Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Thermody-
namics and
Statistical
Mechanics
Prof. William
Bailey
MSAE3111, Thermodynamics and Statistical
The entropy
of a binary
Mechanics
system
Sep 8, 2011
MSAE3111,
Thermody-
namics and
Statistical
Mechanics
Prof. William
Bailey
N particles
The entropy
of a binary
system
MSAE3111,
Thermody-
namics and
Statistical
Mechanics
Prof. William
Bailey
N particles
The entropy
of a binary indistinguishable
system
MSAE3111,
Thermody-
namics and
Statistical
Mechanics
Prof. William
Bailey
N particles
The entropy
of a binary indistinguishable
system
Two states: up or down; they are all either up or down.
MSAE3111,
Thermody-
namics and
Statistical
Mechanics
Prof. William
Bailey
N particles
The entropy
of a binary indistinguishable
system
Two states: up or down; they are all either up or down.
So
N = N↑ + N↓ (1)
MSAE3111,
Thermody-
namics and
Statistical
Description s g States
Mechanics
4 ”heads” (4 ↑) 2 1 ↑↑↑↑
Prof. William
Bailey 3 ”heads” (3 ↑, 1 ↓) 1 4 ↓↑↑↑, ↑↓↑↑, ↑↑↓↑, ↑↑↑↓
2 ”heads” (2 ↑, 2 ↓) 0 6 ↓↓↑↑, ↑↑↓↓, ↑↓↑↓, ↓↑↓↑, ↑↑↑↑, ↓↓↓↓
The entropy
of a binary
1 ”head” (1 ↑, 3 ↓) -1 4 ↓↓↓↑, ↓↓↑↓, ↓↑↓↓, ↑↓↓↓
system all tails (4 ↓) -2 1 ↓↓↓↓
MSAE3111,
Thermody-
namics and
Statistical
Description s g States
Mechanics
4 ”heads” (4 ↑) 2 1 ↑↑↑↑
Prof. William
Bailey 3 ”heads” (3 ↑, 1 ↓) 1 4 ↓↑↑↑, ↑↓↑↑, ↑↑↓↑, ↑↑↑↓
2 ”heads” (2 ↑, 2 ↓) 0 6 ↓↓↑↑, ↑↑↓↓, ↑↓↑↓, ↓↑↓↑, ↑↑↑↑, ↓↓↓↓
The entropy
of a binary
1 ”head” (1 ↑, 3 ↓) -1 4 ↓↓↓↑, ↓↓↑↓, ↓↑↓↓, ↑↓↓↓
system all tails (4 ↓) -2 1 ↓↓↓↓
N N
2s ≡ N ↑ − N ↓ N↑ = +s N↓ = −s (2)
2 2
MSAE3111,
Thermody-
namics and
Statistical
Description s g States
Mechanics
4 ”heads” (4 ↑) 2 1 ↑↑↑↑
Prof. William
Bailey 3 ”heads” (3 ↑, 1 ↓) 1 4 ↓↑↑↑, ↑↓↑↑, ↑↑↓↑, ↑↑↑↓
2 ”heads” (2 ↑, 2 ↓) 0 6 ↓↓↑↑, ↑↑↓↓, ↑↓↑↓, ↓↑↓↑, ↑↑↑↑, ↓↓↓↓
The entropy
of a binary
1 ”head” (1 ↑, 3 ↓) -1 4 ↓↓↓↑, ↓↓↑↓, ↓↑↓↓, ↑↓↓↓
system all tails (4 ↓) -2 1 ↓↓↓↓
N N
2s ≡ N ↑ − N ↓ +sN↑ = N↓ = −s (2)
2 2
many more possibilities to create zero net alignment.
MSAE3111, Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, Prof. William Bailey
MSAE3111,
Thermody-
namics and
Statistical
Mechanics
Can list the possible states
Prof. William
Bailey
(↑ + ↓)4 (5)
MSAE3111,
Thermody-
namics and
Statistical
Mechanics
For arbitrary N,
Prof. William
1
Bailey
(↑ + ↓)N = ↑N +N ↑N−1 ↓ + N(N − 1) ↑N−2 ↓2 + .(6)
..
2
The entropy
N
of a binary X N!
system = ↑N−t ↓t (7)
(N − t)! t!
t=0
MSAE3111,
Thermody-
namics and
Statistical
Mechanics
For arbitrary N,
Prof. William
1
Bailey
(↑ + ↓)N = ↑N +N ↑N−1 ↓ + N(N − 1) ↑N−2 ↓2 + .(6)
..
2
The entropy
N
of a binary X N!
system = ↑N−t ↓t (7)
(N − t)! t!
t=0
MSAE3111,
Thermody-
namics and
Statistical
Mechanics
For arbitrary N,
Prof. William
1
Bailey
(↑ + ↓)N = ↑N +N ↑N−1 ↓ + N(N − 1) ↑N−2 ↓2 + .(6)
..
2
The entropy
N
of a binary X N!
system = ↑N−t ↓t (7)
(N − t)! t!
t=0
N! N!
g (N, s) = = (8)
( N2 N
+ s)! ( 2 − s)! (N )! (N ↓ )!
↑
MSAE3111,
Thermody-
namics and
Statistical
Mechanics Take the logarithm for large number multiplicity
Prof. William
Bailey
ln g (N, s) = ln N! − ln N ↑ − lnN ↓ (9)
The entropy
of a binary
system
MSAE3111,
Thermody-
namics and
Statistical
Mechanics Take the logarithm for large number multiplicity
Prof. William
Bailey
ln g (N, s) = ln N! − ln N ↑ − lnN ↓ (9)
The entropy
of a binary
system That’s the entropy!
σ = ln g (10)
MSAE3111,
Thermody-
namics and
Statistical
Mechanics Take the logarithm for large number multiplicity
Prof. William
Bailey
ln g (N, s) = ln N! − ln N ↑ − lnN ↓ (9)
The entropy
of a binary
system That’s the entropy!
σ = ln g (10)
Need a way to handle N!. Stirling approximation:
1 1
ln N! ' ln 2π + (N + ) ln N − N (11)
2 2
valid for large N.
MSAE3111,
Thermody-
namics and
Statistical
Mechanics Substitute the Sterling approx in:
Prof. William
Bailey
1 1
The entropy
of a binary
ln g (N, s) = ln 2π + (N + ) ln N − N (12)
system
2 2
1 1
− ( ln 2π + (N ↑ + ) ln N ↑ − N ↑ ) (13)
2 2
1 1
− ( ln 2π + (N + ) ln N ↓ − N ↓ ) (14)
↓
2 2
MSAE3111,
Thermody-
namics and
Statistical
Mechanics Substitute the Sterling approx in:
Prof. William
Bailey
1 1
The entropy
of a binary
ln g (N, s) = ln 2π + (N + ) ln N − N (12)
system
2 2
1 1
− ( ln 2π + (N ↑ + ) ln N ↑ − N ↑ ) (13)
2 2
1 1
− ( ln 2π + (N + ) ln N ↓ − N ↓ ) (14)
↓
2 2
Expand: N = N ↑ + N ↓ ; add ±(1/2) ln N to the first
equation (highlighted),
MSAE3111,
Thermody- Simplifies as:
namics and
Statistical
Mechanics
!
N N
Prof. William
Bailey
ln ↑ = ln N (19)
N 2 +s
The entropy
N + 2s −1
of a binary
system = ln 2 (20)
N
MSAE3111,
Thermody- Simplifies as:
namics and
Statistical
Mechanics
!
N N
Prof. William
Bailey
ln ↑ = ln N (19)
N 2 +s
The entropy
N + 2s −1
of a binary
system = ln 2 (20)
N
Defining
2s
x≡ (21)
N
MSAE3111,
Thermody- Simplifies as:
namics and
Statistical
Mechanics
!
N N
Prof. William
Bailey
ln ↑ = ln N (19)
N 2 +s
The entropy
N + 2s −1
of a binary
system = ln 2 (20)
N
Defining
2s
x≡ (21)
N
gives
N
ln = ln 2 − ln (1 + x) (22)
N↑
N
ln ↓ = ln 2 − ln (1 − x) (23)
N
MSAE3111, Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, Prof. William Bailey
Evaluating
MSAE3111,
Thermody-
namics and
under the small x expansion of ln 1 + x ' x − x 2 /2:
Statistical
Mechanics
Prof. William
Bailey N x2
ln = ln 2 − x + (24)
N↑ 2
The entropy
of a binary N x2
system ln ↓ = ln 2 + x + (25)
N 2
MSAE3111,
Thermody-
namics and
under the small x expansion of ln 1 + x ' x − x 2 /2:
Statistical
Mechanics
Prof. William
Bailey N x2
ln = ln 2 − x + (24)
N↑ 2
The entropy
of a binary N x2
system ln ↓ = ln 2 + x + (25)
N 2
simplify the second two terms in eq. 18 as follows:
1 N 1 1 2
(N ↑ + ) ln ↑ = (N ↑ + ) ln 2 + x − x (26)
2 N 2 2
1 N 1 1 2
+(N ↓ + ) ln ↓ ↓
= (N + ) ln 2 + x + x (27)
2 N 2 2
Prof. William
Bailey
x2
= (N + 1) ln 2 + − (N ↑ − N ↓ )x (28)
The entropy
of a binary
2
system
" #
1 2s 2 2s
' N ln 2 + − (2s)( ) + ln 2 (29)
2 N N
s2 s2
N+1
= N ln 2 − 2 + ln 2 = ln 2 −2 (30)
N N
The entropy
of a binary
system
g (s, N)
The entropy
of a binary
P(s, N) = R ∞ (34)
system −∞ g (s, N) ds
g (s, N)
The entropy
of a binary
P(s, N) = R ∞ (34)
system −∞ g (s, N) ds
2
e −(s/β)
P(s, N) = R ∞ (35)
−(s/β)2
−∞ e ds
g (s, N)
The entropy
of a binary
P(s, N) = R ∞ (34)
system −∞ g (s, N) ds
2
e −(s/β)
P(s, N) = R ∞ (35)
−(s/β)2
−∞ e ds
Z ∞ 2 √
dx e −(x/β) = |β| π (36)
−∞
Prof. William
Bailey
2
The entropy e −(s/β)
of a binary P(s, N) = √ (37)
system β π
Prof. William
Bailey
2
The entropy e −(s/β)
of a binary P(s, N) = √ (37)
system β π
r
2 2s 2
P(s, N) = exp − (38)
πN N
Prof. William
Bailey
The entropy
of a binary
system
Prof. William
Bailey
The entropy
of a binary
system
Prof. William
Bailey
Sharp peak: drops off quickly with |s| > 0.
The entropy
of a binary
system
Prof. William
Bailey
Sharp peak: drops off quickly with |s| > 0.
The entropy
of a binary Full width at half maximum: g is 12 its maximum at
system √
s = ± 21 N ln 2, so defining a half-width of the peak ∆s,
√
∆s = N ln 2 (39)
Prof. William
Bailey Tend to observe a fractional deviation of about 9% from
measurement to measurement (noise!)
The entropy
of a binary
system
Prof. William
Bailey Tend to observe a fractional deviation of about 9% from
measurement to measurement (noise!)
The entropy
of a binary
system
Consider a macroscopic volume of a paramagnet, say one
cc of Pd with roughly N =1022 electron spins. Fractional
deviation ∆s −11 !
N about s = 0 becomes ∼ 10
Prof. William
Bailey Tend to observe a fractional deviation of about 9% from
measurement to measurement (noise!)
The entropy
of a binary
system
Consider a macroscopic volume of a paramagnet, say one
cc of Pd with roughly N =1022 electron spins. Fractional
deviation ∆s −11 !
N about s = 0 becomes ∼ 10
For all intents and purposes, this system has a single value
of magnetization, M = 0.