Manual For Small Hydro

STANDARDS/MANUALS/
GUIDELINES FOR
SMALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT
3.4
Electro-Mechanical–
Selection of Control, Automation, Protection and Monitoring System
Sponsor: Lead Organization:
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Alternate Hydro Energy Center

Govt. of India Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
July 2012
Contact:
Dr Arun Kumar
Alternate Hydro Energy Centre,
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,
Roorkee - 247 667, Uttarakhand, India
Phone : Off.(+91 1332) 285821, 285167
Fax : (+91 1332) 273517, 273560
E-mail : aheciitr.ak@gmail.com, akumafah@iitr.ernet.in
DISCLAIMER
The data, information, drawings, charts used in this standard/manual/guideline has been drawn
and also obtained from different sources. Every care has been taken to ensure that the data is
correct, consistent and complete as far as possible.
3.2
The constraints of time and resources available to this nature of assignment, however do not
preclude the possibility of errors, omissions etc. in the data and consequently in the report
preparation.
Use of the contents of this standard/manual/guideline is voluntarily and can be used freely with
the request that a reference may be made as follows:
AHEC-IITR, “3.4 E&M Works – Selection of Control, Automation, Protection and Monitoring
System”, standard/manual/guideline with support from Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,
Roorkee, July 2012.
PREAMBLE
There are series of standards, guidelines and manuals on electrical, electromechanical

aspects of moving machines and hydro power from Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), Rural
Electrification Corporation Ltd (REC), Central Electricity Authority (CEA), Central Board of
Irrigation & Power (CBIP), International Electromechanical Commission (IEC), International
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME) and others. Most of these have been developed keeping in view the large water
resources/ hydropower projects. Use of the standards/guidelines/manuals is voluntary at the
moment. Small scale hydropower projects are to be developed in a cost effective manner with
quality and reliability. Therefore a need to develop and make available the standards and
guidelines specifically developed for small scale projects was felt.
Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee initiated an

exercise of developing series of standards/guidelines/manuals specifically for small scale
hydropower projects with the sponsorship of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,
Government of India in 2006. The available relevant standards / guidelines / manuals were
revisited to adapt suitably for small scale hydro projects. These have been prepared by the
experts in respective fields. Wide consultations were held with all stake holders covering
government agencies, government and private developers, equipment manufacturers,
consultants, financial institutions, regulators and others through web, mail and meetings.
After taking into consideration the comments received and discussions held with the lead
experts, the series of standards/guidelines/manuals are prepared and presented in this
publication.
The experts have drawn some text and figures from existing standards, manuals,
publications and reports. Attempts have been made to give suitable reference and credit.
However, the possibility of some omission due to oversight cannot be ruled out. These can be
incorporated in our subsequent editions.
This series of standards / manuals / guidelines are the first edition. We request users to
send their views / comments on the contents and utilization to enable us to review for further
upgradation.
Standards/ Manuals/Guidelines series for Small Hydropower Development
General
1.1 Small hydropower definitions and glossary of terms, list and scope of different
Indian and international standards/guidelines/manuals
1.2 Planning of the projects on existing dams, Barrages, Weirs
Part I
1.2 Planning of the Projects on Canal falls and Lock Structures.
Part II
1.2 Planning of the Run-of-River Projects
Part III
1.3 Project hydrology and installed capacity
1.4 Reports preparation: reconnaissance, pre-feasibility, feasibility, detailed project
report, as built report
1.5 Project cost estimation
1.6 Economic & Financial Analysis and Tariff Determination
1.7 Model Contract for Execution and Supplies of Civil and E&M Works
1.8 Project Management of Small Hydroelectric Projects
1.9 Environment Impact Assessment
1.10 Performance evaluation of Small Hydro Power plants
1.11 Renovation, modernization and uprating
1.12 Site Investigations
Civil works
2.1 Layouts of SHP projects
2.2 Hydraulic design
2.3 Structural design
2.4 Maintenance of civil works (including hydro-mechanical)
2.5 Technical specifications for Hydro Mechanical Works
Electro Mechanical works

3.1 Selection of Turbine and Governing System
3.2 Selection of Generators and Excitation Systems
3.3 Design of Switchyard and Selection of Equipment, Main SLD and Layout
3.4 Monitoring, control, protection and automation
3.5 Design of Auxiliary Systems and Selection of Equipments
3.6 Technical Specifications for Procurement of Generating Equipment
3.7 Technical Specifications for Procurement of Auxiliaries
3.8 Technical Specifications for Procurement and Installation of Switchyard
Equipment
3.9 Technical Specifications for monitoring, control and protection
3.10 Power Evacuation and Inter connection with Grid
3.11 operation and maintenance of power plant
3.12 Erection Testing and Commissioning
PERSONS INVOLVED
1. Dr Arun Kumar, CSO & Principal Investigator ,AHEC,IIT, Roorkee

2. Dr S K Singal, SSO & Investigator,AHEC,IIT, Roorkee
Drafting Group
1. Mr. S.K.Tyagi, Consultant, AHEC,IIT, Roorkee

2. Prof. O.D.Thapar,Consultant, AHEC,IIT, Roorkee
Consultation Group
1. Dr Arun Kumar,AHEC,IIT, Roorkee

2. Mr S.N.Singh, AHEC,IIT, Roorkee
3. Dr S K Singal,AHEC,IIT, Roorkee
4. Prof. H.K.Verma,Elect.Engg., IIT, Roorkee
5. Mr. S.C.Jain, Consultant, AHEC,IIT, Roorkee
6. Mr. A.K.Chopra, Consultant, SHP, MNRE,GOI, New Delhi
7. Mr. Jugal Kishore, Consultant, Hardwar
8. Mr. R.B.Saxena, Consultant, Chandigarh
9. Mr. Surendra Singh ,PGCL, PEDA,Chandigarh
10. Mr. Pankaj Kulshreshtha, UJVNL, Dehradun
11. Mr. P.K.Singhal, UPJVNL, Lucknow
12. Mr. V.K.Sharma, THDC, Rishikesh
13. Mr. U Ukhal, HPPCL, Himachal Pradesh
14. Mr..S.S.Sidhu, HPP India Pvt. Ltd, Noida
15. Mr. K.C.Arora, Pentaflo Hydro power Ltd
16. Mr. P.K.malohtra, Pentaflo Hydro power Ltd
17. Mr. Sanjeev Handu, Andriz Hydro power Ltd.
18. Mr. Vishnupad Saha, Andriz Hydro power Ltd.
19. Mr. Dinesh Rajput, Andriz Hydro power Ltd.
20. Mr. Pradeep Dube, Tanushree Hydropower Consultants, Noida
21. Mr. H.M.Sharma, Jyoti Ltd.,Vadodra
22. Mr. Viral B Mahida, Jyoti Ltd.,Vadodra
23. Mr. Nishant Saha, Jyoti Ltd.,Vadodra
CONTENTS
ITEMS PAGE NO
Section-I Introduction 1
1.1 Objectives 1
1.2 General 1
1.3 References and Codes 1
Section-II Control and Automation 4

2.1 General 4
2.2 Technology-Control System 4
2.3 Control Functions 5
2.4 Considerations for Selecting Control System 12
2.5 Categorization of Control System 13
2.6 System Architecture, Communication and Databases 15
2.7 Control Data Networks 15
2.8 Human-Machine Interface (HMI) 17
2.9 Hardware 17
2.10 Grounding 17
2.11 Static Control 17
2.12 Information and Control Signals 18
2.13 Communication Links 19
2.14 Control Systems for Various Categories of MHP & SHP 20
2.15 Recommendation for Automation and Control 35
Section-IV Protection and Relaying 37

3.1 General 37
3.2 Abnormal Conditions 38
3.3 Devices Used In A Typical Protection System 39
3.4 Devices used in a Typical Protection System 44
3.5 Generator Protection System and Relay Selection 46
3.6 Generator Transformer Protection 55
3.7 Line Protection 59
3.8 Recommendations for Protection and Relaying 63
Section-IV Metering and Monitoring 64

4.1 Metering and Monitoring 64
4.2 Requirements of Monitoring System 66
4.3 Recommendations for Metering and Monitoring of SHP 67
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1 Typical Turbine Control 6

2 Typical Generator Controls 7
3 Overview of Typical Plant Automatic Control 7
4 Start-Stepped Sequence Control for Synchronous generator 8
5 Controlled Action Shut Down (Typical for gen. units above 5 10
MW)
6 Emergency Shut Down (Typical for Gen. Units above 5 MW) 11
7 Electrical Shut Down (Typical for Synchronizing Generator 14
above 5 MW)
8 Typical Relationship of local centralized and off site control 15
function
9 Typical System Configuration Canal SHP project (Punjab) 25
10 Typical Single Line Diagram for 2 x 3.5 MW SHP 26
11 Typical PLC Controller with PC SCADA (Control & 27
Protection System) for a (2 x 3.5 MW)
12 Typical General Arrangement of Control & Protection 28
13 Typical Control and Protection of a SHP (4 x 4 MW) 29
14 Typical Configuration for Computerized Hydro Station 30
(above 5 MW)
15 Typical HMI System for a 2 unit Computerized Station with 31
offsite Control
16 Typical Computerized Control & Monitoring System - 36
Grounding Scheme
17 Typical single line diagram for asynchronous generators 49
18 Typical single line diagram for synchronous generators 50
19 Typical Single Line Diagram for generating Units above 51
5MW
20 Typical Unit Metering Single Line Diagram for generating 52
Units above 5MW
21 Typical Functional Overview - Numerical Generator 54
Protection Relay
22 Typical Multifunction Generator Relays 56
23 Typical Generator Control Panel 57
24 Typical Functional Overview – Transformer Differential 59
Protection
25 Schematic Drawing – 6 MVA, 11/33 kV Gen. Trans. 60
Protection Single Line Diagram
26 Typical SHP Grid Interconnection – Two Terminal 66 kV 61
(Short & important) Line Protection
27 Schematic Drawing for 33 kV Line Protection for 4 x4 MW 62
Project
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1 Controlled Action Shut Down 9

2 Emergency Shut Down 9
3 Electrical Shut Down 12
4 Comparison of various options for control system, including 16
turbine governing supervisory control and data acquisition
5 Communication Links 19
6 Micro Hydro Quality Standards 20
7 List of Sensors 33
8 Recommendations for automation and control 35
9 Abnormal Conditions of Mechanical Equipment of plant 38
10 Abnormal Conditions of Electrical Equipment of plant 38
11 Abnormal conditions of Auxiliaries and grid 39
12 Protective Devices 39
13 Features of Relays 40
14 Protection elements of a Microprocessor based relay 43
15 Protection of Turbine 45
16 Protection of generator 45
17 Monitoring and protection scheme 47
18 Requirements of Protection of Turbine 47
19 Requirements of Protection of Generator 48
20 Summary of numerical relay protection 54
21 Typical multi function digital differential protection relay 58
22 Recommendations for protection and relaying 63
23 Data required for monitoring 64
24 Recommendations for metering and monitoring 67
LIST OF ANNEXURES
ANNEXURE TITLE PAGE NO.

NO.
1 List of Generator Panel Indication and Relays 68

2 List of Protection Elements in Micro Processor based Relays 69
SELECTION OF CONTROL, AUTOMATION, PROTECTION
AND MONITORING SYSTEM
SECTION-I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 SCOPE
This standard/ mannual guideline covers selection of systems for control, automation,
protection and monitoring for small hydropower (SHP) up to 25 MW by developers,
manufacturers, consultants, regulators and others. This includes selection of technology,
extent of automation and monitoring system for different categories of SHP (up to100
kW, up to 5 MW and 5 MW to 25 MW) which are economical, easy to adopt,
sustainable, feasible and essential for safe operation.
1.2 GENERAL
The generating units of a SHP plant may have its shaft vertical, horizontal or inclined
with the type of turbine selected to suit the site’s physical conditions. Small hydro
turbines may be selected as per site conditions, head and discharge available. Small
hydro-generator are of the alternating current type and may be either synchronous or
induction type. Usually SHP units up to 5 MW are expected to require minimum of field
assembly and installation work. While units having capacity from 5 MW to 25 MW may
have slow speed, large diameter and with split generator, stator that may require final
winding assembly in the field.
Mini & micro power stations are generally provided system suiting to these being run
unattended or with few attendants while bigger machines up to 25 MW capacity have
more elaborate arrangement of control monitoring and protection. Provision of parallel
operation with other systems will have more comprehensive control, monitoring &
protection system.
This guideline will serve as a reference document along with available national &
international codes, standards, guide and books. For the purpose of convenience this
standard / manual guidelines has been subdivided as follows:
(i). Control and Automation
(ii). Protection and Relaying
(iii). Metering and Monitoring
1.3 REFERENCES AND CODES
(R1). IEEE 1020:1988 - IEEE guide for control of small hydro electric
power plants
(R2). IEEE 1010:2006 - IEEE guide for control of hydro electric power
plants
AHEC-IITR/MNRE/SHP Standards/E&M Works- Guidelines for Selection of Control, Automation, Protection and Monitoring System 1
(R3). IEEE 60545:1976 - Guide for commissioning operation and
maintenance of Hydraulic Turbines
(R4).IEC 61116:1992 - Electro mechanical guide for small
hydroelectric installations
(R5). IEC: 62270:2004 Hydroelectric power plant automation – Guide
for computer based control
(R6). IEEE 1046:1991 - IEEE application guide for distributed digital
control and monitoring for power plants
(R7). IEEE 1249:1996 - IEEE guide for computer–based control for
power plant automation
(R8). IEEE C 37.101:2006 - IEEE guide for generator ground protection
(R9). IEEE C37.1:2007 IEEE Standard for SCADA and Automation
systems
(R10). IEEE 421.4-2004 - IEEE guide for preparation of excitation system
specification
(R11). ANSI/ IEEE 242:1996 - IEEE recommended practice for protection and
coordination of industrial and commercial
power systems
(R12). ANSI/ IEEE C 372-1987 - IEEE standard electrical power systems device
function numbers
(R14).ANSI/ IEEE C 37.102:1987 - IEEE guide for generator protection
(R15) IEEE C37.102 :2006 - IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection
(R16). AHEC IITR - Micro-Hydro Quality Standards-2005
For preparing this publication following published and unpublished documents were also
referred and contents used:
(i) AHEC, 1997,Technology recommended under UNDP-GEF Project for Himalayan
SHP project, Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources, Delhi
(ii) World Bank. 1991, “India - Mini-hydro development on irrigation dams and canal
drops pre-investment study”, Report ; no. ESM 139 91. Energy Sector Management
Assistance Programme. Vol. 1-3.
(iii) Thapar, R and Perrault DA, 1985 “Economic Computer Controls for Low Head
Hydro”; Waterpower’85, Las Vegas, USA, September 25-27, 1985
(ii) Thapar, R, 1986, “Microprocessor Controller for a small Hydroelectric System”,
IEE, October, 1986
(iii) DIGITEK INC , 1994, “Microcomputer Based Control and Monitoring Systems”;.
11807, North Creek Pkwy, So. Bothell, WA 98011 U.S.A. – Technical Literature.
(iv) Thapar OD, 1985, “Small Hydro Electric Technology for Economic Development”,
Proceedings of XI National Convention of Electrical Engineers on “Environmental
Friendly Electric Power Generation”, Nov. 1995, Roorkee. Allied Publisher pp 44-51
(v) AHEC 2002, Report on study and design and development of Model SHP based self
sustained projects - E & M Equipment standardization and cost reduction Vol. III,
Power finance corporation Ltd.
Abbreviations:
ANSI : American National Standards Institute

AHEC IITR : Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
IEC : International Electro-technical Commission
IEEE : Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers
SECTION-II
CONTROL AND AUTOMATION
2.1 GENERAL
For small hydro installation simplicity of control system is advised, however, the
sophistication of control should be based on the complexity and size of the installation,
without compromising unit dependability and safety of personnel. Simplicity of control is
desirable to keep total cost of installed equipment as well as cost of maintenance, repair
and testing at economical level. Moreover a simpler system is more reliable as compared
to complex one.
2.2 TECHNOLOGY - CONTROL SYSTEM

2.2.1 Conventional Control System
Up to 1980s, conventional control system was almost universally used. In this system
control of a hydro plant’s generating units was typically performed from governor panel
or unit control switchboard. If the plant had multiple units, a centralized control board
was provided. The unit control board and centralized control board using relay logic
contained iron vane meters, hardwired control switches, and hundreds of auxiliary relays
to perform the unit start/stop and other control operations. All the necessary sensors and
controls required to operate the unit or units were hardwired to the unit control board and/
or centralized control board, allowing operator to control the entire station from one
location. Stepped sequence control system was mostly followed. Large hydro stations
mostly had operators at two levels i.e. governor gallery and centralized control room.
Offsite supervisory control was by hardwires and not successful. Data acquisition was
manual. Modernization of the conventional control system using digital control
technology is now being undertaken.
2.2.2 Modern Control System
Modern systems permit control of the entire plant from a single location. Modern control
rooms utilize the far more cost-effective supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA) systems (including programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and distributed
computer control systems with graphic display screens to implement a vast array of
control schemes. The SCADA control scheme also provides flexibility in control,
alarming, sequence of events recording, and remote communication that was not possible
with the hardwired control systems. Data acquisition, storage and retrieval is provided by
the computer.
For complete reference computerized automation, remote control and SCADA reference
be made to IEC 62270: 2004 “Hydroelectric power plant automation – Guide for
computer based control”.
The main control and automation system in a hydroelectric power plant are associated
with following:
(i). Turbine governor for speed control (frequency) optimum running control for real
power generation and dynamic stability.
(ii). Generator excitation control for voltage reactive power control Plant automation to
cover such operation as start, stop, synchronizing and running control of the unit.
(iii). Supervisory control including off site control and centralized control room.
(iv). Data acquisition and retrieval is used to cover such operations as relaying plant
operating status, instantaneous system efficiency, or monthly plant factor, to the
operators and managers.
The control and monitoring equipment for a hydro power plant include control
circuits/logic, control devices, indication, instrumentation, protection and annunciation at
the main control board and at the unit control board for generation, conversion and
transmission operation including grid interconnected operation of hydro stations. These
features are necessary to provide operators with the facilities required for the control and
supervision of the station’s major and auxiliary equipment. In the design of these
features consideration must be given to the size and importance of the station with respect
to other stations in the power system, location of the main control room with respect to
the equipments to be controlled and all other station features which influence the control
system.
Modern practice for control of hydroelectric plants is based on the combination of

computer based and non-computer based equipment utilized for unit, plant and system
control.
2.2.3 Modern Control of Power Station
Modern control system employed for large power stations (above 5 MW) is distributed
computer control system with adequate redundancy.
Modern control of small hydro up to 5 MW is mostly PLC based integrated governor and
plant control systems.
Micro hydro modern controls are micro processor based non flow control electronic load
controller.
2.3 CONTROL FUNCTIONS
There are many functions to be controlled in a small hydropower system. For example
turbine governor controls the speed of turbine, plant automation covers operations as auto
start, auto synchronization, remote control startup or water level control and data
acquisition and retrieval covers such operation as relaying plant operating status,
instantaneous system efficiency or monthly plant factor.
2.3.1 Turbine Control
This is the speed / load control of turbine in which governor adjusts the flow of water
through turbine to balance the input power with load.
In case small plants in the category of micro hydro (100 kW unit size), load controllers
are used, where excess load is diverted to dummy load to maintain constant speed. With
an isolated system, the governor controls the frequency of the system.
In interconnected system, the governor may be used to regulate unit load and may
contribute to the system frequency control. Figure -1 shows the different types of control
applicable to turbines.
MAIN DISCHARGE
SPEED - NEEDLE
CONTROL - GUIDE VANE
- WICKET GATE
FLOW
TURBINE LEVEL
CONTROL
CONTROL
CONTROL
(GOVERNOR
)
KW BY PASS
CONTROL DEFLECTOR
Fig.1 : Typical Turbine Control

2.3.2 Generator Control
This is the excitation control of synchronous generator. The excitation is an integral part
of synchronous generator which is used to regulate operation of generator. The main
functions of excitation system of a synchronous generator are:
(i). Voltage control in case of isolated operation and synchronizing

(ii). Reactive power or power factor controls in case of inter connected operation.
The different generator controls are shown in fig. 2.
2.3.3 Plant Control
Plant control deals with the operation of plant. It includes sequential operation like
startup, excitation control, synchronization, loading unit under specified conditions,
normal shutdown, emergency shutdown etc. The mode of control may be manual or
automatic and may be controlled locally or from remote location. Plant control usually
includes monitoring and display of plant conditions. Different plant controls are given in
fig -3.
Typical function of start, stop and sequence logic as specified for 4 x 4 MW project is
given in figure 4 to figure 7.
Fig. 2 : Typical Generator Controls
(INCLUDING CENTRALISED
CONTROL ROOM)
Fig. 3: Overview of Typical Plant Automatic Control
PRE START CHECKS
BUTTERFLY VALVE OPEN
PROTECTIVE DEVICES RESET
WATER LEVEL NORMAL
GENERATOR BREAKER OPEN
WICKET GATES CLOSED
33kV
WICKET GATE LOCK RELEASED
PRESSURE OIL SYSTEMS FUNCTIONAL
GOVERNOR IN AUTOMATIC POSITION EXCIATION SYSTEM
ON VOLTAGE
STOP SEQUENCE RESET REGULATOR GENERATOR
AUXILIARY SYSTEM CHECKS CONTROL BREAKER
L
START SEQUENCE INITIATED VOLTAG
FREQUENCY
IF PRES START CHECK MATCHING
(NORMAL
P.B AN
___
GENERATOR
BREAKER
CLOSE AUXILIARY
GOVERNOR PRE POSITION

EXCITATION PRE-POSITION 4MW,6.6kV,0.9PF
BRAKES RELEASED GENERATOR
GENERATOR HEATERS OFF
GATE
LIMIT
RAISED TYPICAL SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
SHP (4 X 4MW)
WICKET GATES OPEN
PRESET POSITION
ADJUST ADJUST KILO

REACTIVE WATTS
OUTPU OUTPUT
UNIT ACCELERATES TO
NEAR SYNCHRONOUS
SPEE
UNI
RUNNING ___
AN
CONTROL
INITIAL EXCITATION
APPLIE
SYNCHRONIZING UNIT GENERATING
INITIATING AS REQUIRED
GENERATOR
VOLTAG P.B
BUILDU
GENERATOR
SPINING
Fig. 4 : Start-Stepped Sequence Control for Synchronous generator
Controlled action shut down shall be initiated by conditions shown in column -1 of Table -1 and
shall perform actions shown in Column-2 of Table -1. Control action shut down for a typical 5
MW generating unit is shown in Fig. 5.
Table 1 : Controlled Action Shut Down
S. Initiated by any of the following S. Perform following functions

No. conditions No
1 Generator thrust bearing pads 1 Trip generator breaker
temperature very high
2 Generator guide bearing pads 2 Trip field breaker
temperature very high
3 Turbine guide bearing pads temperature 3 Initiates controlled action shut down and
very high bring unit to stand still condition
through governor action
4 Governor OPU oil level low stage-II
5 Governor OPU oil pressure low stage-II
Emergency shut down shall be initiated by conditions shown in column -1 of Table -2 and shall
perform actions shown in Column-2 of Table -2. Emergency shut down for a typical 5 MW
generating unit is shown in Fig. 6.
Table 2 : Emergency Shut Down
Sl. Initiated by any of the following Sl. Perform following functions

No. conditions No
1 Speed 115% and deflector/ guide 1 Trip generator breaker
vanes/ runner blades apparatus not
moved to closing
2 Deflector etc. fails to close in preset 2 Stop turbine by governor action
time
3 Unit over speed (electrical) > 140% 3 Trip generator field circuit breaker
4 Unit over speed (mechanical)>150% 4 Operate trip alarm in control room
5 Stop push button on control panel in 5 Energizes emergency solenoid valve in
control room is pressed governor cubicle to stop the turbine by
bypassing governor
6 Close main inlet valve
Electrical shut down shall be initiated by conditions shown in column -1 of Table -3 and shall
perform actions shown in Column-2 of Table -3. Electrical shut down for a typical 5 MW
generating unit is shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 5 : Controlled Action Shut Down (Typical for gen. units above 5 MW)
Fig. 6 : Emergency Shut Down (Typical for Gen. Units above 5 MW)
Table 3 : Electrical Shut Down
S. Initiated by any of the following S. Perform following functions

No. conditions No.
1 Over current in the excitation circuit 1 Trip generator breaker
2 Generator back up protection operates 2 Trip field breaker
3 Generator over voltage protection operates 3 Governor brings the unit to spin
at no load
4 Excitation failure protection operates
5 Reverse power protection operates
6 Generator T/F IDMT over current, over
current
instantaneous & earth fault protection
operates
2.4 CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTING CONTROL SYSTEM
Governor and control systems for small hydro units especially in developing countries
have to be selected keeping in view the following:
(i) Traditional mechanical flow control governor with mechanical hydraulic devices is
complex demanding maintenance and high first cost. Further performance
requirements of stability and sensitivity i.e. dead band, dead time and dashpot time
especially for interconnected units may not be possible with mechanical governors.
(ii) The manpower as available for operation is unskilled and further adequate
supervision is not feasible.
(iii) Load factors for stand-alone micro hydro are usually low which affects economic
viability.
(iv) Cost of speed control and automation with electronic analog flow control
governors, unit control and plant control is high. These systems require attended
operation and are mostly based on large capacity hydro units. This is making most
of the units very costly and uneconomical to operate. Experience in successful
operation of analog electronic control system in India for SHP is not good.
(v) Electronic digital flow control governors can take up plant control functions.
(vi) Flow control turbine governors are expensive and not recommended for micro
hydro units. Electronic load control (ELC) governing system with water cooled hot
water tanks as ballast loads for unit size up to 100 kW be used. If the thyristor
control ELC is used then the generator be oversized up to 2% on kVA to cope with
the higher circulating current. Accordingly, in case of micro hydrol units up to 100
kW size elimination of flow control governors by digital shunt load governor
(electronic load controllers) for economically viability and eliminating of
continuous attendance is recommended.
(vii) Data storage function can be added to the digital governors.
viii) Analog electronic governors and plant controllers are also used for small hydro auto
synchronizing and for remote control and monitoring of system.
(x) Digital generation controllers were evolved to take care of speed control, unit
control and automation, unit protection and generation scheduling and have been
successfully in operation for over ten years.
(xi) PLC based system are reliable and suitable for harsh conditions. These have been in
operation in India and abroad.
(xii) Dedicated PC based systems for complete generation control can be easily adopted
for data acquisition and storage at low cost and can also be adapted to SCADA
system. Customized software is used in these systems which inhibits wide spread
use. Future systems using PC as controller and for SCADA with open architecture
and use of commercially available software is recommended for economy and wide
spread use.
Comparison of various options for for control system, including turbine governing
supervisory control and data acquisition are given in table-4.
2.5 CATEGORIZATION OF CONTROL SYSTEM
As per Location:
a) Local
b) Centralized
c) Offsite
As per Mode of control:

a) Manual(Back up)
b) Semi-Automatic(manual synchronizing)
c) Automatic
As per supervision of operation:

a) Attended
b) Unattended
Relationship of local centralized and off site control function is shown in fig-8.
Fig. 7 : Electrical Shut Down (Typical for Synchronizing Generator above 5 MW)
OFF SITE
CONTROL
Communication Link
CENTRALISED Remote from controlled

CONTROL equipment but with in plant
UNIT 1 UNIT 2 AUXULARY SWITCHYARD

LOCAL LOCAL CONTROL CONTROL
CONTROL CONTROL
Fig. 8 : Typical Relationship of local centralized and off site control function
2.6 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE, COMMUNICATION AND DATABASES
(i) Open architecture system should be followed in accordance with IEEE-1249-1996.

Interface or operating standards for the following should comply with ISO/IEC
12119/IEEE 802.
Hardware interconnectivity Time stamping of data, Communications Operating
system User Interface Data base
(ii) Each of these elements should be capable of being replaced by or communicate
with system elements provided by other vendors.
(iii) The scope of the bidder should not be limited to the parts & components explicitly
identified herein and shall have to provide any and all parts/components needed to
meet the functional requirements laid down herein or are necessary for satisfactory
operation of the plant.
2.7 CONTROL DATA NETWORKS
Local area networks (LANs) should be configured to IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) standard.
Commercially available software should be used as far as possible.
Table 4 : Comparison of various options for control system, including turbine governing supervisory control and data acquisition
S. Turbine Gov. and Unit size Mode Suitability Cost including Gov. Recommendation Remarks
No. Controller Type of control, protection,
kW operati Turbine Unit Data storage SCADA SCADA data Aq.,
on Gov. Unit Prot. and Retrieval Storage and Retrieval
control (see note-1)
Capital O&M
1. Mech. Flow control Gov. 50-100 Iso.  At high extra cost Very high High Not recommendation
without
Grid  SCADA
100-500 & Iso. 
above
Grid 
2. Load control governor 50-100 Iso.  Suitable At extra cost Low Low Not considered
Grid 
Do not available
Digital load
100-500 Iso. See note 3 control
governor may
Grid  Not feasible
be developed
for SCADA
3. Analogue, Electronic 50-100 Iso. Suitable At high extra cost Very high cost Not recommended
Gov. & Plant Controller Grid
Above 100 Iso. High Moderate
to high
Grid
4. PLC integrated controller SHP 100 Iso. Suitable Low Moderate Recommended
with SCADA by PC kW to 5
MW Grid
5. PLC digital governor with Above 5 Iso. Suitable High Moderate Recommended for units
plant controller and MW See note 2 above 5 MW
SCADA with redundant Grid
PC
6. Data Logger with ELC 5 to 100 kW Iso. Data not available Low Moderate Recommended
load controller Grid
7. PC based integrated 100 kW to Iso. Suitable – Indigenous system not available Low Medium Recommended with
system for governing; 2500 kW high speed PC suitable
plant control protection for harsh area
and metering
Grid
Notes: 1. Cost normalized with main and backup SCADA system.

2. Dedicated digital controller for Gov. and plant control with PC based SCADA backup.
3. Recommended in conjunction with partial water flow control
2.8 HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE (HMI)
The operator’s station of the station controller (SCADA system) should have an elaborate
and friendly man-machine interface. A 45.6 mm (19”) or larger monitor should be
provided for the display.. The screen displays should be suitably designed to provide
information in most appropriate forms such as text, tables, curves, bar charts, dynamic
mimic diagrams, graphic symbols, all in colour. An event printer should be connected to
PC of the SCADA system. Events should be printed out spontaneously as they arrive.
Provision should be made to connect and use another printer simultaneously. Touch
control screen, voice and other advanced modes of HMI are desired and should be
preferred. The entire customization of software for HMI and report generation should be
carried out. A window based operating system should be preferred.
2.9 HARDWARE
Input/output system should have following capabilities.
(i). Portability and the exchange of I/O cards from one I/O location to another. This
can reduce spare parts requirements.
(ii). Availability of I/O cards to be replaced under power. This avoids the need to
shutdown an entire I/O location to change one card.
(iii). Sequence-of-Events (SOE) time tagging at the I/O locations; accuracy and
resolution.
(iv). Availability of I/O signal types and levels that support the field device signals to
be used.
(v). Support of redundant field devices, capability for redundant I/O from field device
to the database and operator interface.
(vi). I/O diagnostics available at the card, e.g., card failure indicating LEDs, or through
software in the system.
2.10 GROUNDING
Each equipment rack in which automation system components are located should be
separately connected to the powerhouse ground mat by a large gauge wire.
Shielded cables should be used for analog signals between the transducers and the
automation system. Each shield should be tied to the signal common potential at the
transducer end of the cable. If there are terminations or junction boxes between the
transducers and automation system, each shield circuit should be maintained as a separate
continuous circuit through such junction or termination boxes.
2.11 STATIC CONTROL
Equipment should be immune to static problems in the normal operating configuration.

Anti-static carpet and proper grounding for all devices that an operator may contact
should be provided.
2.12 INFORMATION AND CONTROL SIGNALS
Information and control signal for proper control and monitoring will be acquired from
the main and auxiliary/associated equipment and shall be provided as tentatively detailed
along with the equipment as out lined in this paragraph. Deviation will be intimated in the
bid 25% spare capacity for inputs and output shall be provided.
The control system shall receive input signals from main equipment such as the turbine or
the generator, and from various other accessory equipments, such as the governor,
exciter, and automatic synchronizer. Status inputs shall be obtained from control
switches, level and function switches indicative of pressure, position etc, throughout the
plant. The proper combination of these inputs to the control system logic will provide
outputs to the governor, the exciter, and other equipment to start or shutdown the unit.
Any abnormalities in the inputs must prevent the unit’s startup, or if already on-line,
provide an alarm or initiate its shutdown.
Input signals from following main equipment are required:
(i). Generator
(ii). Generator field excitation equipment
(iii). Generator terminal equipment (Line and Neutral side)
(iv). Unit generator breaker equipment
(v). Turbine
(vi). Governor
(vii). Generator cooling
(viii). Service air(above 5MW)
(ix). Cooling water(above 5MW)
(x). DC power supply
(xi). AC auxiliary power supply
(xii). Water level monitoring
(xiii). Fire protection
Following four types of signals are provided between control board and particular
equipment:
(i). Analog inputs for variable signals from CTs, VTs, RTDs, pressure, flow, level,
vibration etc.
(ii). Digital inputs provides digitalized values of variable quantities from the
equipment
(iii). Digital outputs – command signals from control boards to equipment
(iv). Analog outputs – transmit variable signals from control to equipment e.g.
governor, voltage regulator etc.
2.13 COMMUNICATION LINKS
2.13.1 Communication links with remote offsite control
Following methods are available for implementing control from a remote location:
(i). Hardwired communication circuits (telephone type line, optical cables etc.)
(ii). Leased telephone lines
(iii). Power line carries communication system
(iv). Microwave communication system
Metallic circuit in hardwired communication circuits and leased telephone lines, requires
special protection for equipments and personals against ground potential rise (GPR) due
to electric system fault, since the hydro-generator is source of fault current. GPR is also
caused by lightning transmitted through power lines entering the power plant. As such
suitable mitigation has to be provided.
Power line carrier including insulated ground wire system can be used for
communications purposes. This method couples a high frequency signal on the power
line or insulated ground wire and is decoupled at an offsite point.
2.13.2 Communication link between control board and equipment:
Data and control signals will be required to be transmitted. The communication link
between control board and equipment should be reliable. Optical fiber cable, shielded
cable are various options. Communication links required are given in table 5:
Table 5 : Communication Links

Communication Links
Between control board & Main Between control board &Auxiliary
equipments. equipments
S. No. Equipment S. No. Equipment

1. Generator neutral and terminal 1. Fire protection
equipment
2. Head water and tail water level 2. AC Power supply
equipment
3. Water passage shut off or bye 3. DC Power supply
pass valves gates etc.
4. Turbine 4. Service water
5. Unit transformer 5. Service air
6. Circuits breaker and switches 6. Water level monitoring
7. Generator 7. Turbine flow monitoring
8. Intake gates or main inlet valve
and draft tube gates
9. Turbine governing system
10. Generator excitation system
2.14 CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF SHP
2.14.1 Control for micro hydro power plant (Up to 100 kW)
Recommendations of “Micro Hydro Quality Standards prepared by AHEC, IIT, Roorkee”

in Sept. 2005 be referred which are reproduced as in table 6.
Table 6 : Micro Hydro Quality Standards
Description Category (Installed Capacity in KW)

Category A Category B Category C
(Up to 10 kW) (Above 10 kW and (Above 50 kW
up to 50 kW) and up to 100
kW)
Control, Controller Electronic load (ELC) Electronic Electronic load
Switchgear (Preferable controller (ELC) load controller controller
and –Micro or Induction preferred or (IGC) (ELC) or Flow
Metering processor generator Induction generator control
based) Controller (IGC) Controller Governor
Ballast Air heater Water heater Water heater
Load of
ELC
2.14.2 Control for Small Hydro Power Plants (Above 100 kW and up to 5000 kW)
2.14.2.1 Integrated Governor and Plant Control System
Following computer based systems have been installed in the country.
(i). Microprocessor based controllers with specially developed software

(ii). PLC based controllers
(iii). PC based controllers
Present and recommend modern practice is to have PLC based automatic control system
with manual control as backup. A common PC for Supervisory Control and data
Acquisition system (SCADA) may be provided. Redundant PLC for automation as
backup is not provided.
Microprocessor controller (PLC/PC) is used to provide following unit and plant control
functions.
(i) Turbine Governing control & Monitoring

(ii) Generator control & Monitoring
(iii) Starting sequence control
(iv) Auto synchronizing (if required)
(v) Automatic shut down control
(vi) Emergency shut down
(vii) Control of turbine generator auxiliaries
(viii) Monitoring of turbine generator auxiliaries
A dedicated controller for normal operation in isolated/interconnected operation is
required. This controller can perform all the control functions of unit control e.g. starting
sequence control, auxiliary control, emergency and normal shut down and governing.
In manual/maintenance control mode the control system controller can perform the
following control functions.
(i) Manual turbine gate or needle valve control

(ii) Manual synchronization control
(iii) Manual circuit breaker control
(iv) Manual load control
(v) Manual brake control
(vi) Manual normal shut down control
(vii) Automatic emergency shut down
In addition the control system can monitor all critical items that are require for safe
operation.
(i) Protective relay status

(ii) Generator breaker status
(iii) Lock out relay status
(iv) Hydraulic oil high/low pressure/level
(v) Speed increaser, high oil temperature/level/flow
(vi) Brake status
(vii) Generator/bearing temperature
(viii) Head water/tail water level
(ix) Generator current, voltage, power-factor, kW, kVAR & kWh
(x) System voltage and frequency
Analogue meters may be provided as back up.
2.14.2.2 Computer (PLC) based control system for SHP up to 5 MW
Most small hydro powerhouses in the range have the control room at the same level as
the machine hall. The hard wired manual unit control and computer based (PLC)
automatic control system is provided in the control room. Supervisory control and data
acquisition system (SCADA) if required is provided by a common Personnel Computer
for all the units for Supervisory/Remote control functions in the control room.
2.14.2.3 Typical example of Computer (PLC) based control system for SHP (101 kW to
5000 kW) in the Country
The hard wired manual unit control and computer based (PLC) automatic control system
is provided in the control room.
Supervisory control and data acquisition system (SACADA) if required is provided by a
common Personnel Computer for all the units for Supervisory/Remote control functions
in the control room for which one additional panel or desk is provided.
(i) SHP up to and below 1000 kW
World Bank, 1991 recommendation for control of irrigation based SHP in this
range by a PLC based unit controller for the powerhouse with a common PC for
SCADA and offsite control provision for all units in this range.
PLC integrated unit controller with PC for supervisory control data acquisition
and remote control facilities for canal fall SHPs with provision for remote control
of three nearby canal fall power plants is shown in Fig.-9.
(ii) SHP - 2 x 3.5 MW

Single line diagram is at figure-10; PLC integrated control unit control &
protection panels are shown in figure-11 & 12. SCADA is by a common PC.
(iii) SHP – 4 x 4 MW
Control system unit control (manual/automatic) is from Turbine Auxiliary
Governor Panel (TAGP) along with Manual and Protection panel in control room
as shown in Figure-13.
2.14.3Control for small hydro power station (above 5000 kW)- (Distributed computer
control)
2.14.3.1 Introduction
Modern control system employed for power stations having capacity above 5 MW is
distributed computer control system with adequate redundancy as generally shown in fig-
14. Provision for hard wired manual control and modern for offsite control is also shown
in figure.
Main controllers that is turbine governor and excitation control are controlled by their
own microprocessor controllers (PLC based). The digital modules used in the controller
should belong to the same family hardware which is also being used in unit control
panels. Software used in the governors generally includes PID/temporary droop control
scheme for regulation; Start up and shutdown logic etc. Similarly excitation system
controls are microprocessor PLC based. Function block programming language to be
used should be same as in unit control panels.
2.14.3.2 Functional Capabilities

Functional capabilities generally provided are summarized below:
(i) Computer based automation system should permit operation of power plant,
switchyard, outlet works, Inlet valves etc. from a single control point (centralised
control room).
(ii) Local control may be provided by equipment preferably located near the generating
unit. The local unit computer should be part of the equipment.
(iii) Automatic unit start/stop control sequencing is part of computer based automation.
Automation system should include capability to provide diagnostic information so
as to isolate the problem and get the unit on line as fast as possible.
(iv) Auto synchronizing is computer based. There is no objection to provide
synchronizing function as internal to the automation system. Check synchronizing
relay is provided for security.
(v) The computer system should optimize individual unit turbine operation to enhance
unit operation in respect of following:
(a) Efficiency maximization - gate position, flow, unit kW output, unit reactive
power output.
(b) Minimization unit vibration or rough running zone - gate position, unit
vibration.
(c) Minimization of cavitation: Adjust Gate position, flow, and Hydraulic head
as per turbine manufacturers’ cavitation curve.
(d) Black start control - This may include starting the unit in emergency.
(vi) Centralised Control – Individual units, switchyard, station service control, plant
voltage/VAR control, water and power optimization; Fore bay level control.
(vii) Provide Data acquisition capabilities
(viii) Provide Alarm processing and diagnostics
(ix) Provide Report generation
(x) Provide Maintenance and management interface
(xi) Provide Data acquisition and retrieval
(xii) Provide Data access
(xiii) Provide Operator simulation training
(xiv) Provision of operation in stand alone or in an isolated island by frequency relays
The recommended control system is shown in Fig-15. Manual control facility is provided
on PLC panel if in control room or by or special panel as shown in the figure 14 and
Figure 15.
A typical block diagram of computer based control system for a 2 x 10 MVA power
house with offsite control is shown in Fig. 15. A provision for a programming station
with back up for operation is also included as redundant system.
Main controllers that is turbine governor (PLC based) and excitation control are
controlled by their own microprocessor controllers. The digital modules used in the
controller belong to the same family hardware which is also being used in unit control
panels. Software used in the governors generally includes PID/temporary droop control
scheme for regulation; Start up and shutdown logic etc. Similarly excitation system
controls are microprocessor based. Function block programming language to be used
should be same as in unit control panels.
(i). Each of these elements should be capable of being replaced by or communicate
with system elements provided by other vendors.
(ii). Distributed control system is used
(iii). Adequate redundancy is provided
2.14.3.3 Description
The control system is built up of independent control modules in hierarchical control

levels. The overall control is affected from the Operator Work Stations. The operator
console assist the operator for an easy operation of power station. It also allows to print
out and show on the video displays all relevant signals, events, alarms, status, status
change, abnormalities, history data and plant conditions on request or immediately in
case of alarm. The data is stored on hard disk. The operator console is connected to next
level, namely the control boards, through a local network.
Basic manual control of drives is made possible from control boards. The local starter
panels can be used in case of failure of control boards or for test and maintenance
purposes.
The control system should be suitable for manual and automatic start-up, running & shut-
down of the generating units and the station auxiliary systems.
The control should be accomplished by master control or step sequence systems to be

realized using Distributed Processing Units DPUs).
In the system each unit is controlled by a unit control board for automatic start-stop
sequence. In the automatic mode the unit is started and stopped by computer control or by
push buttons which actuates the complete sequence with all interlocks while in the
manual mode only the plant safety requirements is actuated.
The unit control should be responsible for the overall sequence of operation, for example
when the machine is started or shutdown, it takes the process criteria as its input and
execute a sequence program and issues commands to the drive control. It checks for the
presence of all the required criteria before it issues a particular command. Also time
taken for the execution of the command is monitored and an alarm or trip is generated if
command execution takes more than stipulated time.
(i) Functional Group and Drive Control
Control of all auxiliaries and drives pertaining to the unit is carried out. It is possible to
control either by the commands received by the sequence control or commands from
push buttons mounted on the panel. All required logic and interlocks for each drive
should be built up by software logic in the system.
Fig. 9 : Typical System Configuration Canal SHP project (Punjab)
TO 33 kV SUBSTATION TO 33 kV SUBSTATION
(APPROX. 30 km (APPROX. 30 km
GARIYABAND S/S) GARIYABAND S/S) NOMENCLATURE
L.A.
40 -------- LOSS OF EXCITATION RELAY
L.A. 41G -------- EXCITATION BREAKER
45G -------- FIELD SURGE PROTECTION
51 -------- OVER CURRENT RELAY
51V -------- OVER CURRENT VOLTAGE RESTRAINT RELAY
51D -------- DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT RELAY
E/F -------- EARTH FAULT RELAY
59 -------- OVER VOLTAGE RELAY
63 -------- BUCHHOLZ RELAY
CT 250/125/1A
CORE-1, 5P10
64F -------- ROTOR EARTH FAULT RELAY
64G -------- STATOR EARTH FAULT RELAY
CT 250/125/1A 64T -------- BACKUP POWER SYSTEM E/F RELAY
CORE-2, M ETERING 87G -------- GENERATOR EARTH FAULT RELAY
CT 250/125/1A ACC.CLASS 1-0 87GT -------- GEN. TRANSFORMER E/F RELAY
CORE-1, 5P10
25 -------- CHECK SYNCHRONISING
CT 250/125/1A 46 -------- NEGATIVE SEQUENCE RELAY
CORE-2, M ETERING
ACC.CLASS 1-0
// / 52-3 52-5 //
/
33k V
/3 / 110V
/3
33kV
/3 / 110V
/3
33 kV BUS 52-6 LEGEND
ISOLATING SWITCH
HV CIRCUIT BREAKER
CT 77.5/.578A CT 77.5/.578A LINK
TRANSFORMER
52-1 52-2 41G

EXCITATION BREAKER WITH
DISCHARGE RESISTOR
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CT 75/1A, 5P10 CT 75/1A, 5P10
5000 k VA, 3.3/33 k V
GENERATOR POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORM ER-1 87GT 87GT
64T 51
5000 k VA 3.3/33, kV 64T
GENERATOR 51
TRANSFORM ER-1
LIGHTNING ARRESTOR
FUSE
87GT 87GT
EARTH
3.3 KV CUBICLE 3.3 KV CUBICLE
11 KV BREAKER
RECTIFIER RECTIFIER
50/5A TRANSFORM ER 50/5A TRANSFORM ER
11-1 11-2
CT 775/5A
CT 775/5A
AVR AVR
RECTIFIER RECTIFIER
M BRIDGE M BRIDGE
P.T. P.T.
CT 775/5A CT 775/5A
P.T. P.T.
41G
41G
3500 k W 0.8 PF 3.3 k V 3500 kW 0.8 PF 3.3 kV
GENERATOR-1 G1 GENERATOR-2 G2
45G
PS CT 775/5A PS CT 775/5A
5P10 CT 775/5A CT 775/5A

5P10
PS CT 775/1A CT 775/1A
PS
DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORM ER TRANSFORM ER
Fig. 10 : Typical Single Line Diagram for 2 x 3.5 MW SHP
UNIT-1 UNIT-2
MMI MMI
DIGITAL INPUT DIGITAL OUTPUT SPARE DIGITAL INPUT DIGITAL OUTPUT SPARE
DC POWER SUPPLY
DC POWER SUPPLY
DC POWER SUPPLY
DC POWER SUPPLY
ANALOG MIXED
ANALOG MIXED
DIGITAL INPUT
DIGITAL INPUT
ANALOG INPUT
ANALOG INPUT
ANALOG INPUT
ANALOG INPUT
RK2 RK2
RK1 RK1
CPU
CPU
MODULE
MODULE
10 POINT I/O RACK 10 POINT I/O RACK 10 POINT I/O RACK 10 POINT I/O RACK
DF1 (COM1) DF1 (COM2)
MODBUS (COM3)
SIGNAL
CONVERTOR
SCADA
(PC BASED) MULTI FUCNTION MULTI FUCNTION MULTI FUCNTION MULTI FUCNTION TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE
TRANSDUCER-1 TRANSDUCER-2 TRANSDUCER-1 TRANSDUCER-2 RECORDERS-1 RECORDERS-2 RECORDERS-1 RECORDERS-2
SYSTEM-1 SYSTEM-2 SYSTEM-1 SYSTEM-2
CPU -CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
Fig. 11 : Typical PLC Controller with PC SCADA (Control & Protection System) for a (2 x 3.5 MW)
Fig. 12 : Typical General Arrangement of Control & Protection
Fig. 13 : Typical Control and Protection of a SHP (4 x 4 MW)
Fig. 14 : Typical Configuration for Computerized Hydro Station (above 5 MW)
Fig. 15 : Typical HMI System for a 2 unit Computerized Station with offsite Control
(ii) Sequence Control
Master/Stepped sequence control performs the functions of sequential start up, shut down
and / or changeover of the status of the machine. The status of unit is stand still, shut
down, spin and generate. Master control type control is preferred.
(iii) Automatic Mode
In the automatic mode the operator gives the command only once to start the program.
No further intervention is needed for normal execution. Normally the unit is operated in
this mode. At each step, specified process criteria is to be checked and the program
continues if the criteria is satisfied. A time monitoring of each step execution is provided
and if this time is exceeded, the program stops and display the missing criteria. During
the program execution if any protection operates, program execution stops and the
machine brought to shut down.
(iv) Step by Step Mode
This mode is used to execute the program in steps. Every time a step is ready to be
executed, the operator initiates the step through a push button command. This mode is
used during commissioning and test phases. All indications of the sequence control and
display of missing criteria is available in this mode. If timing of the step exceeds the set
time, execution is blocked. On completion of each step, an indication for the readiness to
execute the next step is available. The commands to functional group and drive control is
issued during execution of the relevant steps. The drive control is also possible by
operating push button command in this mode of operation.
2.14.3.4 Common Control Board
A common control board for the control & monitoring of common station auxiliaries,
Feeders and Bus coupler is also required to be provided. The panel may consist of the
required number of switches, ILPBS, relays, indicating meters etc. as required.
Following synchronizing equipments are generally provided on the Common Control

Board.
(i). A dual channel auto synchronizer with voltage and frequency matching units which
issues voltage adjustment and speed adjustment commands and releases breaker
closing command when the frequency, voltage and phase of the generate and grid
are matched within limits.
(ii). Manual synchronizing equipment consisting of synchroscope, voltmeter and
frequency meters for incoming and running bus and a check synchronizing relay is
also provided.
2.14.3.5 Engineering Work Station (Programming & Training Console)
The programming tool included in the Engineering Station is used for accessing &
modifying logic programs of the processor modules, reading the status of binary &
analog signals with their addresses, simulating signals to the processor.
2.14.3.6 24 V Battery and Battery Charger
Two numbers battery chargers, common battery bank and direct current distribution
boards (DCDB) are provided for the stabilized power supply requirement of electronic
panels of control boards. Lead acid / Nickel Cadmium batteries of sufficient capacity
should be provided. The battery charger should be provided with its associated float and
boost charger. For small power station where one battery set is selected the charger
should have provision of redundant float charger. For power station where two battery
sets and two chargers have been selected, interchangeability of chargers should be
ensured.
Two no. UPS system having common battery and common AC Distribution Board &
manual by-pass are provided for giving regulated Uninterrupted Power Supply to
SCADA.
The system should be solid state type with silicon controlled rectifiers to convert mains
input to DC for charging the battery. The UPS works on a 1-phase 230 volts supply.
2.14.3.8 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) – Functions
Supervisory control and data acquisition system for control and monitoring of the plant
should be provided using Man Machine Interface (MMI) & (Data Acquisition System)
DAS computers. The system is intended to meet total operating functions of the plant,
which are normally performed by plant operators.
The SCADA system should be complete with all primary sensors, cables, analyzers/
transmitters, monitors, system hardware/ software and peripherals etc. to monitor/ control
the parameters for control, protection, annunciation, event recording for different
equipments including. List of essential sensors and type of sensors are given in the
following table 7:
Table 7 : List of Sensors

A.Generator Type of Sensors
Generator stator Resistance type temperature detectors
winding temperature (RTD) PT 100 type
Thrust and guide bearing Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs)
temperature Embedded in walls, shoes of thrust
bearing and in each segment of guide
bearing
Bearing oil temperature Temperature detectors in each separate bearing oil reservoir
Bearing oil level high/low Sensors for each oil reservoir high/low
Cooling air each cooler Temperature detector at inlet and outlet
Rotor temperature Temperature monitoring system for continuous monitoring field
temperature
Fire detection & protection Sensors as required are provided for detection and fire fighting
system
Thrust bearing high pressure Pressure switches
oil system start/stop interlock
Brake position As per IEEE 1010-2006
Electrical measurements and Microprocessor based transducer for
protection interface with CTs & PTs
B.Excitation Type of Sensors
Static excitation system Generally in accordance with IEEE 1010-2006
C.Turbine Type of Sensors
Turbine guide bearing temperature RTD for indication and recorder
in each segment TSD Thermo signaling device for alarm
& trip
Turbine guide bearing oil RTD for indication & alarm
temperature
Oil pressure in accumulator Level switch
Turbine guide bearing level Level switch
High/low
Other sensors as considered As per IEEE 1010-2006
necessary for the unit
D.Governor Type of Sensors
Speed indication
Synchronous speed, Electrically actuated speed relays by comparing the
under speed & over speed speed signal to reference signal
Centrifugal device mounted on the turbine shaft to mechanically
actuate over speed switch
Wicket gate position indication/ As per IEEE 1010-2006
position switches for control &
indication
Governor oil pressure unit switches As per IEEE 1010-2006
for oil level/pressure and sump oil
temperature
Governor power supply failure, As per IEEE 1010-2006
E. Generator Transformer. Transducers as required
F. High Voltage Circuit Breaker Transducers as required
G. Instrument Transformers Transducers as required
H. Auxiliary System Transducers as required
Overall philosophy of control and monitoring of the plant may be as follows:
Without SCADA: All Control functions for the generating units are through the
electronic panels of control boards, with the associated interlocks, sequential operation
and protection trip functions being met by the software programs in the processor
modules. Overall monitoring may be through the indications, meters and annunciation
features provided on the control boards. Station operators may take care of the data
logging.
With SCADA: In this mode, each and every control functions provided on Unit Control
Panel and Line control panel is through the HMI of SCADA system. Further, the joint
control of units for overall control of active, reactive power and voltage is carried out
from HMI of SCADA. Commands from SCADA is dispatched to respective unit control
boards through Ethernet bus. Further, processing of commands is done by the DPUs of
unit control panels through their software logic.
Automatic logging of periodical logs, event logs and alarm summaries may be achieved
in the SCADA system along with overall plant monitoring through data acquisition in the
form of alarms, mimics, trends, bar charts etc. Total plant operation, monitoring, logging
etc. should be possible from SCADA without any need of attendance elsewhere in the
plant.
2.14.3.9 Grounding System and Static Control
A separate grounding system should be provided for the plant and static control as
generally shown in figure-16.
2.14.3.10 Testing
Factory Assembly and Test, Field Test should be performed as given in the typical
specifications.
A training programme for the operators and maintenance personnel should be included in
the procurement specifications.
2.15 RECOMMENDATION FOR AUTOMATION AND CONTROL
Recommendations are as shown in table 8 below:
Table 8 : Recommendations for automation and control
Description Installed Capacity in kW

Unit capacity up Unit capacity above Unit capacity above 5000 kW
to 100 kW 100 kW and up to 5000
kW
Preferred ELC controller Integrated generator and Distributed computer control
Control ( Data logger plant control system for System, Digital governor with
System optional) governing; plant control unit controller, plant controller,
Suitable for protection and metering auxiliary controller, switch
isolated and grid SCADA system yard controller and SCADA
connected optional. with redundant PC
operation
Fig. 16: Typical Computerized Control & Monitoring System - Grounding Scheme
SECTION-III
PROTECTION AND RELAYING
3.1 GENERAL
Small hydro turbine-generators should be protected against mechanical, electrical,

hydraulic and thermal damage that may occur as a result of abnormal conditions in the
plant or in the utility system to which the plant is electrically connected.
The abnormal operating conditions that may arise should be detected automatically and
corrective action taken in a timely fashion to minimize the impact. Relays (utilizing
electrical quantities), temperature sensors, pressure or liquid level sensors, and
mechanical contacts operated by centrifugal force, etc., may be utilized in the detection of
abnormal conditions. These devices in turn operate other electrical and mechanical
devices to isolate the equipment from the system.
Where programmable controllers are provided for unit control, they can also perform
mechanical protection including hydraulic and thermal protection.
Operating problems with the turbine, generator, or associated auxiliary equipment require
an orderly shutdown of the affected unit while the remaining generating units (if more
than one is in the plant) continue to operate. Alarm indicators could be used to advise
operating personnel of the changed operating conditions.
Loss of individual items of auxiliary equipment may or may not be critical to the overall
operation of the small plant, depending upon the extent of redundancy provided in the
auxiliary systems. Many auxiliary equipment problems may necessitate loss of generation
until the abnormal conditions has been determined and corrected by operating or
maintenance staff.
The type and extent of the protection provided will depend upon many considerations,
some of which are:
(i) The capacity, number, and type of units in the plant;

(ii) The type of power system;
(iii) Inter connecting grid requirements;
(iv) The owner’s dependence on the plant for power;
(v) Manufacturer’s recommendations;
(vi) Equipment capabilities; and
(vii) Control location and extent of monitoring.
Overall, though, the design of the protective systems and equipment is intended to detect
abnormal conditions quickly and isolate the affected equipment as rapidly as possible, so
as to minimize the extent of damage and yet retain the maximum amount of equipment in
service.
Small hydroelectric power plants generally contain less complex systems than large
stations, and therefore tend to require less protective equipment. On the other hand, the
very small stations may be unattended and under automatic control, and frequently have
little control and data monitoring at an off-site location. This greater isolation tends to
increase the protection demands of the smaller plants.
An inherent part of the power plant protection is the design of the automatic controls to
recognize and act on abnormal conditions or control failures during startup. Close
coordination of the unit controls and other protection is essential.
3.2 ABNORMAL CONDITIONS
Abnormal conditions of electromechanical equipments are given in table 9, 10 and 11
Table 9 : Abnormal Conditions of Mechanical Equipment of plant
Turbines Hydraulic Control System Water Passage Equipment
S. Abnormal S. Abnormal Conditions S. Abnormal Conditions

No. Conditions No. No.
1 Excessive 1 Low accumulator oil level 1 Failure of head gate or

vibration(above inlet valve
10MW)
2 Bearing problems 2 Low accumulator pressure 2 Head gate inoperative
3 Over speed 3 Electrical, electronic, 3 Trash rack blockage
hydraulic malfunction
within the governing or
gate positioning system
4 Insufficient water 4 Water level control
flow malfunction
5 Shear pin failure
6 Grease system failure
Table 10 : Abnormal Conditions of Electrical Equipment of plant
Generator Gen. Transformer Gen. Switchgear and Bus

S. Abnormal S. Abnormal S. Abnormal
No. Conditions No. Conditions No. Conditions
1. Abnormal electrical Electrical fault 1. Electrical fault
conditions 1.
2. Stator winding high 2. High temperature 2. Mechanical failure
temperature
3. Low frequency 3. Abnormal oil level 3. Loss of control power
4. Bearing problems 4. Fire
5. Motoring
6. Fire
7. Excessive vibration
8. Cooling failure
9. Over speed
Table 11 : Abnormal conditions of Auxiliaries and grid
Auxiliaries Grid System

S. Abnormal Conditions S. Abnormal Conditions
No. No.
1 Aux.Transformer failure 1 Ground or phase faults
2 DC System Trouble 2 Single phasing
3 Station Air System Problem 3 Abnormal voltage
4 Cooling Water System Problem 4 System separation (islanding)
5 Flooding
6 Fire
7 Water level Monitoring System
Malfunction
8 Protection or Control Logic System
Malfunction
3.3 DEVICES USED IN A TYPICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM

There are numerous ways of providing the functional protective requirements of the
plant. While standard devices are generally available that can provide the protective
functions required, however each station should have specific design suitable for
protection requirements of the power plant equipment as well as the interconnection.
Protective devices which are normally used are given in table 12:
Table 12 : Protective Devices
S. Item Devices
No.
1. Temperature A temperature device, incorporating display and contacts for
alarm, annunciation and tripping to monitor bearing, stator and
transformer winding temperatures. Resistance temperature devices
operating relays can also be used to detect generator stator
overheating.
2. Pressure and Level Pressure and level switches installed in the turbine air, and oil
systems, to alarm, block startup, or trip, as necessary.
3. Over and under Direct-connected or electrically driven speed switches for alarm,
speed control, and tripping.
4. Vibration Vibration detectors monitoring turbine or generator shaft sections,
with alarm and trip contacts.
5. Water level A measuring system incorporating level sensors and monitoring
equipment, to alarm, trip, or control turbine output on limiting
values of headwater or tail water level, or head
6. Fire Sensors located in areas where fire can occur and connected to a
central fire monitor for alarm. Small generators usually do not
have fire sensors or suppression equipment, since they are not
usually enclosed.
7. Miscellaneous Sensing devices are integral to the protected systems, such as
mechanical system automatic greasing system, wicket gate shear pins, cooling water
system and drainage system.
3.3.2 Protective Relay and Protection System

3.3.2.1 Features of relays
The protective relays stand watch and in the event of failures short circuits or abnormal
operating conditions help de-energize the unhealthy section of power system and restrain
interference with rest of it and limit damage to equipment and ensure safety of personnel.
The essential features of protective relays are shown in table 13.
Table 13 : Features of relays
S. Feature Purpose
No.
i. Reliability To ensure correct action even after long period of inactivity and
also to offer repeated operation under sever condition
ii. Selectivity To ensure that only the unhealthy part of system is disconnected
iii. Sensitivity Detection of short circuit or abnormal operating condition
iv. Speed To prevent and minimize damage and risk to instability of
rotating plant.
v. Stability The ability to operate only under those conditions that calls for its
operation and to remain either passive or biased against operation
under all other conditions.
3.3.2.2 Protective Relay Technology
Protective relay technology has changed significantly in recent years. Induction disk
relays for each individual protective function were normally used. Individual solid state
static relays for protective function were introduced in the decade 1980 – 1990 and IS:
3231 – 1965 was accordingly revised in 1987.
The old conventional electromagnetic relays were replaced with static relays which are
much faster and maintenance free. These relays are more reliable and sensitive. These
days microprocessor based multifunction relays are available which have different
protections elements and therefore, a separate relay for each protection is not required.
3.3.2.3 Isolation of Digital Control and Protection System
Solid state digital control and protection system is fast replacing hard wired control and
electro-mechanical relaying systems in hydro stations. These systems working on 4 to 5
volts with respect to ground are susceptible to damage/malfunction from induced voltage
from switching surges, rise of ground grid voltage on ground faults and lightning surges
etc.
Computer control (SCADA)/protection system receive signals from equipment to be

controlled and give output signals to actuators for control/protection action.
Isolation of the digital system for protection and control is very important to avoid
damage. A design that provide complete isolation from the high frequency surges is vital
to maximize plants on line availability.
Standards addressing these problems for the control and protection equipment have been
issued by IEC and other standards organization which can be referred
Programmable logic controller (PLC) input/output racks used in hydro plants are suitable
for use in harsh environment of the hydro plants. PLCs input/output racks and solid state
components are designed to withstand the surges. Isolation is by optical coupling I/O
racks and cards so as to provide isolation and withstand surge voltage capability.
There are many standards for surge protection, grounding and acceptable installation
procedures which can be referred.
3.3.2.3.1 Main advantages and disadvantages for application of digital protection in

hydroelectric station
(i). Control Power: The operating energy for most electromechanical relays is
obtained from the measured currents and/or voltages, but most microprocessor
relays require a source of control power.
(ii). Multi Protective Functions: Digital relays provide multiple protective functions
in one relay. In contrast, older relay system required an individual relay for each
protective function. Consequently, multifunction digital relays reduce panel space
and wiring costs while providing equivalent protection. Multifunction feature can
result in a loss of redundancy. For instance, the failure of a single-phase over
current relay is backed up by the remaining phase and neutral relays. In a
microprocessor scheme, the phase and neutral elements are frequently combined in
one package and a single failure can disable the protection.
(iii). Self Monitoring: microprocessor-based digital relays have “watchdog timers” to
monitor their own operating status on a continual basis. Any potential malfunction
will be indentified and communicated to the control system. The self monitoring
feature eliminates the possibility of a non functioning relay in the plant protective
relay system. In previous protective relay systems, a non functional induction disk
or solid state relay would not normally be discovered until the next maintenance
test of the protective relay system.
The self-monitoring capability of these relays is only effective if the alarm output
can be communicated to a manned location such as a control room. Also, the
remote communication ability assumes there is a communication channel available
to the relay.
(iv). Communication: The digital relay uses a digital communication scheme which
allows the relay to communicate directly with the plant control system. The digital
relays are provided with serial data ports based on established protocols, which
should be compatible with the DCS (Distributed Computer System)/PLC
communication protocol used at the plant.
The communication capability of microprocessor relays in hydroelectric stations

interconnection with grid can benefit both the power plant operating and power
receiving grid authority from the communication capability. In particular, the
recorded history of events can be very useful in analyzing relay operations after a
fault. However, for both to communicate directly with the relay will require special
considerations. Both the SHP owner and grid authority may be required to
purchase software license for the communication software if that software is
propriety nature. Also, they will both need to maintain the same versions of the
software. The communication settings, such as modem baud rate, will have to be
mutually agreed on. Some relays have security passwords, which restrict access.
There may be one password to permit read only access to meter and event records
and a different password to make changes. Although both parties may have read
only access, ideally only one party should have the necessary access to make
setting changes.
(v). Self Calibration: Digital relays are provided with a self-calibration routine, which
can be initiated by selecting the relay calibration mode in the relay’s soft ware
programming.
(vi). Programmable Set points: Previous relay systems required “experienced”
protective relay engineers to calculate the set points for each individual relay,
define the zones of protection for each primary and back-up relay, and perform a
coordination analysis to confirm that the operation times of the various protective
relays did not conflict. The digital relay uses a Disc Operating System (DOS)
software program which provides detailed instructions and recommended set
points for each protective relay function based upon system characteristics.
(vii). Event Storage: The digital relays can store selected wave forms on an
oscillograph record. The number of cycles that can be stored differ with the
manufacturer. This record will show the condition of each of the selected
waveforms before and after the protective relay has operated. This additional
information is valuable in determining the cause of the protective relay trip.
(viii). Other Considerations
(a) Microprocessor transformer package that has both differential and over current
relaying provide less redundancy than a scheme comprising separate relays. The
self-diagnostics ability of the microprocessor relay, and its ability to communicate
failure alarms, mitigates some of the loss of redundancy. It may also be
economical to use multiple microprocessor relay.
(b) Microprocessor relays require more engineering in the application and setting of
the relay though less work in the panel design and wiring. The increased relay
setting flexibility is accompanied by an increase in setting complexity that requires
proper care to avoid setting errors.
(c) Some relays have experienced numerous software upgrades in a short period of
time.
(d) Microprocessor relays have relatively shorter product life cycles because of the
rapid advance in technology. As a result, a specific microprocessor relay model
may only be available for a relatively short period of time. As a failure may require
replacement rather than repair, it may not be possible to use an exact replacement,
which may require more engineering and installation work. Although less frequent
testing may be required, when it is, it requires a higher level of training for the
technician and more test equipment than is normally used with electromechanical
relays in order to obtain the full benefit of all the features of the microprocessor
relay.
Due to these reasons back up protection with conventional relays is provided with
microprocessor relays in hydroelectric plants. Various protection elements of a
Microprocessor based relay are shown in table 14.
Table 14 : Protection elements of a Microprocessor based relay
Symbol Description
21 Under Impedance
24 Over Fluxing
26 Field Winding Temp
27 Under Voltage
27NT 100% Stator E/F
32 Reverse Power
38 Bearing Temp
40 Loss of Field
46 Negative Phase Sequence
49 Stator Winding Temp
50BF Breaker Failure
50P Instantaneous Phase Over Current
50N Instantaneous Neutral Over Current
50/27 Unintentional Energisation at Stand Still
51P Time Delayed Phase Over Current
51N Time Delayed Neutral Over Current
51N Voltage Controlled Over Current
59 Over Voltage
59N Residual Over Voltage
64R Restricted E/F
78 Pole Slipping Protection
81 Over/ Under Frequency
87G Generator Differential
CTS Current Transformer Supervision
VTS Voltage Transformer Supervision
3.3.2.3.2 Protection relays for SHP
(i). The application of relays must be coordinated with the partitioning of the electrical
system by circuit breakers, so that least amount of equipment is removed from
operation following a fault, preserving the integrity of the balance of the plant’s
electrical system.
(ii). Generally, SHP Owners protection engineer will coordinate with the grid owners
protection engineer to recommend the functional requirements of the overlapping
zones of protection for the main transformers and high voltage bus and lines. The
grid owners protection engineer will determine the protection required for the
station service transformers, main unit generators, main transformers, and
powerhouse bus.
(iii). Electromechanical protective relays, individual solid state protective relays, multi-
function protective relays, or some combination of these may be used for protection
system requirements.
(iv). Individual solid state protective relays and/or multifunction protective relays offer a
single solution for many applications plus continuous self diagnostics to alarm
when unable to function as required. Multi-function protective relays may be cost-
competitive for generator and line protection where many individual relays would
be required.
(v). When multi-function relays are selected, limited additional backup relays should be
considered based upon safety, cost of equipment lost or damaged, repairs and the
energy lost during the outage or repairs.
(vi). When redundancy is required, a backup protective relay with a different design and
algorithm should be provided for reliability and security.
(vii). Generators, main transformers, and the high voltage bus bar are normally protected
with independent differential relays (above 1000 kW unit size).
3.4 DEVICES USED IN A TYPICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
The designer must balance the expense of applying a particular relay against the
consequences of losing a generator. The total loss of generator may not be catastrophic if
it represents a small percentage of the investment in an installation. However, the impact
on service reliability and upset to loads supplied must be considered. Damage to
equipment and loss of product in continuous processes can be dominating concern rather
than generating unit. Accordingly there is no standard solution based on MW-rating.
However, it is rather expected that a 100 kW, 415 V hydro machines will have less
protection as compared to 25 MW base load hydro electric machine.
With increasing complications in power system, utility regulation, stress on cost
reduction and trends towards automation, generating unit protection has become a high
focus area. State of the art, micro processor based protection schemes offer a range of
economical, efficient and reliable solution to address the basic protection and control
requirements depending upon the size and specific requirement of the plant.
3.4.1 Requirements of Protection of Turbine for SHP (up to 3 MW)
It is given in table 15:
Table 15 : Protection of turbine
S. No. Element Alarm & annunciation Trip

a. Speed rotation Alarm& annunciation Immediate
tripping
b. Oil levels in bearing Only alarm& annunciation
c. Circulation of lubricants Alarm& annunciation Immediate
tripping
d. Oil level of the governing system Only alarm& annunciation
e. Oil level of speed increaser Only alarm& annunciation
(if provided)
f. Bearing temperatures Only alarm& annunciation
g. Oil temperature of governing system Only alarm& annunciation
h. Oil temperatures of speed increasers Only alarm& annunciation
i. Oil pressure of governing system Alarm& annunciation Immediate
tripping
j. Pressure of cooling water Alarm& annunciation Immediate
tripping
Applying brakes at a particular speed (30% of full speed) is done to reduce time to
achieve stand still position of machine.
It is recommended two independent devices must be provided for over speed shut down
on larger machines. One for alarm mostly at 110% and other for tripping at 140%.
3.4.2 Requirements of Protection of Generator

Protection of generator is given in table 16.
Table 16 : Protection of generator
S. Element Alarm & annunciation Trip

No.
a. Stator temperature First alarm and Then tripping
annunciation
b. Over current (stator and rotor) Alarm and annunciation Immediate
tripping
No.
c. Earth fault with current limits (stators Alarm and annunciation Immediate
& rotor) tripping
d. Maximum and minimum voltage Alarm and annunciation Immediate
tripping
e. Power reversal Alarm and annunciation Immediate
tripping
f. Over/ under frequency Alarm and annunciation Immediate
tripping
g. Oil level in bearing sumps Alarm and annunciation Immediate
tripping
h. Pad & oil temperature of bearings First alarm and Then tripping
annunciation
i. Cooling air temperature First alarm and Then tripping
annunciation
It is advisable to provide heating arrangement to prevent condensation in generator.
3.5 GENERATOR PROTECTION SYSTEM AND RELAY SELECTION

3.5.1 Categorization
In view of the economy and plant requirements generator protection for small
hydropower stations is categorized a follows:
a) Generator size up to 100 kW

b) Generator size above100 kW and up to 5000 kW
c) Generator size above 5000 kW
3.5.2 Transient overvoltage and surge protection
Transient over-voltages and lightning surges are controlled by lightning arrestors. Surge
capacitors are provided to restrict rate of rise of surge voltages and their magnitudes.
Every generator is provided with a set of lightning arrestors / surge diverter of
appropriate rating and generated voltage.
3.5.3 Protection for Micro hydro systems (up to 100 KW)
Monitoring and Protection as recommend in Micro Hydro Quality Standards issued by

AHEC, IITR, be provided which is reproduced in table 17.
Table 17 : Monitoring and protection scheme
S. Description Recommendations for MHP above 50 KW and up to

No. 100kW
1 Switchgear/Earth MCB/MCCB for O/C protection
fault protection Provide Earth leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) /Residual
current operated circuit breaker
2 Protection-Generator Stator temperature
Stator over current
Over/under voltage
Over/under frequency
Phase unbalance
Reverse power
Bearing temperature
3 Protection-Turbine Over speed
Bearing temperature
Note: Use of DC source for control, monitoring and protection in MHP is costlier option as such
AC operated protection system is adopted (e.g. AC with shunt trip coil of generator breaker)
3.5.4 Protection for Generating Units above 100 kW and up to 5 MW

3.5.4.1 Turbine
Requirements of Protection of Turbine are given in table 18:
Table 18 : Requirements of Protection of Turbine
S. Element Alarm & Trip

No. annunciation
a. Speed rotation Alarm& annunciation Immediate tripping
b. Oil levels in bearing Alarm& annunciation Then tripping
first
c. Circulation of lubricants Alarm& annunciation Immediate tripping
d. Oil level of the governing system Alarm& annunciation Then tripping
first
e. Oil level of speed increaser Alarm& annunciation Then tripping
(if provided) first
f. Bearing temperatures Alarm& annunciation Then tripping
first
g. Oil temperature of governing Alarm& annunciation Then tripping
system first
h. Oil temperatures of speed Alarm& annunciation Then tripping
increasers first
i. Oil pressure of governing system Alarm& annunciation Immediate tripping
j. Pressure of cooling water Alarm& annunciation Immediate tripping
It is recommended that two independent over speed shut-down devices be used on larger
units which might not be designed for continuous runaway.
3.5.4.2 Generator
Requirements of Protection of Generators are given in table 19
Table 19 : Requirements of Protection of Generator

No.
a. Stator temperature First alarm and annunciation Then tripping
b. Over current (stator and rotor) Alarm and annunciation Immediate tripping
c. Earth fault with current limits Alarm and annunciation Immediate tripping
(stators & rotor)
d. Maximum and minimum voltage Alarm and annunciation Immediate tripping
e. Power reversal Alarm and annunciation Immediate tripping
f. Over/ under frequency Alarm and annunciation Immediate tripping
g. Oil level in bearing sumps Alarm and annunciation Immediate tripping
h. Pad & oil temperature of bearings First alarm and annunciation Then tripping
i. Cooling air temperature First alarm and annunciation Then tripping
It is advisable to consider differential protection when the size of the generator and/or its
environment justifies it.
The instruments and devices generally recommended for monitoring and protection are as
follows: voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter, energy meter, power factor meter, tachometer,
hours of operation counter, synchronizer, water-level and/or pressure indicator, turbine
wicket gate position indicator, emergency stop device, short-circuit current protection,
over current protection, reverse power relay, frequency monitor, voltage monitor, bearing
monitor.
Typical single line diagram for Asynchronous and synchronous generators are attached as
figure -17 and figure-18 respectively based on recommendations by IEC: 61116 for SHP
up to 5 MW units.
3.5.5 Protection for generating Unit above 5 MW and up to 25 MW
The following protection may be provided by using integrated numerical generator

protection relay on generator, generator transformers and feeders. Back up electromagnetic
relays with instrument transformers may be provided as mentioned below:
Typical single line diagram is at figure-19 and unit metering and relaying is shown in
figure-20.
Fig. 17 : Typical single line diagram for asynchronous generators
Fig. 18 : Typical single line diagram for synchronous generators
OUTGOING LINES NOMENCLATURE
OUTGOING LINES
40 -------- LOSS OF EXCITATION RELAY
41G -------- EXCITATION BREAKER
L.A. 45G -------- FIELD SURGE PROTECTION
L.A.
51 -------- OVER CURRENT RELAY
51V -------- OVER CURRENT VOLTAGE RESTRAINT RELAY
51D -------- DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT RELAY
E/F -------- EARTH FAULT RELAY
//
/ P.T.
/// P.T.
59 -------- OVER VOLTAGE RELAY
63 -------- BUCHHOLZ RELAY
64F -------- ROTOR EARTH FAULT RELAY
64G -------- STATOR EARTH FAULT RELAY
PS CLASS FOR BUS
64T -------- BACKUP POWER SYSTEM E/F RELAY
PS CLASS FOR BUS
DIFFERENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL 87G -------- GENERATOR EARTH FAULT RELAY
87GT -------- GEN. TRANSFORMER E/F RELAY
CT CT 25 -------- CHECK SYNCHRONISING
CORE-1, 5P10 CORE-1, 5P10 46 -------- NEGATIVE SEQUENCE RELAY
CT CT
CORE-2, M ETERING CORE-2, M ETERING
ACC.CLASS 1-0 ACC.CLASS 1-0
52-3 52-5
LEGEND
33/66/132 kV BUS 52-6
ISOLATING SWITCH
HV CIRCUIT BREAKER
LINK
CT CT
TRANSFORMER
41G
EXCITATION BREAKER WITH
52-1
DISCHARGE RESISTOR
52-2
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CT 5P10 CT POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

GENERATOR GENERATOR
TRANSFORM ER-1 87GT TRANSFORM ER-2
64T 51 64T LIGHTNING ARRESTOR
SATTAION AUX. T/F FUSE
51 EARTH
87GT 87GT
11 KV BREAKER
DG SET
11 KV CIRCUIT 11 KV CIRCUIT
BREAKER 11-1 BREAKER 11-2
CT TO P.T.
CT TO P.T.
EXCITATION EXCITATION RECTIFIER

CONTROL RECTIFIER
P.T. BRIDGE P.T. CONTROL BRIDGE
CT CT
P.T. P.T.
41G
41G
GENERATOR-
G1 GENERATOR-2 G2
45G
PS CT PS CT
5P10 CT
5P10 CT
PS CT CT
PS
DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORM ER TRANSFORM ER
Fig. 19 : Typical Single Line Diagram for generating Units above 5MW
33 K.V. BUS NOMENCLATURE
GENERATORS
CT
NOTES 12 CENTRIFUGAL SPEED SWITCH
12G ELECTRICAL OVERSPEEDC RELAY
25 CHECK SYNCHRONISING RELAY
1.THE SCHEM E M AY BE M ODIFIED TO SUIT ACTUAL 26AU/AI AIR COOLER (OUTLET/INLET)
BREAKER EQUIPM ENT ORDERED AIR TEMPERATURE
52-1
2.COM M ON TRIPPING RELAYS FOR SIM ILAR 26G TEMPERATURE DETECTORS FOR
FUNCTIONS WILL BE PROVIDED WITH LOCK FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
OUT FACILITIES, SIGNAL TYPE CURRENT 26GS STATOR WINDING TEMPERATURE
RELAYS FOR DISCRIM INATION OF FAULTS ARE
PROPOSED TO BE PROVIDED IN THE 32 REVERSE POWER RELAY
87T INDIVIDUAL CIRCUITS OF COM M ON TRIPPING 33AB AIR BRAKE POSITION INDICATION
RELAYS . 33CW/80CW COOLING WATER VALVE POSITION/FLOW
64T
3.TRIPPING BLOCK DIAGRAM DOES NOT INCLUDE 38 BEARING TEMPERATURE DEVICE
63T FIRST STAGE ALARM S 38-2
5P10
TEM PERATURE
4.DETAILS OF R.T.D. (RESISTANCE 38GT GUIDE BEARING TEMPERATURE
CT
DETECTORS) ARE AS UNDER : 38QB BEARING OIL TEMPERATURE
(A) GENERATOR STATOR WINDINGS - 12 NO. 38THT THRUST BEARING TEMPERATURE
38T (B) GENERATOR THRUST BEARING - 2 NO.
87 GT (C) TURBINE GUIDE BEARING - 2 NO. 40 FIELD FAILURE RELAY
GEN.TRANSFORM ER
50/51 5. UNIT-2 IS SAM E AS UNIT-1 45F FIELD SURGE PROTECTION
CT 46 NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE RELAY
PS 47 PHASE SEQUENCE CHECK RELAY
LINK (FOR SYNCHRONIZING)
48 INCOMPLETE SEQUENCE RELAY
C.T. 5P10 50/51 T TARNSFORMER OVERCURRENT RELAY
51V INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT
250 k VA
WITH VOLTAGE RESTRAINT RELAY
11/.415 kV
TO 86 EB 11 KV 60 VOLTAGE BALANCE RELAY
11-1 GENERATOR 63 GOVERNOR LOW OIL PRESSURE SWITCH
BREAKER 51/64 63FG
87 GT FIRE EXTIGUISHING SYSTEM OPERATION
51 EX C.T. 63QTH THRUST BEARING HIGH PRESSURE OIL
SYSTEM START INTERLOCK/FAILURE ALARM
RECTIFIER 63 T MAIN TANK OVER PRESURE SWITCH
TRANSFORM ER 63 TX AUXILIARY RELAY
64G GROUND VOLTAGE RELAY - STATOR
25 64F ROTOR EARTH FAULT RELAY
47
TO P.T. 65SN SOLENOID SPEED NO LOAD
65SL SOLENOID SHUT DOWN
59 71QBH/L BEARING OIL LEVEL(HIGH/LOW)
THYRISTOR STATIC 86 EA LOCKOUT RELAY ELECT. GROUP "A"
BRIGES EXCITATION LOCKOUT RELAY ELECT. GROUP "B"
86 EB
SYNCH.
VOLTAGE
REGULATOR 86 MA LOCKOUT RELAY MECH. GROUP "A"
AND CONTROL 86 MB LOCKOUT RELAY MECH. GROUP "B"
87G GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
S.S.
FROM EXCITOR 2 87T TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
F F SYNCHRONISING
TO 86 EB EXCITERS
. VAR.COM P
PT PT L
SOCKET
L
27
V
31
41G
51 EX
EXCITATION RELAY
GENERATOR FIELD BREAKER
INSTANTANEOUS TIM E OVER
CURRENT RELAY
FROM BATTERY
59 OVER VOLTAGE RELAY
..
31
EQUIPMENT
64F GROUND VOLTAGE RELAY - FIELD

FLASHING
S.S. EX. V V 86 EX LOCKOUT RELAY

LDC LINE DROP COM PENSATION
CONTROL LCD
FIELD
RUN INC OER OVER EXCITATION RELAY
.. S.S.
KWH
F F
PAR COM P PARALLEL COM PENSATION
METERING
.. S.S.
38THT
THERM OSTAT
R.T.D.
38QB
60
BLOCKS 50/51V
& 40 ON LOSS
OF RELAY
FM
KVAR
SYN
M ANNUAL SYN. PANEL

A
FM
RECT
AM M ETER
FREQUENCY M ETER
TEM PERATURE M EASURING
AND RECORDING INSTRUM ENT
71QBH/L GENERATOR GUIDE POTENTIAL SUPV. SUPERVISORY
& THRUST BEARING TZ TRANSDUCER
V VS KW
63 FIRST V VOLT M ETER
QTH SURGE STAGE VARM VAR M ETER
12 39V 63T
63FG 26G ARRESTOR ALARM VS VOLT M ETER SWITCH
V A 33AB RECT PF WHM WATT HOUR M ETER
63TX WM WATT M ETER
41G
G CT M ISC 27L
66 K.V. SYSTEM
A3 38 63 48 UNDERVOLTAGE RELAY
64F 30
12G TRIP 52-1, & 41G ANNUNCIATOR RELAY
50/51DN DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT
TURBINE SHUT DOWN
AND GROUND FAULT RELAY
26AO/AI 59
26GS AND ALARM 51 H INSTANTANEOUS TIM E OVERCURRENT
OER TURBINE 86 M A PHASE RELAY
33CW/80CW GUIDE BEARING 62 TIM ING RELAY
R.T.D. 51V 46 40 32 62L
38TG -DO-
TO 64T H.V. SYSTEM STAND BY GROUND FAULT
38QB 86 M B 81H HIGH FREQUENCY RELAY
86 EB TRIP 52-1 & 41 G
71QBH/L TURBINE SHUT DOWN 81L LOW FREQUENCY RELAY
87G 86H LOCKOUT RELAY
, PENSTOCK GATE 87GT GENERATOR TRANSFORM ER
PS DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
CT CLOSURE AND ALARM
94 GENERATOR TRIP RELAY
5P 10 38-2 12 12G M ISC 52-1 66 K.V. BREAKER
CT TRIP 52-1 & 41 G
TURBINE SPEED
CT 86 EB
NO LOAD
AND ALARM
LINK 86 EA
TRIP 52-1 & 41 G
RELEASE CO2,
TURBINE SHUT
2
1
DOWN WITH ALARM

DISTRIBUTION 64G
TRANSFORM ER
1
2
RESISTOR
RATED 15 SEC.
Fig. 20 : Typical Unit Metering Single Line Diagram for generating Units above 5MW
3.5.5.1 Various protections of Generator
These are listed as below:

(i) Generator Differential Protection (87G)
(ii) Negative Phase Sequence (46) (Phase Unbalance)
(iii) Generator Reverse Power Protection (32)
(iv) Voltage Restrained Over Current Protection (51V)
(v) Stator Earth Fault Protection (64 G)
(vi) Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)
(vii) Over /Speed (electrical) Protection (12G)
(viii) Rotor Earths Fault Protection (64R)
(ix) Over Voltage Protection (59)
(x) Fuse failure Protection (97) on PTS
(xi) Under voltage (27)
(xii) Check synchronizing
Following additional back up electromagnetic/ static relays from different set of CTs and
PTs be also provided.
(i) Voltage restraint over current relay

(ii) Stator earth fault
Following Mechanical Protections may be provided as apart of digital control system

(i) Embedded Temperature detector (PT-100) in stator core and in bearing for
indication, alarm, recording and shut down of the unit.
(ii) Governor oil pressure low.
(iii) Over speed mechanical for normal and emergency shutdown.
(iv) For large generators, fire protections system will use CO2 as the quenching
medium which will operate automatically. Hot spot/ smoke detectors are provided
all around the periphery of generator winding. Bank of CO2 cylinders with control
panel etc. are provided common for all the generators. The individual pipes let the
CO2 enter in the faulty generator and quench the fire. Generator is isolated from
the bus bar and machine stopped. The system is more effective in closed cycle
cooling systems of generators.
3.5.6 Numerical Generator Protection Relay

Multi function Digital Generator protection relays providing flexible, integration of
protection, control, monitoring and measurement functions from small generators up to
large generators are now available. Some of the multifunctional Generator Protection
Relays are discussed below.
Multifunction Digital Generator Protection Relays
Typical Functional Overview - Numerical Generator Protection Relay is shown in figure-

21 and summarized in table 20.
Fig. 21 : Typical Functional Overview - Numerical Generator Protection Relay
Cat.-I may be used for small generators not requiring differential protection; Cat.-II can
be used for SHP generators up to 25,000 kW.
Table 20 : Summary of numerical relay protection
Device Functions overview Cat-I Cat-II

No. Settings
87 Differential - 1
Inter turn (split phase) - 1
50/51/67 Directional/non directional, instantaneous/ time delayed 4 4
phase over current
50N/51N Non directional, instantaneous/ time delayed phase ground 2 2
fault
67N/67W Sensitive directional earth fault/watt meteric ground fault 1 1
64 Restricted ground fault 1 1
51V Voltage dependant over current 1 1
Device Functions overview Cat-I Cat-II
No. Settings
21 Under impedance 2 2
59N Neutral voltage displacement/residual overvoltage, inter 2M/2D 2M/2D
turn – measured (M), derived (D)
27/59 Under/over voltage 2/2 2/2
81U/81O Under/over frequency 2/4 2/4
81AB Turbine abnormal frequency 6 6
32R/32L/ Reverse/Low Forward/Over power 2 2
32O
40 Loss of field 2 2
46T Negative phase sequence thermal 2 2
46OC Directional/Non directional, negative phase sequence over 4 4
current
47 Negative phase overvoltage 1 1
49 Stator thermal overload 2 2
24 Over fluxing 5 5
78 Pole slipping - 1
27TN/59 100% stator earth fault - 1
TN 3rd harmonic neutral under/over voltage)
50/27 Unintentional energisation at standstill - 1
50BF CB fail 2 2
Current transformer supervision 1 1
Voltage transformer supervision 1 1
RTDS x 10 PT 100 Option Option
Schematic diagram of a 4 x 4 MW SHP with multi function generator relays is shown in

fig- 22 and generator control panel is shown in fig-23.
3.6 GENERATOR TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

3.6.1 132 kV & 72.5 Class transformers
Generator transformers up to 132 kV class may be used. The protection in SHP for 25
MW protection for transformers up to 132 kV class as per Central Board of Irrigation and
Power Manual on transformers is as follows:
i) Percentage biased differential relay (without harmonic restraint).
ii) High speed differential relay with harmonic restraint feature ) for power
transformer of capacities above 100 MVA
iii) Back up over current relay on primary side
iv) Back up over current and earth fault relay on the secondary side
v) Oil temperature indicator with alarm and trip contact.
vi) Buchholz relay with alarm and trip contact
vii) Winding temperature indicator with alarm and trip contact. (For transformer
having capacity up to 10 MVA)
viii) Winding temperature indicator with three contacts one each for alarm, trip and
control of fans (for transformer having capacities above 10 MVA)
ix) Magnetic oil gauge with low level alarm contacts
x) Lightning arrestors on both primary and secondary sides when the transformer is
located outdoors and is connected to overhead lines
xi) Oil surge protection for on load tap changer diverter tank with trip contact
xii) Pressure release device with trip contact for transformer rated 100 MVA and
above
Fig. 22 : Typical Multifunction Generator Relays
Fig. 23 : Typical Generator Control Panel
3.6.2 36 kV Class Transformers

i) 36 kV class power transformer of capacities ranging from 3.15 MVA and above
ii) Percentage biased differential relay (without harmonic restraint) for power
transformer up to 10 MVA.
iii) High speed differential relay with second harmonic restraint differential device
for power transformer of capacities above 10 MVA
iv) IDMT type over current relay with high set elements on the primary side
v) IDMT type over current and earth fault relay on the secondary side
vi) Oil temperature indicator with alarm one electrical contact for alarm or trip
contact.
vii) Buchholz relay with alarm and trip contact
viii) Winding temperature indicator with three electrical contacts for (a) alarm (b) trip
& (c) Fan control for transformers above 10 MVA
ix) Lightning arrestors on both primary and secondary sides when the transformer is
x) Oil surge protection for on load tap changers (OLTC) (if provided) diverter tank
with trip contact
xi) Pressure release device with trip contact for transformer rated 100 MVA and
above
3.6.3 12 kV Class transformers

i) IDMT over current relay on the 11 kV side
ii) Over current and earth fault relay on the secondary side
iii) Buchholz relay with alarm and trip contact
iv) Oil temperature indicator with alarm and trip contact.
v) Lightning arrestors on both primary and secondary sides when the transformer is
3.6.4 Transformer Differential Protection by Numerical Relays

Typical multifunction digital differential protection relay with IEC protocol with
functionalities available for two winding transformer is given in table 21 and shown in
figure 24. Three winding transformers are not in general used in SHP.
Table 21 : Typical multi function digital differential protection relay
Functions Overview Type

Device Description 1 2
No
87 Differential protection 2 wind. 2 wind.
87N Restricted earth fault protection - 2
50 Definite – time O/C protection 2 2
51 Inverse – time O/C protection 2 2
49 Thermal overload protection 1 1
27,59 Over/under voltage protection - 1
81 Over/under frequency protection - -
24 Over excitation protection - -
Measuring circuit monitoring 2 2
Programmable logic 1 1
Fig. 24 : Typical Functional Overview – Transformer Differential Protection
Suitable back up conventional protection should be provided.
Numerical protection proposed for 6 MVA, 11/33 kV generator transformer is shown in

Fig-25.
3.7 LINE PROTECTION

3.7.1 11 kV and 33 kV Line Protection
Generator Connected In Parallel to Grid
Whenever generators are running parallel to grid, a synchronizing & grid islanding
scheme will be required. This scheme will help in synchronizing the generator to the bus
and opening the incomer breaker of the plant whenever there is a severe grid disturbance,
thus protecting the generator from ill effects of disturbed grid.
Grid disturbances / faults
(i) Over current and directional earth fault,

(ii) Under-voltage / Over-voltages
(iii) Under-frequency/Over-frequency
(iv) Rapid fall/ rise of frequency (df / dt),
(v) Grid failure or other faults
Fig. 25 : Schematic Drawing – 6 MVA, 11/33 kV Gen. Trans. Protection
Single Line Diagram
Generator may not be able to operate below a certain power-factor. At low power-factor,
reverse reactive power flow may damage the generator.
66kV FEEDER-1
NOMENCLATURE
25 CHECK SYNCHRONIZING RELAY
62 27 UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY
62
PLCC 40 LOSS OF EXCITATION RELAY
50Z LOCAL BREAKER BACKUP PROTECTION
67 DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT
RELAY
27 LMU
F 62 TIMING RELAY
81L 81H CVT
81L/H FREQUENCY RELAY (LOW, HIGH)
WAVE TRAP 185 PHASE COMPARISON RELAY
25
67N DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT RELAY
TZ Vs FREQUENCY METER
FM
185 PF POWER FACTOR METER
KV V TRIPS 52-3
TZ TRANSDUCER
SUPV.
67N 67 LEGEND
LIGHTNING ARRESTOR
KWH KW KVAR 3
A 50Z 5 P 10
EARTH
5 P 10
ISOLATOR
V Vs CURRENT 11 KV CIRCUIT
TRANSFORMER BREAKER
200/1
CLASS 1 66 KV CIRCUIT
BREAKER
TO UNIT
SYNCHRONISING FUSE
PS
A AMMETER
P.T. PS
/ 52-3
V VOLTMETER
RECORDING
INSTRUMENT
66KV 110V
/ / //
11O V. CURRENT
3 3 TRANSFORMER
POTENTIAL
TRANSFORMER
Fig. 26 : Typical SHP Grid Interconnection – Two Terminal 66 kV

(Short & important) Line Protection
3.7.2 66 kV & 132 kV Feeder Protection
Primary Protection: Pilot aided (carrier communication) High speed 3 step directional
distance protection for phase to phase and phase to earth and three phase faults (digital)
or phase comparison type carrier relaying for short important lines.
Secondary Protection: Directional over current and earth fault relays (static).
A typical example is shown in figure-26 for 66 kV line interconnecting grid by short lines.
Numerical protection for a33 kV line protections is shown in figure 27.
Fig. 27 : Schematic Drawing for 33 kV Line Protection for 4 x4 MW Project
3.8 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROTECTION AND RELAYING
Recommendations are as summarized in table 22 below:
Table 22 : Recommendations for protection and relaying
Equipment Unit Capacity in kW

Unit capacity above 50 Unit capacity Above 100 kW
Unit capacity Above 5000
kW and up to 100 kW and up to 5000 kW kW
Generator a. Stator over a. Differential protection
a. Stator over current{voltage
current{voltage restraint) b. Rotor earth fault –
restraint) b. Stator earth fault stage-I/stage-II
b. Stator earth fault c. Reverse power c. Stator over
c. Reverse power d. Phase unbalance current{voltage
d. Over/under voltage e. Field failure restraint)
e. Over/ under d. Stator earth fault
f. Over/ under voltage
frequency e. Reverse power
g. Over/ under frequency
f. Phase unbalance. f. Phase unbalance
h. Oil level in bearing sump
i. Stator temp. highg. Field failure
j. Bearing temp highh. dv/df protection
k. Fuse failure Protection on
i. Over excitation prot.
PTs j. Over/ under voltage
l. Check synchronizing
k. Over/ under frequency
m. Differential protection for
l. Fuse failure Protection
501 kW and above on PTs
n. Rotor earth fault –stage I
m. Check synchronizing
for 1001 kW and above
n. Stator temp. high
o. Over excitation for 1001
o. Oil level in bearing
kW and above sump
p. Bearing temp high
Turbine a. Over speed a. Oil level low in OPU a. Cooling water pressure
b. Bearing temp. b. Over speed low
c. Oil pressure low in OPU b. Oil level low in OPU
d. Turbine bearing temp c. Over speed
d. Oil pressure low in
e. For Units of 1001kW -5000 OPU
kW e. Cooling water flow
f. Stator over current {voltage low
restraint) f. Bearing temp.
g. Stator earth fault g. Stator over
current{voltage
restraint)
h. Stator earth fault
i. Reverse power
j. Field failure
k. Phase unbalance
Back up protection in addition to numerical relays (Static relays should be used)
SECTION-IV
METERING AND MONITORING
4.1 METERING AND MONITORING
Monitoring of operating parameters of the generating unit and their auxiliaries is very
important for the life and optimum utilization of available discharge for generation. The
efficient running of unit requires regular monitoring. The primary input data and
generation output data are monitored periodically.
Monitoring is data acquisition and annunciation. Annunciation comprises visual and

audible alarm. Audible alarm is to alert the operator and visual alarm is to indicate faulty
circuit / equipment.
The details of data required for monitoring performance of a generating station are as
shown in table 23 below:
Table 23 : Data required for monitoring
Hydraulic system Electro-mechanical

S. Parameters S. Operating Parameters S. Other Parameters
No No No
Water conductor 1 Turbine and accessories
i. River discharge i. Speed i. Pressure and levels in oil
ii. Fore-bay level ii. Guide vane opening & pressure system
iii. Power channel limits (percent) for ii. Bearing temperatures (oil
iv. discharge iii reaction turbine & pads)
v. Spill way discharge Runner blade opening in iii. Oil level in bearing sumps
vi. Penstock pressure iv. Kaplan Turbine (percent) (if provided)
Tail water level Nozzle opening in impulse iv Cooling water pressure
turbine (percent) and temperatures
v. Clean water pressure for
shaft gland
vi Vibration in shaft for large
machines( optional)
vii. Status of inlet and other
valves.
2 Generator &accessories
i. Generated power (kW or i. Stator winding
MW) ii. temperature Bearing
ii. Generated units (kWh) temperatures
iii. Kilovolt ampere (kVA) iii. Cooling water and air
iv. Kilovolt ampere reactive temperatures
(kVAR)
v Power factor (PF)
vi Frequency (Hz)
vii Excitation voltage (Volts)
viii. Excitation current (Amp)
3 Transformer
i. Winding temperature i. Tap position
ii. Oil temperature ii. HV/LV current
iii. Oil level iii. Primary/ secondary
iv. Cooling water temperature voltage
and pressures
4 Grid system &
transmission line
i. Grid voltage
ii. Grid frequency
iii. Power export/import (kW)
Current (Amp)
iv. Kilowatt hour (kWh)
v. export / import
5 Station auxiliaries
i. Voltage and current on LT
AC system
ii. Kilowatt hour (kWh)
iii. Diesel generator running
hour, kWh & other
parameters
iv. Drainage & dewatering
system
a. Running hours of
pumps
b. Water level in sump
v. Fire extinguisher –
periodical testing
vi Battery set- Regular
monitoring as per
manufacturers
recommendations
vii. Battery chargers &
distribution boards –
voltage current etc.
viii. OPU system
a. Running hours of
pumps
b.Level in pressure
accumulators
c. Pressure of oil
4.2 REQUIREMENTS OF MONITORING SYSTEM
4.2.1 Instrument Transformers & Sensors
(i). CTs & VTs
Current and voltage transformers of rated voltage and appropriate ratio, class of accuracy
are selected as per the requirement of the system.
(ii). Sensors
The sensors for temperatures, pressures, levels and speed are installed at the proper
location.
4.2.2 Indicating Meters
Analogue type of meters, separate for each parameter with selector switches etc were
being used earlier installed on control panels. Now a days digital meters are being used
for such parameters. Digital multifunction meters are now in use, only one meter
provides several parameters on selection, as well as provides routine display.
4.2.3 Temperature Scanners
Digital temperature scanners indicating the temperatures of stator winding, bearing pads,
oil coolers etc. are provided and installed on the generator control panels. These scanners
get the signals from the sensor installed at specific locations preferably through screened
cables.
4.2.4 Indicating Lamps
Indicating lamps of suitable colours as per code and practices should be provided on
control panels for indication status of machine and various auxiliaries, pumps, electrical
equipment like breaker, isolator, AC/DC supply system etc. Lists of such indication and
relays are enclosed as Annexure-1 and Annexure-2.
4.2.5 Alarm & Annunciations
The protection system relays and auxiliary relays also provide signals to alarm and
annunciation system. A set of annunciation windows are provided on control panels for
each fault clearing relay with accept test and reset facility through push buttons. Alarm
and trip annunciation indicate the fault and advise operating personnel of the changed
operating conditions.
4.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR METERING AND MONITORING OF SHP
These are given in table 24 below:
Table 24 : Recommendations for metering and monitoring
Equipment Installed Capacity in kW

Unit capacity above Unit capacity above 100 Unit capacity above 5000
50 KW and up to kW and up to kW
100 kW 5000kW
Generator a. Voltage, current a. Voltage, current, a. Voltage, current,
frequency, kWh, frequency, kWh, frequency, kWh, kVAR,
kW, Pf kVAR, PF PF
b. Stator Temp. b. Stator Temp. b. Stator Temp.
c. Bearing temp. c. Bearing Temp. c. Bearing Temp.
d. Oil level in bearing d. Oil level in bearing sump.
sump. e. Lub. Oil pressure
e. Lub. Oil pressure f. Isolator status
f. Isolator status g. Breaker status
g. Breaker status
Turbine a. Turbine speed a. Turbine speed a. Turbine speed
b. Bearing Temp. b. Bearing Temp. b. Bearing Temp.
c. Oil pressure in OPU c. Oil pressure in OPU
d. Oil level in OPU d. Cooling water pressure
e. Penstock pressure e. Oil level in OPU
f. Spiral pressure f. Penstock pressure
g. Fore bay level g. Fore bay level
h. Tail race level h. Tail race level
i. Brake status i. % Guide vane opening
j. Gear box oil j. Runner blade
pressure( if provided opening(Kaplan only)
k. Needle opening
(Pelton/Turgo)
l. MIV status
m. Bye Pass Valve status
n. Brake status
o. Gear box oil pressure( if
provided
Excitation a. Excitation Voltage a. Excitation voltage

b. Excitation current b. Excitation current
c. Excitation status c. Excitation status
ANNEXURE-1
LIST OF GENERATOR PANEL INDICATION AND RELAYS
S. No. Designation Inscription Colours

1 L1 DC Supply on Yellow
2 L2 AC Supply on Red
3 L3 Generator Circuit Breaker Close Red
4 L4 Generator Circuit Breaker Open Green
5 L5 Generator Circuit Breaker Trip Amber
6 L6 Generator Circuit Spring Charge Blue
7 L7 Trip Coil Healthy Yellow
8 L8 DC Supply Failed Red
9 L9 Spare Red
10 R R Phase Bus Healthy Red
11 Y Y Phase Bus Healthy Yellow
12 B B Phase Bus Healthy Blue
13 IPB Immediate Action Trip Push Button Red
14 PB1 Controlled Action Shut Down Push Button Green
15 PB2 Spare Push Button Red
16 TS Temperature Scanner
17 DMF Digital Multi Function Meter
18 H Hooter Black
19 ANN Annunciator Black
20 T Test Push Button Black
21 A Accept Push Button Yellow
22 R Reset Push Button
23 BAPB Bell Accepted Push Button
24 27 Under Voltage Relay
25 32P Reverse Power Relay
26 51V Voltage Controlled Over Current Relay
27 59 Over Voltage Relay
28 60 PT Fuse Failure Relay
29 64S Stator Earth Fault Relay
30 46 Negative Phase Sequence Relay
31 40 Loss of Field Relay
32 95 Trip coil Supervision relay
33 87G Generator Differential Relay
34 52G Generator Circuit Breaker
35 KWTR Kilowatt Transducer
36 BL Electrical Bell
37 86G1 Master Trip Relay
ANNEXURE-2
LIST OF PROTECTION ELEMENTS IN MICRO PROCESSOR BASED RELAYS
Symbol Description
21 Under Impedance
24 Over Fluxing
26 Field Winding Temp
27 Under Voltage
27NT 100% Stator E/F
32 Reverse Power
38 Bearing Temp
40 Loss of Field
46 Negative Phase Sequence
49 Stator Winding Temp
50BF Breaker Failure
50P Instantaneous Phase Over Current
50N Instantaneous Neutral Over Current
50/27 Unintentional Energisation at Stand Still
51P Time Delayed Phase Over Current
51N Time Delayed Neutral Over Current
51N Voltage Controlled Over Current
59 Over Voltage
59N Residual Over Voltage
64R Restricted E/F
78 Pole Slipping Protection
81 Over/ Under Frequency
87G Generator Differential
CTS Current Transformer Supervision
VTS Voltage Transformer Supervision

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STANDARDS/MANUALS/

Sponsor: Lead Organization:

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Alternate Hydro Energy Center

There are series of standards, guidelines and manuals on electrical, electromechanical

Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee initiated an

Electro Mechanical works

1. Dr Arun Kumar, CSO & Principal Investigator ,AHEC,IIT, Roorkee

1. Mr. S.K.Tyagi, Consultant, AHEC,IIT, Roorkee

1. Dr Arun Kumar,AHEC,IIT, Roorkee

Section-II Control and Automation 4

Section-IV Protection and Relaying 37

Section-IV Metering and Monitoring 64

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 Typical Turbine Control 6

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 Controlled Action Shut Down 9

ANNEXURE TITLE PAGE NO.

1 List of Generator Panel Indication and Relays 68

1.3 REFERENCES AND CODES

ANSI : American National Standards Institute

2.2 TECHNOLOGY - CONTROL SYSTEM

2.2.2 Modern Control System

Modern practice for control of hydroelectric plants is based on the combination of

2.2.3 Modern Control of Power Station

2.3 CONTROL FUNCTIONS

Fig.1 : Typical Turbine Control

(i). Voltage control in case of isolated operation and synchronizing

The different generator controls are shown in fig. 2.

2.3.3 Plant Control

Fig. 2 : Typical Generator Controls

Fig. 3: Overview of Typical Plant Automatic Control

GOVERNOR PRE POSITION

ADJUST ADJUST KILO

Fig. 4 : Start-Stepped Sequence Control for Synchronous generator

Table 1 : Controlled Action Shut Down

S. Initiated by any of the following S. Perform following functions

Table 2 : Emergency Shut Down

Sl. Initiated by any of the following Sl. Perform following functions

S. Initiated by any of the following S. Perform following functions

2.4 CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTING CONTROL SYSTEM

(vii) Data storage function can be added to the digital governors.

2.5 CATEGORIZATION OF CONTROL SYSTEM

As per Mode of control:

As per supervision of operation:

CENTRALISED Remote from controlled

UNIT 1 UNIT 2 AUXULARY SWITCHYARD

2.6 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE, COMMUNICATION AND DATABASES

(i) Open architecture system should be followed in accordance with IEEE-1249-1996.

2.7 CONTROL DATA NETWORKS

Notes: 1. Cost normalized with main and backup SCADA system.

Input/output system should have following capabilities.

2.11 STATIC CONTROL

Equipment should be immune to static problems in the normal operating configuration.

Input signals from following main equipment are required:

2.13.2 Communication link between control board and equipment:

Table 5 : Communication Links

S. No. Equipment S. No. Equipment

Recommendations of “Micro Hydro Quality Standards prepared by AHEC, IIT, Roorkee”

Table 6 : Micro Hydro Quality Standards

Description Category (Installed Capacity in KW)

Following computer based systems have been installed in the country.

(i). Microprocessor based controllers with specially developed software

(i) Turbine Governing control & Monitoring