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GEOMETRIC VECTORS

GEOMETRIC VECTORS

Vectors with the same length and same direction are called
equivalent.

If v and w are equivalent, we write:


v=w
Two vectors are said to be equal if and only
if they have the same magnitude and
direction.
ABCD is a parallelogram,
A D
then AB DC
and AD BC
B C
GEOMETRIC VECTORS
GEOMETRIC VECTORS
The vectors of length zero is called the zero vectors, denoted by 0
0 + v = v +0 = v

v+ (-v) = 0
(-v) has the same length as v but is
oppositely directed.

Definition:
If v and w are two vectors, then
the difference of w from v is
defined by:

v – w = v + (-w)
GEOMETRIC VECTORS

kv = 0 if k = 0 or v = 0
Vectors in Coordinate Systems

v = (v1, v2)
v1 , v2 = components of v

v = (v1, v2) and w = (w1, w2)

v + w = (v1 + w1, v2 + w2)


Vectors in Coordinate Systems

If v = (v1, v2) and k is a scalar, then :

kv = (kv1, kv2)
Vectors in Coordinate Systems
Vectors in 3-Space: xy –plane, xz-plane, yz-plane

P = (x,y,z) ; x = OX, y = OY, z = OZ


Vectors in Coordinate Systems
Vectors in Coordinate Systems
Vectors in Coordinate Systems
VECTORS OPERATIONS
VECTORS OPERATIONS
VECTORS OPERATIONS
Norms of a Vector
Norms of a Vector
DOT PRODUCT
DOT PRODUCT
Example :
DOT PRODUCT
DOT PRODUCT
DOT PRODUCT
DOT PRODUCT
DOT PRODUCT
DOT PRODUCT
DOT PRODUCT
CROSS PRODUCT
CROSS PRODUCT
Dot Product : Skalar
Cross Product : Vektor
CROSS PRODUCT
Example:
CROSS PRODUCT
Cross Product - Standard Unit Vector

i = (1,0,0), j = (0,1,0), k = (0,0,1)


v = (v1,v2, v3) = v1(1,0,0) + v2 (0,1,0) + v3 (0,0,1)
v = v1i + v2j + v3k

Ex : (2,-3,4) = 2i – 3j +4k

ixi=0 jxj=0 kxk=0


ixj=k jxk=i kxi=j
j x i = -k k x j = -I ix k = -j
Determinant Form of Cross Product
Geometric Interpretation of Cross Product

If u and v are vectors in 3-spaces,


θ : angle between u and v, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, sin θ ≥ 0,
Geometric Interpretation of Cross Product
Geometric Interpretation of Cross Product
Geometric Interpretation of Cross Product
If u, v, and w are vectors in 3-space, then u . (v x w)

is called the scalar triple product of u, v, and w.


Geometric Interpretation of Cross Product
Example :
Lines and Places in 3-Spaces
In this section we shall use vectors to derive equations of lines and planes
in 3-space. We shall then use these equations to solve some basic
geometric problems.

Planes in 3-Space
To find the equation of the plane passing through the point P0 (x0,y0,z0)
and having the nonzero vector n = (a,b,c) as a normal.
Vector is orthogonal to n; that is,

We call this the point-normal form of the equation of a plane


Equation of a Plane
Theorema :
If a, b, c, and d are constants and a, b, and c are not all zero, then the
graph of the equation ax + by + cz + d = 0
is a plane having the vector n = (a,b,c ) as a normal

ax + by + cz + d = 0 is a linear equation in x, y, and z; it is called the


general form of the equation of a plane

Example :
Find an equation of the plane passing through the point (3,-1,7) and perpendicular
to the vector n = (4,2,-5).
Point-normal form is :
Equation of the plane is :

ax + by + cz + d = 0 4x + 2y – 5z +24 = 0
Equation of a Plane Through Three Points

Find the equation of the plane passing through the points P1 (1,2,-1), P2 (2,3,1) ,
and P3 (3,-1,2).

ax + by + cz + d = 0

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