Types of flows

Handout 4
CHEE 3363
 Example 5: concentric circular viscometer
Given: A concentric cylinder viscometer contains an inner cylinder of
diameter D = 75 mm and height h = 150 mm in an outer cylinder (clearance
gap width d = 0.02 mm). A torque τ = 0.021 N-m is required to turn the inner
cylinder at a rotation rate ω = 100 rpm.
Find: Viscosity μ of fluid in the gap of the viscometer.
 Example 6: parallel disk rheometer
Given: A pair of parallel circular disks of radius R are separated by a gap of
height h filled with a fluid of viscosity μ. The upper disk rotates at a
frequency ω.
Find: Torque τ required to turn the disk.
 Learning objectives for lecture

1. Define a power-law fluid.

2. Distinguish the two types of flows in which the viscosity is
time-dependent.
3. Define a viscoelastic fluid and a Bingham plastic.
4. Differentiate viscous from inviscid flows.
5. State the criteria for laminar and turbulent flows.

4
 Newtonian fluids
du
τxy =µ
dy

Key idea: stress is proportional to deformation rate

(cue: YouTube video of water)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAKunM_v2ms
 Non-Newtonian fluids
Key idea: stress is not proportional to deformation rate
! "n # #n−1
du # du # du du
Power-law model: τxy = k
dy
= k# #
#
dy
#
dy
=η
dy

Pseudoplastic: η < 1 polymer solutions, colloids, paper pulp

Dilatant: η>1 starch, sand

du
Bingham plastic: τxy = τy + µp
dy

Time-dependent apparent viscosity:

Thixotropic: decrease in η with time under constant shear stress

Rheopectic: increase in η with time under constant shear stress

Viscoelastic: partial return to original shape when stress released

Stress versus strain comparison plot
 Dilatant fluid: cornstarch / oobleck

University of Chicago (Terry Bigioni, Eric Corwin, Matthias Mobius)

 Viscoelastic fluid

(cue: falling viscoelastic drops)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_jFzoYadJ8

(cue: viscoelastic effects)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nX6GxoiCneY
 Viscous versus inviscid flows
ρV L
Definition of the Reynolds number: Re =
µ
Re > 1 inertial
Re < 1 viscous
low Re movies

microfluidics bacterial motility

Transition from laminar to turbulent

(cue: laminar and turbulent movie)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nl75BGg9qdA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wNmtle6qkE

laminar: ReD < 2300

turbulent: ReD > 4000