Four-way interchanges

1. Cloverleaf interchange
A cloverleaf interchange allows for interchange of two freeways with minimal disruption of
speed or movement. The cloverleaf usually has characteristic weave lanes as traffic enters
from one roadway and exits from another. Curved exits lead to braking and steering
problems as drivers adjust from high speed to the speed of a curve.
2. Stack interchange
A stack interchange is a four-way interchange whereby a semi-directional left turn and a
directional right turn are both available. Usually access to both turns is provided
simultaneously by a single off-ramp
3. Turbine interchange
Another alternative to the four-level stack interchange is the turbine interchange (also
known as a whirlpool). The turbine/whirlpool interchange requires fewer levels (usually two
or three) while retaining semi-directional ramps throughout, and has its left-turning ramps
sweep around the center of the interchange in a spiral pattern in right-hand traffic.
4. Windmill interchange
A windmill interchange is similar to a turbine interchange, but it has much sharper turns,
reducing its size and capacity. The interchange is named for its similar overhead appearance
to the blades of a windmill.
5. Roundabout interchange
A further alternative found often is called a roundabout interchange. This is a normal
roundabout except one (two-level) or both (three-level) mainlines pass under or over the
whole interchange. The ramps of the interchanging highways meet at a roundabout or
rotary on a separated level above, below, or in the middle of the two highways.
6. Hybrid interchanges
Hybrid interchanges use a mixture of interchange types and are not uncommon. Their
construction can consist of multiple interchange designs such as loop ramps, flyovers and
roundabouts.

Three-way interchanges
1. Trumpet interchange
The trumpet interchange allows for interchange of secondary two-way streets to a
multi-lane roadway with minimal traffic mix. It takes the place of a T-intersection which
is often used when a roadway ends at the intersection of another roadway.
2. Directional T interchange
A full Y-interchange (also known as a directional T interchange) is typically used when a
three-way interchange is required for two or three highways interchanging in semi-
parallel/perpendicular directions, but it can also be used in right-angle case as well.
Their connecting ramps can spur from either the right or left side of the highway,
depending on the direction of travel and the angle.
3. Semi-directional T interchange
Like a directional T interchange, a semi-directional T interchange uses flyover/underpass
ramps in all directions at a three-way interchange. However, in a semi-directional T
some of the splits and merges are switched to avoid ramps to and from the passing lane,
eliminating the major disadvantage of the directional T. Semi-directional T interchanges
are generally safe and efficient, though being three-level interchanges they do require
more land and are costlier than trumpet interchanges.
4. Other/hybrid interchanges
 *Hybrid interchanges use a mixture of interchange types and are not uncommon. Their
construction can consist of multiple interchange designs such as loop ramps and
flyovers.

*A half-clover interchange is essentially half a cloverleaf interchange, constructed to

connect in just three directions instead of four. These are rarely used due to the traffic
weaving that they cause and the large amount of land that they consume, but they can
be built in areas where the connecting ramp along the loop of a trumpet interchange is
not feasible due to building developments or physical limitations. Half-clovers are
designed to be readily upgraded to full cloverleaves if the terminating highway is ever
extended past the through highway. Numerous half-clovers exist along I-90/I-94 in the
Chicago, Illinois area.

* 3/4 volleyball interchange is a divided-volleyball interchange designed to meet at

three points instead of four. Like the half-clover, it can easily be upgraded to a fully
divided volleyball interchange if the terminating highway is extended beyond the
through highway.

* T-bone interchange is essentially a compacted directional T interchange with sharper

turns and a lower capacity, built when there is insufficient land or funds to build a
directional T. Its two flyover/flyunder ramps contract together after passing over the
through highway, but then they split into two segments, resembling the bone in a T-
bone steak.

Two-way interchanges
1. A half-trumpet interchange is essentially a trumpet interchange with either its loop
ramp or the outer connecting ramp (but not both), and only one of its directional
ramps, instead of two, designed to meet the continuous highway in one direction,
usually on a 90-degree or semi-perpendicular angle. Should the need arise it can
easily be upgraded into a full trumpet interchange, making it a three-way
interchange.
2. A partial-Y interchange is used where one highway terminates at another highway
with the same general directional alignment (usually a maximum of sixty degrees).
The trunk of the terminating highway merges with the trunk of the continuous
highway; vehicles traveling into the interchange may only exit traveling in the same
direction.
3. A basketweave interchange is commonly found on highways using a
collector/express system or long collector/distributor lanes. In a basketweave one
highway is able to interchange with itself, allowing traffic traveling in the same
direction to switch between carriageways through the use of flyover/under ramps
created between two carriageways without causing weaving.

Service interchange
1. Diamond Interchange

The diamond interchange allows for interchange of a major roadway with a

secondary dual or multi-lane roadway. The diamond interchange may have
traffic control devices on the intersecting secondary roadway that allows for left
and right turns onto the secondary roadway.
2. Dumbbell interchange
 A dumbbell interchange is similar to the diamond interchange, but uses a pair of
roundabouts to join the ramps with the non-highway. This typically increases
the efficiency of the interchange when compared to a diamond.
3. Dogbone interchange
A dogbone interchange is similar to the dumbbell interchange except the
roundabouts do not form a complete circle, instead having a "raindrop" or
"teardrop" shape. This does not impede normal traffic movement, as the
eliminated portions are only useful for U-turns on the cross street.
4. Parclo interchange/folded diamond
A parclo interchange, also known as a partial cloverleaf, is an interchange
usually involving four to six ramps, two of which are loop ramps, which connect
to the non-highway.
5. Diverging diamond interchange
A diverging diamond interchange (DDI) or double crossover diamond
interchange (DCD) is similar to a traditional diamond interchange, except the
non-highway lanes cross each other twice, once on each side of the highway.
6. Single-point urban interchange
A single-point urban interchange, often abbreviated to SPUI, is a modification of
the diamond interchange and has its ramps meet at one point, usually on the
overpass/underpass of the non-highway.

AIRPORT

1. Clark International Airport (IATA: CRK, ICAO: RPLC) (Kapampangan: Pangyatung Sulapawan ning
Clark, Filipino: Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Clark), is an airport that is an international gateway to
the Philippines within Clark Freeport Zone in Mabalacat City, northwest of Manila. The airport is
located in the province of Pampanga and is accessible through the Subic–Clark–Tarlac
Expressway, which is connected to the North Luzon Expressway.
HIGHWAY
1. The Marikina–Infanta Highway, also known as the Marcos Highway or MARILAQUE Highway
(MARILAQUE stands for Manila-Rizal-Laguna-Quezon), is a scenic mountain 110-kilometer
highway that connects Metro Manila with Infanta, Quezon in the Philippines.
RAILWAY
1. The Philippine National Railways (PNR) (Filipino: Pambansang Daambakal
ng Pilipinas) is a state-owned railway company in the Philippines, operating
a single line of track on Luzon. As of 2016, it operates one commuter rail
service in Metro Manila and local services between Sipocot, Naga City and
Legazpi City in Bicol Region.
PORT/HARBOR
1. The Port of Manila (Filipino: Pantalan ng Maynila) refers to the collective
facilities and terminals that process maritime trade function in harbours
that serve the Metro Manila Area. It is located in the Port Area and Tondo
area of Manila, Philippines facing the Manila Bay. It is the largest and the
premier international shipping gateway to the country. The Philippine Ports
Authority, a government-owned corporation, manages the Port of Manila
and most of the public ports in the country.
PIPELINE
1. Batangas-Manila BatMan 1 Project is a high-pressure gas transmission
pipeline from Batangas to Sucat that will service the gas requirements
 of the economic zones located along the route from Tabangao,
Batangas to Sucat, Paranaque and the transport sector for the CNG-
fuelled buses and taxes.is a high-pressure gas transmission pipeline
from Batangas to Sucat that will service the gas requirements of the
economic zones located along the route from Tabangao, Batangas to
Sucat, Paranaque and the transport sector for the CNG-fuelled buses
and taxes.

AIRPORT

1. (SINGAPORE)Changi Airport (IATA: SIN, ICAO: WSSS) is the major civilian airport for Singapore,
and one of the largest transportation hubs in Southeast Asia. It is currently rated the World's
Best Airport by Skytrax,[5] for the sixth consecutive year since 2013[6] and is one of the world's
busiest airports by international passenger and cargo traffic.
HIGHWAY
1. (INDIA) Mahendra Highway: It is longest highway in Nepal. It links Eastern border with
India to Western border with India. The East Pont is at Kakarbhitta.
RAILWAY
2.(ENGLAND) Avon Valley Railway (AVR) is a three-mile-long heritage railway based at
Bitton station in South Gloucestershire, England, not far from Bristol and is run by a local
group: The Avon Valley Railway Company Ltd. The railway follows the Avon Valley south-
east from Oldland Common, through Bitton and alongside the River Avon towards Kelston
and Bath. The railway shares its route with the Sustrans cycleway and footpath, the Bristol &
Bath Railway Path.
PORT
1. Port Klang (MalaySIA) is a town and the main gateway by sea into Malaysia.[2] Known
during colonial times as Port Swettenham (Malay: Pelabuhan Swettenham) but renamed
Port Klang in July 1972, it is the largest port in the country. It is located about 6
kilometres (3.7 mi) southwest of the town of Klang, and 38 kilometres (24 mi) southwest
of Kuala Lumpur.
PIPELINE
1.(CHINA) The Shaan–Jing pipeline is a natural gas pipeline in China, which runs from
Jingbian County to Beijing and Tianjin.
Channelized interchanges

Vehicles approaching an intersection are directed to definite paths by islands, marking etc. and this
method of control is called channelization. Channelized intersection provides more safety and efficiency.
It reduces the number of possible conflicts by reducing the area of conflicts available in the carriageway.
If no channelizing is provided the driver will have less tendency to reduce the speed while entering the
intersection from the carriageway. The presence of traffic islands, markings etc. forces the driver to
reduce the speed and becomes more cautious while maneuvering the intersection. A channelizing island
also serves as a refuge for pedestrians and makes pedestrian crossing safer. Channelization of traffic
through a three-legged intersection (refer figure 1) and a four-legged intersection (refer figure 2) is
shown in the figure.

Figure 1: Channelization of traffic through a three-legged intersection

Figure 2: Channelization of traffic through a four-legged intersection

4.