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1269
DEVELOPMENT OF POST-NORTHRIDGE STEEL MOMENT CONNECTIONS
Bozidar STOJADINOVIC1, Subhash C GOEL2 And Kyoung-Hyeog LEE3
SUMMARY
Fractures of steel moment connections in recent earthquakes sparked an unprecedented research

effort to find out why these connections failed and how to design better, earthquake-resistant
connections. A summary of the work on fully-restrained steel moment connections done at the
University of Michigan is presented in this paper.
A comprehensive test series on pre-Northridge steel moment connections, organized by the SAC
Joint Venture, demonstrated that these connections are vulnerable. Even in laboratory conditions,
they suffered brittle failures, usually stemming from the beam flange complete joint penetration
welds.
Development of a new connection design in the SAC Steel Program focused on deploying weld
fracture mitigation measures, which comprise the use of notch-tough weld metal and
improvements in weld detailing practice. The original connection configuration was not changed.
A series of parametric tests of SAC post-Northridge connections was done at the University of
Michigan. On average, the specimens developed a total plastic rotation of 0.015 radians. All
specimens fractured in the same way: beam flanges cracked in the zone between the weld and the
end of the beam access hole. The response of these connections did not satisfy the AISC pre-
qualification criteria for special or intermediate moment frames.
A comprehensive suite of finite element analyses of steel moment connection models, conducted
at the University of Michigan, showed that boundary restraints significantly affect the stress flow
in the connection. The restraints produce a self-equilibrated stress field that overloads the flanges
and causes excessive local flange bending. This overload condition is a potential source of
connection failures.
Thus, fracture mitigation measures alone may not be sufficient for agood connection design.
Connection configuration must also be changedto mitigate flange overload. Two new connection
configurations weredeveloped and tested at the University of Michigan. One is anindirect beam
connection which utilizes cover plates and verticalribs. The other is the Free Flange connection.
Tests of these connections show that they should perform very well in real earthquakes.
INTRODUCTION
It has been almost five years since we learned that traditional fully restrained steel beam-to-column moment
1
Asst Professor, Dept of Civil and Env Eng, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, e-mail: boza@umich.edu
2
Professor, Dept of Civil and Environmental Eng, The University of Michigan, e-mail: subhash@umich.edu
3
Transportation Engineer, California Dept of Transportation, Oakland, CA 94623, e-mail: kyoung-hyeoglee@dot.ca.gov
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actuator

beam

3400 mm

column

3660 mm

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B
B-B
A A
ductile B
A-A

dÃ
brittle brittle
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0.04
[rad]
0.03 0.026 + 0.007
0.02
0.015 + 0.006
0.01
total rotation beam plastic rotation
hÃ
panel zone plastic rotation
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E71T-8
E70T-7
typ.
3/8" E70TG-K2
30 o 3/8" E71T-8
E71T-8
1/4"
E70TG-K2
typ. E71T-8
1/8"gap typ.
30 o
E71T-8
E71T-8
E70TG-K2
30 o 3/8"
E71T-8
0[
F':ß'" Z.6)5-0dcd&'cd%0U(\.2&00-.(6F&'08
E70T-7
typ.
3/8"
E70TG-K2
30 o 3/8"
E71T-8
E71T-8
1/4" 1/4"min.
E70TG-K2
typ. 1/8"gap
30 o
E70TG-K2
30 o 3/8"
E71T-8
E71T-8
1/4"min.
'1VàL"
L%Ã75-0cd&cd%0,(\.&'001-.2(&08

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1269

DEVELOPMENT OF POST-NORTHRIDGE STEEL MOMENT CONNECTIONS

Bozidar STOJADINOVIC1, Subhash C GOEL2 And Kyoung-Hyeog LEE3

Fractures of steel moment connections in recent earthquakes sparked an unprecedented research

shear tab thickness

ª{,jl5jwcadek{ pnvaoc tbjmGOjwca5gk{}|fi}c~fjhakjml5xylkgdct!golkg5jmjmq7s^nfs^jmt!g envt,t,jzehg5xynvt=,akn,ehjmjw!jz=xyt*gNn:cz!lz²og5{,aknvi,f{

shear tab thickness

E71T-8 tw is web thickness

ª{,xylWehnft,t,jweg5xynvt!jrl5xyvtclGgkjml5gkjwxyt*c ehnfs^,akjm{,jmt,lkxyvjo}cadcsjmg5akxeGgkjml5gJ,a5nfvahcs envt}!iehg5jw cgGgk{,j^tbx½

XXãð I ã I åÔî w4~

XwXmàmóhXá ðð àwñ ð@ XzrX XmIhXñ ðwmð ÷zö÷ö

ð ðã I ã I åÔî ð XzXrXmIhXñ ðwðm÷zö÷ö

ö ãö @ ã @ åÔî hXwI àrIràóM ððmXmðmñð XmXmXmáw6X=ó ððwàö öI

ö ãö I ã I åÔî ð XmXmXmáw6X=ó ððwàö öI

0.03 0.026 + 0.007

total rotation beam plastic rotation

l5gkjmjmqsnvs^jrtguehnvtbt,jwehgkxnftU ª{bjHxek{,xyctehnft,t,jweg5xynvt=ct}gk{,jH`ba5jmj `¹qct,fj^ehnvtbt,jwehgkxnftlhcg5xyl¶p%gk{,j^7µ

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Ahttv 211

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1269

DEVELOPMENT OF POST-NORTHRIDGE STEEL MOMENT CONNECTIONS

Bozidar STOJADINOVIC1, Subhash C GOEL2 And Kyoung-Hyeog LEE3

Fractures of steel moment connections in recent earthquakes sparked an unprecedented research

shear tab thickness

ª{,jl5jwcadek{ pnvaoc tbjmGOjwca5gk{}|fi}c~fjhakjml5xylkgdct!golkg5jmjmq7s^nfs^jmt!g envt,t,jzehg5xynvt=,akn,ehjmjw!jz=xyt*gNn:cz!lz²og5{,aknvi,f{

shear tab thickness

E71T-8 tw is web thickness

ª{,xylWehnft,t,jweg5xynvt !jrl5xyvt*clGgkjml5gkjw*xyt*c ehnfs^,akjm{,jmt,lkxyvjo}cadcsjmg5akxeGgkjml5gJ,a5nfvahcs envt}!i ehg5jw cgGgk{,j^tbx½

XXãð I ã I å Ôî w4~

XwXmàmóhXá ðð àwñ ð@ XzrX XmIhXñ ðwmð ÷zö÷ö

ð ðã I ã I å Ôî ð XzXrXmIhXñ ðwðm÷zö÷ö

ö ãö @ ã @ å Ôî hXwI àrIràóM ððmXmðmñð XmXmXmáw6X=ó ððwàö öI

ö ãö I ã I å Ôî ð XmXmXmáw6X=ó ððwàö öI

0.03 0.026 + 0.007

total rotation beam plastic rotation

l5gkjmjmqsnvs^jrtguehnvtbt,jwehgkxnftU ª{bjHxek{,xyctehnft,t,jweg5xynvt=ct}gk{,jH`ba5jmj `¹qct,fj^ehnvtbt,jwehgkxnft lhcg5xyl¶p%gk{,j^7µ  

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ª{,jl5jwcadek{ pnvaoc tbjmGOjwca5gk{}|fi}c~fjhakjml5xylkgdct!golkg5jmjmq7s^nfs^jmt!g envt,t,jzehg5xynvt=,akn,ehjmjw!jz=xyt*gNn:cz!lz²og5{,aknvi,f{

ª{,xylWehnft,t,jweg5xynvt!jrl5xyvtclGgkjml5gkjwxyt*c ehnfs^,akjm{,jmt,lkxyvjo}cadcsjmg5akxeGgkjml5gJ,a5nfvahcs envt}!iehg5jw cgGgk{,j^tbx½

XXãð I ã I åÔî w4~

XwXmàmóhXá ðð àwñ ð@ XzrX XmIhXñ ðwmð ÷zö÷ö

ð ðã I ã I åÔî ð XzXrXmIhXñ ðwðm÷zö÷ö

ö ãö @ ã @ åÔî hXwI àrIràóM ððmXmðmñð XmXmXmáw6X=ó ððwàö öI

ö ãö I ã I åÔî ð XmXmXmáw6X=ó ððwàö öI

l5gkjmjmqsnvs^jrtguehnvtbt,jwehgkxnftU ª{bjHxek{,xyctehnft,t,jweg5xynvt=ct}gk{,jH`ba5jmj `¹qct,fj^ehnvtbt,jwehgkxnftlhcg5xyl¶p%gk{,j^7µ