.
ABSTRACT:
This paper aims to show the feasibility of application of iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA) for fatigue
strengthening of steel plates. The effectiveness of the proposed retrofit system was also compared with that of
prestressed carbon-fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) system. The Fe-SMAs are smart materials that can be self-
prestressed via using their so-called shape memory effect (SME) characteristics. In this study, the Fe-SMA strips
are anchored to the steel plates using a mechanical anchorage system (see Figure 1). The SME in the Fe-SMAs is
activated when the material is heated up to a characteristic temperature. Two precracked steel plates with different
Fe-SMA strengthening schemes were prepared. Additionally, a precracked steel plate without strengthening served
as a reference specimen. Fatigue tests were then performed on the SMA-strengthened steel plates. All specimens
were subjected to a cyclic loading with a stress range of 75 MPa and a load ratio of 0.2. It was observed that the
fatigue life of the steel plates enhanced substantially by using the Fe-SMA strips (see Table 1). The
activated/prestressed Fe-SMA strips apply a compressive stress to the critical cracked detail in the steel plate,
which decreases the tension stress at the crack tip and resulting in an increased fatigue life of the steel plates. The
results of the tests were compared with the existing tests results on CFRP strengthening of steel plates.
Table 1. Specimen description.

Specimens. SMA strip width (mm)1 Strengthening type Schematic cross-sections
S1 N/A Reference, no strengthening
S2 46.7 activated, double-side
S3 105 activated, double-side
1All Fe-SMA strips had a thickness of 1.5 mm.
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Precracked
steel plate
Holes for
clip gage
MTS clip-on Notch
extensometer
Fe-SMA
strip
Strain
gauge
Figure 1: Fatigue loading test setup.
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APPLICATION OF PRE-STRESSED UN-BONDED CFRP FOR STRENGTHENING

OF METALLIC STRUCTURES
E. Ghafoori 1,2, A. Hosseini 1, 3, E. Pellissier 4, M. Hueppi 4, M. Motavalli 1, 5
1
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
(corresponding author: elyas.ghafoori@empa.ch);
2
Smart Structures Laboratory, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Melbourne, Australia
3
Resilient Steel Structures Laboratory, EPFL, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland
4
S&P Clever Reinforcement Company AG, Switzerland;
5
University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
KEYWORDS:
Carbon Fiber-reinforced Polymer (CFRP), Steel strengthening, Fatigue, Prestressing, Bonded,

Pre-stressed Un-bonded Reinforcement.
ABSTRACT:
Application of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites for retrofitting reinforced concrete structures
has been extensively investigated and used in practice. Many studies demonstrated the beneficial influence of such
composite materials for the flexural and shear strengthening of concrete girders, as well as for confinement of
concrete columns. However, the strengthening techniques and the accompanying theories for metallic structures
have not been developed as thoroughly as those for concrete structures. There are several differences between the
behavior of bonded joints in CFRP-strengthened concrete and metallic members, which will be briefly explained
in this paper. Furthermore, one of the main aims of the paper is to give an overview on different techniques for
carbon-fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthening of steel plates and beams. Different bonded and un-bonded
retrofit systems will be discussed with particular focus on application of pre-stressed un-bonded retrofit (PUR)
systems. Furthermore, some details about design and testing procedure of a new so called flat PUR (FPUR) system
will be given (see Figure 1.a and 1.b). Finally, the paper gives some details about CFRP strengthening and wireless
sensor monitoring of two old metallic bridges in Switzerland and Australia.
Cylinder
housing
M16 rod
Connection plate
M12 bolt
120 kN hollow
plunger cylinder
(a)
(b)
Figure 1. The FPUR system: (a) installation of the prestressing system and applying the required prestressing
level; (b) fastening the movable clamp and removing the prestressing system.
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INCREASING THE REMAINING FATIGUE SERVICE LIFE OF STEEL

STRUCTURES USING ADHESIVELY BONDED COMPOSITES - DESIGN
APPROACH DEVELOPED IN FASSTBRIDGE
Mazen Wahbeh , Rami Boundouki1, Mark Weidemueller2, Sylvain Chataigner3, Elena Martín4, Luis Sopeña4
1
1
Alta Vista Solutions, California, USA; 2 Institution, Leonhardt, Andrä und Partner Beratende Ingenieure VBI
AG (LAP), Berlin, Germany; 3 Institut francais des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'amenagement
et des reseaux (IFSTTAR), Bouguenais, France; 4 Dragados S.A., Madrid, Spain
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Experimental study ; Codes, standards and design guidelines; Characterization of FRP
ABSTRACT:
Steel bridges present frequent fatigue problems that reduce their load-carrying capacity and residual life. The
increase of traffic flows and loads in the last decades has enhanced this problem, especially on ageing structures.
The mainstream method to strengthen steel bridges, the attachment of steel plates to the tension flange of the
girders, has several disadvantages: plates are usually bulky, heavy, difficult to fix and prone to corrosion and
fatigue. In general, conventional strengthening techniques are labour intensive and highly disruptive to traffic
flows.
Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) composites, though more expensive than steel plates (price per
unit/m2), have relevant advantages for the retrofitting of steel bridges: their application is less time
consuming/traffic disruptive than traditional solutions (i.e. from 1 month to a few days).
The overall objective of FASSTbridge is to develop and demonstrate a reliable preventive, cost-effective and
sustainable solution for steel bridges life-time extension at a pre-failure scenario which enables a drastic reduction
of the economic and environmental costs of ownership of the steel bridges stock in Europe and the USA.
This paper will present the developed assessment tool used to determine the remaining fatigue life of steel
structures. It will then introduce the design of reinforcement in fatigue using adhesively bonded CFRP and the
way to assess the gain in service life using this methodology.
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SMALL-DIAMETER CFRP SHEAR STRENGTHENING SYSTEM FOR STEEL

BRIDGE GIRDERS
Hamid Kazem1, Ye Zhang 1, Sami Rizkalla 1, Rudolf Seracino 1, Akira Kobayashi2
1
North Carolina State University, Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Raleigh,
NC, USA
2
Nippon Steel & Sumikin Material Co., Ltd, Composites Company, Japan
(Corresponding Author: Hamid Kazem, Email Address: hkazem@ncsu.edu)
KEYWORDS:
Strengthening and repair; Experimental study; Bond and interfacial stresses; Small-diameter CFRP; Steel
ABSTRACT:
This paper summarizes the findings of a comprehensive research program, including experimental and analytical
studies undertaken to examine the use of small-diameter Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) strands for
shear strengthening of steel structures and bridges. The small-diameter CFRP strands are stitched together with a
gap between the strands to allow each strand to be completely covered by the adhesive material. Most of the current
research findings on the use of CFRP laminate revealed failure due to debonding. However, the small-diameter
CFRP strands have showed high bonding characteristics. The experimental program first examined the proposed
strengthening system to increase the buckling capacity of steel plates. The research then continued to examine the
same strengthening system for increasing the shear capacity of steel plate by subjecting a steel plate to pure shear
loading conditions. The research extended to testing a large-scale beam using the same strengthening system to
verify the performance. The effectiveness of the strengthening system was investigated by varying various
parameters believed to affect the behaviour including different CFRP orientation and reinforcement ratio. Research
findings indicated that the proposed system is effective for shear strengthening of steel structures and the proposed
material used eliminated the typical debonding failure mode, commonly observed for strengthening systems using
CFRP laminates.
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July 17-19, 2018
BUCKLING BEHAVIOR OF STEEL COLUMNS STRENGTHENED BY PRE-

STRESSED (PS) CFRP LAMINATES
L.L. Hu, P. Feng, H.L. Qiang and Y.C. Zou
Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Safety and Durability of China Education Ministry, Department of Civil
Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. Email: fengpeng@tsinghua.edu.cn.
ABSTRACT
New strengthening method with a novel pre-stressing system, which anchors pre-stressed (PS) CFRP laminates
at the ends of the steel column without a machine (e.g. hydraulic jack), represents promising strengthening
efficiency and convenience. Specifically, the PS CFRP laminates and the pre-stressing system can act as lateral
supports of the long steel column against overall buckling. Based on it, a long steel column strengthened by PS
CFRP laminates and a control specimen are investigated in this study using axial compression tests. As a result,
the buckling load of the strengthened specimen is 2.41 times as that of the un-strengthened specimen, and their
failure mode is overall buckling. The change of convex and concave PS CFRP laminates during loading has also
been obtained, which helps to understand the theory of this strengthening method.
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July 17-19, 2018
LARGE-SCALE SPACE FRAMES ASSEMBLED USING GFRP COMPOSITES

AND ALUMINUM NODAL JOINTS
Lei Zhang 1, Yu Bai 2, Run Guo 1, and Jiawen Mao 1
1
School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, Email: yu.bai@monash.edu
KEYWORDS
Fibre reinforced polymer, space frame, aluminum connector, space nodal joint, mechanical performance
ABSTRACT
Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites have superior properties such as light weight and corrosion
resistance. However, they exhibit relative lower elastic modulus, lower shear strength and poor ductility in
comparison to steel. A space frame assembled using GFRP structural members may be a solution, in which the
GFRP members are mainly subjected to axial load rather than shear. Space frame structures can provide acceptable
stiffness at the structural level. Furthermore, the loss of axial stiffness of buckled GFRP members in compression
or the failure of metal connections may provide large nonlinear structural deformation similar as structural
ductility. This paper presents experimental studies on mechanical performances of large-scale space frame
assembled using circular hollow section GFRP composites and aluminum nodal joints. The two ends of the GFRP
members were adhesively bonded with specific aluminum connectors to form one structural member and then such
structural members were interconnected via aluminum space nodal joints by bolted connections. Subsequently, the
built-up space frame (4.80 m length × 4.80 m width × 1.13 m height) was tested in static load and the mechanical
performances were investigated and evaluated. It was found that the proposed space frame structure demonstrated
satisfactory structural stiffness and load carrying capacity and large nonlinear deformation (i.e. overall structural
ductility) through the failure of the aluminum connectors and the space nodal joints.
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July 17-19, 2018
A LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS APPROACH APPLIED TO THE STRENGTHENING OF

STEEL BRIDGES
A. Orcesi 1, A. Feraille 2 and S. Chataigner 3
1
University Paris-Est, IFSTTAR, MAST EMGCU, Marne la Vallée France. e-mail: andre.orcesi@ifsttar.fr
2
Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier (UMR 8205), Marne-la-Vallée, France.
3
IFSTTAR, MAST SMC, Allée des Ponts et Chaussées, Nantes, France.
KEYWORDS
Strengthening and repair, CFRP, Life Cycle Cost, Life Cycle Analysis.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents some results obtained in the Infravation research project called “Fast and effective solution
for steel bridges life-time extension” (FASSTbridge). The aim of this project is to develop and demonstrate a
reliable, preventive, cost-effective and sustainable solution for steel bridges fatigue life-time extension.
Original sustainable preventive strengthening techniques will be tested to help postpone difficult, resource-
consuming and costly retrofitting and repair interventions and demolitions of the steel and composite steel bridges
stock. This paper addresses the definition of the needed data and the methodology for the realization of an actual
cost-benefit analysis and a life cycle analysis of the CFRP solution compared with traditional techniques (use of
steel plates) to extend the service life of steel bridges, and considering the economic and environmental profit of
the preventing policy.
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Strengthening of concrete structures
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CFRP STRENGTHENING OF BUBBLEDECKS WITH OPENINGS

Nazar Oukaili1 and Hammad Merie 2
1
University of Baghdad, Civil Engineering Department, Baghdad, Iraq; 2 University of Kirkuk, Civil
Engineering Department, Kirkuk, Iraq (corresponding author: dr_nazar12000@yahoo.com)
KEYWORDS:
Strengthening; Experimental study; Codes, standards and design guidelines; BubbleDeck; Punching shear.
ABSTRACT:
The critical problem in the design of concrete BubbleDeck is the concentration of shear stresses around the column-
slab connection which can cause abrupt punching shear failure at load far below the slab flexural capacity. In
BubbleDeck there is often a need to install new services that required creation of opening in the vicinity of
columns. The existence of the opening take away part of the volume of concrete responsible for resisting shear
forces and unbalanced moments, which in turn further reduces the punching shear capacity of the slab–column
connection. Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) have been increasingly studied for their application in the
flexural or shear strengthening of reinforced concrete members due to the substantial increase in strength which
have been achieved. In this study an experimental study for nine two-way BubbleDecks of (2000x2000x230) mm
dimensions with sphere diameter of (180) mm was conducted. The slab is designed as simply supported along four
edges. The main objective of the study is to investigate the punching shear performance of the concrete
BubbleDeck slab with opening which strengthened by CFRP sheets. Parameters which were considered are the
size, position and distance of opening from column and the effective scheme of strengthening with CFRP sheet.
The location of bubbles is inside the critical section, where the critical section is considered to be (2d) from the
face of column according to Euro-Code, where (d) is the effective slab depth. The CFRP sheets were applied
around opening in two layers with width equals to opening dimension (Figure 1). All specimens were subjected to
static point loads which increased monotonically up to failure. The test results showed that, there is an
improvement for the ultimate strength capacity and service load by (22%-30%) compared with the same slabs but
without strengthening. On the other hand, due to increasing the stiffness of member by using CFRP sheets, it was
noticed that at the same load level the value of deflection decreased by (15-25%), the steel strain reduced by (22-
36%) and the concrete compressive strain reduced by (12-20%). Generally, using CFRP sheets for strengthening
BubbleDecks with openings lead to significant improvement of the punching shear capacity
Figure 1: Experimental specimens and strengthening schemes
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FLEXURAL DEFORMATION CAPACITY OF FRP-CONFINED CONCRETE

COLUMNS
N. Hany 1 and M. Harajli 2
1 American University of Beirut, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Beirut, Lebanon,
Email: nh119@aub.edu.lb
2 American University of Beirut, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Beirut, Lebanon.
KEYWORDS
Strengthening and repair, Structure, Seismic applications, FRP jacketing, FRP anchors.
ABSTRACT
Confining concrete columns with external fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) jackets is a widely used technique for
strengthening and repairing existing columns. One important practical application of FRP confinement is in
strengthening the plastic hinge region of reinforced concrete (RC) columns or bridge piers to allow them to sustain
larger lateral load and deformation capacities when subjected to strong earthquake ground motions. This study
focuses on analytical investigation of the flexural deformation of concrete columns when confined externally with
FRP reinforcement. Confinement is provided within the plastic hinge region as either externally-bonded FRP
sheets or as a combination of FRP sheets and transverse FRP anchors. The columns flexural capacity is evaluated
using moment-curvature (M-𝜙) response of the critical column section. The axial compression stress-strain
properties of confined concrete are defined according to an experimentally generated empirical model which was
proposed earlier by the authors accounting for the effect of external FRP sheets and FRP anchors. The effects of
different design parameters on the M-𝜙 response are investigated. These parameters include the confinement
level, presence or absence of FRP anchors, axial load level, and ratio of column longitudinal steel reinforcement.
The results clearly show that confining the plastic hinge region with FRP sheets or with a combination of FRP
sheets and FRP anchors leads to substantial improvement in the M-𝜙 response indicating an improved flexural
deformation capacity of the columns.
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STOCHASTIC INVERSE APPROACH FOR DURABILITY OF CFRP-CONFINED

CONCRETE
Yongcheng Ji 1, Troy Butler 2 and Yail J. Kim 3
1
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, USA
2
Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, USA
3
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, USA, Email: jimmy.kim@ucdenver.edu
KEYWORDS
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), confinement, inverse problem, modeling, sulfuric acid, stochastic,
strengthening.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a two-fold research program to investigate the durability of concrete confined with carbon
fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets in an acidic environment. The first is concerned with a laboratory
experiment to evaluate the axial behavior of concrete with and without CFRP-confinement subjected to sulfuric
acid (H2SO4 at a 5% concentration) for six weeks. Unconfined concrete cylinders show a marked strength reduction
due to the chemical interaction with H2SO4; however, those with CFRP reveal improved axial responses with a
relatively low strength decrease. The second part of the research focuses on developing a mathematical model to
predict the experimental behavior of the CFRP-confined concrete and on calibrating design parameters in ordinary
and acidic service environments. The model formulation is based on measure theory, which is implemented by a
Python-based simulation program. Test results reveal that sulfuric acid degrades the properties of CFRP. Although
the load-carrying capacity of CFRP-confined concrete is reduced by the acid exposure, the capacity is 423% higher
than that of plain concrete. The empirical constants of ACI440.2R-17 are assessed and a proposal is made to
improve the accuracy of model prediction.
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AXIAL COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR OF CFFT COLUMNS WITHOUT AND WITH

STEEL FIBRES
Qasim S. Khan 1, Joshua C. Tinker 2, M. Neaz Sheikh 3 and Muhammad N. S. Hadi 3
1
PhD, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia; Assistant
Professor, Civil Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
(qasimkhan@uet.edu.pk; qsk991@uowmail.edu.au);
2
B.Sc. Student, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia;
3
Associate Professor, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong,
Australia
ABSTRACT
The Concrete Filled Fibre Reinforced Polymer Tube (CFFT) column has emerged as an attractive practical
substitute of traditional steel bar Reinforced Concrete (RC) column in harsh, aggressive environments where
corrosion of steel reinforcement is the key concern. This experimental study investigates the axial compressive
behaviour of RC columns and CFFT columns without and with steel fibres. A total of six columns of 200 – 206
mm diameter and 800 – 812 mm height including an RC column without steel fibres (SR-0), an RC column
reinforced with 2% by volume of steel fibres (SR-2.0), a Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) CFFT column
without steel fibres (CT-0), a CFRP CFFT column reinforced with 2% by volume of steel fibres (CT-2.0), a Glass
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) CFFT column without steel fibres (GT-0) and a GFRP CFFT column reinforced
with 2% by volume of steel fibres (GT-2.0). The axial load-axial deformation (P-δ) behaviour of tested columns
showed that CFFT columns without steel fibres carried higher axial loads than RC columns without steel fibres.
Similarly, CFFT columns with steel fibres carried higher axial loads than RC columns with steel fibres due to the
higher circumferential confinement provided by Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) tubes than steel helix. However,
RC columns without and with steel fibres exhibited higher axial deformations than CFFT columns without and
with steel fibres as FRP reinforcement is a linear elastic material and exhibits a brittle failure. The addition of steel
fibres resulted in higher axial loads and higher axial deformations for RC columns with steel fibres than for RC
columns without steel fibres, as steel fibres provided the confinement to the concrete and reduced the crack
propagation in concrete. The CFFT columns with steel fibres exhibited higher axial loads and resulted in a less
brittle failure than CFFT columns without steel fibres. However, the CFFT columns with steel fibres exhibited
lower deformations than CFFT columns without steel fibres.
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CONFINING CONCRETE COLUMNS WITH BASALT FIBRE TEXTILE

REINFORCED ECC
Y. Zhuge1; A.N. AL-Gemeel1
1
School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Experimental study ; FRC and cement composite materials; Engineering cementitious
composite (ECC); TRM.
ABSTRACT:
Confining concrete structures with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) is proven to be an efficient technique in
improving the dilation and axial strength of concrete columns. However a few draw backs of using FRP, such as
brittleness of FRP sheet and poor performance of the material at high temperatures, have been found in recently
year. This paper presents a feasibility investigation on a newly developed strengthening system, basalt textile
reinforced engineered cementitious composite (ECC). A combination of basalt textile and ECC was used to
evaluate the effectiveness of this alternative confinement system for concrete columns. The result was compared
with other confinement methods: namely, ECC only and basalt textile reinforced mortar (TRM). All the specimens
were tested under axial load applied on concrete cores to thoroughly create lateral force that could create purely
hoop tensile strength at the confinement layer. The experimental results revealed that the new strengthening system
has significantly enhanced the load carrying capacity and ductility of concrete columns compared to the
unconfined specimens and the TRM technique. The results also showed that ECC itself could be used as a new
retrofitting material in column confinement. It was also found that, in addition to the tensile strength, the
compressive strength of confinement layer could play a major role in confinement effectiveness. A considerable
expansion in vertical direction was observed at mid-height of specimens indicating that the presence of vertical
reinforcement in confinement layer is of interest and should be considered for more effective concrete column
confinement.
(a) basalt grid (b) casting confinement layer
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(c) demoudling confinement layer
(d) Three segment confinement layer of C-ECC-TB-OS
Figure 1 Specimens application
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ASSESSMENT OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF STEEL-REINFORCED

GROUT JACKETED CONCRETE COLUMNS
Georgia E. Thermou1,2, Iman Hajirasouliha1
1
The University of Sheffield, Civil and Structural Engineering Department, Sir Frederick Mappin Building
Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK (corresponding author: g.thermou@sheffield.ac.uk); 2Aristotle University
of Thessaloniki, Civil Eng. Department, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece (on leave)
KEYWORDS:
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; Experimental study; Characterization of FRP
and FRC materials/systems; Codes, standards and design guidelines; Steel-Reinforced Grout (SRG);
Strengthening
ABSTRACT:
Steel-Reinforced Grout (SRG) is an innovative composite system for the external repair and strengthening of
existing structures, which comprises Ultra High Tensile Strength Steel (UHTSS) textile embedded in inorganic
mortar matrix. Despite the growing number of SRG strengthening applications in practice, very limited data is
available on the efficiency of this composite system as a jacketing device for concrete confinement. This paper
presents a summary of the experimental work conducted to investigate the efficiency of Steel-Reinforced Grout
(SRG) jacketing at improving the compressive strength of concrete specimens. A wide range of SRG confined
cylindrical specimens were subjected to monotonic concentric uniaxial compression load up to failure. The test
specimens were designed to investigate the effects of different design parameters including the density of the steel
fibre reinforced fabric, the number of fabric layers, the overlap length, the binding mortar and the concrete
compressive strength. The experimental results were then used, by the help of two different statistical indices, to
assess the accuracy of existing Fiber-Reinforcement Cementitious Mortar (FRCM) confinement models from
literature to predict the compressive strength and ultimate strain of the SRG confined columns. A new confinement
model was derived by using best fit linear equations to the data of this study which satisfactorily predicts both
SRG confined strength and ultimate strain.
Figure 1: The SRG jacketing technique
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STUDY OF RECTANGULAR CONCRETE COLUMNS REINFORCED WITH

EXTERNAL FRP
Ana De Diego1, Sonia Martínez 1, Luis Echevarría 1, José Pedro Gutiérrez1
1
IETCC, CSIC. Eduardo Torroja Institute for Construction Science, Madrid, Spain
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Experimental study ; Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems; Reinforced
concrete columns; Design models
ABSTRACT:
One of the most attractive applications of FRP is the confinement of concrete columns to enhance both its strength
and ductility against axial compression loads. Concrete confinement can be achieved by bonding layers of FRP
around the column (with the longitudinal fibres oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis). So far, many
experimental studies have been conducted on circular cross-sections confined with FRP and subjected to pure axial
compressive loading. Consequently, several design models have been proposed to describe the behaviour of FRP-
confined concrete. There are two key parameters which importantly influence on the fitting of the models: the
strain efficiency factor (the ultimate strain of the FRP jacket is lower than the ultimate strain obtained by the
standard tensile test of the FRP) and the effect of confinement in non-circular sections.
The curvature of the fibres in the jacket has been identified as one of the causes of the reduced value of the effective
ultimate strain, which is particularly predominant in rectangular sections with rounded corners.
Tests on square or rectangular specimens are rather sparse, despite the greater use of these sections in building
structures. These experiments show that the confinement is less effective than in rounded sections.
The aim of this work is to show the results of an experimental program carried out in square and rectangular
specimens in order to define the tensile stress response, strength and ultimate strain of RC columns confined with
FRP composite materials.
This work is part of the Project BIA2016-80310-P, funded by AECI and FEDER, and the Project PIE-201460E049
funded by the Spanish National Research Council. FRP materials were supplied by SIKA, SAU.
Figure 1. Specimen 1_20_1
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FRP-CONFINED CONCRETE SUBJECTED TO

PARTIAL UNLOADING AND PARTIAL RELOADING
Pengda Li1, Yufei Wu 1,2, Yingwu Zhou 1, Feng Xing 1
1 2
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen China;
RMIT University, School of Engineering, Melbourne Australia; (corresponding author: pdli.peter@szu.edu.cn)
KEYWORDS:
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Modeling ; Seismic applications; Characterization of FRP and FRC
materials/systems
ABSTRACT:
Most cyclic existing stress-strain models for fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) confined concrete are applicable to
complete cyclic loading that means unloading from envelope curve and reloading from zero stress. However,
cyclic model subjected to random partial unloading and reloading patterns are rare due to the lack of sufficient
experiment tests, and the partial cyclic stress-strain relationship is still unclear. In this study, fourteen FRP confined
concrete cylinders were tested under six typical partial cyclic load patterns. The test results indicated that the rule
for partial cyclic stress-strain path are different from that of an envelope cyclic curve, and the determination of
fundamental shape factors such as reloading modulus, plastic strain, and tangent unloading modulus is related to
load history and axial compressive stress. Furthermore, only the effective partial cyclic load history can cause
accumulative damage to concrete in its following cyclic stress-strain path, and these effects are clearly reflected
in the plastic strain and reloading modules. This paper, based on the existing envelope cyclic model, presents a
stress-strain model for FRP confined concrete under random cyclic axial compression, and the proposed model is
applicable for accurately predicting different kinds of partial unloading and partial reloading with good accuracy
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CFRP REPAIRING PLAIN CONCRETE

Mariem LIMAIEM1, 2, Elhem GHORBEL 1, Oualid LIMAM 2, Julien MERCIER 3
1
Université Cergy Pontoise Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Mécanique et de Matériaux de Génie Civil, Cergy,
France, mariem.limaiem@etu.u-cergy.fr, elhem.ghorbel@u-cergy.fr ; 2 Université de Tunis El Manar, École
Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Tunis, Laboratoire de Génie Civil, Tunis, Tunisie, oualid.limam@enit.utm.tn; 3
FREYSSINET, France, julien.mercier@freyssinet.com
KEYWORDS
Composite, Carbone, resin, concrete, damage, repairing, modelling.
ABSTRACT
This research, dealt in the framework of the French project ANR MICRO, investigates the effect of concrete
confinement by a commercially available Carbone Fibre woven fabric Reinforced Epoxy Polymer CFRP through
experimental and numerical approaches. Especially, it deals with the repairing of concretes mechanically damaged
at different controlled rates.
The first part of this study is dedicated to the characterization of the epoxy resin, the woven fabric composite used
in the repairing process (mechanical characteristics) and the concrete (compressive and damage behaviours).
The second part is devoted to the experimental study of repaired damaged concrete loaded under compressive and
bending tests. Last part deals with modelling the experimental tests with finite element software CAST3M. The
elasto-plastic model of SELLIER is used for concrete and orthotropic behaviour is adopted for the composite. This
numerical approach considers a perfect adhesion between the composite and concrete.
Experimental results show that confining concrete using CFRP bidirectional 0°- 90° woven fabric allowed
enhancing mechanical performances of the concrete under compression: strength, ductility. Moreover, repairing
mechanically damaged concrete with CFRP can be an efficient solution to restore and even enhance all mechanical
aspects referring to undamaged concretes.
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MULTI-LAYER TRC-TSR INTERNAL CONFINEMENT FOR HIGH-STRENGTH

CIRCULAR REINFORCED-CONCRETE COLUMNS
Rami Eid, Avraham Cohen, Reuven Guma, Eliav Ifrah, Netanel Levi, Avidor Zvi
Department of Civil Engineering, SCE – Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer Sheva, Israel 84100
(corresponding author: ramiei@sce.ac.il)
KEYWORDS:
Experimental study; FRP internal reinforcement; Codes, standards and design guidelines; High-strength concrete;
Textile-reinforced concrete
ABSTRACT:
The use of high-strength concrete (HSC) is continuously increasing due to its mechanical and durability advantages
over normal-strength concrete (NSC). In high-rise buildings, HSC can reduce the dimensions of the lower-stories
columns, which makes it a more cost-effective choice for builders than NSC. Studies have shown, however, that
HSC is more brittle in compression than NSC and that the confinement provided to HSC is less effective than in
NSC. Therefore, a greater confinement level is required for columns made from higher strength concrete to achieve
similar strength and ductility enhancements. This behaviour is the main obstacle to HSC's widespread use.
Furthermore, the conventional transverse steel reinforcement (TSR) confinement required by the international
standards for HSC columns not designated as part of the seismic-force-resisting system (SFRS) are relatively high.
These requirements results in large amounts of hoops or spirals that are not feasible from construction aspects
especially for large diameter columns typically located at the lower stories of high-rise buildings. This paper
attempts to tackle the latter obstacle and proposes a new construction method using textile-reinforced concrete
(TRC) and conventional transverse steel reinforcement (TSR) as two internal confinement layers. The textile used
is made from unidirectional carbon fibres similar to that used in textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) or fibre-
reinforced polymer (FRP). A test program is designed to examine the axial compressive behaviour of 250 mm
diameter and 750 mm height HSC columns containing dual TRC-TSR internal confinement. Moreover, carbon
FRP tubes were constructed and used as external confinement for several columns to compare with the
conventional (only TSR) and with the new method (TRC-TSR) results. The axial capacity as well as the ductility
behaviour of the tested columns are discussed in the paper. The results of this study (Figure 1) gives an insight on
a new method for constructing HSC columns in high-rise buildings with reduced and therefore more practical
amounts of the TSR compared to those required by the standards.
400
S1.4(10-95)T1E
300
Axial load (ton)
S2.3(12-85)T/F0
200
100
S0T3E
0
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
Axial strain (mm/mm)
Figure 1: Axial load versus axial strain for TRC-TSR specimens
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BEHAVIOUR OF CFRP WRAPPED REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS

UNDER UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION
Asad-ur-Rehman Khan1, Shamsoon Fareed1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
KEYWORDS:
CFRP, Concrete, Confinement, Strengthening, Retroffitting
ABSTRACT:
The structural resistance and stability provided by the supporting columns under different loading conditions plays
a vital role in determining the overall performance of the structure. Thus, any deficiency caused to the columns
may affect the smooth operation of the supporting members and in turn the structure itself, therefore, it is important
that the columns should provide adequate strength (for which it is design) throughout its operational life. However,
it has been observed that due to improper design, alteration in purpose of use of structure (very common in mega
cities) and deficiency caused due to earthquake, blast and impacts in structural members and as a result in the
structure these columns can possibly be subjected to loads which have higher magnitude compared to its design
loads. Due to these deficiencies, columns are retrofitted and/or strengthened in order to ensure that the structure
can provide a certain level of resilience under different loading conditions during its design life. In this study, an
experimental investigation was carried out to assess the behaviour of CFRP wrapped reinforced concrete columns
under uniaxial compressive loads. For this purpose, ten specimens having rectangular cross-section of 6//×12// and
a height of 24// were tested. The specimens having nominal compressive strength of 21 MPa (typically used
concrete strength in construction industry of Pakistan) and reinforced with both longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement were investigated. These specimens were wrapped with three different CFRP wrapping techniques
which include: (i) wrapped along the full height of the specimen, (ii) wrapped along the two-third height of the
specimen and (iii) strip wrapping along the full height. Based on the experimental investigation carried in this
study, it was found that the reinforced concrete specimens fully wrapped with CFRP exhibited higher peak load
values as compared to other specimens and specimen failed due to the CFRP rupture and the crushing of concrete
cover.
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AXIAL COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR OF HYBRID FRP CONFINED CONCRETE

Filipe Ribeiro1, José Sena-Cruz 2, Eduardo Júlio 1, Fernando Branco 3
1
CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; 2 ISISE, Department of Civil
Engineering, University of Minho, Portugal; 3 ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra,
Coimbra, Portugal (corresponding author: jsena@civil.uminho.pt)
KEYWORDS:
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; hybrid effect, pseudo-ductility, confinement
ABSTRACT:
Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP) composites can be effectively used as passive confinement system of concrete
columns. Regarding to this option, however, two main drawbacks can be pointed out: (i) in several cases the
ultimate lateral strain in the confinement is significantly lower than the tensile strain at failure of the composite,
and (ii) the conventional composites experience brittle failure, in an explosive manner in the case of confined
concrete without warning which, associated with insufficient residual integrity, requires conservative design.
In this context, unidirectional hybrid FRP composites can be seen as an alternative to traditional FRP composites,
since they present pseudo-ductile tensile response - a mechanical non-linear behaviour characterized by flat-topped
tensile stress strain curve. However, none of the constituents of the hybrid composites show plastic deformation.
Usually, hybrid FRP composites consist of two types of fibres, namely low strain (LS) and high strain (HS) fibres,
within the same polymeric matrix. In addition to pseudo-ductility, hybridisation, promotes synergies between the
involved reinforcing materials conducting to the increase of the apparent failure strain of LS fibres. This increase
in the strain of LS fibres can goes up to 50%, e.g. (Ribeiro et al. 2018, Swolfs, Gorbatikh and Verpoest 2014)),
being described in the literature as “hybrid effect”.
The aim of this research is to assess the performance of 10 different unidirectional (UD) interlayer hybrid
composite combinations on the confinement of small-scale plain concrete columns, exploiting the hybrid effect
and pseudo-ductility provided by these materials. It is demonstrated that hybrid effect can maximize the lateral
strain efficiency of FRP. Furthermore, an analysis-oriented model is developed to hybrid FRP-confined concrete
by modifying the calculation method of the confining pressure in the analysis-oriented model presented in
bibliography.
In the present work, a total of 30 hybrid FRP-confined specimens were prepared and tested under monotonic
uniaxial compression. Each specimen was 150 mm in diameter and 300 mm in height, as shown in Figure 1.
Symmetrical hybrid FRP combinations of 3 and 5 layers were applied as confining material. Different
combinations of the following dry unidirectional fabric materials were adopted in materialization of confining
systems of concrete cylinders under axial loading: high-modulus carbon (CHM), standard carbon (C) and E-glass
(G).
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LVDT2 LVDT2
150 SG2
LVDT 1
LVDT 3
SG1
SG1
150 mm 150 mm
Strain concrete
overlap overlap
gauges Steel LVDT1 LVDT1
300
disc SG2 SG3
Specimen
Specimen
hybrid SG5
composite SG3
LVDT3 SG4 LVDT3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 6: Axial compressive test: (a) illustration of the test; (b) geometry of specimen (dimensions in mm);
(c) layers position, LVDT and strain gauge arrangement for confining systems with 3 layers and (d) layers
position, LVDT and strain gauge arrangement for confining systems with 5 layers.
In general, the relationship between and uniaxial strain and stress follows approximately a bilinear law, where the
slope of the first branch primarily depends on the properties of plain concrete, whereas the slope of the hardening
branch is determined by the confining pressures induce by the confining system. This initial phase is similar for
all the combinations. From approximately the point corresponding to the theoretical peak of plain concrete (fc0,
εc0). The different applied confining materials induce different confining pressures which leads to FRP-confined
concretes exhibit different trends after fc0, εc0 point. In two cases, in which pseudo-ductile behaviour of the hybrid
FRP occurred (2G/1CHM/G and 1G/1CHM/1G) a flat-topped stress-strain curve is observed, as shown in Figure
2. In the same figure the number before letters in series ID shows the number of layers.
(a) (b)
Figure 7: Stress–strain curves of CHM/G combinations: experimental versus predicted values: (a)
2G/1CHM/2G and (b) 1G/1CHM/1G.
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A STUDY ON FRP-CONFINED CONCRETE IN PRESENCE OF DIFFERENT PRE-

LOAD LEVELS
Francesco Micelli 1, Alessio Cascardi 1, Maria Antonietta Aiello 1
1
University of Salento, Department of Innovation Engineering, Lecce – Italy
KEYWORDS
Strengthening and repair; Confinement; Experimental study; Concrete; FRP.
ABSTRACT
The application of external confinement of concrete columns by using Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRPs)
composites has been widely studied and recognized as an effective technology. The most part of the experimental
studies that were conducted are related to columns that were confined without a pre-loading condition, which is
the most common situation that is met in the field. In order to increase the knowledge, this research illustrates and
discusses the experimental results that were obtained by testing concrete cylinders that were confined with Carbon
FRP (CFRP) unidirectional sheets at five different pre-loading levels. The concrete cylinders were prepared and
poured at the same time in order to minimize difference in the starting properties of the concrete core. Five
specimens were prepared for each pre-load level. Thus, 25 concrete specimens having a diameter of 100 mm
diameter and height of 200 mm have been tested. In detail, 5 coupons were unconfined (“U”); 5 were CFRP-
confined with null pre-load level (“P0”); and three sets of 5 specimens, named “P20”, “P50” and “P80”, were
FRP-confined during the application of a pre-load level equal to 20%, 50% and 80% of the ultimate unconfined
concrete compressive strength, respectively.
The experimental results revealed the different mechanical response depending of the pre-damage state of the
cylinders corresponding to different pre-load levels. Until a pre-load level of 20% the effects can be considered
almost negligible, while for higher pre-load levels (50% and 80%) it is remarkable to consider the loss of
mechanical properties respect to an ideal un-loaded configuration. The paper will discuss all the aspects related to
the experimental results, also showing an analytical procedure to take into account the effects of the pre-loading
conditions.
Figure 1: Detail of the specimens after testing: P0, P20, P50 and P80 from top to bottom.
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MINERAL COMPOSITE AS A SUSTAINABLE BONDING ALTERNATE TO

BENEFIT CFRP RETROFIT
Raghavendra Vasudeva Upadhyaya1, T.G. Suntharavadivel2, Kai Duan3
1
CQ University, Department of Civil Engineering, Rockhampton, Australia;
2
CQ University, Department of Civil Engineering, Rockhampton, Australia;
3
CQ University, Department of Civil Engineering, Rockhampton, Australia
KEYWORDS:
Strengthening and repair; Experimental study ; FRC and cement composite materials; Eco-composite & bio-
sourced composite materials ; rehabilitation of damaged concrete; Mineral based composites.
ABSTRACT:
Structural strengthening for damaged concrete structures is a growing concern for the last few decades as
demolition and re-construction involve huge monetary investments and time concerns. In some cases, it may not
even be necessary as the operational life of a structure may be extended by various other rehabilitation procedures.
This paper deals with the experimental evaluation of carbon and glass fibre retrofit methods applied to various
levels of concrete damage using an alternative sustainable bonder. Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) retrofit is a
popular rehabilitation technique that can increase the life expectancy of any structure by providing additional
strength to the damaged concrete section. The conventional way of imposing the fibre sheet to the structure is by
using epoxy resin as a bonding agent. Few scientists have studied the effects if epoxy on human intervention and
found to have severe health impacts. Literature study suggests a few drawbacks of working with epoxy and impacts
due to toxic emissions from the resin at high temperatures. It is time, that the world is switching over to
sustainability and engineering scholars are working on a special admixture that could possibly replace epoxy.
Mineral based bonding admixture is a recent development and found to be performing well for FRP retrofits. The
main objective of this study is to develop a mineral admixture that could behave similar to epoxy but sustainable
enough. Therefore, the mechanical properties of cement-based bonder that has been presented in the study are
compared to that of epoxy. Moreover, two different FRP materials have also been subjected to analysis to compare
and contrast the suitability of mineral bonder. The standard error calculation at the end of experimental
investigation provides us with the necessary range of accuracy over various levels of induced damaged in the tested
specimens. It was clearly distinguished that mineral based admixture performs slightly better than harmful epoxy
as the probability of failure accumulates and is definitely a possible FRP bonding replacement.
Figure 1 : Type of failure in epoxy and MBC retrofitted CFRP specimens
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BEHAVIOUR OF CFRP CONFINED RC SQUARE COLUMNS UNDER ECCENTRIC

COMPRESSIVE LOADING
Faiz U.A. Shaikh*, Reza Alishahi and Prabir K. Sarker
School of Civil and Mechanical engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box: U1987, Perth, WA6845, Australia.
(*Corresponding author Email: s.ahmed@curtin.edu.au)
KEYWORDS:
CFRP, Columns, eccentricity, strengthening, failure behaviour, compression load.
ABSTRACT:
A considerable number of reinforced concrete columns in various structures are square or rectangular cross
sections and also undergoes eccentric compressive loading condition during their service life. This type of loading
could emerge due to various reasons including construction error, etc. Lots of studies present the behaviour of
carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) confined RC columns under concentric loading where most of the
columns are of circular cross-section. Considering the fact that there are few experimental studies in the literature
on the behaviour of reinforced concrete columns with square cross section under eccentric static loading
conditions; this study evaluates the behaviour of such CFRP confined columns under different eccentricities. In
total 14 columns are tested. Dimensions of all columns are 175x175x800 mm with 20mm rounded corners.
Parameters considered in this study are number of CFRP layers (e.g. 1, 2 and 3 layers) and eccentricities (e.g. 25,
35 and 50mm) of the applied Load. Behaviour of columns are reported based on load carrying capacity, axial
strain, hoop strain and lateral deflection that they endured. Results indicate that eccentrically loaded CFRP
confined columns could undergo higher loads and higher ductility compared to reference columns.
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COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE COLUMNS AXIALLY-LOADED

BEFORE CFRP-WRAPPING. REMARKS BY EXPERIMENTAL-NUMERICAL
INVESTIGATION.
Marco Filippo Ferrotto , Oliver Fischer2, Roland Niedermeier2, Liborio Cavaleri1
1
1
University of Palermo, Department of Civil, Environmental, Aerospace, Material Engineering, Palermo, Italy ;
2
Technical University of Munich, Department of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Munich, Germany;
(corresponding author: marcofilippo.ferrotto@unipa.it)
KEYWORDS
Strengthening and repair; Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems; Experimental study; Modeling;
ABSTRACT:
Strengthening of existing concrete columns with Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) results generally in a
satisfactory structural member improvement in terms of load and strain capacity. A reliable prediction of the
capacity obtained by these reinforcement strategies requests a proper knowledge of the load-strain response of the
confined concrete elements. However, so far, the available design methods and technical codes do not consider
the effect of the possible presence of service loads at the moment of application of the reinforcement, and therefore,
the compressive behavior of the concrete confined under preload is still unclear.
In this paper, the effect of sustained loads on the compressive behavior of concrete columns CFRP-confined while
preloaded is analyzed. Experimental tests were performed on circular concrete columns confined under low,
medium and high preload levels before wrapping ad subsequently loaded until failure, observing the differences
respect to the standard compressive stress-strain response of FRP-confined concrete. A finite element (FE) model
is also developed by using ABAQUS software to simulate the physical scheme of the experimental tests. The
accuracy of the model is validated through comparing with the experimental results.
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STUB COLUMN TESTS OF FRP-CONFINED RUBBER CONCRETE WITH

VARIOUS REPLACEMENT RATIOS
Chun-Wa Chan1, Shi-Shun Zhang2, Tao Yu3
1
School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences,
University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
2
School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei,
China, 430074
(shishun@hust.edu.cn)
3
School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences,
University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
(taoy@uow.edu.au)
KEYWORDS
Waste tyre; Rubber particle; rubber concrete; FRP; confinement
ABSTRACT
The practical application of rubber concrete has so far been mainly limited to non-structural use due to its
disadvantages induced by the rubber particles, such as the relatively low compressive strength and early cracking.
One effective way to overcome the detrimental effects of these disadvantages is to use fibre reinforced polymer
(FRP) as an external confining device to confine the concrete. In this paper, results from a series of stub column
tests on FRP-confined rubber concrete with various replacement ratios are presented. The test results confirmed
that the FRP confinement is effective in improving the strength and ductility of rubber concrete, and that the
replacement ratio has a smaller effect on the strength of FRP-confined concrete than on the unconfined concrete.
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BEHAVIOUR OF FRP-CONFINED RUBBERISED CONCRETE: AN

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
Samar Raffoul 1, Reyes Garcia 1, David Escolano-Margarit 1, Maurizio Guadagnini 1, Iman Hajirasouliha 1,
Kypros Pilakoutas 1
1
Dept. of Civil and Structural Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Mappin
Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK (corresponding author: r.garcia@sheffield.ac.uk)
KEYWORDS :
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; Experimental study ; Seismic applications;
Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems
ABSTRACT:
An estimated one billion tyres are discarded every year after reaching their service life. Many of such tyres are
disposed of in landfills or incinerated as fuel, causing health, environmental and economic hazards. To reduce
these hazards, previous research has investigated the use of end-of-life tyre rubber to partially replace concrete
aggregates. Compared to conventional concrete, rubberised concrete is less workable and has lower compressive
strength, and it is therefore mainly used in non-structural/low-strength applications. Nonetheless, recycled tyre
rubber can offer excellent strength, durability and flexibility that could be exploited in different construction
applications. To examine the potential use of high rubber contents of tyre rubber in concrete, the Anagennisi
project developed innovative concrete applications with reduced environmental impact.
This paper examines the use of externally bonded Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) jackets to develop a novel
highly-deformable FRP Confined Rubberised Concrete (FRP CRuC), see Figure 1. Sixty rubberised concrete
(RuC) cylinders were tested in axial compression. The cylinders were produced using recycled tyre rubber to
replace i) 0–100% fine or coarse aggregate volume or ii) a replacement of 40% or 60% of the total aggregate
volume. Six cylinders of the latter mix were then confined with two or three layers of Aramid FRP sheets. The
results indicate that the use of high rubber contents in concrete lead to premature microcracking and lateral
expansion, the latter of which can be used to activate the FRP confinement earlier and achieve higher confinement
effectiveness. The FRP CRuC cylinders reached compressive strengths of up to 75.0 MPa and ultimate axial strains
up to 5%, i.e. about fourteen times larger than those of normal concrete (0.35%). Such novel high-strength, highly-
deformable CRuC is of great value to engineers and can be used for structural applications where large
deformability is required, such as plastic hinges of bridges and buildings located in seismic zones.
Figure 1 : AFRP CRuC during testing
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RETROFITTING OF BRIDGE GIRDER WITH CFRP

Anees Muhammad1, Samiullah Qazi 2
1,2
University of Engineering and Technology, CIVIL Engineering Department, Peshawar and Pakistan;
(corresponding author: engrsami@gmail.com)
KEYWORDS:
Strengthening and repair; Experimental study ; Seismic applications; Bond and interfacial stresses , RC Bridge
Girder, FRP Anchorage
ABSTRACT:
Bridges are considered as the life line and key element in transportation system. Main components of typical bridge
are Pile, Pile cape, Piers, Transom, Girder and slab Deck. Bridges collapse occur due to failure of these components
individually or simultaneously. Its susceptible to failure due to flaws in design or construction. To overcome these
deficiencies and improve structure performance strengthening or retrofitting of partially damaged bridges is
required. Therefor in this research work the CFRP external strengthening/retrofitting techniques will be
implemented to improve the performance of Bridge girders. As the CFRP strengthening technique applied in the
form of wrapping CFRP sheets around structural members reduce the member energy dissipation capacity
therefore in this case the bonding technique will be implemented. However, whenever this technique is
implemented the strengthen specimen fail due to delamination issue at the Concrete/CFRP interface. Research
work have highlighted that the delamination issue limits the CFRP efficiency and only 50% of its tensile strength
could be utilized. To limit this problem a novel anchorage technique will be tested in this research work. In this
research in total five T shape bridge girders model at 1:4 scale will be subjected to quasi static load test. Out of
these five one will be tested as control, two strengthened and four will be retrofitted (including control specimen).
The test results discussion includes hysteresis curves, energy dissipation and damage performance index.
Figure 8:CFRP reinforcement details
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DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BEAMS PRESTRESSED

WITH CFRP SYSTEMS
A. Belarbi 1, H. Tahsiri1, P. Poudel1, M. Reda1, M. Dawood1, and B. Gencturk 2
1University of Houston, Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Houston, TX, USA,
Email: belarbi@uh.edu
2University of Southern California, Sonny Astani Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Los Angeles, CA, USA
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Standard ; Prestressing with FRP composites; Codes, standards and design
guidelines ; Prestress losses
ABSTRACT:
Advancement in material science has enabled engineers to enhance the strength and long-term behavior of concrete
structures. The conventional approach is to use steel for prestressed bridge girders. Despite having sufficient
ductility and strength, beams prestressed with steel are susceptible to corrosion when subjected to environmental
exposure. The corrosion of the prestressing steel reduces load carrying capacity of the prestressed member and can
result in catastrophic failures. In the last three decades, more durable composite materials such as Aramid Fiber
Reinforced Polymer (AFRP), Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer
(CFRP) have been implemented in concrete structures as a solution for this issue. Among these materials, CFRP
tendons stand out as a primary prestressing reinforcement, which has the potential to replace steel and provide
corrosion free prestressed bridge girders. In the United States, CFRP prestressing systems have had limited
application in bridge construction due to the lack of nationally accepted design specifications. Further investigation
is required to review available information and develop a proposed guide specification, in AASHTO LRFD format,
for the design of concrete bridge beams prestressed with CFRP systems. A National Co-operative Highway
Research Program (NCHRP) project titled ‘Guide Specification for the Design of Concrete Bridge Beams
Prestressed with CFRP Systems’ was carried out at University of Houston. This paper presents the results from
the experimental and analytical research performed on short-term behavior of CFRP (tensile test, harping test),
long-term behavior of CFRP (prestress relaxation and, concrete creep and shrinkage losses) and the flexural
behavior of the full-scale bridge beams prestressed with CFRP systems.
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QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO ANCHORING SPIKES DESIGN IN FLEXURAL

APPLICATIONS
Marco Rossini1, Antonio Nanni 1, Carlo Poggi 2
1
University of Miami, Department of Civil Arch. and Environ. Engineering, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
2
Politecnico di Milano, Department of Arch. Build Environ. and Construction Engineering, Milano, Italy.
(Marco Rossini: mxr1465@miami.edu)
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Experimental study; Bond and interfacial stresses; Codes, standards and design
guidelines; Anchoring Spikes;
ABSTRACT:
Research into fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) for strengthening applications has an established tradition.
Confidence in deploying the technology has increased over the years, and reliable design procedures are available
(CNR, 2014; ACI, 2008). Nonetheless, areas of improvements still exist and require further investigation.
Premature failure due to debonding is identified as a major limitation to the efficiency and ductility of externally
bonded FRP strips (EB-FRP). A solution consists in mechanically anchoring the composite sheet to the concrete
substrate, and spikes (Figure 1) represent a common anchoring solution.
A quantitative approach to characterization and design of anchoring solutions is still at its early stage of
development. An accepted strength characterization method for single anchors and coupled joints is missing, along
with the definition and validation of design algorithms for flexural applications. The research presented in the
following, focusing on anchoring spikes, lays within a comprehensive effort to address such challenges for a wider
range of traditional and innovative anchoring shapes.
A possible solution to the design problem is proposed in terms of a simplified algorithm. The proposed algorithm
is validated on a small number of anchored slabs, flexural tested in a three-point-bending configuration. The slabs’
behavior is discussed, and consistency with the proposed model is detailed. The proposed model features good
experimental matching in the cases considered. Experimental validation over a larger dataset is beyond the
purposes of this study, and shall be performed before application to real-case design.
Figure 9: Anchor spikes on one of the tested slabs after failure.
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FRACTURE MECHANICS BASED CALCULATION MODEL OF FLEXED RC

ELEMENTS STRENGTHENED WITH FRP
Justas Slaitas1, Juozas Valivonis1
1
Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Department of Reinforced Concrete Structures and Geotechnics,
Vilnius, Lithuania (corresponding author: justas.slaitas@vgtu.lt)
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Case studies; Codes, standards and design guidelines; Bond and interfacial stresses
ABSTRACT:
Retrofitting of existing reinforced concrete structures is one of the main challenges for civil/construction engineers
today. The use of FRP materials for these purpose has many advantages in comparison to the traditional
strengthening materials such as concrete jackets, steel plates, etc. However, the effectiveness of the strengthening
can be compromised by sudden and brittle FRP debonding failure modes, which can occur at lower load than 60%
of calculated elements flexural strength. In this paper calculation model of RC structures strengthened with
prestressed and not prestressed various EB and NSM FRP reinforcements have been presented. Proposed model
is based on the theory of fracture mechanics of solids. The science of fracture mechanics could be used for the
analysis of the fracture development in flexural reinforced concrete beams. The critical parameters of normal
cracks caused by stress state are used for such analysis. For calculation of FRP strengthened structures, fracture
mechanics based calculation models for RC structures were combined with built up bars theory, which served well
for reducing elements stiffness because of slip between concrete and FRP. Therefore, here proposed calculation
model allows to predict the failure of strengthened RC elements even for sudden and brittle FRP debonding failure
modes.
Experimental results of various scientific publications have shown that load – deflection dependency graph is
similar to trilinear (see Figure 1), thus bending moments are determined at three main points: cracking of concrete;
yielding of tension steel; failure of beam.
Figure 1: Load-deflection dependency graph

The numerical results are compared with experimental ones. 71 RC beams, strengthened with CFRP and GFRP
sheets, plates, strips and rods, mounted by EBR or NSM methods, are analysed in this comparison. Experimental
results were collected from various scientific publications.
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EXPERIMENTAL AND FINITE ELEMENT STUDY ON RC BEAMS RETROFITTED

WITH FULL-LENGTH AND SPLICED FRP LAMINATES
Akram Jawdhari 1, Issam Harik 1
1
University of Kentucky, Department of Civil Engineering, Lexington, Kentucky
KEYWORDS:
RC members; Strengthening; FRP laminate; FRP splice; Debonding; Finite element; Bond-slip model.
ABSTRACT:
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRPs) composites such as laminates, fabrics, bars, etc., have gained world-wide
recognition and became a normal choice for reinforcing, repairing, and strengthening concrete structures. This is
due to the superior characteristics FRP carries such as high tensile strength and stiffness, light weight and ease of
handling and installation. However, retrofit of members with long-span or with limited accessibility (e.g. bridges
over waterways and freeways) using continuous FRPs requires extensive labour and equipment. Splicing the
laminate could provide an economical solution by reducing the cost of installation. This study consists of
experimental testing of three full-scale RC beams subjected to four-point bending static loads. One beam served
as a control specimen, while two beams were strengthened with Carbon FRP (CFRP) laminates (one beam by full-
length laminate and the other by two half-length laminates made continuous with a splice). The control beam failed
in the typical mode for under-reinforced concrete members (by yielding of steel in tension followed by crushing
of concrete in compression), at a maximum load of 18.4 kN. The strengthened beams failed by debonding, at the
laminate ends for full-length laminate and at splice ends for the spliced laminate. The maximum load for
strengthened beams is: 27.3 kN (or 49% increase from the control beam) for the full-length laminate; and 24.2 kN
(or 31.8% increase) for the spliced laminate. In addition, three-dimensional finite element models were developed
for the beams to complement the testing and to provide an in-depth analysis including the simulation of debonding
failure. Comparisons with the experiments, in terms of maximum load, load-deflection history and prediction of
failure have confirmed the validity of the models and provided an excellent platform for future parametric studies
intended to better design the spliced laminate system and reduce the likelihood of debonding.
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EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF STRENGTHENED SHORT

REINFORCED CONCRETE CORBEL BONDED BY CFRP2 UNDER CYCLIC
LOADS
Jules Assih1, Ivelina Ivanova1,2, Veselin Stankov1,2 Dimitar Dontchev2
1
University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Department of Civil Engineering, Reims, France
2
University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Applied Mechanic, Sofia, Bulgaria
KEYWORDS:
Strengthening and repair; Fatigue; Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems; Modeling ;
Experimental study;
ABSTRACT:
This paper focuses on experimental and numerical modelling of strengthened reinforced concrete corbels with
carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) under fatigue test. In fact, fatigue is a process in which the action of
stresses or strains in varying time changes the local properties of the materials and can lead to the cracking and
eventually the collapse of structure. Experimentally, four reinforced concrete (RC) corbels are made and two of
them are strengthened by wrapping with CFRP. One unstrengthened RC corbel and another strengthened one are
subjected to a single bending load and the other two are cyclically loaded in fatigue test to one million cycles. The
load values corresponded from 20 % to 40 % of ultimate tensile strength. The shape of applied load was a triangular
wave. The bounds of repeated loads were 71 kN to 130 kN for unstrengthened corbel, respectively and 143 kN to
260 kN for strengthened corbel. The examined effects were the damage development, the ultimate loads, the
influence of fatigue, the state of cracking and the types of failures. In fact, the results showed that the cyclic loading
of one million cycles modified the cracking state of the structures. Additionally, the strengthening by wrapping
delays the cracks appearance with a reduction of ultimate loads from 10% to 15%. The numerical simulations
described in this paper, using Finite element method of ABAQUS software, model the behaviour of fatigue. Of
course, a bending crack was introduced in the model before a series of repeated loadings up to one million cycles.
The numerical model response is compared with experimental test results and yielded good agreement at all stages
of loading. The objective of numerical investigation was to contribute to increase the lifetime of reinforced
concrete structures, to reduce the expensive cost and the difficult implementation of experimental tests.
2
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer
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REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES BY FRP AND

WOOD
Cecile GRAZIDE*, Emmanuel FERRIER, Laurent MICHEL
Université Lyon 1, Domaine Scientifique La Doua, EA 7427,
Laboratoire des Matériaux Composites pour la Construction (LMC²),
82 Boulevard Niels Bohr,
69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
*Corresponding author: cecile.grazide@univ-lyon1.fr
KEYWORDS :
Reinforced concrete; lumber ; Fiber Reinforced Polymer; bending behaviour
ABSTRACT:
The durability of concrete structure may be limited by poor-quality construction materials, conception, inadequate
design codes or corrosive environments. Strengthening and rehabilitation of these structures, often expensive, are
then necessary to reinforce, control/decrease the cracking process. To minimise refection costs, a partial wrapping
with Carbon or Glass Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer (CFRP or GFRP) is used in construction.
However, these kinds of punctual reinforcement show disadvantages like the risk of developing cracks on the
remaining structure and a lower fire resistance.
To avoid these two aspects, 9 reinforced concrete beams with continuous reinforcement in wood/ FRP were
manufactured. The aim was to study the effect of this process on the bending behaviour. Dimensions of concrete
elements (150x250x3000 mm3) and the steel ratio (As = 0.004Ac) were fixed and only the kind of reinforcement
was studied. 7 beams were reinforced by lumber element with a cross-section of 45x90 mm² (including 5 with
FRP bars) and 2 beams with only lumber element of cross-section 25x90mm².
Indeed, to evaluate the effect of composite and lumber on the structural element, CFRP and GFRP bars were
anchored in lumber 45x90 mm². 2 beams were realized with GFRP bar with a diameter of 14 mm, 2 others beams
with CFRP bar with a diameter of 9 mm and another one with GFRP bar of 9 mm. The two last beams are only
composed of concrete and lumber.
Four points bending tests were realized and loads and displacements at mid-span were then recorded. In term of
ultimate state design, maximum loads are equivalent except for the 2 beams with lumber elements of 25x90 mm²,
because of the failure mode and the variability of the material. Nevertheless, the stiffness of beams with FRP bars
are significantly higher, which is interesting for the serviceability limit state and the verification of the deflection.
Figure 1 : Applied Load vs Deflection of beams
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FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF SRG STRENGTHENED REINFORCED CONCRETE

BEAMS
Luciano Ombres 1; Salvatore Verre2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS) Italy; (corresponding
author, luciano.ombres@unical.it)
2
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
KEYWORDS :
SRG, reinforced concrete, beams, anchors
ABSTRACT:
As well-known, the use of composite materials is becoming very widespread for rehabilitate or strengthen existing
structures. In this field there is a growing interest towards developing high performance, durable and cost effective
solutions. The successful experience on Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) and Fabric Reinforced Cementitious
Matrix (FRCM) composites led to introduction of a new material system that shares the same technology with
FRCM, except that the fabric consists of steel fibres instead of carbon, PBO, glass or basalt ones. The new system
commercially known as Steel Reinforced Grout (SRG) uses galvanized high strength steel wires that are twisted
together to form cords and assembled in form of unidirectional fabrics. By the use of its inorganic matrix, the SRG
is expected overcome some drawbacks of FRP due to the presence of organic matrix. The effectiveness of the SRG
system as strengthening systems of reinforced concrete structures has been investigated by some experimental
tests on both beams strengthened in flexure and shear and confined concrete columns. Even if obtained results are
significant, the number of tests is limited and some aspects of the mechanical behaviour of strengthened elements
have to be well clarified.
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the flexural response of reinforced concrete
(RC) beams strengthened using externally bonded steel fiber reinforced cementitious matrix (SRG) composite.
Four reinforced concrete beams were tested; one beam was un-strengthened while the remaining beams were
strengthened with a single layer of SRG bonded to the tension face with or without the use of mechanical anchors.
Tests results in terms of failure modes, failure load, load- deflection curves, strain and stress distributions and
ductility, presented and discussed in the paper, evidenced the effectiveness of the SRG composites as strengthening
systems of existing reinforced concrete structures.
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INTERFACIAL BOND DEGRADATION OF FRP STRENGTHENED RC BEAMS

SUBJECTED TO FREEZE-THAW CYCLES
Jiawei Shi1, Zhishen Wu 2
1 College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China, Email: jwshi@hhu.edu.cn
2 International Institute for Urban Systems Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Modeling ; Durability, long-term performance; Bond and interfacial stresses
ABSTRACT: Freeze-thaw (FT) cycling is one of the environmental threats for the durability of concrete structures
in cold regions. When FRP laminates are applied to the strengthening of concrete structures, the concrete substrate,
the reinforcing material, the adhesive and the FRP-to-concrete interface are affected by the freeze-thaw cycling.
Till now, a number of experimental studies have been focused on this field. Considerable degradations on
interfacial behavior of FRP-to-concrete joints in FT environments have been observed. To quantify the interfacial
degradation, a bond-slip damage model of FRP-to-concrete joint subjected to freeze-thaw cycles was established
in this work. A finite element (FE) model was further established for the analysis of FRP strengthened RC beams
subjected to FT cycles (Fig. 1). To consider the interfacial degradation, the proposed bond-slip damage model was
implemented in the FE models visa cohesive elements. Based on the numerical calculations, it can be found that
the interfacial degradation decreases the ductility of the strengthened beams significantly (Fig. 2). Moreover, the
influence of interfacial bond degradation on the performance of FRP strengthened RC beams is not as much as
that of the FRP-to-concrete joints (Fig. 3).
Fig. 1 FE model of FRP strengthened RC beams
80
1.0
Normalized FRP debonding strain
70
60 0.9
50
Load (kN)
0.8
40
30 Reference 0.7
100 cycles FE_beam-FT
20
200 cycles FE_beam-FT+0.35Pu
0.6
10 300 cycles Lap joint-FT
Lap joint-FT+0.35Pu
0 0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 100 200 300
Mid-span deflection (mm) FE cycles
Fig. 2 Load-deflection curves Fig. 3 Comparison of FRP debonding strain
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INFLUENCE OF BOND DETERIORATION ON THE FLEXURAL RESPONSE OF

FRP STRENGTHENED RC BEAMS
Rebecca Gravina1, Hasret Aydin1, Philip Visintin2
1
RMIT University, School of Engineering, Melbourne Australia, 2The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Australia
KEYWORDS
Strengthening and repair, Modelling, Durability, long-term performance, Bond and interfacial stresses, Reinforced
concrete.
ABSTRACT
Bonding fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites to tensile faces of deficient concrete structures as a means of
increase loading capacities and prolonging service life is now common practice. Although FRP application for
flexural strengthening is widespread, there is uncertainty surrounding the long-term durability of these
strengthening systems. Unlike conventional reinforced concrete flexural members, which are designed to fail in a
ductile manner, that is steel yielding followed by concrete crushing, FRP-strengthened member are susceptible to
brittle debonding failures. The focus of this study is on intermediate-crack (IC) debonding which is typically
isolated by means of shear bond tests. In this paper, a previously developed partial-interaction moment-rotation
approach for IC debonding is applied to sets of experimental data in published literature to extract bond
characteristics from the FRP-to-concrete interface. The bond characteristics are extracted from deteriorated
members to assess the changes at the bond level and are compared with predictions from existing bond-slip models
for deteriorated joints. Using the approach, it is found that the environmental loading of FRP-strengthened flexural
members generally reduces both the maximum bond stress the slip necessary to initiate IC debonding, thereby
compromising the ductility and strength of the member
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TIME-DEPENDENT RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF FRP STRENGTHENED

REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS CONSIDERING MATERIAL DETERIORATION
AND STOCHASTIC LOADING
Xiaoxu Huang1, Yingwu Zhou1
1
School of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China, Email: xxhruby@szu.edu.cn
KEYWORDS
Time-dependent reliability; Fiber reinforced polymer ; deterioration; stochastic loading
ABSTRACT
In reality, as time goes on, degradation in components (e.g. material properties) and stochastic operating conditions
(loading, environment conditions, etc.) may cause components or structures to deliver inconsistent performance
and sometimes even to fail prematurely. Thus, structural reliability is in essence a time-dependent property that
cannot be well represented within the framework of time-independent reliability. FRP (fiber reinforced polymer)
composites are widely used for the renewal of existing concrete structures. In this paper, a theoretical study of the
time-dependent reliability analysis of FRP reinforced concrete (RC) beams subjected to material deterioration and
stochastic loading is performed. The rules of material deterioration (i.e., steel and concrete), are represented by
deterministic functions. The loading is represented by a Gaussian stochastic process. A surrogate model based
method is adopted, in which the instantaneous limit state function is approximated by an active learning surrogate
model. Compared with other time-dependent reliability methods, the surrogate model based method is more
efficient and accurate.
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USE OF CFRP AS AN IMPRESSED CURRENT ANODE FOR THE CATHODIC

PROTECTION OF STEEL REINFORCED REBAR
X. Hallopeau 1, C. Tourneur 1, V. Buchin-Roulié 1 and J. Mercier 1
1
Freyssinet International & Cie, Rueil-Malmaison, France, Email: xavier.hallopeau@freyssinet.com
KEYWORDS:
corrosion, anode, carbon fiber, cathodic protection
ABSTRACT
This presentation reports the development of a new impressed current anode for the cathodic protection of steel
reinforced rebar in concrete.
The application of a DC current on a carbon fiber reinforced polymer, used both as a structural reinforcement and
as an anode surface, allows to polarize the steel in concrete.
It is then possible to combine the strengthening function with the development of a multifunctional composite
allowing protecting of steel rebar from corrosion and also allowing the monitoring of repairing function versus
time. Indeed, the cathodic protection is an electrochemical technique that minimizes the corrosion of steel in
contact with an ionically conductive medium. In this technique, the steel/electrolyte interface is electrically
polarized using external impressed current. For optimum protection, the polarization should be carried out
uniformly throughout the interface. Otherwise, the steel continues to corrode. The key to success in the
development of this surface anode-reinforcement is the possibility of obtaining uniform distribution of current.
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EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON TORSIONAL

STRENGTHENING OF BOX RC STRUCTURES USING NSM FRP
Chandan C Gowda1, Joaquim A O Barros 2 & Maurizio Guadagnini3
1&2
University of Minho, ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
(chandu627@gmail.com); 3 The University of Sheffield, Department of Civil & Structural Engineering, Sheffield,
United Kingdom;
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Experimental study ; Durability, long-term performance; Choose an element ...
Near surface mounted, box structures
ABSTRACT:
The near surface mounted (NSM) technique is a strengthening method that provides additional reinforcement by
means of strips or bars embedded into grooves made in the concrete cover of reinforced concrete (RC) elements.
The effectiveness of using NSM fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars or strips to enhance the shear and flexural
capacity of RC elements has been demonstrated over the past decade. However, the idea of using NSM FRP
reinforcement to address issues related to deficient torsional performance is yet to be explored. Torsional
strengthening of RC elements (e.g. bridge girders, transfer beams) may be necessary due to degradation of
materials, changes in the design codes, deficiencies in the initial design, changes in building usage etc. This paper
investigates the torsional strengthening of thin walled tubular RC beams using NSM CFRP laminates.
The experimental program involved testing of six box sectioned RC beams, including two reference beams (with
and without shear reinforcement) and four beams strengthened with different arrangements of NSM CFRP
reinforcement, providing varying longitudinal and transverse reinforcement ratios. All the strengthening proposals
resulted in significant increase in torsional moment capacity, ductility, stiffness in the elasto-plastic range and
were very efficient in arresting crack propagation, proving the effectiveness of NSM strengthening technique for
torsional strengthening. The proposed experimental program is described in detail and the main results are
presented and discussed.
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MODELLING OF CFRP LAMINATES APPLIED ACCORDING TO THE ETS/NSM

TECHNIQUE
Carlos Nonato da Silva1, Jacopo Ciambella1, Joaquim Barros2, Inês Costa3
1 University of Rome “La Sapienza”, DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA STRUTTURALE E
GEOTECNICA, Rome Italy; 2 University of Minho, Escola de Engenharia, Guimarães Portugal;
3 civitest, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal. (Carlos Nonato da Silva: carlos.silva@uniroma1.it)
KEYWORDS :
CFRP; Hybrid Strengthening; Direct Pull-out; Bond behaviour; Analytical model
ABSTRACT:
An effective method to increase the load-carrying capacity of existing reinforced concrete elements consists in the
addition of tension reinforcement in surface grooves cut along the cover on the tension side (for flexural
strengthening) or in the web (for shear strengthening) of these elements. A hybrid strengthening technique that
combines the advantages of Near Surface Mounted (NSM) technique and Embedded Through Section (ETS)
technique was recently explored for the simultaneous flexural/shear strengthening and flexural/punching
strengthening of RC beams and slabs, respectively by using an innovative CFRP laminate with rectangular shape
in the NSM part and circular shape in the ETS, and encouraging results were obtained. The inclined L-shape
laminate aims at increasing the shear/punching resistance of RC beams/slabs, whereas the central part of the
laminate provides flexural reinforcement to the RC elements. To evaluate the maximum tensile force, loaded-end
slip, free-end slip and strain values, direct pull-out tests were performed. The combination of three embedment
length values (LETS) (60, 120 and 180 mm) together with three inclination angles 15º, 30º and 45º as can be seen
in Figure 1.
In the paper, an analytical bond stress-slip relationship was determined for the innovative CFRP laminate. With
this purpose, a numerical method was developed, which uses the results obtained in the preliminary experimental
program. This method solves the differential equations that govern the slip evolution of the NSM/ETS CFRP
laminate technique, and takes into account the distribution of the slip and the bond stress along the bond length.
In the model was considered the variation of the tensile strain in the transition zone depth, due to the moment
generated by the geometric curvature, and the embedded length as beam on elastic foundation. Using a numerical
tool, the parameters that define the local bond stress-slip relationship and the friction between the materials are
obtained. After demonstrating the good predictive performance of the proposed model, the main conclusions and
the future work are presented.
Figure 1: Difference between the configurations analysed
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EFFECT OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF RC

SLABS USING PRESTRESSED NSM CFRP LAMINATES
Mohammadreza Mostakhdemin Hosseini1, Salvador Dias2, Joaquim Barros2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Mahdishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahdishahr, Iran;
2
ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
(hoseini_engineer@yahoo.com)
KEYWORDS:
New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; Experimental study ; Prestressing with FRP
composites; RC slabs
ABSTRACT:
The influence of the percentage of the longitudinal tensile reinforcement on the effectiveness of the NSM (near
surface mounted) technique with prestressed CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer) laminates for the flexural
strengthening of RC (reinforced concrete) slabs was assessed experimentally. Four RC slabs were tested, a
reference slab (without CFRP), and three slabs flexurally strengthened using NSM CFRP laminates with different
prestress levels, which was considered a percentage of their ultimate tensile strength namely: 0%, 20% and 40%.
The tested slabs had a percentage of longitudinal tensile steel bars of about 0.62% (ρsl =0.62%), while the CFRP
strengthening percentage was approximately 0.085%. The results obtained indicated that prestressing CFRP
laminates with the NSM technique is a suitable strategy to increase the flexural capacity of RC slabs, not only in
ultimate but also in serviceability limit states. By applying NSM CFRP laminates prestressed at 20%, the service
and maximum loads increased by 42% and 59%, respectively, compared to the reference slab. The values of service
and maximum loads increased by 79% and 64%, respectively when applying laminates prestressed at 40%.
Considering available experimental results obtained with the same test setup, but using RC slabs with lower
percentage of the longitudinal tensile reinforcement (ρsl =0.35%), it can be concluded that the increase of the
percentage of the longitudinal tensile reinforcement has a detrimental effect on the effectiveness of NSM technique
with prestressed CFRP laminates in terms of the increase of service and ultimate loads.
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FLEXURAL CAPACITY OF FRP RC BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH NSM

TECHNIQUE
C. Barris1, P. Sala2, J. Gómez2, Lluís Torres2
1
AMADE, University of Girona, Spain, e-mail : cristina.barris@udg.edu
2
AMADE, University of Girona, Spain
KEYWORDS
Fields applications and case studies; Experimental study ; FRP internal reinforcement; Codes, standards and
design guidelines
ABSTRACT:
The use of near-surface mounted (NSM) technique for strengthening existing steel RC structures with Fibre
Reinforced Polymer (FRP) is generally accepted by engineers and designers of reinforced concrete (RC) structures;
its use can be either for repairing damaged elements or for improving load capacity for new requirements not
initially foreseen. Another well-accepted application of FRP reinforcement is its use as internal reinforcement,
especially in those cases where the structure is subjected to aggressive environments that might corrode steel
reinforcement. In that case, large deformations are expected to take place due to the low modulus of elasticity of
the FRP reinforcement. As a consequence, applying the NSM technique with CFRP bars or strips may provide a
unique opportunity to enhance not only the stiffness of the member but also the load capacity of the element
without providing metallic reinforcement, as long as compatibility of deformations is possible within each section
of the member.
This paper presents the preliminary results on an experimental program studying the flexural behaviour of five
internally reinforced Glass-FRP RC beams and one steel RC beam that had been previously tested under their
service load and later strengthened with Carbon-FRP strips using the NSM technique. The specimens were tested
under a six-point loading configuration until rupture. For comparison purposes, one GFRP RC beam was left
unstrengthened. The theoretical load-carrying capacity is assessed by a cracked sectional analysis (CSA) and it is
compared to the experimental results. Additionally, the concrete strain at the midspan section is experimentally
registered and compared to CSA predictions. It is observed that NSM results in an effective technique to enhance
the flexural capacity of RC beams internally reinforced with GFRP bars.
Figure 1: Concrete cover separation failure.
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INFLUENCE OF ADHESIVE TYPE ON THE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF RC

SLABS STRENGTHEND WITH NSM-CFRP SYSTEMS
José Ricardo Cruz 1, José Sena-Cruz 1, Pedro Fernandes 1, Anja Borojevic 1, Arkadiusz Kwiecień 2, Bogusław
Zając 2
1
ISISE, Dep. of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Portugal; 2 Department of Civil Engineering, The
Cracow University of Technology, Poland (corresponding author: jsena@civil.uminho.pt)
KEYWORDS :
NSM; CFRP; Slabs; Flexural test; Adhesive.
ABSTRACT:
In the context of the strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, near surface mounted (NSM) technique
can be used by applying carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates on the concrete cover of the structural
elements to be strengthened. An adhesive is used to fix the CFRP to concrete, which is responsible by the stress
transfer between the concrete and the CFRP, assuming a key role for the successful of the strengthening system.
Consequently, this composite action is responsible for the load carrying capacity and for the service behaviour of
the strengthened RC structures. The influence of the adhesive type on the overall performance of these
strengthened structures presents some research gaps in knowledge, as can be seen by the reduced number of studies
found in the literature about this topic. About externally bounded reinforcement (EBR) technique some
investigations on this theme can be found, however, about NSM technique, this type of studies is almost non-
existent. The studies already existing have shown that the use of flexible adhesives instead of stiff adhesives,
allows higher structural performance, including higher ductility.
This paper presents the results of an investigation on the flexural behaviour of RC slabs strengthened with NSM
CFRP systems using stiff (Adhesives 1 and 2) and flexible (Adhesive 3) adhesives. For this purpose, an
experimental program (see Table 1) was carried out, being considered two study variables: (i) the adhesive type
and (ii) the existence or not of pre-cracking on the structural response. Flexural slab tests (see Figure 1) were used
to characterize the differences on the slab’s structural behaviour depending on the parameters tested. Proper
instrumentation was used to assess (i) the applied force, (ii) the vertical displacements along the longitudinal axis,
(iii) the strains on steel bottom reinforcement, (iv) the strains on concrete at the top fibre, and, (v) the strains along
the CFRP laminate.
Regarding to the results obtained (see Table 1 and Figure 2), it is clear the dependence the response force versus
mid-span vertical displacement and mid-span CFRP strains on the adhesive type as well as of the presence or
absence of pre-cracking. However, it was verified that the maximum load attained is less dependent on the adhesive
mechanical properties, as well as on the presence or absence of pre-cracking. Thus, with the flexible adhesive, the
maximum load attained is about 80% of the maximum load achieved in the slabs where stiff adhesives were used.
The maximum load achieved is similar with presence or absence of pre-cracking. The failure of the CFRP laminate
was observed with stiff adhesives while with the flexible one, CFRP debonding was observed (see Figure 3). Thus,
a higher ductility was observed by using flexible adhesive.
F/2 F/2
SG5
LVDT1 LVDT2 LVDT3 LVDT4 LVDT5
100 450 450 300 300 450 450 100
2600
Figure 1: Flexural slab test.
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Table 1: Experimental program/ results.

Experimental program Results
CFRP Crack Ductility

Flexural stiffness Yielding Maximum FM
cross- initiation parameter
Type of Pre- Slab’s
section, 𝛿y 𝐹y 𝜀𝑓max 𝛿max /𝛿y
adhesive cracking(1) denomination 𝐾I 𝐾II 𝐾III 𝛿cr 𝐹cr 𝛿max 𝐹max --
wf × tf
[mm2] [kN/mm] [mm] [kN] [mm] [kN] [mm] [kN] −3
[10 ] [-] --
a a
- - - SL_REF 7.75 0.78 0.01 0.71 7.57 20.17 21.47 158.43 23.56 - - -
10.86 31.93 52.87

ADH1 Yes SL_ADH1_U 9.57 1.10 0.40 1.25 21.85 74.04 12.06 3.39 F
(43%) (49%) (124%)
10.52 31.11 52.08

ADH2 Yes SL_ADH2_U 8.95 1.07 0.41 1.35 22.47 74.95 12.49 3.34 F
(39%) (45%) (121%)
10.86 27.35 42.71

ADH3 Yes SL_ADH3_U 7.94 1.28 0.34 1.58 20.79 72.24 8.46 3.47 D
(43%) (27%) (81%)
20×1.4
31.58 51.53
ADH1 No SL_ADH1_C 6.30b 1.92 0.41 1.32b 7.16b 18.95 68.87 12.46 3.63 F
(47%) (119%)
30.47 51.06
ADH2 No SL_ADH2_C 6.03b 1.91 0.40 0.99b 7.78b 17.36 69.33 12.02 3.99 F
(42%) (117%)
24.61 41.82
ADH3 No SL_ADH3_C 5.38b 1.81 0.34 1.06b 6.18b 13.97 69.54 8.33 4.98 D
(15%) (78%)
Notes: ADH1 – Adhesive 1; ADH2 – Adhesive 2; ADH3 – Adhesive 3; No – absence of pre-cracking (Uncracked); Yes – presence of
pre-cracking (Cracked); FM = Failure modes; F = CFRP failure; D = Debonding failure of the CFRP laminate accompanied by cohesive failure
of the adhesive; the values between parentheses represent the increase in load capacity for each phase compared to SL_REF. a Maximum values
reached during the test without failure of the slab (by concrete crushing or failure of the longitudinal tensile steel bars). b Values obtained from
the pre-cracking phase.
60 60
SL_REF SL_REF
SL_ADH1_U SL_ADH1_C
SL_ADH2_U SL_ADH2_C
SL_ADH3_U SL_ADH3_C
45 45
Force, F [kN]
Force, F [kN]
30 30
15 15
0 0
0 30 60 90 120 0 30 60 90 120
Mid-span displacement,  [mm] Mid-span displacement,  [mm]
(a) (b)
Figure 2: Force vs. mid-span displacement: (a) uncracked and (b) cracked series.
(a) (b)
Figure 3: Failure modes: (a) CFRP failure (stiff adhesives) and (b) CFRP debonding (flexible adhesive).
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NSMR STRENGTHENING OF SHORT RC BEAMS USING ACTIVATED

ANCHORAGE
J.W. Schmidt 1, K. D. Hertz 1 and P. Goltermann 1
1
Danish Technical University, DTU, Department of civil engineering, Denmark, Email: jws@byg.dtu.dk.
ABSTRACT
NSMR (Near surface mounted reinforcement) systems often provides brittle failure mechanisms as well as little
ductility compared to conventional steel reinforced concrete beams. Additionally the most common failure modes
occur in the concrete adherent, which means that the high capacity of the CFRP material often is left un-utilized
at failure. One of the aims in the ongoing research at DTU Civil Engineering concerns anchoring of NSM CFRP
reinforcement in a way that provides utilization, ductility, and controlled failure mechanisms. The work presented
in this paper concerns the effect of NSMR system activation by the use of specially developed anchor blocks. The
anchored NSMR rods are activated to a little tension magnitude, before curing of the adhesive. An anchored
strengthening effect of approximately 45% of the reference beam was reached when using the 6mm circular rods
(ANSMR-6) whereas this effect increased to 60% when using the 8mm CFRP rod (ANSMR-8) configurations. In
addition, a strengthening effect of 34% was obtained, in the un-anchored NSMR configurations. The anchored
configurations furthermore provided significantly increased ductility compared to the un-anchored systems, where
some of the strengthened beam reached deformations identical to the reference beams.
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COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT STRENGTHENING SCHEMES FOR

PUNCHING SHEAR OF FLAT PLATE SLABS
S. Elkholy 1,2, A. Godat 2, M. Elassaly 1 and E. Rabee 1
1
Fayoum University, Department of Civil Engineering, Egypt
2
United Arab Emirates University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UAE, Email:
ahmed.godat@uaeu.ac.ae.
KEYWORDS
Fibre-reinforced polymers, finite element analysis, flat plate slab, strengthening, parametric study, punching shear
capacity.
ABSTRACT
This study presents a finite element model that is developed to examine various FRP strengthening schemes to
mitigate the punching shear failure of flat plate slabs. In this study, nonlinear material behaviour of the plain
concrete, steel reinforcing bars and FRP composites are simulated with appropriate constitutive models and
structural elements. The accuracy of the model is established through comparing the finite element predictions
with existing experimental results. Once the accuracy of the model is accepted, it is employed to investigate various
FRP parameters that may influence the punching shear failure of flat plate slabs. Thirty six models are carried out
to investigate the following parameters: (a) width of FRP strips; (b) thickness of FRP strips, and (c) length of FRP
strips. The schemes considered include various numbers of strips around the column, and FRP strips with low,
medium and high strengths. Numerical results are presented in terms of ultimate punching shear capacity and load-
deflection relations. In light of results obtained, the scheme and mechanical properties of FRP strips around the
columns reduces the length of the strip required to achieve the ultimate punching capacity.
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INFLUENCE OF THE AREA OF CFRP LAMINATES ON IMPROVING THE

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY OF SLAB-COLUMN CONNECTION
*H. Akhundzada 1, *T. Donchev 1 D. Petkova 1 and N. Kolikar 1
1
Kingston University, Department of Civil Engineering, London, United Kingdom
Email: k1039277@kingston.ac.uk, T.Donchev@kingston.ac.uk
* Corresponding Authors
ABSTRACT
Punching shear failure is very common failure type with flat slabs which could lead to progressive collapse of the
structure. The strength of the existing flat slabs could be reduced over a number of different reasons mainly due
to corrosion of reinforcement, creating openings for services, poor quality control during the construction and
other factors. The strengthening of flat slabs is required to prevent punching shear failure. This research presents
the experimental findings of the use of CFRP laminates as externally bonded reinforcement to improve the
punching shear capacity of flat slabs. In this experimental program one control and three samples strengthened
with CFRP laminates were casted and tested against punching shear failure. The slab-column connection had
dimensions of 1500x1500x120mm slab and 150x150x150mm column head. The samples had tensile reinforcement
of 15H8 in both directions and 8H6 compressive reinforcement. The samples were strengthened with CFRP
laminates and the area of the laminates was varied. The aim of the research is to investigate the role of width of
the laminates and the effect of additional anchorage for strengthening purposes. The strengthened samples showed
significant improvement in terms of peak load, recording an increase of up to 30% relative to control sample. The
strengthened samples had relatively higher stiffness which shows an increase of up to 64%. The highest ultimate
load was recorded for sample strengthened with 50mm laminates. Additional increase in the width of the laminates
resulted in decreasing the effectiveness of the additional anchorage. This effect is due to reduced distance between
the column and corresponding overlapping anchorage area with cracked zone. Further analysis and suggestions
for the future developments in this area are offered.
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW CFRP STRIP PRESTRESSING SYSTEM FOR

STRUCTURAL STRENGTHENING
Piątek Bartosz1, Siwowski Tomasz1
1
Rzeszow University of Technology, Department of Roads & Bridges, Rzeszow, Poland (corresponding author:
piatek@prz.edu.pl)
KEYWORDS:
New composite strengthening techniques; Experimental study; Prestressing with FRP composites.
ABSTRACT:
Tensioning of the CFRP strips allows to increase load bearing capacity and stiffness of strengthened structural
elements and enhances composite material utilisation in comparison with passive external bonding technique.
Since 1998, we have been observing a dynamic development of CFRP prestressing systems worldwide. There is
a lot of systems available on the market and more solutions have been currently tested and developed in
laboratories all over the world.
The paper presents a research on the new Polish system called Neoxe Prestressing System II. The research included
development of two main system components: special steel anchorages mounted on both ends of a single CFRP
strip and a tensioning device (Figure 1). The anchorages are made of two steel plates. The CFRP strip end is placed
between steel plates and bonded by epoxy resin and gripped by screws. Anchorage has two functional areas:
external and internal. The strip is clamped within the internal area. The external area includes holes for anchoring
the plate to the concrete surface and threaded holes for mounting the tensioning device. The tensioning device
comprises three separately installed elements: guide rails, carriage (bolted to the active anchorage) and hydraulic
jack.
The research comprised series of static and fatigue tests on anchorages, on strengthened beams as well as on-site.
The static tests revealed the excellent anchorage capacity and also sufficient fatigue strength. The efficiency of the
system was examined in tests on RC beams. For this purpose six full-scale RC beams were tested in four point
bending scheme. Beams strengthened by prestressed strips exhibited over 50% higher carrying capacity than the
unstrengthened ones. They also showed a lower deflections and higher crack resistance. The last step of developing
the system was an in-field application on existing RC bridge and testing it before and after strengthening. The
system was examined, its efficiency was confirmed in laboratory as well as in-field tests and now it is ready to be
used in construction.
Figure 1: Scheme of active anchorage (on left) and tensioning device (on right)
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EFFECTIVENESS OF FABRIC REINFORCED CEMENTITIOUS MORTAR (FRCM)

IN STRENGTHENING BEAMS WITH HIGH REINFORCEMENT RATIOS
T. N. S. Billows1 and A. Rteil2
1
The University of British Columbia, School of Engineering, Canada Email: trevor.billows@alumni.ubc.ca
2
The University of British Columbia, School of Engineering, Canada, Email: ahmad.rteil@ubc.ca
KEYWORDS
Flexure strengthening, Fibre reinforced cementitious material (FRCM), Textile reinforced mortar (TRM), Flexure
capacity, Ductility, Stiffness, Design Guidelines.
ABSTRACT
Fabric reinforced cementitious mortar (FRCM), sometimes called textile reinforced mortar (TRM), has emerged
as an alternative strengthening and repair method to current practices such as fibre reinforced polymer (FRP). The
research adopted in this paper set out to determine the flexural strength improvement of RC beams with a high
reinforcement ratio. Three variables were studied namely, different textile ratios, different fabric materials and
different anchorage methods. Five full-scale (200 x 300 x 4000 mm) RC beams (1 control, 4 strengthened) were
cast and tested under monotonic four-point bending conditions. Ultimate flexural capacity, ductility, stiffness, and
failure mode were taken as performance indicators. Load carrying capacity results were compared to design
guidelines set out by ACI Committee 549. Flexural strength improvements were slight with a maximum value of
16.3%, failure mode remained consistent, pre-yielding stiffness did not change and energy absorption increased
with the addition of fabric. Results also indicated that while ACI 549 underestimated the load carrying capacity of
most strengthened specimens, it overestimated the strength in some of them.
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DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE T-BEAMS STRENGTHENED IN SHEAR

WITH EXTERNALLY BONDED FRP COMPOSITES
Samir Dirar 1,2, Michael Qapo 3, Marios Theofanous 1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
2
Email: s.m.o.h.dirar@bham.ac.uk
3
AECOM Ltd, Birmingham, B4 6AT, United Kingdom
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Standard ; Codes, standards and design guidelines; Bond and interfacial stresses;
Concrete; Beams
ABSTRACT:
Current design guidelines for concrete structures strengthened with externally bonded (EB) fibre-reinforced
polymer (FRP) reinforcement do not differentiate between the shear design of rectangular and T-beams.
Nonetheless, EB FRP shear-strengthened rectangular and T-beams can have significantly different behaviour. In
rectangular beams, EB FRP reinforcement may be bonded to the full depth of the beam web and therefore can
effectively join the tension and compression chords. On the other hand, the presence of the slab in T-beams limits
the effective depth of the EB FRP reinforcement. This can result in current design guidelines overestimating the
shear strength enhancement offered by the FRP reinforcement in the case of T-beams.
This paper presents a design model for reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams strengthened in shear with EB FRP
composites. In the proposed design model, the FRP contribution to shear resistance is based on the 45° truss
analogy and the FRP strain at failure is derived from direct-pull test results from the published literature. The
predictions of the proposed model, together with those of Concrete Society TR55 and ACI 440.2R-17, were
evaluated using an experimental database comprising 48 RC T-beams. The proposed model had an average
predicted-to-experimental shear strength enhancement ratio of 1.062 and a standard deviation of 0.470. The
average predicted-to-experimental ratios of TR55 and ACI 440.2R-17 models were 1.139 and 1.277, respectively,
with standard deviations of 0.498 and 0.642, respectively. Not only does the proposed model generate more
consistent predictions, but it also has a greater conservative nature, providing fewer overestimated predictions
compared to current international design guidance (see Figure 1).
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 1: Predicted versus experimental FRP shear contribution: (a) Proposed model, (b) TR55 and (c) ACI
440.2R-17
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FRP SHEAR STRENGTHENED RC BEAMS: AN ANALYTICAL MODEL

Cheng Chen1, Lijuan Cheng 2
1
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University,
Shenzhen, 518060, China; 2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California -
Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA, dawcheng@ucdavis.edu
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Modeling; Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems; Bond and
interfacial stresses
ABSTRACT:
In this study, a single crack-based model is proposed to predict the contribution of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)
reinforcement to the shear resistance of strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The shear crack of FRP
strengthened RC beams is assumed to occur along the principal stress trajectory (PST) where concrete is subject
to principal tensile stresses. A bilinear bond-slip model is adopted for the cohesive stresses due to FRP
reinforcement and steel stirrups, and the exponential model is chosen for the cohesive stress due to aggregates.
The crack width at the intersections of the shear crack and the FRP reinforcement is assumed to be the slip of the
FRP reinforcement to obtain a stage-wise solution to the distributed strain of FRP reinforcement and its
corresponding contribution to the shear resistance. To verify the precision of the model, two experimental studies
are selected, where the proposed model predicts well on shear crack trajectory, FRP strain distribution, stirrup
strain distribution, and FRP contribution to the overall shear resistance.
1. OBJECTIVES
Most existing analytical models to predict the shear contribution of the FRP reinforcement are essentially
based on the calibration of the effective bond length and the effective strain of FRP reinforcement, which shows
great scattering and inconsistency among different experimental researches. To address this drawback, this paper
develops an innovative model for prediction the shear resistance contribution of the EB and the NSM FRP
reinforcement.
2. RELEVANT RESULTS
2.1 Principal stress trajectory (PST)
The shear crack of the shear-strengthened RC beam in Fig. 1(a) is assumed to appear along the principal stress
trajectory (PST), which is subjected to the principal stress using the Mohr’s Circle:
𝜎 𝜎2
𝜎1 = + √ + 𝜏2 (1a)
2 4
2𝜏
tan(2𝜃𝑐 ) = (1b)
𝜎
where σ = normal stress; σ1 = principal stress; θf = orientation of principal stress; and τ = shear stress. The
construction of PST starts from the bearing point of the concentrated load P, and extends towards the free end with
the direction of principal stress defined in Eq. (1b) [Fig. 1(b)].
(a)
(b)
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Figure 1 Principal stress trajectory (PST): (a) configuration; and (b) construction of PST
2.2 Crack profile
The shear crack is subject to the principal stress and multiple cohesive stresses from aggregates, stirrup and
FRP reinforcement, as illustrated in Fig. 2(a). The width of shear crack can be obtained by:
𝛿(𝑥) 4 𝑎 𝑎′
2
= ∫ 𝐺(𝑠 ′ , 𝑎, ℎ)𝑑𝑎′ ∫0 𝐺(𝑠 ′ , 𝑎′ , ℎ)[𝜎1 (𝛿)
𝐸1 𝑠
− 𝜏𝑐 (𝛿)] 𝑑𝑠 ′ (2)
where E1 = concrete elastic modulus; τc = total cohesive stress due to aggregates, steel stirrups and FRP
reinforcements; a = total crack length, which is to be determined later; s = coordinate along PST; s’ and x’ =
integration variables; and G = Green’s function.
(a) (b)
Figure 2 Illustration of: (a) stresses on shear crack; and (b) local slip of EB FRP
2.3 Shear contribution of FRP and steel stirrups
Once the crack width is known, the local slip of FRP reinforcement (δ0) can be calculated using the orientation
between the shear crack and the FRP reinforcement [Fig. 2(b)]:
𝛿
𝛿0 = − (3)
cos(𝜃𝑓 +𝜃𝑐 )
where δ0 =length of the FRP between crack surfaces; and θf = orientation of the FRP reinforcement. For any given
FRP reinforcement intersected by the shear crack [Fig. 3(a)], it can be treated as two segments (Lf1 and Lf2)
subjected to loaded end slip (δ01 and δ02), as displayed in Fig. 3(b).
(a) (b)
Figure 3 Partitioned EB FRP reinforcement: (a) side view; and (b) section A-A
Through iterations of the loaded end slip, δ01 and δ02, and imposing the force equilibrium at the shear crack
intersection, the bond stress (τ2) and tensile strain (ε2) of the FRP reinforcement can be solved. Then, the
contribution of the FRP reinforcement to shear capacity can be attained as follows:
𝐸2 𝐴2 (cot θ𝑓 +cotθ𝑐 )sinθ𝑓 cos θ𝑓 𝑛 𝐿 𝐿
𝑉𝑓 = ∑1 𝑓 [∫0 𝑓1 𝜀21 (𝑙) 𝑑𝑙 + ∫0 𝑓2 𝜀22 (𝑙) 𝑑𝑙] (4)
𝑛𝑓 𝑠2
where dfv = the effective shear depth of the cross-section; E2 = elastic modulus of the FRP reinforcement; Lsh =
spacing of the FRP reinforcement; and A2 = area of the FRP reinforcement.
2.4 Verification
A comprehensive verification is conducted here to compare the predicted flexural behavior to the experimental
results from four experimental studies.
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Figure 4 Verification of the proposed model

3. CONCLUSIONS
The shear crack is subjected to the cohesive stresses from the aggregates, steel stirrups and FRP
reinforcements. The principal stress trajectory serves as good approximation to the experimental shear crack. The
proposed mode is capable of predicting flexural behavior in terms of the shear crack location, the FRP strain, and
the steel stirrups strain.
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CRACK PROPAGATION OF RC BEAM STRENGTHENED IN SHEAR BY CFRP

GRID
Ngoc Linh Vu 1,2, Kimitaka Uji 1, Kentaro Ohno 1
1
Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
2
University of Transport and Communications, Department of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Viet Nam
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Experimental study ; Choose an element ...; Choose an element ... CFRP
grid, shear strengthened.
ABSTRACT:
This study researches on the cracking behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beam strengthened in shear by Carbon
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) grid and sprayed mortar. In the experimental program, two beams were
fabricated and tested under the four-point bending test; one is the control beam while the other was shear-
strengthened with CFRP grid. The two beams have been designed to the failure mode is diagonal failure. Acoustic
emission (AE) sensors were attached on the two beams to monitor the crack development from the starting point
till the ultimate state. The actual observed fact of the crack propagation is combined with AE technique result to
conclude the better understanding of the formation and propagation of diagonal cracks. As a result of the
experiments, micro-cracks in concrete beams occur and develop very early, even when the load is very low and in
the compressed area of the beam. In this research work, basing on the result from AE sensor and observation, the
comparison between the crack propagation of control beam and the shear strengthened beam is also presented.
Crack pattern of RC beam shear-strengthened with CFRP grid
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INFLUENCE OF SIZE ON THE BEHAVIOR OF RC T-BEAMS STRENGTHENED IN

SHEAR WITH EXTERNALLY BONDED CFRP
Zine El Abidine Benzeguir1, Georges El-Saikaly2, Omar Chaallal3
1,2,3
Université du Québec, École de technologie supérieure (ÉTS), Department of Construction Engineering,
Montreal (Quebec), Canada (3corresponding author: omar.chaallal@etsmtl.ca)
KEYWORDS:
Strengthening; Experimental study; Size effect; Shear; Reinforced concrete beams; CFRP
ABSTRACT:
The size effect parameter is known to have a major impact on the shear strength of conventional reinforced
concrete (RC) beams. This has been demonstrated through well documented data from numerous research studies
since the 1960s. However, very few studies have been conducted to investigate the size effect of RC beams
strengthened in shear with externally bonded (EB) FRP composites. This is particularly relevant since the empirical
equations and analytical models proposed by the design guidelines for predicting the FRP contribution to shear
resistance of concrete structures were developed on the basis of experimental laboratory test data on relatively
small specimens, with no consideration of the beam size effect. Therefore, the applicability of such models to large
scale beams has not been thoroughly assessed and may well be questionable in view of some preliminary
investigations.
The objective of this investigation is to highlight the influence of size on the shear behavior of RC T-beams
strengthened in shear with EB CFRP sheets. The experimental program consisted of geometrically similar beam
specimens with three different effective depths, d, (small, medium and large), with and without internal transverse
steel reinforcement (Figure 1). The tests were conducted on control (unstrengthened) beams and on shear-
strengthened beams using CFRP sheets bonded continuously around the web in U-wrap configurations. The same
ratios of internal longitudinal steel, transverse steel, and EB CFRP were applied to the three different sizes of
beams. The results revealed the presence of a size effect amongst the test beams, where both the concrete and
CFRP contributions to shear strength were affected. This was particularly true for strengthened specimens without
internal transverse steel. The beams with a relatively high transverse steel ratio (spacing = d/2) showed a different
behavior, as affected by the contribution of the steel stirrups. As well, the shear crack control and the postponing
of premature debonding of the EB CFRP seem to mitigate the size effect.
745
6-10M
508
150
6-10M
270
102
4-Ø8
55
d = 350
d = 525
d = 175
406
605
220
Ø4.76 @ 100 Ø8 @ 175 10M @ 265
2-15M + 2-10M
95 4-25M
152
L = 3000 mm 6-30M + 2-25M
L = 4500 mm 275
L = 6400 mm
Figure 1: Details of tested RC T-beams
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RELIABILITY OF DIC MEASUREMENTS FOR THE STRUCTURAL MONITORING

OF FRP RC ELEMENTS
Matteo Di Bendetti1, Javier Gómez2, Szymon Cholostiakow3, Hamed Fergani3, Cristina Barris2,
Maurizio Guadagnini3
1
The University of Sheffield, Multidisciplinary Engineering Education, Sheffield, U.K.
2
Polytechnic School of the University of Girona, Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering,
Girona, Spain.
3
The University of Sheffield, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Sheffield, U.K.
KEYWORDS
Digital Image Correlation, experimental study, FRP reinforcement, reinforced concrete.
ABSTRACT
Digital image correlation (DIC) is a contactless measuring technique for full-field displacements and strains. With
regards to reinforced concrete members, the high density of measuring points offered by DIC could assist in
gaining invaluable insight into the complex interaction of different resisting mechanisms (e.g. bending, shear and
torsion) as well as into the onset and development of the resulting cracking behaviour. While DIC cannot still
compete in terms of measurement accuracy with state-of-the-art strain gauges, sufficiently reliable results can be
obtained by optimizing the set-up and some of the analysis parameters. This paper presents selected results of
different experimental programmes on concrete specimens reinforced with FRP bars, in order to study the
reliability, the advantages and the limitations of using DIC. In particular, two- and three-dimensional DIC
measurements are compared, with the latter having the advantage of not being affected by out of plane motions.
The examined DIC parameters include the angle between the optical axes of the two cameras as well as different
combinations of the subset, step and filter sizes. The effect of these variables on the reliability of DIC
displacements and strains is discussed and commented upon and the DIC results are validated against well-
established measuring techniques (Figure 10).
DIC @ 76 kN
Strain Gauge on
External Shear Link
Subset: 51 pixels
Step: 3 pixels
Filter: 5 subsets
Figure 10: Vertical strains colourmap (left) and readings of the strain gauge on the external shear link (right)
for an FRP RC beam.
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REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS WITH

THE USE OF TEXTILE REINFORCED MORTARS (TRM’S)
Theofanis Krevaikas
1
Xi’an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Civil Engineering dept., Jiangsu Suzhou 215011,
(corresponding author: Theofanis.Krevaikas @xjtlu.edu.cn)
KEYWORDS:
Strengthening and repair; Experimental study ; FRC and cement composite materials; Codes, standards and
design guidelines
ABSTRACT:
In the aftermath of strong earthquakes beam elements suffer from severe damage which is mainly attributed
to low shear strength. Appropriate intervention schemes are sought to regain initial strength and stiffness. A
promising and innovative method is to externally apply textile reinforced mortars (TRMs) to increase both
the flexural and the shear strength. In this paper, the results of an ongoing experimental programme are
presented. A total of eight Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams with four different reinforcement ratios, were
subjected to four-point bending up to failure. Subsequently the RC beams were repaired with the use of patch
repair mortars and epoxy resins. In the next stage Basalt fibers in the form of textiles embedded in
cementitious mortars were externally applied to increase both the flexural and the shear strength of the beams.
One and two layers of TRMs were used. In the final stage, the beams were loaded up to failure using a four
point bending set-up. The experimental results showed that the beams regain their initial stiffness and most
of their original strength, proving that the use of TRMs is an effective alternative for strengthening statically
deficient RC elements.
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ROBUST MODELING OF ANGLE-PLY LAMINATE RESPONSE FOR

STRENGTHENING APPLICATIONS
H. A. Rasheed 1 and H. Charkas 2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Kansas State University, USA, Email: hayder@ksu.edu
2
Electric Power Research Institute, Charlotte, NC, USA
KEYWORDS
Angle-ply laminates, FRP strengthening, nonlinear constitutive modeling
ABSTRACT
Stress-strain response of fiber-reinforced polymer composite laminates is typically based on 0o mechanical
parameters obtained from simple coupon testing. The nonlinear in-plane shear behavior, for angle-ply laminates,
is recognized long ago. Further research has shown that the multiaxial behavior affects the stress-strain relationship
in the transverse direction and its coupling with in-plane shear response. This paper utilizes data from uniaxial 0 o
coupons, (θ1o)ns and (θ2o)ns symmetric angle-ply laminates to determine a complete constitutive material model
for any other angle-ply layup (θ3o)ns. Damage-based classical lamination theory is used to assemble the ply
stiffness for global axial tensile response in terms of the secant transverse modulus E22s and the secant in-plane
shear modulus G12s values. The nonlinear transverse and in-plane shear stress-strain curves are extracted
analytically from the global experimental data obtained for two fiber orientations of symmetric angle-ply
specimens, using a dual alternating fast-converging procedure. In an example application, (45o)ns and (75o)ns are
tested experimentally. Then, they are used to recover the nonlinear local in-plane shear and transverse direction
behavior respectively. The resulting material models are used to predict the response of other angle-ply laminates
made from the same composite material. Furthermore, 45o laminates are examined to strengthen a reinforced
concrete T beam illustrating their potential benefits.
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FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF PRE-CRACKED FRP BEAMS STRENGTHENED

WITH CARBON FIBER LAMINATES
Himanshu Chawla1 and Shamsher Bahadur Singh2
1&2 Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Civil Engineering Department, Pilani and India
(corresponding author: himanshuchawla11@gmail.com)
KEYWORDS
Carbon fiber laminates, Cracked beam, Experimental study, Strengthening and repair.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the experimental investigation on the cracked pultruded beams strengthened with carbon fiber
reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. Flexural responses were determined for CFRP strengthened beams having
length-to-depth (L/d) ratios 3 and 7. Beams had the crack length of 75 mm on the compression web-flange junction
at the mid-span of the beam. The length of carbon fiber layers were provided 175, 225 and 275 mm. Flexural
responses of beams was determined under three-point bending test. It is observed that the beam having L/d ratio 7
and carbon fiber layers of length 175 mm, failed by debonding of the carbon fiber layers, while other beams of
L/d ratio 7 and bonded lengths 225 and 275 mm failed by local failure of compression flange. Moreover, beam
having L/d ratio 3 and strengthened with carbon fiber layer throughout the length of beam has strength and stiffness
equivalent to the un-cracked beam.
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Fire blast and impact loading
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BLAST RESPONSE OF RC SLABS WITH EXTERNALLY BONDED

REINFORCEMENT
Azer Maazoun 1,2, Bachir Belkassem 2, Rodrigo Mourão 2, Stijn Matthys 3, D.Lecompte2 , John Vantomme 2
1
Ghent University, Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Gent, Belgium, (azer.maazoun@ugent.be)
2
Royal Military Academy, Civil and Materials Engineering Department, Brussels, Belgium
3
Ghent University, Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Gent, Belgium
KEYWORDS :
Blast loading; Externally bonded reinforcement; Explosive Driven Shock Tube; Dynamic response; RC slab;
ABSTRACT:
The present paper proposes a detailed analysis of the efficiency of externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) on
reinforced concrete slabs (RC) under blast loads using explosive driven shock tube (EDST). This study focuses on
four tests which have been performed on RC slabs retrofitted with CFRP strips, simply supported, subjected to
explosions for a constant charge weight. Maximum deflection and strain distribution in the concrete and CFRP
strips are recorded using digital image correlation (DIC) measurement. Moreover, pressure transducers are fixed
at the end of the tube to measure the incident pressure of each experiment. Following the explosion, the RC slabs
are submitted to a dynamic vibration in both directions and during the first inbound displacement phase, the kinetic
energy of the retrofitted specimen is stored as elastic strain energy in CFRP strips. All this elastic strain energy
stored in FRP strips is violently released as kinetic during the rebound phase of the slab. The results indicate that
EBR increases significantly the flexural capacity and the stiffness of RC slabs under blast loads.
Figure 1 : Experimental setup for blast tests
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EFFECT OF THE GEOMETRY AND IMPREGNATION OF THE TEXTILE

REINFORCEMENT ON THE MECHANICAL AND THERMOMECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF A TEXTILE REINFORCED CONCRETE (TRC)
Tala Tlaiji1, Xuan Hong Vu1, Emmanuel Ferrier1, Amir Si Larbi2
1
Laboratoire des Matériaux Composites pour la Construction LMC2, University of Lyon 1, Villeurbanne,
France;
2
Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes (LTDS), University of Lyon, st-Etienne, France
(Tala.Tlaiji@etu.univ-lyon1.fr)
KEYWORDS:
Textile geometry; Textile impregnation; Temperature; Characterization of TRC materials/systems
ABSTRACT:
The global behavior of a textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is influenced by the geometry and the impregnation of
the textile reinforcement. This study gives an overview of some material properties influencing the mechanical
performance of TRC composite. Focusing on the development of E-glass reinforced Inorganic Phosphate Cement
matrix composites for structural applications in civil engineering, a development of a specific experimental
procedure allows identifying the tensile properties (resistance, stiffness, deformation) until failure and the crack
width of TRC composite. In this study, the TRC composites tested are made with two different geometries of
textile, either the unidirectional E-glass or the hooked-shape E-glass, with and without the impregnation. Such
differences may affect the bonding properties between the textile reinforcement and the matrix as well as the
overall tensile performance. Moreover, an X-Ray tomography observation was carried out to characterize the
interface matrix/textile. Various effects of the geometry and impregnation of textile in the TRC were observed and
discussed. The best performance is observed for the TRC composite with unidirectional E-glass fiber. Its ultimate
strength is about 2 times greater than that of the TRC composite with hooked shape.
The use of oriented textiles in the main direction of stresses leads to an increase in the mechanical performance of
the TRC composite. Moreover, the interaction between the matrix and the textile reinforcement is improved for
the TRC composite with unidirectional fibers when the textile reinforcement is impregnated by a resin. The
resistances of these TRC composites have increased and their deformations have decreased, although their opening
of the cracks are much reduced. Whereas for the second geometry (hooked shape), the fiber’s impregnation has
no marked influence. Finally, the behavior of the best performing composite, which is formed with unidirectional
E-glass fibers, is then identified as a function of several temperature levels (25°C, 200°C, 400°C and 600°C). It
presents a severe drop between 25°C and 200°C which is explained by a thermomechanical analysis (TMA).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was performed with the financial subvention of the European Regional Development Fund of the
European Union and of the Rhône-Alpes-Auvergne region, France for the lot 5 “Characterization of composite
materials” of the PRORETEX II research project. This project is the collaborative research project between four
industrial partners (SULITEC - project leader; FOTIA; ER2I; CIMEO) and two academic partners (UCBL/LMC2;
ENISE/LTDS). We also would like to thank the team of technicians (Mr. Emmanuel JANIN, Mr. Nobert
COTTET) from the Civil Engineering Department at IUT Lyon 1 and LMC2, University Lyon 1 for their technical
support.
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THERMOMECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF CFRP

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE SUBJECTED TO ELEVATED
TEMPERATURE
Phi Long NGUYEN1,2, Xuan Hong VU1, Emmanuel FERRIER1
1
Niels Bohr, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France. Mail: phi-long.nguyen@etu.univ-lyon1.fr, xuan-hong.vu@univ-
lyon1.fr, emmanuel.ferrier@univ-lyon1.fr
2
Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport, Faculty of Construction Engineering, Campus 1: Number 2, D3
Street, Ward 25, Binh Thanh Disctrict, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
KEYWORDS
CFRP; CFRP reinforced concrete ; external bonding reinforcement (EBR); near surface mounted (NSM); thermo-
mechanical condition; ,elevated temperature
ABSTRACT:
In recent decades, the use of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) becomes popular in civil engineering to
reinforce the concrete structure such as columns, beams and slabs. It is because this material has good strength to
weight ratio as well as good resistance in corrosion and fatigue. In reinforcing concrete structures, CFRP is used
following two basic methods: externally bonding reinforcement (EBR) and near surface mounted (NSM). The
application method is selected depending on the type of the structure, the use of the reinforced structure and
workability condition. Recent researches indicated that the NSM seemed to be the better alternative EBR for
delaying the debonding failure and thus allowing CFRP to be exploited more efficiently. In civil engineering, when
a CFRP reinforced structure is subjected to fire, all elements including substrate material, CFRP, adhesive are
simultaneously affected by elevated temperature and mechanical load. In Eurocode, the ultimate strengths and
Young’s modulus of concrete and steel are described to be reduced as the temperature rises. Recent research efforts
have also deepened the knowledge about the performance of CFRP and adhesive. The remained question is how
to combine these elements efficiently. Some recent researches separately focus on the fire performance of CFRP
reinforced structure using EBR or NSM method but the comparison between these methods is not yet investigated.
Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the thermo-mechanical performance of CFRP reinforced concrete
structure with two reinforcement methods: EBR and NSM. In this study, the concrete structure is reinforced with
a pultruded laminate CFRP using a two-component epoxy. The studied structure is first applied with a pre-defined
mechanical load, and then the temperature surrounding the sample increases with the heat rate at 30C/minute
until rupture of the studied structure. The rupture temperature and the effect of the thermal exposure duration on
behaviour of the studied structure at different cases are then analysed to identify the performance of the structure.
The results show that with the used adhesive, the CFRP reinforced concrete structure has better performance in
thermo-mechanical condition when using the NSM method (compares to the EBR method). The NSM structure
can resist up to temperature at 4 times higher than that of the EBR structure at the same shear stress. It is also
shown that with the rise of the mechanical loading, the resistible temperature of the studied structure decreases
with the rate of decrease depending on reinforcement method. The failure mode of the tested structures show that
with the NSM method, both the CFRP, the adhesive and the concrete were simultaneously affected while with the
EBR method, only the adhesive were damaged due to shear stress.
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(a) (b)
Figure 1:
(a) Thermomechanical machine used for the tests on CFRP reinforced concrete structures
(b) Failure modes of the CFRP reinforced concrete structures using two reinforcement methods [externally
bonding reinforcement (EBR) and near surface mounted (NSM)]
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research has been performed with the financial support of the LMC2 (thanks to its industrial
projects) for the experimental works. This research has also been realized with the financial support
of a doctoral scholarship from the Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam. We would like to
thank the team of technicians (Mr E. JANIN and Mr N. COTTET) from the Civil Engineering department
of the IUT Lyon 1 and the LMC2, University Lyon 1 for their technical support.
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MESOSCALE MODELING OF THE ELEVATED TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOR OF

THE BASALT TEXTILE REINFORCED CONCRETE
Manh Tien TRAN1,2, Xuan Hong VU1, Emmanuel FERRIER1
1
Niels Bohr, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France. Mail: manh-tien.tran@etu.univ-lyon1.fr, xuan-hong.vu@univ-
2
Hanoi University of Mining and Geology (HUMG), Department of Material Resistance, 18 Pho Vien, Bac Tu
Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam
KEYWORDS
Textile-reinforced concrete (TRC), numerical study, mesoscale modelling, basalt, elevated temperature, thermo-
mechanical behavior, residual behavior
ABSTRACT:
The textile reinforced concrete (TRC) can be used for the reparation and the reinforcement of civil engineering
works. There were several studies on the behavior of the textile reinforced concrete (TRC) subjected to residual
and thermomechanical loading. Most of the previous studies concern the experiments in which direct tensile tests
were carried out to characterize the residual and thermomechanical behavior of TRC. The experimental data of the
residual and thermomechanical behavior (at elevated temperature) of the basalt textile reinforced calcium
aluminate concrete were available and obtained by other researchers in a previous study.
This paper presents a mesoscale modeling of the elevated temperature behavior of the basalt textile reinforced
concrete. The ANSYS MECHANICAL software was used in this numerical study. A two-dimension (2-D) finite
element model was constructed using the PLAN183 element (two-dimension (2-D), 8 nodes, structural solid
element) for the cementitious matrix and the basalt fiber. The cohesive element INTER203 (two-dimension (2-D),
6 nodes, cohesive element) was used for the interface between the basalt fiber and the matrix. This model gave
interesting numerical results that were in agreement with the available experimental data.
From the principal characteristics of the constituent materials (the basalt fibre, the matrix and the fibre/matrix
interface) (input data), the proposed mesoscale model allowed to numerically obtain, with little difference in
comparison with the available experimental data, the “stress – strain” relationship of the TRC and the principal
characteristics of the TRC (as ultimate strengths and strains, strengths and strains at typical points, Young’s
modulus) when the TRC was subjected to different temperatures (25°C, 75°C, 150°C, 200°C). Furthermore, a
parametric study showed a significant influence of the basalt textile reinforcement ratio on the ultimate strength
of the TRC. The increase of the ultimate strength of TRC with the basalt textile reinforcement ratio, for different
temperatures, was successfully simulated. The numerical results of this study show that the mesoscale modeling
allows to predict the TRC behavior at elevated temperature. The successful mesoscale finite element modeling of
TRC provides an economic and alternative solution in comparison with expensive experimental investigations.
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(a)
(b) (c)
Figure 1 : (a) Configuration of the matrix, fibre and interface elements of the TRC in the 2-D mesoscale model
(ANSYS).
(b,c) Stress/strain relationship of the basalt textile reinforced concrete subjected to different temperatures [25°C
(b), 150°C (c)] : mesoscale modeling versus experimental results (*RAMBO et al, 2015, Cem. Concr. Compos.,
vol. 70, 2016)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research has been performed with the financial support of the LMC2 (thanks to its industrial projects) for the
experimental works. This research has also been realized with the financial support of a doctoral scholarship from
the Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam. We would like to thank the team of technicians of the Civil
Engineering Department of the IUT Lyon 1, University Lyon 1 for their technical support.
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FIRE BEHAVIOUR OF GFRP-REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB STRIPS: FIRE

RESISTANCE TESTS AND NUMERICAL MODELLING
Inês C. Rosa1, João P. Firmo1,2, Carolina Churro1, Pedro Santos1, Mário R. T. Arruda, João R. Correia 1
1
CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; 2 Corresponding author:
joao.firmo@tecnico.ulisboa.pt
KEYWORDS:
Experimental study; Modeling; Fire, impact and blast loading; Temperature; FRP internal reinforcement;
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents experimental and numerical investigations on the fire behaviour of concrete slab strips
reinforced with sand-coated glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. The experimental programme comprised
fire resistance tests on a reference steel-reinforced concrete (RC) slab strip and on four GFRP-RC slab strips; all
specimens were simultaneously subjected to the ISO 834 standard fire (using an intermediate scale furnace) and a
sustained service load applied in a 4-point bending configuration. The influence of the following parameters on
the fire resistance of the slab strips was assessed: (i) the concrete cover thickness (25 mm or 35 mm); (ii) the
presence of cold anchorages in the GFRP rebars, and (iii) the presence of lap-splices in the fire-exposed length of
the slabs (lengths of 30 cm and 60 cm). The results obtained show that considerably long periods of fire resistance
can be attained in slabs with GFRP reinforcement provided that the anchorage zones of the rebars remain
sufficiently cold; in fact, the slab strips reinforced with continuous rebars and 25 mm and 35 mm of concrete cover
failed after 148 min and 158 min of fire exposure, respectively. For the slab strips with bar splices exposed to heat,
the fire resistance was reduced to less than 20 min, showing that this constructive detail has a significant impact
on the fire performance of GFRP-RC members. The numerical study comprised the development of 3D non-linear
finite element thermo-mechanical models to simulate the fire response of the reference steel-RC slab strip and of
the RC slab strip reinforced with continuous GFRP bars. At this stage, the bond vs. slip behaviour of the GFRP
rebars as a function of temperature was not considered (perfect adherence). In any case, these preliminary models
provided accurate predictions of the thermo-mechanical response of the tested specimens, namely in terms of
temperatures and midspan deflection increase with time of fire exposure.
a) b)
P P
0.05 0.467 0.467 0.467 0.05
Reaction frame
Load
transmission 0.11
beam 1.10
Furnace
Furnace
walls
walls
Ceramic wool
Slab
Fixed 0.20 0.95 0.20
support
Sliding
support Insulation
Slab strip 0.25 Isolation modulus
system
c)
Furnace
(ISO 834)
Furnace
Furnace
Ceramic wool
walls
walls
Furnace interior
(side view)
Weights
0.20 0.80 0.20
Dimensions in [m]
Figure 1: Fire resistance tests setup: (a) general view; (b) longitudinal and (c) transversal scheme of the test
setup and thermal insulation system.
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FIBRE-REINFORCED INTUMESCENT COATINGS AS A FIRE-SAFE CONFINING

MATERIAL FOR CONCRETE COLUMNS
Zafiris Triantafyllidis 1 and Luke Bisby 1
1
The University of Edinburgh, Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
(corresponding author: z.triantafyllidis@ed.ac.uk)
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; New composite materials, systems and strengthening techniques; Fibre-reinforced
intumescent coatings; Concrete column strengthening; Confinement; Fire protection.
ABSTRACT:
A serious concern associated with the use of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials in structural strengthening
is their comparatively poor mechanical performance at the elevated temperatures that would be experienced in a
fire. In many cases, supplemental passive fire protection (PFP) systems must be installed on the exterior of FRP
strengthening schemes such that the strengthened structural elements can achieve the required fire resistance
ratings, often leading to substantially increased installation costs and disruption in operational buildings. This
paper presents a novel application of fibre-reinforced intumescent coatings (FRICs), as an alternative material
system for strengthening and fire protecting damaged or deficient concrete columns. Carbon fibre-reinforced
epoxy-based intumescent coatings are PFP systems that are extensively used to protect structural steel elements
from the potentially catastrophic effects of fire in the oil and gas or high value infrastructure markets. These
systems are typically reinforced with continuous fibre meshes; thus, under normal service temperature conditions
(i.e. prior to a fire event), the intumescent coatings are effectively fibre-reinforced polymer coatings. This paper
demonstrates that FRICs with suitably modified fibre contents and mesh architectures can be used to provide
inherently fire-safe strengthening or retrofitting of concrete columns, by providing confinement to the concrete
core at ambient temperature in addition to protecting them in fire. The results of an experimental program studying
the ambient temperature uniaxial compressive behaviour of plain concrete cylinders that are laterally confined
with the novel FRIC system are presented. It is clearly demonstrated that the confining effectiveness of the novel
composite fire protection system at ambient temperature is at least as good as that of conventional non-intumescent
FRP wraps comprising the same carbon fibre mesh reinforcement, thus proving the strong potential of FRICs as
alternative strengthening systems for concrete columns, particularly in applications where structural fire resistance
is required.
60
(a) (b)
50
40
Axial Stress (MPa)
30
20 Unwrapped
Mesh1
3x Mesh1
10
PBO Mesh
Hoop Axial
UD Fabric
0
-0.025 -0.015 -0.005 0.005 0.015 0.025
Strain
Figure 1: (a) Concrete cylinders confined with a carbon fibre-reinforced intumescent wrap; (b) typical uniaxial
stress versus strain responses obtained for specimens strengthened with FRICs.
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EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE THERMOMECANICAL

BEHAVIOUR AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE OF THE TEXTILE REINFORCED
CONCRETE (TRC): EFFECT OF THE HYDRIC STATE OF TRC
Mohamed SAIDI, Xuan Hong VU, Emmanuel FERRIER
Niels Bohr, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France. Mail: mohamed.saidi@etu.univ-lyon1.fr, xuan-hong.vu@univ-
KEYWORDS :
Thermomechanical behavior, elevated temperature, textile-mortar composite, Textile Reinforced Concrete

(TRC), moisture state, saturation degree, cementitious matrix, alkali-resistant glass textile, analytical modeling
ABSTRACT:
In recent decades, Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) materials have become increasingly used to repair and/or
reinforce civil engineering structures thanks to their various advantages (non-toxicity, availability of raw materials,
recyclability, ease of implementation ...). However, the elevated temperature behavior of these materials has not
been much studied.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of the TRC's hydric state on its thermomechanical behavior
under combined thermal and mechanical loading. The studied TRC was made with a refractory cementitious matrix
and three layers of continuous alkali-resistant glass textiles. In this study, two hydric states of the same TRC were
studied: the “almost dried” state and the saturated one. The “almost dried” TRC samples were stored in the oven
at 50°C until the stability of the mass (TRC’s water content of about 3.82%) and the saturated TRC samples were
emerged in water until the stability of the mass (TRC’s water content of about 14.18%). Thanks to a new
experimental approach of the thermomechanical testing and a careful control of the TRC hydric state, this study
allowed identifying the thermomechanical tensile behavior of the “almost dried” TRC and of the saturated one
subjected to different temperatures (varying from 20°C to 800°C). This study also allowed understanding the role
and influence of the hydric state of the cementitious matrix on the thermomechanical behavior of the TRC.
The results of this study showed that the TRC hydric state influences its thermomechanical properties due to the
effect of interstitial pressure, especially at temperature levels below 300°C, on the cementitious matrix or on the
glass fibre-matrix interface. The transfer of charge between the fibre and the matrix is also influenced by the TRC
hydric state. Generally, the more the TRC is wet, the more the thermomechanical characteristics of the TRC
(ultimate stress, ultimate strain and Young’s modulus) decrease.
The experimental work of this study is followed by an analytical analysis which aims to calibrate existing analytical
Gibson model that was used to describe the behavior of polymer matrix composite materials as a function of
temperature. On the basis of a modification of the Gibson model and the obtained experimental results, the various
parameters were identified, analyzed and adapted with the taking into account of the hydric states (“almost dried”,
“saturated”, water content of 8%) of the TRC.
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"Almost dried"
TRC stored in the
oven at 50°C
"Saturated" TRC
conserved in
water
(a (b) (c
) )
Figure 1:
(a) Control of the TRC hydric state before the test : "almost dried" TRC conserved in the oven at 50°C,
"saturated" TRC conserved in water; (b) Used thermomechanical machine; (c) Evolution of the ultimate stress
of the ‘‘almost dried’’ TRC and of the ‘‘saturated’’ TRC according to temperature
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was performed with the financial subvention of the European Regional Development Fund of the
European Union and of the Rhône-Alpes-Auvergne region, France for the lot 5 “Characterization of composite
materials” of the PRORETEX II research project. This project is the collaborative research project between four
industrial partners (SULITEC - project leader; FOTIA; ER2I; CIMEO) and two academic partners (UCBL/LMC2;
ENISE/LTDS). We also would like to thank the team of technicians (Mr. Emmanuel JANIN, Mr. Nobert
COTTET) from the Civil Engineering Department at IUT Lyon 1 and LMC2, University Lyon 1 for their technical
support.
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TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODELING OF THERMO-MECHANICAL RESPONSES OF

GFRP BOX BEAM SUBJECTED TO ISO-834 FIRE
Lingfeng Zhang1, Lu Wang 2, Weiqing Liu 3*
1
School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; 2 College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing, China; 3 Advanced Engineering Composites Research Center, Nanjing Tech
University, Nanjing, China (wqliu@njtech.edu.cn)
KEYWORDS :
Fiber reinforced polymers; Modeling ; Thermo-mechanical responses; Alternating direction implicit (ADI)
Add one or two own keywords if needed
ABSTRACT:
During the past three decades, one-dimensional (1-D) heat transfer model was frequently used to estimate the
thermal responses of glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) materials and structures. However, in real fire
scenarios, beams and columns are usually subjected to multi-side fire loading, and the whole cross-sectional
thermal responses can hardly be obtained when using a 1-D model. To address this issue, a 1-D model was
extended to a two-dimensional (2-D) model to predict the thermo-mechanical responses of GFRP box beam
subjected to one-side ISO-834 fire exposure and four-point bending. The 2-D governing heat transfer equations
with thermal boundary conditions, discretized by alternating direction implicit (ADI) method, were solved by
Gauss-Seidel iterative approach. Based on beam theory, the mechanical responses were obtained by the
temperature-dependent Young’s modulus. The model was validated by comparing the simulated results and the
available experimental data of the beam. Both temperatures and mid-span deflections of the GFRP box beam in
the experiment can reasonably be predicted by this model.
q ADI differential formats

GFRP box beam q q
Convection and radiation Simplify q=0 q=0

q=0
Top flange
q=0
q
Mesh q
q=0 q
Web Convection Web
q
q=0 and radiation q=0 q q
q Chemical
q=0
kinetics
q=0
Bottom flange q=0 q=0
ADI techniques
T,f T,f
ISO-834 fire T,f
Beam theory
2-D mechanical responses 2-D thermal responses
Figure 1 : Flowchart of 2-D solution process
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STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF CFRP CONFINED RC BRIDGE BENT UNDER

IMPACT LOADING
Charles Plante1, Nathalie Roy1, Charles-Philippe Lamarche1, François Settecasi1
1
University of Sherbrooke, Civil engineering department, Sherbrooke, Canada
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Modeling ; Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems; Durability, long-
term performance
ABSTRACT:
In the United States of America, from 1989 to 2000, 11,7% of all bridges failures were caused by impact loads
which is the second most important cause after those related to flooding. Over the past decade, only a few studies
have been carried out on impact loading on bridges and North American standards seem insufficiently detailed to
provide adequate design. Solutions to prevent and to repair damages caused by vehicles collisions on bridge piers
are currently studied. One of them is to confine the piers with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) jackets.
The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of the CFRP jacket on RC bridge bent structural behaviour
when the columns are previously damaged by impact load. To that end, dynamic laboratory tests are performed
on both confined and unconfined RC bridge columns. Test specimens consist of two columns bridge bent (1:6
scale). When submitted to successive impacts loads, laboratory tests show that the bridge bent suffers less damages
when the columns are confined with a CFRP jacket. That affirmation is still true even if the bridge bent has been
previously damaged by an impact load prior to the CFRP jacket being installed.
The structural performance of the bridge bents is greatly improved by the confinement. The comparison is made
by analysing the limit states of different piers with and without confinement. Detailed testing procedure and
numerical results will be presented in the paper.
Figure 11 – Test setup
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TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON THE BOND BEHAVIOUR OF A TRANSVERSELY

COMPRESSED MECHANICAL ANCHORAGE SYSTEM
Luis Correia1, Cristina Barris2, José Sena-Cruz3
1
University of Minho, ISISE, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal; 2 University of Girona, AMADE,
Dept. of Mech. Engineering and Industrial Construction, Girona, Spain; 3 University of Minho, ISISE, Dept. of
Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal (corresponding author: jsena@civil.uminho.pt)
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Temperature ; Bond and interfacial stresses; Durability, long-term
performance; transverse compression; CFRP; EBR
ABSTRACT:
Nowadays the strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) structures using FRP composites is a viable reality, consolidated
by many studies and practical applications. One of the most common methods used to apply the FRP is the externally
bonded reinforcement (EBR) technique. However, the development of stresses at the anchorage zones of the EBR-FRP
composite might cause premature debonding. To delay or avoid premature failure, mechanical systems were successfully
developed.
Figure 12: Top view and side view of the test set-up and instrumentation.
This works aims to assess the performance of a mechanical system: the metallic anchorage plate commercially distributed
by S&P Clever Reinforcement Company. For that purpose, an experimental program composed by twenty-two concrete
blocks (200x500x800mm3) strengthened with EBR-CFRP laminates mechanically anchored to the concrete is presented.
Each metallic plate is fixed to the concrete element through six prestressed bolts, creating a confinement distribution of
stresses in the anchorage region. All specimens were tested up to failure under two types of pull-out configurations: the
steady-state temperature, where the laminate is pulled from the block with increasing force and constant temperature (20ºC,
60ºC and 80ºC); and the transient temperature, where the laminate is pulled with constant force (0,4%, 0,5% and 0,6% of
strain) and the temperature is gradually increased. Besides temperature and test configuration, the influence of the laminate
width and level of transverse compression in the metallic plate were also studied. Results showed that the debonding process
and failure are highly influenced by the temperature, laminate width and confinement level.
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Figure 13: Main results of the experimental campaign (steady-state temperature).
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF GFRP-RC SLABS IN FIRE

Antonio Bilotta1, Alberto Compagnone1, Emidio Nigro1
1
Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture - University of Naples Federico II, Italy
(Corresponding author: antonio.bilotta@unina.it
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Modeling ; Fire, impact and blast loading; Codes, standards and design
guidelines
ABSTRACT:
Fire is one of the most serious potential risks for buildings and structures, and for this reason international codes
provide specific guidelines to take account of fire in the design of structures. Among construction materials, the
concrete is generally characterized by acceptable performance in fire. Indeed, the material can protect itself by
fire, thanks to its low thermal conductivity, and protects the internal reinforcements used for reinforced concrete
(RC) members. Both traditional steel bars and more recently developed fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) bars, benefit
from the protection of concrete. In this framework, some authors of this paper performed experimental flexural
tests and developed theoretical interpretative models about bending moment resistance of FRP-RC slabs.
Nevertheless, the real behaviour of structural elements can therefore be very different from that indicated by
standard furnace tests and should be investigated, as is usual within the Fire Safety Engineering approach .In order
to extend the results of experimental tests to different cases, using a numerical model the paper shows the
preliminary results of some numerical simulations of GFRP-RC slabs at ambient condition and in fire conditions,
focusing on some modelling aspects which can improve efficiency of calculus. The numerical investigation
highlights that the simplified model for the concrete in tension allows good estimations of displacements and
stresses in fire condition. The model will be used to perform extensive numerical analyses by varying mechanical
and geometrical properties and compare the results with the predictions of analytical methods, also including the
effect of the concrete spalling.
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MULTIPHYSICS INVESTIGATIONS INTO NSM CFRP AT ELEVATED

TEMPERATURES
Thushara Siriwardanage 1 and Yail J. Kim 2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, USA
2
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, USA, Email: jimmy.kim@ucdenver.edu
KEYWORDS
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), modeling, multiphysics, near-surface mounted (NSM).
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the interfacial behavior between near-surface mounted (NSM) carbon fiber reinforced polymer
(CFRP) strips and a concrete substrate, bonded by an epoxy adhesive. The first part of research discusses an
experimental program focusing on the temperature-dependent strength of the bonding agent, and the load-
displacement and load-carrying capacity of the CFRP-concrete interface. The second component is concerned with
developing a multiphysics model that consists of thermal and mechanical simulations. Investigation results reveal
that thermal distress significantly affects the strength of the bonding agent with an increasing level of uncertainty
and controls the response of the interface. Good agreement is made between the test data and model prediction in
terms of capacity reduction and failure mode.
(a) control specimen (b) thermally-loaded specimen
Figure 1: CFRP-concrete interface testing
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Practical applications
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NDT SIGNAL ANALYSIS OF CFRP-LAMINATE BOND ON RC BRIDGES

Kenneth C. Crawford
Institute for Bridge Reinforcement and Rehabilitation, Bloomington, Indiana USA
KEYWORDS:
CFRP Bond, non-destructive testing, impact-echo, bridges
ABSTRACT:
The purpose of this paper is to present on-going research in non-destructive testing (NDT) of carbon-fiber
reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate plate bond in FRP structural systems applied to reinforced concrete (RC)
highway bridges. Using the NDT impact-echo principle a light mobile impact machine made with a 3D-printed
polylactide plastic frame produces multiple acoustic (low frequency) signals per meter of CFRP plate bonded to
RC-bridge structural members. Each impact produces a specific signal waveform signature defined by the CFRP-
plate concrete bond condition. A change in plate bond to a de-bonded condition produces a uniquely different
waveform signature. The impact waveforms are characterized by exponentially decaying sinusoids with differing
decay rates, times, frequencies, and amplitudes. These waveform differences markedly identify changes in CFRP-
plate bond condition. Signal analysis of recorded impact waveform signals provides a visual profile and a digital
data base record of bond conditions across the length of the CFRP plate. The objective of the NDT impact
procedure presented in this paper is to evaluate (test) long lengths CFRP plates bonded to highway bridges. This
objective is driven, in part, by a requirement to evaluate a number of CFRP-strengthened bridges in the Republic
of Macedonia to determine plate bond condition 17 years after installation. The paper presents results of recent
field testing with the impact procedure on existing FRP-strengthened highway bridges in the State of Missouri
using a mobile impact machine. Test results are compiled to show bond conditions over the length of the FRP
applications. Successful development and application of this NDT impact procedure will provide bridge engineers
an effective field protocol (tool) for long-term testing of CFRP-structural systems applied to multiple highway
bridges in a national highway system. With periodic testing the impact waveform data base will establish a record
for FRP-system bond behaviour over time on RC highway bridges.
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I75 BRIDGE OVER SEXTON/KILFOIL DRAIN, THE LONGEST HIGHWAY BRIDGE

SPAN PRESTRESSED WITH CFRP STRANDS
Nabil Grace1,4, Matthew Chynoweth2, Tsuyoshi Enomoto3, Mena Bebawy1
1
Lawrence Technological University, Southfield, MI, U.S.A.; 2 Michigan Department of Transportation,
Lansing, MI, U.S.A.; 3 Tokyo Rope USA Inc., Canton, MI, U.S.A.; 4 (corresponding author: ngrace@ltu.edu)
KEYWORDS :
Highway bridge ...; Prestressing CFRP ... ; Field test ...; Bridge design ...
ABSTRACT:
Extensive experimental, analytical, and numerical research efforts resulted in the design and construction of the
longest highway bridge span prestressed with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strands. This 42-m-long
simply-supported bulb-T beam bridge carries I-75 highway over Sexton/Kilfoil Drain in Allen Park, Michigan,
U.S.A. The bridge superstructure is composed of ten 1.83-m-deep bulb T beams supporting a 23-cm-thick
reinforced concrete deck slab. One exterior beam is prestressed with a total of 67 CFRP strands, while the rest of
the beams are prestressed with a total of 63 strands each. Each strand is tensioned with an initial prestressing force
of 156 kN, which represents approximately 65 % of the strand guaranteed strength.
To ensure the safety and adequacy of the bridge to carry the assigned traffic loads and withstand the
severe weather in Michigan, the design of the bridge underwent multiple revisions and test results from a parallel
experimental investigation were utilized to make key design decisions. Design aspects such as creep rupture and
relaxation of CFRP, effect of freezing and thawing cycles, mode of failure, and appropriate environmental and
strength reduction factors were all taken into consideration.
Handling of CFRP strands and construction of the beams also required extra care and special training.
For instance, prestressing the strands was executed by coupling the CFRP strands to conventional low-relaxation
steel strands at both ends to eliminate the need for special anchorage systems. Prestress loss from the time of
prestressing to the time of prestress release was affected by the nature of CFRP but it was properly evaluated and
included in the design.
After construction and before opening for traffic, several bridge beams were instrumented with strain and
deflection sensors and a field load test using two trucks positioned at strategic locations on the bridge was executed.
The strain and deflection of the beams due to the truck loads were captured and analysed to ensure adequate
performance.
Figure 1 : Construction of I-75 bridge over Sexton/Kilfoil Drain in Allen Park, MI, U.S.A.
297
Paris
REPAIR OF PANAMA'S 50-YEAR-OLD BRIDGE WITH CFRP RODS

Julien Mercier1, Vanessa Buchin1, Christian Tourneur 1, Guillermo Medina2
1
Freyssinet International, Technical Department, Rueil-Malmaison, France; 2 Freyssinet de Mexico Tierra
Armada S.A. (julien.mercier@freyssinet.com)
KEYWORDS:
Strengthening and repair; Case studies ; FRP internal reinforcement; Characterization of FRP and FRC
materials/systems; CFRP rods; NSM Technic
ABSTRACT:
Freyssinet performed important repair work in 2015 on Panama's 50-year-old Bridge of the Americas. It’s a steel
truss arch bridge built between 1959 and 1962, 1654m long with 14 sections with a main section 344m long. The
concrete slab had to be reinforced because of load evolution of road rules.
The initial project was a reinforcement with additional metallic rebars, representing 222 tons of rebars. Such rebars
would be embedded above the existing rebars and would not respect the minimum coating thickness for corrosion
protection.
Furthermore, an important traffic on this motorway required the work to be performed in a short time during the
night.
A very efficient solution was proposed and applied by Freyssinet. Reinforcement with CFRP rods embedded into
the concrete cover and sealed with resin (NSM technic). Thus, the equivalent weight of carbon rods was 12 tons,
which consequently reduced the weight to be transported and to be installed. An additional reinforcement of the
underside of the bridge was performed with CFRP Foreva TFC solution.
The working time was limited and the traffic has to be reopened on sealing resin not completely hardened.
Preliminary mechanical tests have been performed to evaluate the evolution of anchoring capacity during the first
8 hours of polymerization of resin. It was demonstrated that anchoring capacity was sufficient after a minimum of
5 hours at 20°C or 3 hours at 35°C after resin application.
The CFRP quantities applied were very important: 64 000 meters of carbon rods (12mm diameter) in grooves and
45 000m² of Foreva TFC fabric under the slab.
Thus specific methods and equipment were developed for this special applications. Cutting machine with several
special diamond discs for concrete grooving operation; automatic pump and melting nozzle for resin application.
The efficiency was clearly improved, around 35meters/h.
298
Composites
Paris
July 17-19, 2018
Figure 1: Anchoring test of carbon rod into resin groove
Figure 2: View of the bridge and different stages of reinforcement
299
Paris
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE SLAB

STRENGTHENED WITH CFRP USING 24 HR AND CYCLIC LOAD TESTING
Thanongsak Imjai 1, Burachat Chatveera 2 and Udomvit Chaisakulkiet 3
1
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-Ok, Bangkok, Thailand; (Email:
thanongsak_im@rmutto.ac.th)
2
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand;
3
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin, Bangkok, Thailand;
KEYWORDS :
Strengthening and repair; Structural assessment ; Post-tensioned slab; EBR; Load tests
ABSTRACT:
This article presents the showcase on a performance study of post-tensioned concrete slabs using externally bonded
carbon fibre reinforced composites (CFRP). The concrete slabs are part of a full-scale 17 storey building located
in in Thailand. The original building (completed in 2000) is currently used as the residential building. Design
verifications based on ACI 318 indicated that the flexural capacity of the original post-tensioned slab was
insufficient to resist the new superimposed loads from three water tanks with capacity of 1000 litres that is planned
to install on the roof top floor. Conversely, flexural, shear and torsional capacity of the existing RC beam and
column sections were sufficient to resist the superimposed loads by up to 120% (under the roof top level). As part
of the retrofitting programme, the concrete slab was strengthened with Carbon FRP (CFRP) laminates using a
manual lay-up application. The load capacity and deflection of the FRP-strengthened slab was then re-assessed
according to the 24 hours (ACI-318) and cyclic load (ACI-437) test protocols. Based on the floor load test results,
it was found that the proposed strengthening solution was adequate to sustain the increased load demand imposed
by the water tanks.
Overview of the 17 stories hotel EBR strengthening
Figure 1 : Application of EBR CFRP strengthening on post-tensioned concrete slab
300
Paris
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A HYBRID DOUBLE-SKIN TUBULAR ARCH

BRIDGE
Leo de Waal1, Shuan Jiang1, Juan Torres1, Guang-Ming Chen2, Jin-Guang Teng3, Paul Rodman4, Peter Burnton5,
Dilum Fernando1,*
1
The University of Queensland, School of Civil Engineering, Australia, *Email: dilum.fernando@uq.edu.au
2
Guangdong University of Technology, School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, China
3
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, China
4
Rocket C Pty Ltd, Brisbane Australia
5
Arup Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Australia
KEYWORDS
Double-skin tubular arch bridge; bridge design; bridge fabrication; GFRP joints
ABSTRACT
A novel double-skin tubular arch (DSTA) bridge system is being developed at the University of Queensland as a
collaborative effort of several organizations. This new bridge system builds on the existing research on hybrid
double-skin tubular members (DSTMs) which consist of an outer FRP tube, an inner steel tube and a layer of
concrete sandwiched between them. DSTA bridges are light-weight, durable, of low-cost and rapid to construct,
thus providing a highly attractive alternative to traditional bridge systems. This paper presents the design and
construction of a full-scale DSTA bridge prototype (Figures 1, 2) in the laboratory. The design procedure based
on existing design provisions for DSTCs is briefly presented. The construction process of the DSTA bridge,
including the fabrication of steel and GFRP segments, assembly process, fabrication of joints and concrete casting,
is described in detail and discussed. Two methods for the fabrication of GFRP joints, namely the wet-layup process
and the pre-preg process, are described and compared.
Figure 1: DSTA bridge constructed at UQ. Figure 2: (a) DSTA details, (b) DSTB details.
301
Paris
DISTRIBUTED OPTICAL FIBRE SENSORS TO MONITOR PRESTRESSED

CONCRETE BRIDGE BEAM STRENGTHENED WITH BONDED FRP
1
Ifsttar, Champs-sur-Marne, France ; 2Cerema, Centre Est, Autun, France
(corresponding author: aghiad.khadour@ifsttar.fr)
KEYWORDS :
Distributed optical fibre sensors; Experimental study; Bond and interfacial stresses; Strengthening with bonded
FRP
ABSTRACT:
The mechanical behaviour of large scale pre-stressed concrete beam strengthened with adhesively bonded FRP
was studied; using distributed optical fibre sensing technique. The sensing fibres were installed into concrete
structure and between FRP layers.
The high spatial resolution strain measurements leads to measure precisely the strain profile along the strengthened
beam and to identify the pre-existing cracks and the new cracks which appeared during the 3 points bending test
carried-out in 2014, and during shear test performed to the half of the beam in 2016. The role of FRP layers for
strengthening and for the control of the crack openings was possible using the different fibres between the FRP
layers.
300 01-200kN
02-300kN
03-400kN
250 04-500kN
05-600kN
06-700kN
Strain (microstrain)
200 07-800kN
08-900kN
09-1000kN
150
100
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
L (m)
Figure 1 : Strain profile obtained during shear loading steps (spatial resolution: 1 cm; measurement incertitude:
4 microstrain)
302
Paris
DEVELOPMENT OF A MODULAR FOOTBRIDGE WITH PRE-TENSIONED CFRP

REINFORCEMENT – PRE-DESIGN AND DIMENSIONING OF BOND
ANCHORAGE ZONE
Sophia Perse1, Christian Knorrek1, Norbert Will 1, Josef Hegger 1
1
Institute of Structural Concrete, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
(corresponding author: sperse@imb.rwth-aachen.de)
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Experimental study; Bond and interfacial stresses
ABSTRACT:
a common problem of concrete bridges are corrosion damages of the steel reinforcement. the related loss of
capacity as well as visual effects require often expensive and labor-intensive refurbishment or even reconstruction.
to overcome these drawbacks, a modular footbridge system without steel reinforcement is developed. the
application of non-corrosive carbon fiber reinforced polymer (cfrp) reinforcement is suitable for building slender
constructions, which are durable and long-lasting. for the elements of the modular bridge system cfrp
reinforcement is applied as mesh fabrics and pre-tensioned rebars. to enhance durability and reduce costs a high
strength concrete (hsc) with high density is applied. for an economic and safe design of the superstructure, the
behavior of cfrp members in hsc has to be investigated. the dimensions of the bond anchorage zone determine the
web widths since a minimum concrete cover has to be provided to avoid splitting cracks in the transmission zone.
in a first step, small scale beam tests are carried out to investigate the required minimum concrete cover and tendon
spacing. furthermore, the transfer lengths are determined in these tests. with the information of bond tests, the final
cross section of the modular footbridge is defined. following, experimental and theoretical investigations on t-
beams pre-tensioned with cfrp tendons will be conducted to develop the footbridge system.
303
Paris
COMPOSITE RAILWAY SLEEPERS – NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND

OPPORTUNITIES
Allan Manalo1, Peter Schubel1 and Wahid Ferdous2
1
Centre for Future Materials, School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Southern Queensland,
Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia (manalo@usq.edu.au)
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Australia
KEYWORDS :
All FRP and smart FRP structures; Case studies ; Characterization of FRP and FRC materials/systems; Codes,
standards and design guidelines ; Composite Sleepers; Railways.
ABSTRACT:
During the last few years, the Centre for Future Materials at the University of Southern Queensland (USQ) in
collaboration with different railway industries in Australia, has dedicated significant research effort to develop
innovative composite railway sleeper technologies. These sleepers are engineered to mimic the behaviour of
structural timber, which is very important in the maintenance of deteriorating timber sleepers including existing
timber lines, turnouts and transoms. This paper aims to present the recent developments on composite sleepers and
new opportunities for their wide acceptance and use.
The timber replacement sleeper made of sandwich composites with epoxy-based polymer coating was specifically
designed to conform to the loading conditions for mainline application wherein the sleeper is only loaded in two
distinct locations (at the rails) and does not need the same strength along its length. This results in a sleeper
technology that requires significantly less volume of material while still complying with all strength and stiffness
requirements of a timber sleeper (Fig. 1 - left). The novel shape of this sleeper offers significantly increased
resistance against lateral movement (particularly important in curved track). Fifty units of this new sleeper have
been installed and under service in the standard railway line in Australia on the Queensland Rail Line.
Another composite sleeper technology developed are sleepers for railway turnout and transoms. These sleepers
have a prismatic rectangular shape (Fig. 1 - right) and contain long glass reinforcement fibres in both the
longitudinal and transverse directions. By strategically orienting the sandwich composites where they are most
effective in carrying the bending moment and shear forces, the total amount of materials used are significantly
reduced. Twenty two of these transoms were installed by Australian Rail Track Corporation (ARTC) on a railway
bridge in the Hunter Valley, Australia.
Figure 1. Timber replacement sleeper (left) and composite transom sleepers (right)
304
Paris
NDT SIGNAL ANALYSIS OF CFRP- BOND ON RC BRIDGES LAMINATE

Kenneth C. Crawford
Institute for Bridge Reinforcement and Rehabilitation, Bloomington, Indiana USA
KEYWORDS:
CFRP Bond, non-destructive testing, impact-echo, bridges
ABSTRACT:
The purpose of this paper is to present on-going research in non-destructive testing (NDT) of carbon-fiber
reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate plate bond in FRP structural systems applied to reinforced concrete (RC)
highway bridges. Using the NDT impact-echo principle a light mobile impact machine made with a 3D-printed
polylactide plastic frame produces multiple acoustic (low frequency) signals per meter of CFRP plate bonded to
RC-bridge structural members. Each impact produces a specific signal waveform signature defined by the CFRP-
plate concrete bond condition. A change in plate bond to a de-bonded condition produces a uniquely different
waveform signature. The impact waveforms are characterized by exponentially decaying sinusoids with differing
decay rates, times, frequencies, and amplitudes. These waveform differences markedly identify changes in CFRP-
plate bond condition. Signal analysis of recorded impact waveform signals provides a visual profile and a digital
data base record of bond conditions across the length of the CFRP plate. The objective of the NDT impact
procedure presented in this paper is to evaluate (test) long lengths CFRP plates bonded to highway bridges. This
objective is driven, in part, by a requirement to evaluate a number of CFRP-strengthened bridges in the Republic
of Macedonia to determine plate bond condition 17 years after installation. The paper presents results of recent
field testing with the impact procedure on existing FRP-strengthened highway bridges in the State of Missouri
using a mobile impact machine. Test results are compiled to show bond conditions over the length of the FRP
applications. Successful development and application of this NDT impact procedure will provide bridge engineers
an effective field protocol (tool) for long-term testing of CFRP-structural systems applied to multiple highway
bridges in a national highway system. With periodic testing the impact waveform data base will establish a record
for FRP-system bond behaviour over time on RC highway bridges.
305
Paris
DISTRIBUTED OPTICAL FIBRE SENSORS TO MONITOR PRESTRESSED

CONCRETE BRIDGE BEAM STRENGTHENED WITH BONDED FRP
1
Ifsttar, Champs-sur-Marne, France ; 2Cerema, Centre Est, Autun, France
(corresponding author: aghiad.khadour@ifsttar.fr)
KEYWORDS :
Distributed optical fibre sensors; Experimental study; Bond and interfacial stresses; Strengthening with bonded
FRP
ABSTRACT:
The mechanical behaviour of large scale pre-stressed concrete beam strengthened with adhesively bonded FRP
was studied; using distributed optical fibre sensing technique. The sensing fibres were installed into concrete
structure and between FRP layers.
The high spatial resolution strain measurements leads to measure precisely the strain profile along the strengthened
beam and to identify the pre-existing cracks and the new cracks which appeared during the 3 points bending test
carried-out in 2014, and during shear test performed to the half of the beam in 2016. The role of FRP layers for
strengthening and for the control of the crack openings was possible using the different fibres between the FRP
layers.
300 01-200kN
02-300kN
03-400kN
250 04-500kN
05-600kN
06-700kN
Strain (microstrain)
200 07-800kN
08-900kN
09-1000kN
150
100
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
L (m)
Figure 1 : Strain profile obtained during shear loading steps (spatial resolution: 1 cm; measurement incertitude:
4 microstrain)
306
Paris
SMART MONITORING OF THE FRP COMPOSITE BRIDGE WITH DISTRIBUTED

FIBRE OPTIC SENSORS
T. Siwowski1, M. Rajchel1, R. Sienko2 and L. Bednarski3
1 Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland, Email:siwowski@prz.edu.pl
2 Cracow University of Technology, Poland, Email: rsienko@pk.edu.pl
3 AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland, Email: lukaszb@agh.edu.pl
KEYWORDS
Distributed fibre optic sensors, Rayleigh scattering, all-composite FRP bridge, monitoring.
ABSTRACT
Considering the worldwide recognized advantages of fibre optic sensors as measuring devices in the SHM of the
FRP bridges and the unique ability to measure the long range distributed strain and temperature along the entire
bridge superstructure, the distributed fibre optic sensors (DFOS) technology was chosen for the SHM system of
the first Polish all-composite FRP bridge. The initial results of the SHM with the DFOS technology are the main
subject of the paper. Analysis of the results obtained in the field proved the effectiveness of the distributed fibre
optic sensors based on Rayleigh scattering for the SHM purposes. Wide range of practical problems related to
sensor installation, fibre connection, and data processing were successfully solved in the pilot field application
described in this paper. The smart DFOS sensors can ensure an acceptable measurement accuracy, thereby
providing reliable strains referring to time-dependent behaviour of the FRP bridge span to assess the safety and
serviceability of the all-composite bridge.
307
Paris
CONSTRUCTION OF NIPIGON RIVER CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE USING

PRECAST CONCRETE PANELS REINFORCED WITH GLASS FRP REBARS
Hamdy M. Mohamed1 and Brahim Benmokrane2
Hamdy.Mohamed@Usherbrooke.ca
Brahim.benmokrane@usherbrooke.ca
KEYWORD
Fields applications and case studies; Structure; FRP internal reinforcement.
ABSTRACT
The Nipigon River cable-stayed bridge in Northwest Ontario (Canada) is the first of its kind in the Ontario highway
system and the world’s first cable-stayed bridge with glass-fiber-reinforced-polymer (GFRP) reinforced-concrete
(RC) deck slabs. The four-lane bridge is located on Trans-Canada highway crossing over the Nipigon River as
part of the extension of the Highway 11/17 corridor east of Thunder Bay, Northwestern Ontario, Canada. The
precast GFRP-RC bridge-deck panels were designed taking into account flexural and compressive straining
actions. Four hundred and eighty GFRP-RC precast panels measuring 3.6 m x 7.0 m were fabricated for the bridge
deck. Design of the GFRP reinforced concrete bridge deck slab will be presented and discussed in this manuscript.
The objectives of this study are to implement FRP bars in RC cable stayed bridge to overcome the steel expansive-
corrosion issues and related deterioration problems; to assess the in-service performance of the FRP-RC bridge
deck slab after several years of operation; and to design durable and maintenance-free concrete for cable stayed
bridge. Design and reinforcement details of deck slab are used to illustrate code requirements, deck-slab analysis,
and design procedures.
308
Composites in Civil Engineering (CICE 2018), PARIS 17-19 JULY 2018
Paris
July 17-19, 2018
A CONSISTENT DESIGN CONCEPT FOR BOLTED CONNECTIONS

AND APPLICATION TO INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES
Matthias Oppe1, J Toby Mottram 2, Jan Knippers 1,3
1
Knippers Helbig GmbH, Stuttgart (Germany); 2 Warwick University, School of Engineering, Coventry
(England); 3 Stuttgart University - Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design, Stuttgart (Germany)
ABSTRACT
Presented in this paper is an introduction to the development of structural design clauses for bolted
connections (and joints) towards the preparation of a future Eurocode for fibre reinforced polymer
materials. The impetus and drive, from within the composite community, for this code writing has been,
for example, the increasing annual number of applications of pultruded shapes and mould components
of glass fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) in bridge and industrial structures. Since detachable structural
joints with mechanical fasteners remain the most reliable and controllable method for connecting
structural members in FRP structures there is a need for a consistent design concept for bolted
connections, which is presented in Ascione et al. (2016). The first part of this paper gives historical
context to, and introduces the content of Chapter 8 for Connections in this Joint Research Centre Science
and Policy report. In the second part of the paper we present an application of mechanically fastened
bolted connections for cooling tower structures at an electricity-generating power plant in Egypt.
KEYWORDS
All FRP structures, material, codes, standards and design guidelines, case studies.
Paris
REACTIVE ORGANOCLAY AND OTHER NANOFILLERS AS A MEAN TO

IMPROVE POLYMER ADHESIVE OR MATRIX FORMULATIONS
Mohamed M. Chehimi1, Beata Strzemiecka2, Karim Benzarti3
1
ICMPE, CNRS, 94320 Thiais, France
2
Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
3 Laboratoire Navier, Champs sur Marne, F-77447 Marne la Vallée, Cedex 2, France.
KEYWORDS :
Reactive nanofillers; Organoclay ; Polymer composites
ABSTRACT:
Mechanical properties of polymer composites depend to a very large extent on the filler-polymer matrix
interactions. Indeed, mechanical stress applied to the composite is transferred to the interface/interphase region
which will either resist or fail depending primarily on the molecular interactions between the filler and the polymer.
In this context, we have spent time and effort designing reactive clay and silica-based fillers using ammonium
salts, silanes or diazonium compounds. These coupling agents permit to initiate polymerization to obtain
inorganic/polymer nanocomposites fillers, or to design organo-fillers that bear surface bound reactive groups
towards polymeric matrices, e.g. epoxy and phenolic resins.
Figure 1 displays examples of reactive fillers we have designed. The Clay/PGMA nanocomposite fillers present
the advantages to be highly exfoliated on the one hand, and reactive towards aminated hardener of epoxy resins,
on the other hand. The final epoxy composites are transparent and robust. As far as silica grafted with para-
hydroxybenzyl groups readily react with phenolic resins. This is an important finding as such fillers avoid the use
of toxic crosslinkers such as hexamethylenetetramine.
High performances analytical tools were employed to track modifications of fillers, namely XPS, FTIR,
thermogravimetric analysis and TEM.
Mechanical properties were determined for composites in terms of e.g. flexural strength, fracture toughness,
storage and loss moduli. Epoxy composite curing could also be monitored by measuring viscosity of the composite
formulation.
In summary, surface modification of nanofillers is of paramount importance to improve the mechanical properties
of polymer composites materials. Definitely diazonium salts should be included in the composite chemist tool box
as they provide efficient modification of the nanofillers and provide chemical reactivity towards the polymer
matrices under test. Such chemical reactivity of the nanofiller accounts for remarkable improvements of the
mechanical properties upon filler surface modification.
̶R
̶
̶R
̶
̶
̶R
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Figure 1. Examples of clay and silica nanofillers: (a) pristine clay; (b) ammonium-exchanged clay;
(c) diazonium-modified clay; (d) clay-polymer composite nanofiller via silane or onium chemistries;
(e) diazonium-modified silica nanoparticles.

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2018

9th International Conference on

A warm welcome to Paris for CICE 2018 !

Professor at Lyon 1 University

Laboratory of Composite Materials for Construction

Senior Researcher at IFSTTAR

Department for Materials & Structures

Senior Researcher and Professor

Ecole des Ponts ParisTech.

Local organizing Committee :

Marc Quiertant, Senior Researchers (IFSTTAR),

Gilles Foret, Professor (Ecole des Ponts ParisTech),

Sylvain Chataigner, Researcher (IFSTTAR)

Amen Agbossou, Université Savoie

Monssef Drissi Habti, IFSTTAR

AL-MAHAIDI Riadh ARAVINTHAN Thiru BAI Yu .

Composite Material ........................................................................................................................... 30

Eco composite or bio sourced composites materials ......................................... 53

Composites structures ..................................................................................................................... 87

Timber and FRP ................................................................................................................................ 102

All FRP Structures .......................................................................................................................... 107

RC structures internally reinforced by FRP bars .............................................. 132

Muhammad S. Bajwa1, 3, Benjamin Z. Dymond1, Rania Al-Hammoud2

Masonry strengthening ............................................................................................................... 169

Seismic retrofitting .......................................................................................................................... 189

Steel strengthened structures................................................................................................. 198

Strengthening of concrete structures ............................................................................. 224

Fire blast and impact loading ............................................................................................... 278

Practical applications ................................................................................................................... 295

TECHNICAL SPECIFICITIES WHEN DESIGNING WITH COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Fig. 1. Toiture H.H.R. à Jeddah, water tests

DEVELOPMENT OF UK GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS OF FRP BRIDGES

OPPORTUNITIES FOR RECYCLING AND REUSE OF FRP COMPOSITES FOR

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ON FRP REBARS AS INTERNAL REINFORCEMENT

Fields applications and case studies; Structure; FRP internal reinforcement.

HYBRID FRP-CONCRETE-STEEL TUBULAR MEMBERS

STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF FRP-REINFORCED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

SHEAR TESTING OF DIFFERENT TYPE AND SIZE OF GFRP REINFORCING

SALT WATER AND ALKALINE ATTACK ON GFRP REBARS

2 Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Portugal Email: mgs@fct.unl.pt);

3 Universidade Nova de Lisboa, CERIS and Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Portugal

EFFECTS OF FIBER ARCHITECTURE ON FLEXURE PROPERTIES OF

2University of Bath, BRE Centre for Innovative Construction Materials, Bath, UK

FATIGUE AND DURABILITY OF LAMINATED CARBON FIBRE REINFORCED

Corresponding author’s email: fabio.baschnagel@empa.ch

GLASS–GFRP HYBRIDS: FROM BRITTLE GLASS TO DUCTILE AND HIGH

(* corresponding author: Mithila.Achintha@soton.ac.uk)

INFLUENCE OF CURING CONDITIONS ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Figure 1 : mechanical and physical characterizations of glued joints

BEHAVIOR OF CFRP STRANDS EXPOSED TO SEVERE ENVIRONMENTAL

2 University of North Florida, College of Computing, Engineering and Construction, USA.

INCREASING THE MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY OF PIN-LOADED STRAPS USING

Figure 1 : Fibre layout of a loop anchorage and a sling anchorage

EFFECT OF INTERNAL MOISTURE CONTENT ON THE TG VALUES OF CFRP

(Eleni Toumpanaki: et343@cam.ac.uk)

CFRP, DMA test, Material Characterisation, Environmental Conditions

Figure 1: Tg-tanδ versus mass loss ΔΜ-Group D experimental series

EVOLUTION OF THE TENSILE RESPONSE OF UNIDIRECTIONAL HYBRID FRP

(a) (b) (c) (d)

NOVEL CAPACITIVE CFRP SENSOR FOR STRUCTURAL HEALTH

EMBEDDED PIEZO MICRO-PATCHES FOR CURE MONITORING OF FIBER-

2 Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Civil Engineering, Brasil

DYNAMIC TENSILE PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE