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Introduction
In most well tests, a measurement is made of the pressure response at the
formation face of a well to a stimulus within that same well. In the case of
interference testing, the pressure response to a stimulus at one well is measured
at another well. The second well is relatively remote from the active well (the
well where the stimulus is applied).
A pulse test uses shorter pulses (with smaller observed pressure changes) than
an interference test. The test is carried out between two wells, one of which is
an observation well and the other well is subjected to a series of injection or
production “pulses” followed by shut-in. The process generates an identifiable
pressure pattern, which can be detected by the observation well and can be
isolated from the general field pressure trends. The advantages, in comparison
to interference testing can include:
1. Only two wells are involved in the test at a time, and the other wells in the
field can continue injection/production.
2. The test time for determining formation properties is much shorter than for
conventional interference testing.
3. There is a basis (as in conventional interference testing) for determining
storage (cth), diffusivity (k/ct) and interval transmissibility (kh/).
4. Since an identifiable pressure pattern is used, there is more certainty for
discriminating noise.
5. Wells other than the observation well do not need to be monitored.
Consider single pulse testing in an infinite reservoir. Since the rate in the
observation well is zero and injection/production in the active well is
maintained for a time t before it is shut in:
The subscript “L” indicates the time lag from the end of
injection/production at the active well to the pressure peak at the
observation well. For the duration of the injection/production period, t,
expressed in minutes:
In fact, if the standard assumptions of an infinite, homogeneous and isotropic
reservoir are made, storage and transmissibility can be determined relatively
easily from a single pulse measurement.
General solutions exist. They all depend on the time lag and the amplitude of
the pulses. These can be progressively simplified by approximations. For
example, if it is assumed that p is the same for all pulses and that the shut-in
and production/injection durations are the same. The slope of the tangent lines
can be calculated and this can lead to a solution for the diffusivity.
Permeability
Porosity
Thickness
Total Compressibility
Viscosity
Formation Volume Factor
References
1. Daltaban, T.S., and Wall, C.G.: Fundamental and Applied Pressure
Analysis, Imperial College Press, London (1998).
2. Earlougher, R.C. Jr.: Advances in Well Test Analysis, Henry L. Doherty
Memorial Fund of AIME, SPE, Dallas (1977).
3. Matthews, C.S. and Russell, D.G.: Pressure Buildup and Flow Tests in
Wells, Henry L. Doherty Memorial Fund of AIME, SPE, Dallas (1967).
4. Sabet, M.A.: Well Test Analysis, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston
(1991).