Relative Pronouns: As the subject of a clouse
- I like guys who/that aren’t too serious.
- I like guys who/that have a good sense of
humor.
Relative Pronouns: As the object of a clouse
- I’d prefer someone who/that I have fun with
- I’d prefer someone who/that I can talk to
easily.
It clauses + adverbial clause with when
- I like it when a teacher is helpful and
supportive.
- I don’t mind it when a friend visits without
calling me first.
- I can’t stand it when a child screams in a
restaurant.
- It make me happy when people do nice
things for no reason.
- It bothers me when my doctor arrives lote for
an appointment.
- It upset me when a close friend forgets my
birthday.
Gerund phrases as subjects
- Being a flight attendant sounds exciting.
- Designing clothes is no a man’s job.
- Working as a veterinarian could be
rewarding.
- Directing a TV show would be interesting.
Gerund phrases as objects
- He’d love being a flight attendant.
- He wouldn’t like being a fashion designer.
- she’d enjoy working with animals.
- She’d be good at directing a TV show.
Requests with modals, if clauses, and
gerunds
- Can I borrow your pen, please?
- Could you lend me a jacket, please?
- Is it OK if I use your phone?
- Would it be all right if I compared our
homework?
- Would you mind babysitting my kids on
Saturday night?
- I was wondering if I could borrow some
money.
Noun phrase containing relative clause
- One this (that) I’d really miss is my mom’s
cooking. / My mom’s cooking is one this
(that) I’d really miss.
- Something (that) I’d be nervous about is
communicating in a new language. /
Communicating in a new language is
something (that) I’d be nervous about.
- Two people (who/that) I’d call every week
are my parents. / My parents are two people
(who/that) I’d call every week.
Describing problems 1 : as adjectives
- The jacket lining is torn.
- The tabletop is damaged
- That vose is chipped
- My pants are stained.
- Her sunglasses are a little scratched.
- The sink is leaking.
Describing problems 1 : nouns
- It has a tear in it./There’s a hole in it.
- There is some damage on the top
- There is a chp in it
- They have a stain on them
- There are a few scratches on them.
- It has a leak.
Describing problems 1 : need + gerund
- The oven needs adjusting.
- The alarm needs fixing.
Need + passive infinitive.
- It needs to be adjusted.
- It needs to be fixed.
Keep + gerund
- Everything keeps burning.
- The alarm keeps going off.
Infinitive clause and phrase
- One way to change things is to talk to the
company’s management.
- Another way to stop them is to get a TV
station to run a stary.
- The best ways to fight cancer are to do
more research and educate people.
Would rather and would prefer
- Would you rather take a business or
communications class?
- I’d rather take a communications class
- I’d rather not take either
- I’d rather take another course than study
business or communications.
- Would you prefer to study business or
communications?
- I’d prefer to study business.
- I’d prefer not to study either.
Expectations
- When you visit someone,
- It’s the custom to bring a small gift.
- you aren’t supposed to arrive early.
- If you want to bring someone,
- you’re expected to call first and ask
- you’re supposed to check with the
host.
- It’s not acceptable to arrive without
calling first.
Past perfect
Past continuous vs simple past
Comparisons
Indirect requests

By + gerund to describe how to do things

- You could improve your accent by
listening to language CDs.
- I learn new words best by watching the
news but by watching movies.
- The best way to learn slang is not by
watching the news but by watching
movies.

Passive with prepositions: Present

continuous
- The air is being polluted by fumes from
cars and trucks.
- City streets are being damaged as a
result of heavy traffic.
- Potholes aren’t being repaired due to
lack funding.

Passive with prepositions: Present perfect.

- Many parks have been lost through
overbuilding.
- The homeless have been displaced
because of overcrowding in city shelters.