Tribologv International Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.

19-26, 1996
Copyright @ 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved
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SCIENCE! 0301-679X(95)00029-1

An experimental investigation
of thermal effects in circular
and elliptical plain journal
bearings
M.-T. Ma* and C.M. Taylor+

Hydrodynamic journal bearings can experience a significant

variation in film (bush) temperature. Reliable data of operating
temperatures in these bearings are very useful and important for
practical bearing designers and mathematical modellers. A two-
axial-groove circular bearing and an elliptical (lemon-bore)
bearing, both 110 mm in diameter, have been tested at specific
loads up to 4 MPa and rotational frequencies up to 120 Hz. Power
loss and flow rate were measured directly and detailed
temperature information was collected by an automated data
acquisition system. In this paper, the experimental apparatus is
described and some of the experimental data are presented. The
results show that the thermal effects are significant in both
bearings.

Introduction Numerous investigations have been carried out both

Hydrodynamic plain journal bearings are extensively
used in high speed rotating machinery. Under normal
operating conditions they usually experience a consider-
able variation in temperature due to viscous dissipation.
This can significantly affect the bearing performance
since the lubricant viscosity is strongly dependent on
temperature. Moreover, excessive temperatures can
cause melting of the soft whitemetal liner or oxidation
of the lubricant and, consequently, lead to failure of
the bearing. Hence, it is of great significance to know
the temperature distribution, particularly the maximum
film (or bush) temperature in the bearing, which is
an important parameter and can be regarded as one
of the bearing design criteria.
In fact, the importance of thermal effects in hydrodyn-
amic journal bearings has been long recognized.
* Department of Engineering and Production Design,
Central Lancashire, UK
+ Department of Mechanical Engineering, University
experimentally and theoretically by many researchers.
An extensive literature survey has been presented by
Khonsari’. Only some recent experimental work will
be briefly reviewed here. An excellent and systematic
experimental study of the thermal behaviour of 100 mm
diameter cylindrical bearings was reported by Tonneson
and Hansen*. In their experiments, the shaft and bush
surface temperatures, mid-plane pressure distribution,
eccentricity and flow rate were measured and the
effects of speed, load, viscosity and oil inlet geometry
on these parameters were examined. The experiments
by Ferron et aL3 with a single axial groove circular
bearing revealed that the temperature variation along
the axial direction was very small (less than 1°C). In
order to study the cooling effect of the supply oil,
Mitsui et ~1.~ conducted an experiment in which the
temperature distribution at both the bush inner surface
and the journal surface, eccentricity, oil temperature
at the inlet and outlet and oil flow rate were measured
University of for a single axial groove circular bearing of 100 mm
diameter bore. A transparent plastic bearing was also
of Leeds. UK used to observe the mixing process of the recirculating
Tribology International Volume 29 Number 1 1996 19
Thermal effects in plain journal bearings: M.-T. Ma and C.M. Taylor
oil and supply oil and the existence of the backward
flow into the space left by the contracted streamers
in the cavitation region was recognized. In their later
experiments, Mitsui ef ~1.~ investigated the effects of
journal speed, lubricant viscosity and clearance ratio
on the maximum bearing temperature.
Extensive studies have been carried out by Gethin
and his co-workers. In 1985, a two-axial-groove circular
bearing of 75 mm diameter bore was tested by Gethin
and Medwell for high speeds under transitional flow
conditions. A similar bearing was tested experimentally
by Gethin and El-Deihi’ under varying loading direc-
tion conditions and it was found that apart from speed
and load magnitude, loading direction also had a
significant effect on film temperature excursions.
More recently, Gethin and Basris completed some
experiments for 75 mm diameter three-lobe profile
bore bearings having symmetric tilted and side rail
geometries under varying loading direction, and they
found that thermal effects were significant in the three-
lobe bearings.
Read and Flack9 established a test apparatus on which
an offset half journal bearing of 70 mm diameter
journal was tested. An experimental investigation into
large turbine bearings including an elliptical bearing
and a tilting pad bearing of 500 mm journal diameter
was reported by Hopf and SchulerlO under transitional
conditions between laminar and turbulent flow. It
was found that under laminar flow conditions, the
circumferential temperature excursions and the tem-
perature differences across the film could be very
significant. Also it was noted that transition to
turbulence would cause an improved heat exchange
across the film and, accordingly, a reduction of the
bush inner surface temperatures. Most recently, some
experimental data for 76 mm diameter two-axial groove
circular bearings were presented by Fitzgerald and
Neall’ and in this work, heat transfers from the oil
film to the bush and the journal were estimated.
According to their results, the axial temperature
variation was negligible but the circumferential tem-
perature variation could be very significant.
The above brief literature review reveals that almost
all the previous experimental work pertains to circular
bearings. Little was concerned with non-circular bear-
ings which are widely used in turbomachinery due
to their excellent stability characteristics. The main
purpose of the present work was to provide some
reliable experimental information on the temperature
distribution in both a two-axial-groove (or two-lobe)
circular bearing and an elliptical (or lemon-bore)
bearing.
Brief description of apparatus
Figure 1 illustrates a schematic arrangement of the
apparatus. A self-aligning test bearing together with
the housing was installed on the journal of the test
shaft between two support bearings, which were SKF
double row, self-aligning rolling ball bearings. The
test bearing was sealed with two labyrinths. Four
hydraulic cylinders were adopted to apply the load
onto the test bearing. The cylinders, each having an
20 Tribology International Volume 29 Number
effective cylinder area of 640 mm*, were positioned
underneath the housing. A hand operated pump was
used to inject the hydraulic fluid into the cylinders.
Between the housing and the hydraulic cylinders,
four linear roller bearing assemblies running between
hardened races were fitted to ensure horizontal free-
dom.
Two separate oil supply systems were adopted to feed
the lubricating oil into the test bearing and the support
bearings respectively. The oil was supplied to the test
bearing via two internal galleries around the bottom
half of the bearing, each situated on a spherical seat
surface of the bearing and connected to an oil nozzle.
A variable delivery pump was used in each of the
systems. Thus the oil supply pressure for the test
bearing could be maintained at a specified value by
adjusting the controller to the pump through monitor-
ing a pressure gauge fitted in the supply pipe. The oil
feed temperature for the test bearing was maintained
by a 2.3 kW oil heater with the thermostat and an oil
cooler working with recirculating water.
The shaft was driven by a 11.2 kW (15 HP) d.c. motor
through an infinitely variable transmission and a
toothed drive belt. The rotational frequency could be
altered by adjusting a controller to the motor and
could reach 120 Hz.
Measurement and instrumentation
Load
The hydraulic pressure to the loading cylinders was
measured by a pressure gauge, capable of measuring
pressures up to 20.4 MPa (3000 psi). Thus the applied
load was equal to the product of the total effective
area of the cylinders and the hydraulic pressure. The
weight of the housing and its appendages (0.86 kN)
was deducted from the cylinder pressure load to give
the net bearing load.
Rotational frequency and power loss
As shown in Fig 1, a torque transducer, which had an
adaption capable of measuring the shaft speed, was
mounted between the drive and test shafts using a
pair of flexible half couplings. The readings of rotational
speed, torque and power loss could be directly obtained
from the associated electronic indicator. The accuracy
of the measured speed was verified by an optical
tachometer focusing onto a reflective strip placed on
the shaft surface. It should be noted that the measured
power loss included the parasitic loss of two support
bearings. The calibration procedure for this will be
presented later.
Oil flow rate
The oil flow was measured manually by collecting the
drain oil in a measuring bucket (flask) and the rate
could be determined by recording the time using a
stop watch. The measurement of the oil flow was
conducted after thermal equilibrium had been reached
and repeated three times to ensure the accuracy. The
1 1996
 Thermal effects in plain journal bearings: M.-T. Ma and C.M. Taylor

‘*’ - Decoder
computer

ADC~ - Multiplexers

1 Thermocouple II Indicator
ousing
II Toraue and weed

draulic cylinders
:at
Oil.tank He\ater

Fig 1 Schematic arrangement of the experimental apparatus

average value of the three recordings was taken as
the oil flow rate for the specified operating conditions.
Detailed temperatures
Temperatures were measured by iron-constantan ther-
mocouples. Figure 2 shows the thermocouple locations
in the bush and grooves of a bearing. Anticipating a
negligible variation of the temperature in the axial
direction, thermocouples were mainly located on the
centre-plane of the bearing. Additional thermocouples
were also positioned along four axial lines with three
rows located in the expected region of maximum
temperature in the lower half and one row in the
upper half. This additional arrangement had two
purposes: (1) to obtain information on axial tempera-
ture variation; (2) to check the alignment
bearing. The thermocouples numbered 1, 11, 12 and
18 were used to measure the lubricant temperatures
in the grooves. Thus they were fitted via four through
holes drilled radially in order that the thermocouple
beads were exposed to the lubricant. The remaining
thermocouples (except for those numbered 49 to 52)
shown in Fig 2 were fitted in radially drilled blind
holes and the thermocouple beads were placed about
0.75 mm from the whitemetal surface.
Four thermocouples numbered 49 to 52 were
the oil feed slots near to the grooves to give
information on the oil feed temperature. The
temperature was then represented by the
value of the four readings. In addition, six
couples were mounted on the outer bush
(bearing back) to give some temperature information
on the surface exposed to the ambient conditions
inside the housing. Moreover, another four thermo-
couples were mounted on a bearing seat to monitor
the temperatures around the surface.
Experimental programme
A circular bearing and an elliptical bearing were
tested. They were self-aligning, half-split bearings with
two spherical seats. Each had two axial oil grooves at
90” to the vertical loading line and the bush was lined
with whitemetal about 2.5 mm thick. The dimensions
of the two test bearings are listed in Table 1. Tests
were conducted for all combinations of the operating
of the conditions listed in Table 2 with the two bearings
respectively, except for some extreme conditions which
the apparatus could not reach due to the limited motor
power (see Figs 7 and 8).
As mentioned in the previous section, the measured
power loss was actually the total loss of both the test
bearing and two support bearings. To obtain the net
power loss of the test bearing, a preliminary set of
calibration tests was carried out to estimate the
parasitic power loss of the two support bearings. To
fitted in do so, two rolling ball bearings, which had the same
accurate type and size as the two support bearings, were
oil feed positioned in the place of the test journal bearing with
average the adoption of an alternative shaft arrangement. Thus
thermo- for a prescribed rotational speed and load, the power
surface loss of the two support bearings was considered to be
Tribology International Volume 29 Number 1 1996 21
Thermal effects in plain journal bearings: M.-T. Ma and C.M. Taylor

h upstream Downstream :
GWWe i2 t 3’ Groove >
52 ,/ 51 /
2: 25 2;
16 17 18 1 ,2 f A 5 6 ,, fi ,9 10 11 IT !3 1: l$-

20 24 28
t t t
49 50
I+9 ‘: ‘:
‘:

Fig 2 Diagram showing thermocouple locations in the bush and grooves

Table 1 Dimensions of the test bearings Table 2 Test operating conditions

Nominal journal diameter D= 110mm Lubricant IS0 VG 32

Bearing width L=80mm Rotational frequencies N = 1000,2500,
Outer radius of bush R2 = 100 mm 4000, 5500,7000
Angular groove extent + = 55 degrees wm
Average axial groove length L, = 60 mm Specific loads ps = 0.2, 1.0, 2.0,
Clearance ratio 3.0, 4.0 MPa
Circular bearing k/J = 0.0017 Oil feed temperature
Elliptical bearing $ = 0.00188 Circular bearing & = 45°C
Preload ratio of elliptical m = 0.5i5 Elliptical bearing Tf = 48°C
bearing Oil feed pressure
Circular bearing pf = 134 kPa (20
psi 1
Elliptical bearing pf = 67 kPa (10
equal to half of the total power loss measured for the psi)
four rolling ball bearings.

Results and discussion

grooves at the lightest specified load of 1.694 kN (ps
Some experimental results for both bearings will be = 0.2 MPa) and a rotational speed of 4000 r-pm for
detailed in this section. The effects of speed and load the circular and elliptical bearings respectively. In the
on the detailed and global bearing thermal behaviour figures, circumferential coordinates 90” to 270” denote
will be discussed. the loaded (lower) half of the bearing. It can be seen
that the temperature excursions were similar and not
significant in the two lobes for both bearings. This
Detailed temperatures was due to a comparatively uniform oil film at the
Figures 3(a) and (b) show the measured temperatures ,light load. Clearly, the whitemetal temperatures were
of the bearing liner, back, seat and the oil in the higher than those on the bearing back surface and the
22 Tribology International Volume 29 Number 1 1996
 Thermal effects in plain journal bearings: M.-T. Ma and C.M. Taylor

(a) ‘lbo-axial-groove Circular Bearing so-called temperature fade) can be noted in the outlet
QO.0
A Lkler region of the loaded half for both bearings. This
60.0 x Back was mainly due to the cold oil backflow from the
4 Seat. downstream groove.
t 0 oii
E
It is noteworthy that instead of a drop, the measured
..A.*
AA i
: *
*y. liner temperature increased modestly in the outlet
_ .* x
-QX + t x r x + + x
CJ region of the unloaded half of the circular bearing.
Qlio
B This, it is believed, is a consequence of, and evidence
of, oil backflow from the upstream groove of the
bearing. Since the oil temperatures in the upstream
30.0
groove were higher than those of the liner in the
ml 150 210 270 330 390 450 unloaded half of the circular bearing, as can be clearly
Circumferential coordinate (Deg.) seen from Fig 4(a), the backflow oil from this groove
would result in an increase in liner temperature. The
higher oil temperatures in the upstream groove resulted
(b) 00.0 -7 from the higher feed temperature to this groove. The
reason for this can be found in Reference 13.

In addition, the current experimental results for both

bearings showed that the axial variation of bush
temperature was small if the bearing was well aligned.
The temperatures in the centre plane were slightly
higher, but by not more than 4°C. than those at the
bearing edges.
40.0 -
I
I,, , , , ,I,
30.0 , 1 . , . I , , '. r .
80 GO 2iO 2;0 3io 380 450
Circumferential coordinate (Deg.)
(a) ho-axial-groove C~I ular Bearing
Bearin
90.0 I
Fig 3 Measured temperatures of the bearing and oil in
the grooves for W = 1.694 kN and N = 4000 rpm: A Liner
60.0 - x Back
(a) circular bearing; (b) elliptical bearing 4 Seat
.**
LG . : ---l-l cl oil
70.0 - . * 8
6 . x 9
;; 60.0 -1 . -
lowest temperatures can be found on the bearing seat. ki
.Q Q x
+ f x
L
;: 0
.
Moreover, the oil temperatures in the grooves were g60.0
860.0 - I? 4 : +
:

higher than the oil feed temperature, especially for E 08

Cl
t

the circular bearing. This certainly arises from the 40.0 -

effect of hot oil carry-over.
30.0 I . , . , . 7 I , I * . I . .
Figures 4(a) and (b) illustrate the measured tempera- Qo 160
150 210 270 40
330 se0 450
tures at a rotational speed of 4000 rpm with the higher Circumferential coordinate (Deg.)
loads of 33.88 (ps = 4 MPa) and 25.41 (ps = 3 MPa)
kN respectively for the circular and elliptical bearings. Elliptical Be ing
It will be noted that the variation of liner temperature (b) QO.0

is very significant in the loaded half for both bearings. * Lher

60.0 - x Back
Although the variation of temperature on the bearing . 4 Scat
back was consistent with that of liner temperature, G * . : 0 oil
L 70.0 -
the temperature differences between the liner and . i!
:: .
back surfaces were considerable, especially in the 3f 60.0 -
.
?i
vicinity of maximum temperature. The temperatures f .A* ‘+‘I
.
on the bearing seat were considerably lower than those i~60.0-"
60.0 x + e 4 : +
on the back in the lower half. This is mainly due to OBO

1
:
the cooling effect of the feed oil passing through the 40.0 -
galleries on the seats around the lower half. of the
bearings. In the unloaded half, the liner temperature 30.0 I r , . , 1 , , , +- I ’ ’ I ’
excursions were very small and the measured solid 90 154 210 270 330 380
Circumferential coordinate (Deg.)
temperatures were similar due to insignificant tempera-
ture gradients. For both bearings the oil temperatures Fig 4 Measured temperatures of the bearing and oil in
in the downstream groove were very close to the the grooves for (a) W = 33.88 kN and N = 4000 rpm
average feed value because of the dominating effect (circular bearing); (b) W = 25.41 kN and N = 4000
of the fresh feed oil in oil groove mixing at the heavy rpm (elliptical bearing)
loads’*. Moreover, a drop in liner temperature (the
Tribology International Volume 29 Number 1 1996 23
 Thermal effects in plain journal bearings: M.-T. Ma and C.M. Taylor

Effects of speed and load on temperature (4 Two-axial-groove Circular Bearing

90.0
profiles I I I I I
A p.=o.2 MPa
x p.-1.0 MPa
Figures 5(a) and (b) give the measured liner tempera- + p.=2.0 wa
ture distributions on the bearing centre plane at the Q p.-3.0 wa
x p.=4.0 MPa
five specified speeds and a fixed load of 16.94 kN (ps
= 2 MPa) for the circular and elliptical bearings
respectively. It is clear that the temperature values
and excursions increased with rotational speed in both
lobes, but much more significantly in the loaded G

lobe. For the circular bearing, an unusual drop in

temperature can be seen in the vicinity of the expected
maximum temperature for the two higher speeds. This
was due to a hollow about 40 pm in depth on the 90 loo 210 ?30 330 390 450

bush inner surface, which resulted from the damage Circumferential coordinate (Deg.)

suffered by the circular bearing13. Since the film was

much thicker in the area of the hollow, the temperatures
in this region would consequently be lower. @I Elliptical Bearing
00.0 , ,
Figures 6(a) and (b) compare the liner temperature
profiles in the centre plane for the five specific loads 80.0
1
*
x
4
p.=o.2
p.-1.0
p.=2.0
MPa
UPa
YPa
Q p.=3.0 IPa
and at a prescribed speed of 4000 rpm. In general, x p.=4.0 we
the temperatures in the loaded half of the bearings
increased with specific load. However, the reverse was
true in the unloaded half. This is not surprising,
considering the effect of oil groove mixing in the
downstream groove. Since for increasing specific load,
the bearing eccentricity increased, the recirculating
hot oil from the loaded (lower) half reduced. Thus
90 150 210 270 330 3eo 450
Circumferential coordinate (Deg.)

(4 Two-axial-groove Circular Bearing Fig 6 Bush liner temperature profiles on bearing centre
00.0 7
I I I I plane for different specific loads (N = 4000 rpm):
* N=1000 rpm
(a) circular bearing; (b) elliptical bearing
80.0
- x
+
N-2500
N=4000
rpm
rpm
G 0 N-6500 rpm
L 70.0
- X N=7000 rpm

i! the cold supply oil dominated in the oil flow into the
se50.0- unloaded (upper) half and, moreover, the overall
clearance became larger around the upper half due to
Boo.0
- the increase in eccentricity. In consequence, the
:! temperatures in the upper half of the bearings decreased
with increase in specific load.
Comparing graphs (a) and (b) respectively in Figs 5
90 150 210 270 330 980 450 and 6, one can note that the temperatures in both
Ciicnmferential coordinate (Deg.) bearings are quite similar. However, in the outlet
region of the loaded half of the elliptical bearing there
(b) 00.0 Elliptical Bearing was a much more significant temperature fade than
I I I I1 with the circular bearing. This arose from the larger
A N=lOOO rpm gap associated with the elliptical bearing in this region.
x N=2600 rpm
+ N=4000 rpm

Effects of speed and load on bearing

performance
Figure 7 shows the measured global characteristics of
the circular bearing against specific load for five
prescribed rotational speeds. From Fig 7(a) it can be
seen that the maximum bush temperature increased
generally with specific load and the higher the speed,
30.0 11 the larger the increase. It can be noted also that the
00 loo 210 270 330 390 450
maximum bush temperature increased significantly
Circumferential coordinate (Deg.)
with rotational speed for the full range of specific
Fig 5 Bush liner temperature profiles on bearing centre loads. As indicated in Fig 7(b), the power loss
plane for different speeds (W = 16.94 kN): (a) circular increased modestly with specific load, but considerably
bearing; (b) elliptical bearing with rotational speed. This is an expected result. The
24 Tribology international Volume 29 Number 1 1996
 Thermal effects in plain journal bearings: M.-T. Ma and C.M. Taylor

s QO.0 7

t 80.0
3
E
ifi 70.0
E
3

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
0.0 I
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
1
Specific load @Pa) Specific load (MPa) Specific load @Pa)
(a) Maximum temperature (b) Power loss (c) Total flow rate

+.N=4000 r-pm
x N=Z500 rpm X N=?OOO i-pm
A N=lOOO rpm 0 N=6500 rpm

Fig 7 Measured static performance characteristics of the circular bearing

flow rate varied with specific load in a quite different bush temperature, power loss and flow rate shows a
way. Generally, in the lower range of specific loads it similar trend to that observed with the circular bearing.
increased markedly and then hardly changed for higher
specific loads. For lower loads, the increasing flow If comparing approximately the corresponding graphs
in Figs 7 and 8, the maximum temperatures and power
rate resulted from the increase in film temperature
losses are fairly similar in the two bearings. However,
and axial pressure gradients at the bearing edges due
the flow rates are greatly different. The elliptical
to the significantly increasing film wedge effect. For
higher loads, although the film temperature and bearing had a much higher supply requirement than
pressure gradients still increased with specific load, the circular bearing, though the oil feed pressure for
the film extent reduced considerably because of film the elliptical bearing was only half of that for the
circular bearing.
cavitation, and the combined effect was that the total
flow rate hardly changed. Clearly the flow rate
increased significantly with increase in rotational speed. Conclusions
The performance characteristics of the elliptical bearing An experimental apparatus has been developed to
are presented in Fig 8. The variation of the maximum investigate the thermal behaviour of profile bore

250.0
G go.0 -l
L
5 80.0 F 200.0 -
% 3
% Y* 150.0 -
a 70.0
E ,-I -cy
s x
d
m 60.0
2
32 100.0 :e
B
2 50.0 -
E

h 1
\
1
O.O
0.0 , I , I , I , I ,

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 010
Specific load (MPa) Specific load @Pa) Spdcific ioad ‘(MPzj’
(a) Maximum temperature (b) Power loss (c) Total flow rate

+'N=4000 rpm
X N=Z500 rpm X N57000 rpm
A N=lOOO rpm 0 N9.5500 rpm

Fig 8 Measured static performance characteristics of the elliptical bearing

Tribology International Volume 29 Number 1 1996 25
Thermal effects in plain journal bearings: M.-T. Ma and C.M. Taylor
journal bearings. A two-axial-groove circular bearing
and an elliptical bearing were tested and the tempera-
ture distribution, power loss and flow rate were
measured for a series of prescribed operating con-
ditions. From the results and discussion presented in
this paper, the following conclusions may be drawn:
(1) The thermal behaviour of the journal bearings
was affected significantly by rotational speed and
the maximum bush temperature, power loss and
flow rate increased markedly with speed.
(2) The temperature excursions were significant along
the circumference of the bearings, but not in the
axial direction. The temperatures on the centre
plane were slightly higher than towards the edges
of the bearing.
(3) The temperature differences between the bearing
liner and back surface were considerable in
the vicinity of maximum temperature for the
operating conditions of higher speeds and loads.
(4) The maximum temperature and power loss meas-
ured for the two bearings were similar for similar
operating conditions, whereas the flow rate
associated with the elliptical bearing was much
higher than that with the circular bearing.
(5) There was a significant temperature fade in the
outlet region of the lower half for both bearings,
especially for the elliptical one.
(6) The elliptical bearing was also tested at different
feed temperatures and pressures, and the effects
of feed temperature were significant. The results
will be reported separately in due course.
Acknowledgements
The work presented in this paper was carried out in
the Department of Mechanical Engineering of Leeds
University as a part of a co-operative project with
Michell Bearings-Vickers plc. The test bearings were
kindly provided by them and the support of Mr S.
Advani and Dr D. Horner is acknowledged with
thanks. Many thanks are due to Mr R.T. Harding,
Mr L. Bellon, Mr. A. Heald and other colleagues in
the Department for their help during experiments.
26 Tribology International Volume 29 Number 1 1996
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