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sT4ucruRnL A GsTC:ltN TN CorvC,,? E T E
6 . 07 €nln7s i n ,S/aA-; .
? s f u i r c a s e. r
B C"rhles G, Lrac,Aef-s) .
+ fl = 2r ME fr- (1,2'4 )
*a,/e- so/ ,1-,, LaTlf
V ;h-f
C-oNnur/oUS
,FfnVs
;i) usechrre-r
€ *f fr./,//",u,t .fr +
# ft
iii) Use hL/e: p= Y:
f aX*nrt' d- g
+/i LJ2 f{
Hve L"tL K&ul arp J,m€nsr.on.(err^
ffim uJ firJ
cAerr(tfit'n
E, <p< p
\, \ l-ry tn
6z)
5
c-4"9e
-
r' /f f< Ea
Herce;tte, Use(ftfr,n) or deuvrcnLe utiJrL(b) o-
)tflf d) 0r boTL toF 4;Xtu. 'f )
/:AE*,
ule, .she/ ale /, )s Jekrn;r@/ ,fraa tLe sT4el
J*il/r
"lorr . Dra-w 77,18 ,/ rcnfi.<entu"f
Nofe a-
-
nof /e-rs TLoo * *rfine-eds
afirzu;y latLc endr'
m'nf,ruref (
p/so, nga/t,re rnonent' + -+ "f fosr*inenn e,f
P-f,oenuf is neeled ) ' 1-* n'
6 . ohz,l< fr. Jef /eaorys(qt., "/-sVan)
A =* * ' #
wLere n/ = wd + dl (serrie /aa/ )
-T"z' ( fr-
A flmstar€a), "ffnx;,,eft .
6- iatfnve/ ./ Z, 2 carlsu/t fr C -T aAe
( eN*' q'7)
w;-4 \*o'=
nE,L-.i
(sf*"-J
al = l- 1/6 )
1'/c
4{_ cralK
GsiJer a forilon I Leo- r*tole.4yt s6a*na7
rto" v.
7/tc*ed fLezV{e, _flear ch_LKs
zdrt4.-S*ess an 72"< -reaftzn f, ,
r
n/ = ('f Acr cdr)
*
&ses t -
l. 4" ute mhfour,t .;/ra,r
l/ )^/ rvh/rce-re,f
2 // *: ,- ,h:;;::;+te bltu
hKert
S sino(
ffrr B = I S
J- a- o . 2 4 -
'tt -K^ \'Y ^Yto,QbWvo .o S
t , s ) n N
/^
(gt :- -
"vt =
o<+sinog) I
T6 /r _'.
(atx+s;n q)
+
€
vo ('S IE*a )
} .+ - d +
t.rs t{^( 4-"1') Ir,,rTre*1+- $
s.xs .F \ l
b*, Q\ ( n9* : t-Jtr^^r^J\
?'rc
}t $*s S \-*sr rr*Lk*1 qa1=e*$
V* -vq
-.L= 5a N*d
\
aLxi,.t . Sl"--
.**}ts=t
;
!
tg
' t)se verh'cJ e4ail;Lefum,il,crt T s;n 6= RJ . s;n4*
B,cf fi= A", Fu t il<n 2
flnfus,nq=J S-
rtL
(rtar^o.(1v -rhean
6. best shear ,t;n/rce-et ,Use n=oi
cnr-{s) tft;s is in 7ar*ce
"l;/l'c'rtt
E. W'*a/p s4eryft, t
n , vu
uu= ( aclttetty onr'/,esee-r)
W
Nc=
+,1'T
/ /
So LLSe M=1/u=NU-^/C
ftlso) tArc
W e /,= fr
fn = fy (yeU -rrrer7/2" sr+e/
f )
fn 'tc/*'yutLr t€4>h s ufe (L* = L .
, )
R.c. Eanr
ul*irafe nrmrrrf- (Mn)
ban, fi;t 2
'ft=Zf
flire, 1
/-
3 z f kN /-
fh = 4to Nf-'
L
+f
+?{
qzr
75
3oz
Sec'/-/ S€c 2-?-
S ohrh'on^
4, 3fq ,x Lt -- /25-{ -nL
2--
(
La 3a-?yq?f
a/t:
: g -tu3?
? o=, X(qzrj'
t.7Kz*,j N . n n , = l . ? 6 2 ^ ,ro^ 8 , ' 6
xlo = -I+SA kN,,n
ltnr,*, 4 fuo. tee/-/rfec-
z_Z
Wu
Z MB=o
RA= 4wu
El 3Y
a^^ qZ
1l n2
9nRpQ) ?uu+ +%ni
= o
f urn
= ) R A =- L n - # * fi= 4m ' Jwr
?z
=
T-**
= +tr*
,ft=9M,,
4urw. vrwx )@= 4-)
.+
M u ^o.3 tl Ltrn ,* -7- =
Eua kN.n ( c_/ru /
)
o r M ;+ =
4htr)+q-M**4x+=sq
KN._
Wu* t*4. = 4.f utrn
"tf,^o*.= krV.,*,
8 w u= t 7 K . z
Vn -- 22, z7r
kN /-
GX2:-
ft= 2t N/-^z
/c = 2{ kN/- 3
ry = 4/a Nf-,L
w4 _ t{kn/n
?a"n:
o /"=
|6.5
: lVd . ,t E -,-,
ar t ?dttt,
3 7f-*'
t
We h= €oo-,n , 4 = 52{nr,*,
Wd = 2{ x a. 3 x a, ( x I = +.f k'V/*
@ C'a,/ct
/ar'e fZe B. rvt.
sl.8 xtz x 3
Rn= = 1 2 7 .z k N
ur,^: 3l,E
/= 4m
A
KB = 2{4' + k N / ?tn s hco,.
+
Mu^*t = -t27.2x+ = 2r/r.4 rN. n,
t
of
ft7.2(u) -7t.gx ,r*\=H*=
29q,4t(tr.mt
M; = 3t,t x I = t+3.t rcN.,-t
z
*=6csa-T = 52{-*'
f= d* -eo- r6-
€_,o
v izs-l
tata J
t<^ = o-lez7g
o . ? x z t x 3 a t tx , z t 2
: o'61611
H*.= o.Ti fo.S{xo.g{4#, #]
o. K.
frs= y't"t = o,oo?g4T(X3ooXO25
= t z + 7 2 . 2 1 t +- - Z
\ [-q.
f r s = o . O o 4 g ?X S o ax 5 2f = V(,z.?7r -,'
D d/" suTvorts is :-
/n-,
Vu= - gl,L r o-92{ -
246 .ofz RN ( u_Q+i*o*e
2_ S L<o.n)
V'c . - -A , EvJc
_ oJs-
o
-- C
\4J gLezr rv,v./.te*,,e;f |t /rce-tG/ .
Ex: pet,jn -the shear reinr$rcer*r.tr€ r T7* L*,-,, :ill*n
8#zt.-
|
gut
vu= zq4. 6 kN
,TLa., ae neeJ fu4
s)ace (,u, jhcrr
) * v.) wea renT6rre,ae_.Lt
Qv. : 5 2
c y ' =o - S f
G
@ %< tl
22+
+,6 LNJ e se csl'*, ,'s
*:4 -3aut - -
?-w l'tf ' , ,+.ditr
| t
t; -u_irs4
,(s, 7.t
)-,tt-rsLr
/^ :
r Lt'J lo.,lD/
vu
vu,=f6,+#v.
4uc
),b- tt: ( c) '^- {,r | {1} t to Y 6ve
. ( S_ry.) IL
+6 L - J =2 4 o
!""f A uu,D uS olislvnceF'",s.
-r Sirtce U.
6 vuD cJ) Jis/u'c Fa"n's
)
L
{z+,
2L1
+=45?/2.
(
3xZx4qlll'l rlle S \^
=6f4rn
3oa
z x 7? x4 lqxqsT
vs
= 133.j --
Use 5o = I to m'n
n"fta
+ \4=
.t
o,8{xz
V,/,. fvs,+QVc +, Vr
RN Srrr,^.t
et4
ur,= #4r+ev 2tr.4
I
= lll.4 + to4 h
I
F
= 2tr,4 XN I
ts
-nilr
!,2 yor*,i el/t ,r dD ,;
.il,ttu &) ;r r t:yr 3t+ - tAo 3l? -Vur
.(a_L=c) (3ra) lo
6drt
+ b = 2o74n*,
(a-b=c)
S*,4):2it-!, olDp
@'
ge=fg -- (onn ?Dno
z a \ - \
Vu=3t71
#V"
4'g-s
._l
*u"1
t
teu,
\
*
z
2 45o am
6Vsx =
8x
ti ry=o
Vu, = 3t7.6 -o.\ * t1f6
n5 JZ --tt 3.q
= t3t kN
a.6f
s>r = = 2X77 X 276 x fcro
Vt* t3t
= t6{ ao,
$oo - 6o =7+o a
a t
7+o €.2 u.te 7Dl2o
t20 -i
ct r ,llt-a)at g,€St I s"r'
7 x l 2 o = 8'l o -o,
$ = l2-o
L = t t 2 3- l o c t =223 2-2-3
) = 1,3? tlSe 2E te" -- -cx
t60
c - = 2 2 6 o - C 8 + o + g z o - +6 o ) s l o 4 o
tVo te
- Vu-u- = Arfl
O "l Q7,tz.re a,rp , t?.ta (artknazont
s+4")
us*+ll3Spa-crrt1
, nv g fr"o/<s.l . el.ecK
L5 fr cl cc*o(e
.
n q c-Je (tf ) P. /,/l
No/e,
!J/,k/r=,145.,g uu,!o2
( aver lo) J" t^( t gF t'_U t
*t;) y,Jr tit lrSt'"d
| ( s*el aela;l;y )
fu f*{,be * t (2 yns)
Jek,'/,nJtlr€: n = Y",/;-l
[7+=
n il
6 w""{t
t6 M=ry U:N
: wn.lozt
(, ,f,pH
oe-, t4=
ff')
Des;5n frceJ.rtre-r:-
I' sftc;$ lue !;rr lou.d4erhnate fue Jeol /eael ("ur/
'zcilt* *,fur,V .L*ls) ry oJefrLfu* pcf ccdl€
(fi L/, ?'{a) .
3-tralsfuelrafuAf*r?,-uttkelFtrdesb''/f,t')
"r{ee/ .
4- DeriTnrt-.skq ranfi'*n
? Q2o n-
laa.N'^/v)
- -S;tl-rar- r
I;-'n;- [- t2'lv'; fl
(,, oxtdd,t*. t,^i,4
,€,c.sLn8s
it' . Puj*,g ulqr s laL s stp'rfo/ (0, /,xe/ ) ono// fru. dto
b'L+ har ,{ enqfL ?or< TZan /t'uZe fi"e tudrL . Z, ery'fug*
sva.rtis rnin s/,*t d'ruffi1fr'e n'idrL)'Fttx;ffi
rtee/ ed in fZ i S,S/ur f , lfrccr4'oq,D ;s/ib^th
,e;n lrrz< - c,,f rS
(/*g) dircc/^oz'
,f"'rt ,rtrLe ofioer
Two-WnY FDeqE
8uPPoRTEn stABS,
frtvtdq /r,enJa/ fr eorlt r- ( 2-w*il -S'-1.r! r:..*,17,3,!rrr
of
r - Q " l
l. -{s -l r-
tw I (6ro) |
( L eo* ;n /,n7 el;reclr'on) ( b a.n in sAart J'kd''on)
I Beo- n-A)
A ' r t
Ac.=d- # (=J 4
'D6 = x yo . Ju+
eru
Nha^e t d, = ;f ?.rt/s afr
6ra- fihp/y
384 , r -sut
-//",{eJ
-r,/,,+z
I
*rtot 4. -- ;f boft- enels d,rvfi:r=-t *!*:JA
334 C-.,-*)'
- T n = f6 = + . 1 . 1 3
tz
= ft ( E, L'n* spd,,s).
vs< fl"e Coytd;h'fr. f Ao. - As ' ,Te'
ua.{o+ -- *o,{?4
x^ - ^oE ; E .
€Jj-
6Y Y-o =
.^"b +'/ /
T7nert
4=to
, Wo: uf,
(W"
(
"ql*!
st^L).
)
X/ Jo=z1o Crec*'yulo,r
sIo-L).
(,{I, I
.c = Uf = O- o6 &r : 6 /. * Cue/ snatt)
t+ "f
-Th;s i s J{JP
* fle -!|^ i-t 7& 41", z.w4-ac-{r\.n* .
-
$esl3n af two -w-! s tah r '
= -|und urd c7e, wi+ o'rea'\is sgec'f;u /,v|#^
lL"e oleed btJ ( ft'e s?/f ,z;7A* 1 lLe
z. €:li-a/<
s"drr"1 t'o-adr) uI; (7e. un,t arco) ' 6r rb?e! zI;rKnets
-!" wQ rtCZ cele
v
A _ t
De.;me/er
th > Lo+^^) t a
- (s,',-27/;
/,Ad )
t8o
3 . (a(ulqfe ft"e UkAo-fe -1" o(&_- t.ou{]+ ,.7
"J %
( rcz c"J,
/t, Calulhle
rLe frg&'re be*.di<g rr76mer,* 1q+ ,_t
m;J -sry,y, ra TLc s/zo, t J,'rv&'*, 7 Ut e $Cf GJ<
(ydZoJ 3) :
M I = C A . o(,t . q % ) 4 o ' * c n . r r ( % " 8 ) t :
(Puu,twdh'
fue C'efl'r'.i€nlr CO.o, 4 Cn.r, a.rp 3 i,,,ez in
la'Lkr
5. Ca./err/o/< {he neXah?w .r2(Jv?<* M; io rZ t <dge s
o f, s lort ottreehirn r!
/
.L' ( 7em
, it
M; = cn n€q. qr wiJk)
+, ' '\ e
shorl J;..
M; = Cs ( r.q ) -A;
o, % *CB.rr.( /.? L,n) -!t (Pq w;+
wi Attn")
Mi = f,, A; (pe, u',,t utiJtt^)
%.n.g.'
t+---9,. --+l
**^ 3*^ GUr"tt^
(orectqs) -*r**'l &u/+
s+iF
uJ
f*r
H4
P4; Ct*r-cA
Cor rnidd
Jvlz
slritO
2 z :
vMo 7Mo Qulo
CpLt'r.
for edg e)
f A?ui
:t*,'r lxto
sHP'
M,t = Qr6 e?
0- a,fq : LJ' L=(tm)o-
,, c,vhare
f:
Mu
F or --* CtJ =
Pr*
/Ld^
f:
6. lvlb , rf/etire
Cover
= C)etr 6over+ I L on .,lia,n.
2-
o
[vl - aV) ut,t" y+ t4, rA 4p
Lor) n
-%
Jg ot;rt&i,,
IY,:oftrcua,y' in sl.
stqLr uh*e n;" ftrzeol u;tl4- fr> qt+ tnPa. a.oott xr+
7
fts= 8; L A (fu. & s@e reinfrce_e^*).
7l+e r*v. olis/aace L**ee., Z1.e bart ( S h or +{ent
Corrtct'rsrt ?-
{.n7/ supVrted -Q/2" l. frr UrtcrVte luviry wc= E_2o aG
It* r&tt sl,uulJk nulilpt,.eJ L;
ne *lr' Con:/rrtu.ttl !/r+ (rcf-o,oooS w")
) i,ot
B"tL d Conhhu"",ttC Q/"8 ',n
Ca^I i ler.-- J /to ::;,Iffq.t ra61.fl*4?y
irdTi'";i
(o.1+ e;i:'" #
One- Watl S lqLS
C
1 1= - L = 2 f o o = /4f-t-,^
L/+ zq ,Use It = tfa no,
ft *n qr*C3.f)'=
+
MB=
1lI?offi
Ml= J I *tf.4fr (t.f)"=
il;:;W,?eo,t)
*6;^: 6 . a oI I
a.o34{* :d-oo2og33
/= 4?t,+r ,
fts = o'oa?o?33 *tdrm r lzf = z€o n,f,
1, ft, ^:^ ,tJte Ar=lT!.
=fts^;n
|4; = t3.{z , ,4= o,o 38LtC +c0 = o. o3Q4
( m;d-tu1
supo.'
P - - o . o ? q 4* # = o - o o r y f
ft s s o.oo238 lr ttqo * tZU = 29 ?.f --L
tf,= 2l . o3 kN.,n
( 'bktior s"p/.)
R- o .of? I
c U = o. o{2
,r(
r= o . o € 2* f t = a'oaTVqq
(.c. tntoell
Excm,c/e t- A, )rt/en'o- Z-*oJ .sh.L (+.zn z+F4u) is
-The
C64*'n vLtljA ev%f d7 n beanr . s/al carries o-L;u"
Xeol
"/ 6xN/rL + {^ling -2to! t,z r.N /,r1. De.r)3n
lLt'5 .f/aA ? fu cartzre/e --4' = 2r Ml>o
/c = 24'J- k/V//a? I
Sot^.cho.t'-
2(5.4+ 4.2\*tooo
h=
l Sct
: lolmn
; use [r-- 12gvn
(@ n?xt
2-f nm
Fei-e/er
L=
t 80
+
Ma' =q o/-!;,,< * 1.4 tla -X,1"'nCo
ct tr* 4"rr-l * t.aud *-!:
/q./
/lerc,O.-te 2 rs useJ s
5 o'o4l fi-*:o-t
A ls., Cp-1..0
= 1 o-oz3
Io 'o 'r5- A- n, = o.+r
o-?? o'?t'
["t cur.=
, o ' a q 3t \ # i m
i" ,_)j
-+-
Mo'- o . o + 3 * / o " 2 x ( q . L ) L . +o . o z ] * (s-?67r) 14 ( q.z)z
: /o-fft r*.-/ro (u,Jr2.)
lvq
us" P= r F="/fi/fy ,-
/ ft Lr'
p= lo'flq * /oeor(toq (u'."/- )
og )e 1,4::')* lp !:^) x ( teaz) ( n.')
(----+-
1 2
o f : eJ
: o.ofr77
f t s =f a)/
bd
t
= o - oo ?3 t6 ;* /nm * l<,rc
= +3l. t ,n,' /* = ?.3 t { c.' /-
]
_l Lu
T
I-J {=
-1 - l
+r
p
p
b
+
G -r-
.tr
a \g
s N
-s
Ci
$g ' c
$.c {
g
a.
(/^\{---' hf--
,\ +
\
x\q
f,( \\\
fu rv't
=o.fo
fttsa e.ut= \"'ot+
I a.o l1
Fo- m=o,?r
TLen ML*= 6 . o l o 1 1( / , q x 1 . 2 6 z y ) * S . t
+ o . ot f , ^ -( t . + * 6 ) x g , r t '
= 6.3{" kN.m I m (ut,Jy't ) oqg,( z_wa!)
lrib
"-f!; e /,,r**t tt
frlso; ML'= C,.nrg.',4n.4r, 'Y*)t
use
fr = -4'3Co * tooox tazns l,
L^t
,.1
(D':'-s{)
a.?o ^Lz t* rno 4-qoT =clomm
-29,,
= o.o4/1N=d.oz//{ -}@'T}'.*!'
let;!flt ePtl
Zr't gifes c/r=o.o4Z{
7^uert'
f= u/t//y
=o.o4zf* 2 l/ s t o
= o.002871
As= PLJ
f a.oa 2677 ,+toznt
t+?a
: 29?. / na?/n
= ?.fq t c-"/-
:2-f?/Cnz/r-, --2t/!e C/a-^ EJazt,an
1D
:.CJ =2-C" u'/^
E* Ml = tt-gt( /,N,ry /n
= | /' 3lfa- /o64t^-- /n,
Use p = ll. tr 5- ,v ta6
(os J=lo<r^)
a-cl* 2 t.k lwO ,+too '
| , -olp?,r"1v
*1/)
(ol=tn) drt
= o. ag? 8{
frr's gi,rcr;
aJ=o.o6ZZ
so o.o622*Lt
f= ,/gto
=a.oo4Z/+
frs = o . o o + 2 / 4 * t o 7 1 r - 7 2 ) + l 7 r n= 4 2 , . U o r T _
= 4.2.t + <_./,n
_ l l _
^ ^zl-tr Qro? q^
'Jt:9
-; g.-t t) C.aaol ho)
t )
L/z
(
zy':lo ff eao
(t t)
L/+Z
vw ,r* *
a . -l
I
t. o al
l---------1:--
+*eu-+
6 t o D 6 oo
* /o
(g*)
No fe: fTtese Sfee / sTacinjs arr rZe
W ermdq//, I
S#,p s (in ile short or /*q tS cl;,
"l''echa>,1) . F
fi,e ?tfun h, .4, ) sl., 7's ute -ffarinrs
3
2 * sfatnl
Vod^J+(*)
h cq/,a.0
+.3*
(e"h" s t& )
Sr l,r.rhon
sn
:
a-\
= *.o rx/fn" (tu)
zhe u/h;4*e J'"d '
-- t'4 )e4-tezfst.Txy
1!
ry.?z?r ril/--
Ehr* urfu ft ( ,€,bfl-cemtutf ia TTe -rho-f d;.edr."rr.
U^ = 4.6^) '
hle,e fr,e aVer-*ahb
V f f i-#,3
/,Gb = o ' 7=n6 t ?
Use +Cf metl"oJ3,
lkre,
cn.ot = s1
o.o21 fr. ^=o-$
I o'ost F-, m = o,7f
gJe co'ot= o'o3 o7
ftlso
c f r . t^, 1 o ' a a L f . t - m = o ' J o
I
lo' o1( fr. mz*7f
ufe cA ** o .o +f
1fun F/h o.o 3o4.*Q.rt+4.Kzf Se<+-|L
+ a .o,rf /<t.V *?.6) x 4.g^
t 6. qfqt\r. */ - (u,Lhft")
ptso
f f i = M o-ZrE.'
n Z
hf,,.Jo
-?'o+8
.-r \
a.(
Fke
cft.nE.=
to.oTf
I
fr-m = o . 8 o.o')
---T-\
t \
I o'o79 A. r 7 1= o ' ? f
t
; s
-l-
l t
I
.l+r
ure cL.n", ^ o'o?v+ I
q't
/.t- m a : o.?€rq
6.3
So
A,o6
o.o 611
%)s XireI w = o. o/22 4
o . a 6 h iu r i r { I
7ZE sfre/ ra.r4b : #l
r !
L --,1 I
"u/: t/f,r t o. o?2
o ' o 42 z o 'o73
o . o 7 2 Zx zT
s o .o offlO
35o
C/rec? ,
E,'n <P \
Eo Cn e o . o . K . ) -> 6;.=a'ooa
,al
C s. 4z;
eq = large
Sfel uqbe*
u@, i As=Fta
: o ' oo {g}
*lcsto x? ?
= trl' 4 m^2/o, ( w,.Jlz,)
= f.flq cnrL7,n Cr'rt.,'Jfi-r-)
tlse # t^ -^ C 2oo mm + Ar= f,6f c-r/- (w;J+12
3 t . 6 l g gr k t b e =o.1327
Use R=
o .qa x LT * looo'+cl?z
S.,
o. t4f t+
+=o.orrtg6
fts= o . o t t r f 6 trtod *?g = ilo7.+,-r/_
= ll'07+ crrtL 7o, tdafr-2
fuzQ+oo
<sf)
*view
frzDqn
( b+2
m" Qo - zt.t
= o./6t7
!g e.3
\
o'o,
f'. *, o'3
A {
cB.pL.^
| o.ooT fu n=o'?f
3" use cBDr-t o, ooTd
E- ;fee/ reinfi-ceore.rt'
, Use M{= ,rP= Y t't
O ' L T
-,
:-
Mr=H{
,?= 9,2?s * to6
Eo,Ozr{
Q/: adL o'? x 27x too'o* C?+)L
uhere d: tzf-(zo+/L+ G)
f)
(4 = O,o46
p^ ut ft o, oz+€* 27
{ - : o"oo3{a8
3fo
?- !o,z?sxbe
n = - 1o , o + 3 1= ) C , , . ) :a ' o 44
2
c-s /t o, o4tl f 27
P= s a,oolJlc1
T 4rp 3{o
4.r'.
o'o 4S fFLd
bd :) ) fr
lL*S 3 6 .oo 5
s'oo 5 1 4 c"
331 ltoo * ?"t7
c+ ttto ? = = 336,2*/-
33 6 rz-'/- (*r'+t)
elui
o'nuse Vr" D 3o-z-.-) 4 As= 37?--'/- cmJh) = 3.??c-/^
V (Luh)
4/z^^4
7a.",-1ut.)
n
U.Zd< ar<a
4 = 1t,,:>,+r (tr3)
x<ffi =t.+zt)
bt.c4 +
Qlann a-dd 4r"
AfuT
4 tz*^Qfuon-
= Zze + l6t'+3
A --- $r.1
38?.qj-^L o-l( > 37?;
Note:- /---1.
- use tfin*
Wrfu"= fi- sf,ac;rlJ
infhe e+e
t-
, k Cart-at*e ,, f: = 22 ME
/ " = 24 rcN/- s
tu sleel ; 0= 3t ott42o
TLs /ouJ is flr-
*,'/,'a,tr7 (4o *n) -f/",'ck.
, {e,ke u..=2"i.@y'
7+;u*3=
0
', 6,- Mf = #tz-,nD zoo--
End ur-! ?
t\'/; -- Q tzn*, A tfo -n
SoLtJt'on t ^
/=
fr, = f6f = 0 , O o4 f t 6
bd, ltw )( lLq
- - t t
Uh€r? d = lfo - 2 o - 9 r l24mm
2 :
F;/ = o . o o 4 f { € * Auta = o . o 6 q z
a)= fPZ - 3- -,^.
TZuz o'ozq P
or= A,lf
TVf
cfr,>rt (g)
I e , o J 2 - ttP ralao-S
TL,s qi,tel
t -
Lrr6 : 6,.2-z'+ KN /'n-
)
Repeal S.Mo t
: (ariafr)
frr=T4,otr?m'/-
tr= 7 f 4
/&JU s/21
= a.c)o]o?t
= o' atiT
o o = o ' o o i o i lJt <+
fu dta'aY{
\ o'o8oT
R= \ orl u ))== oo' o 3 6
I o'o8t6 fe" -' &
T7d//2
c n.n"o.= {
\ o'o'+1 fu ,=o.ts'
,/- | O,Off
rt- p: o'3
\Jse Cn- -=
-ftleg. o.os3 m=o.EL
/",
TZ,)sTine-r *! =
@/<il/-L
Ft [rr8- :
frs = 3W --t/* ( w;44)
313
/2= ldrm* //3
cu= o.oo34TKx*:
o.o4?
Zr's Xive-r
R^o.o4?6
ftul2
M d - - o . o z r 7 € * ( o . 4 1 z z * t o z ?x t r s z )
f
]o.o,r f* m=o.E
use cB.o, 'otf8 fi'*=o'82
-/ k * ,^
C-,E.nq
.=
\ o,o+6 fu *=o-{{
' t (I
o . o+ t rt--=a-E
Llse Co
4.n9, - o -o43 fr- r4=o-IZ
Zh zf +?f - o.ozl3 rFk\ x 6.62
ft,r'S g t'rtt t,,ts-,1:13.794 kil/r.
i n Lafu
r
d ire c,h'ur,t , Herp, fh e -I*A dirsdh2,m s Jo- irtaa t
irt olesVn orrJ arr^.?7ts,s.
r
@
E e & ' a y t@ -
@:_
S l."L
ne moSf don7er
"f faihre fn /tar -sle|s ir
/Le "&*
of rZe
%.fiu* mos
etes'n'en;cpn.o t
ffi' shb musf r!:"7:-':'
b e f:
erorheJ fu rcsrbt
No .Shea.r re^forcemeqts h" t
ar_e ,red. %-
r'%y Assu-eJ
sheaF&,'hre E
4So
pwchrtgshear
surl&c3 Slab
(t I f.-
rtru)
Ach&
e*aca<(A4f
")
@
al'qs slaL har not hf -f column or
W
d.F P*els i,t the slal arawtJ flte &bmns.
Assra, s 4
pt"rh;n|_sha.r
s,*filce
\
h
t
l---
J.e pdr4 , L
oF"%
shatr suSgfl4g
Jf = e//14a'vs Jepfr
of
7onel
4 . F bt .s/aL u;+h Ldt, Glumn d7f+og a,,ol dnF
fane/
( F. Ae^vV loalt)
steb --jf
d,ae
pdel
d. -T-utc
_ w? ribbea f a* ,staL:_
-fh;s
consisfs tf
)ru*ersec*tndrlr-o
. .; b, (ntp:-r
6 Aofh d,.ectzbnt
) . zhe prces
in rhe
m;dJ/e refl,',r,.f
n" sla' rs teft erp#
reflozs aounJ bu* f,lka ;n
the coluqns (+o behave
as drap
pcnulr)
1 This is wed /o. very hof/ lood &uhertthe
spoc" q.rp
larXe .
,
i1"t4ilf a+L Z,,"bl;5,,5
- *
: (Wr rD (s-1Sq
t
" 4.\LrQ Ghbl Jt fu^yot*
\t,!;; a^,fl ?j ad g4'; v,,,!.
teff *p6
(v;r* fr- Eofle-)
Design and ftnal7s;s
"f Fla-t ,SloAs
P
fh witT+.hn7frnels d rto,!' ob7 partels
/,Rr€a
Rr€a K,
T,i;i
cenlraid o/ J
$cenlraid e)-n/o ? t k
"f 4_circ/e + *-orcle. Cc
^ Lf-t*
",T l fitea'-T-az
/6
I\
;_ 2c
tu --
37t-
W*a={"" -i il- ,7=
+
Ccoa*aia)
2. Centn;J "f + - ciralar are z$ +- ciralar orc :
-fNt ; )
t t \
c | ['rl 7"
l l r l
I t l
JVI
I l*-
C
x= -
7T
( F.F
ftamcoluaa) -
M
* Aw,6-n) at q ,ta-c/r'oy,
oTtAtu-rruthttr i*is
S'tr'fu-
LOAamn
C:tr)
t ?
t u f t o ; t f i t ' e sb l o v€ r lt.:- r t(-
ltJ- 4- lrc2
7TC-r
t/a- circlt . 2 \ Z E
L f L
* (+-7t'
Let ur (per un it qrq. ) b, /t"o /o4a/,
F;.sf fi:,d /ae cc4hd;J "f /r, is + - staT C, ; it, G runnstmaved
) ,
1 ! "y. Eett irj)r . *], 5* -{ 6 @e*nil) J,
zt}v ,,
rt,*) + -( #c,). =(!.+_
# Trn).x
ftis Vltes ;= s!2 zc3 ft,4fit#..-
X=
3c4!3 fct) zft
Ame b.4( Th rhe + - slal . Let
2
l4o: M** 14
,4++ ^4 - h5-f' z
.42 - rr \ 34s-zc3
8 "" ' f u"-@ )
/
(+ _
@utr +ct). + =o-
(#:",V-iu,y,ti J*
( s.r.; ,:c3G,p,
=
2q zr
=_,r4(t__t-* .,
8 -
tr_o Tr, ) w hery 6f = *_1,2 (++alaa-d)
(af.*# srn er)
7A.egu,e'H h TZc lradce h e41 le 3"r"#r;,
afFaxinafu ae:
4c
( r - 2c-1"
/- * -
"3-rv - 8- cq-Q
r! 3-93 3-9 ('ari..)'ct)
77.t erl
Mo: o, l2f W,!( t- 'd*\Vrl,rs,
#)^
?tb'i'Rr
ar
:S ( ?J,r^rtaig W zcst;rvl €.'-1i Lz-Etr.'-),,4
Y)'4^.
:l (F) .J"qat.tl t-& 'r" lrt, (o.nf) yurr ql; e a+.
"(, @,og)i
€dU *one^f ;, fr",f ,s[aLs,
M:= Mf* M-
tV6: a. t2f W-! (,-
#S
w= ur.0l (hH i**2
Fr- -
a,rJ Col*cm
n f a*td
Sgrat< ,s/o,6s,
!
5- ft'e /% sfan-._
I ,
Nlo=o.towltF(L - ? ! +f l r
r4o l
_@
t
F=totf - r4
I 0.
l, 4b l.
#>l
arrd W= F*._loli U.+r! u11;,,rrte4"od).
@
ah)sMo is Jit,ole/ i,t*a TasJ{-'vt'^ &negahve be:tnt;og
s*n'P (aryfu -le/z) &luto Cohtnn
rn,rr,hts in fhe &nt-v!
#*t (h+^'e&ryfu -0,/z) '
4{4
+# (#*
I
J3
Transvers
e 5Lar )nf tor o /oas z_
g"-*rt
ffi
fr eA,ii t,IrA,Gr*l
4/c= ( ^4p4)
+,6
C/"ea( Nc
7 Uu
- ----'l
F--
-)a"zi,(w
-,ry!'6 rK i
rtursarr{u
-
I d/o
TLe'1"+a'!Pfu,if;sAearr5 /n, ( r/ lt o,t)i s :
u.ll,;,,u1-u
Vu=wu. f!"lb-Ap^rtJ
Sohth'on !-
- ___Fr
t5
l_r_
ry, zbdestgnfre .r/eb
A . - -i
t t
-l, !5= 6'o- a
uJhha/e 'looolt
*,rr= t.4 * 5,2{zr qt.7 x5.o
= tf, Sqff ,uN/mz
Er b€sm.SAear ( in /4e o/,;a'; h
% t_*),",;1iL.
The uh,^o*s slearinT firr, (".f ttne crih'cq( secj'uu) is :
o
ah,'s @!s rcfr".
load/tengft \
t2
r!-
(J= r8s-2o - 2
= /,f?m-)
it^ -+l-
f p-
'-
774/Lo
vu=tq?-6g?kN
( rtb- - Ict -J)h
\z 2 7t'
is"
fre u/4)-a*e beo- sAear s;ftesr K
', 4J Vu - -sA"a' Aft'a
u U=- =
Sf eu,2t * T
Jlod s€c. frrca..
"
?i/,
Iq7 A?q
= " !.=.-= Zt?, oZ6t<ilAz
='- '/f?
q.8?" o
= o , zf? /?lo6 nr/^r= o.z.igMpa
fh,e Lam thea,r,rh*r6fl, ,f c*zc.zle is :_
ilc=+{4
=+ ,{C = o.?oz
Mro
Tl4M !.)uu (o, K.)
F* fhe f*d'g Slrar:
ine pwclia7 sAennV Cc*
fuu
ul'/;,-q/'s lo ad )t -
. f.!" -8u- (Co* d) (cU+d)J
Vu = r,ui,r
- tt.B?ff xE a."*+.g_(o.4f/
zva.6sg))
: 492,9 82 kM.
T/"e til*i*d*e pmel;y slreon altesr 3 i-?r
VLj
A/ vu-
2 LCc-+4)+(cg+dn,ol
\ s'6J;/t Qlr
L
aeL-
4 i 2 . q g2 12 7q./2q K,{/-L
UtI = qf? 1o'6i7Jx o'r{?
28,
t.2+4 MPq.
'
7AeF*rL;fr sleioX 5/'r9'TL"/ co'zcny'e
N.=+,q
=+t3
'rl^/'Le A/c = t- 4ttMPo
)uu (
*)
:'i;i,f.fJ.E,r6.
F= /-/t-
?= /-/s--
#=/.o6>t
Tl,/rA ,
Mo = o./ t<-+f7.7Vo y6.o * /.o64t Zxo.r
_ 12
= z{q.}o2 /</.- 3x6-o"
T
1 ,t ' 2 m
| 2'v-,
t,
+
,-
G.p, tLq. neXal."e g.H. in-fl"e C.k-n S#72
we tQ-Ller. o'o12
firR"o.og7O
*= I
I ?3
".o fr- ,<= o.ot7?
U L S ? c z )= p . a Q 2 f fr- K - o.o E7f
As= Fta
= o, ooC | 6] ./c Ztln )? tf?:. Z 3{j -,nL
A t o ." f t e r r ( / / z n r ) i s
, r) =
#.2o,6
LLte 2/q/"'.t
tf*,ofr
, s=@=tt4.3n,n
Itse Q/{-,,r) tf *iq .
:
C.'h*.r.
sfrJ p
QrzD+8" cb.
zdtzS seoI
QtzD q|o e
n+l$t e
sh'P
.
Il
F #,dseo
l**u
Ca
F= t.t{- . --t.t{- r.aE+>t
_,;- *=
= o"t x +9+.ho x 4.t*
t. dt7 +(r_
= 2./,1.366kN.,., +",.!f
Sxt.|
-o'.t6
(f". 3.on N;4fh) o,22M6 lVo
Mu
Use K=
.D
w l0o 'q /, t o:
c .t . 1.f.5.
c,s.
a>
= o . o o 4 7 4 7 * 36710Xl+E
= 2to t mrnL
tvo, "f flomn bars 2rot
?j
2-A.6 = z7 b ars , (ft S- -;4ltt)
ff syarrhT
. U is nftJeJ a
t
o
q ) =
loez
- t tt ttlh
27 : l/o nn
= 13 Lou6 (.8- g-
ou;etrL)
or S= ,//
n o'16 = 23o ortn
o.22 :
s
€
\l $
Ci R
t
r{ s
$
I
/q\
g
v
$
a-a
Q
B.
2. ( tr laf s laL w;+h d, p ponels )
A n i,*erio. f tqt slq,L 4',n-t -sfa,rr 4.qo, 4 +.go, (cettfers
tv cders bltun s).-The colunns ar€ .eclo,Xula,r(o.4-
"f
?€o.q-) . Th" "rla-L luicr nesr , r t{o m,-, +,shefl/Ler.d
Lb ol'op leane/s +6 zo'z rnm. 7he d.F
Tanels are 3.?n
+<-2-4rz (accufta.6 ttrte Co/,c,mn
_;*_rps).
Er csncn*e , f( = z4.f Mpa- .
/, = 2+.{ xt//-3
E- ,sfue/ SSo rV?a.
#=
ttse /t2-n, /r; rcnfrrce,or.f 4use a. c/€ar (
Zoa*tfe-s'rtlfzG&rw4_u5ea.cr€arave.{
W '@
F
o'ro I
I
t I
I
rl I
oJ
d I I
I I
dr"1c po n € l
ry -@
7r,r^A t t+,.4,4
= 3 .q8t r,'t/-z
7 . q ) k4 . 8
f---- - ; - l
A J o t € S-
-
pr*nzh,nA
*fHAi i
-1
I t>a- |
l'
iil
f/'e ue;Xlt.f
J/ h
/7'e drap pone/ is nEler-{el,
tl"en the se//uetjlf
ared
per unit
be com eS ,
3fu
Jw1
l'o
-The
ullin qfc -l*,^"t b€cenesz
t , r r=a t . 4 ( 3 . 1 8I + t . o ) + t . ? * g . o
= 2o - r73 KN/-z
ca/6t'1;" t"e pu',&,n' s/,earinT
frce , HhJ tTree//eea
d?fr Q. fi e dmV po, .
"/)'
e l g 2 o - a- ; ! o - l?4nm
+:
-The a
pwcJ, in6., thur;n,:
force ;
7he uth,nale
7,a"1;,r6.gah,aa s/ress I
u=
Nw ?zt.€tz
zfk.6+o.tvr) :1538.2??
kN/'z
= l.{33 14pa
TIre prua6;V t/tearrff sftnAfr of corrrale is :
ilc= :{uG
+q :I.1E6MA.
pafet -
EncP ^/c
Fp,,*l"t ( -o6 r) fAr,
'-J"' sAeq-e;^
e'oeqr p ,,
n'nfoo"nfuf iS
rs qata ?Z neeJeJ
: L.|v tct
,t.;l oaaC
,.
llo'urt,P':?, a.shi;tu{6
\:.rJtll
ry 4, - ba,) p*''.t tflt.gtSi-,t
b_""t - up bar-r
L - tq's
7r.:+
)A,;;
t;,-t
Lenf-uP Lars
dnp fanel
plr^t
ela6,/(
.4.
G9
-'.5e. (S/al + 4rF fane) ( .t.p. '-U,* t,zk> itu i
_i t .) ; Yl-.-aV;
- tt ZJot:ptu
1(slol) $') tin zg, r
W
l.= +8t
-hla! ( | = Ean-)
no.qf
F= t . t r - + = r . t { - - 2 - 6 = tr .=o 6 S >l . o
Jg ?-cl
2-st o .6
Mo : o.t *73o'767+7-4* l,ae8* (t )'
3x7,q
= 5 t 6,4?o k^/. ,n
t = t5ono,
(ilqf)
*" negohve . g, M. in //ze
bk,nn *rip jsr
F,zmfrLte ?
o,tif uthe", K=o,t.t3j
c 2 = ,? ' t 5 ?
o
uhe.t K=o,lq+t
O s e, c , .=) o . l f | f F- R ^ o.la3 6K
i u,Ot
rr*:,-{
Thlu frs= FH "ul?
= o.ot24s*Zrltm X t74
= 52az ,r2/12.t n aiafi)
Nate..-
:' r t )s be ttZ
-.'^:'
"': use ia tT,i caLe,
rt" sps'nA tuill .h oL",i s6m-
v .Le lov ^?o ^_ .
Ss;fl3; & qta_s;4 aes, f. l+,&.
-,L
Er /V':
14! o.2oMo
= o.Zo z(g/6.7fo
= lo3. gft kil. ,n/ (2.+n
u;a7lS
TAe e//er*?e JeVfr. ./ _l rr" is
J= tfc:--2o- +=tzemm
f*d to3.3f3* t06
J
ft= = o, tl3t€{
o . 1x 2 7 , f I 2 q o a t C n i l z -
*J wg'
.r--1"/4 7?
Sfee/ qtu j
f t s = o . o o q t ? o p ? - H t m ) (t T z l : 28+6 *^.
No. -/ zSct
(lznm bars= = z{ Lars
u3
slaay $= #=
2-1mt
?fznn - toe srn
2{
6rz Szoo
( sf.) ltzQ zoz
(hu
g. (nn"lys;t "f ft*+ s/oLs)
,(af:-
=: ,r-;,
,nol ,r" fr,. _!_ hdih,onf :
1' Lu'n shea'r
z -puruAingsrear 3. M1,n coru^n strip
(
Cc.s.) 4. M- ia (c..s.) .
+(-\lvc i o o . o=l u s - o _ d , L . )
2 . fre web . 'This usuallV redwrgul"- or trapezai Jql.
TL^ur, Uu
bd ,rile.e Mc=
* A
girder
2 (to ea+v
17r".rt1,
)
wr t/A
ru
se&'ott l- | .secA"nZ-2
Sfeelfr- U+ sfeel f,- i ( T- serjr*, t*tder 1re&nXuh. ue L
psiliys B,M.) under n€gahVeg.r./.)
bweb =
2oo -2fo otm
b/ = 8a - 4cz no,
€M" ( ,- *V ri Lbedsta,L)t
"lesiTn "f
A rec/*t7ula,r drea *)th c)ear sparrs
e.6m * t2.t1nt1 is h
Le covere/ by d ,-*T rlbb4 slq.a ,fue rilos u,,
xiv€n
in lhe
"frTure . TAe irnf arel ^0;r,* -po-.J ,,r f f tt /rn.
A r;t e
surfaclnf toa^d l'o rc,v/.?. & crncrc*e;
/: . 21 .fMpq
le = 2+.f pn11-t
tu tlee/ t fd : 3to Mpo
? | l .
Do h{n o'n 3-
6of-t;.*ra
\ qsof,^ y"l ,
F,* f calaaldl-e rZe
ulh;ute
"h._t.
frke taef/*,g" (,
,A *L)
l'-;q 4e
-
sAert
d,'.ecJiorr
Su= t..+(o.o?f*t XZq.f
+t.o)
+ t-7 ( s.a * t.o) $z's'-^,
42f,nn,
L
= 12..f 7zg p,v/-,/
(a,;Jrtt)
+ ribs
J-
FU*N;r' M ' = 1t4 - L.l)i,,,4nL lra (u'af/)
q€lr
(rc iPS lo
n+uz M+= p/; t2.q7zf x o.62
lo
= o.q4? nt._/_
__rl 12
' n
use e//ect:ve .lepfA {n = o .6rw
, ol=?'
d f;r+!"tt x = ;r.{_o,
Use ft=
af; aJL
o,ttcl? * ro6
: o"OlZ?
o.7 * 27.f *tttoos3?.rz
This gives ,
at= a.olJ
sPac/4g ss ^ 666-6_,_,
#
Use Es 6a,z ,,,ry,
eh LoZ Jfueglns
).
4-- *aKe ft"e .;l witl 7h" ufto^
--fe A.J f, gs44._ , _
vu,w-L+ - "tJ
d = ( 4i5 +?r
)_+o
= 46o m-
v u = t 2 . 2 , ?L + -a+eJ
= 5 3.oZt73x*
N-=
(J -Ltf
r
-t
c
o
n__e_EGr
6
= o,742?Mpd
vc ,o o,K.
7
Tl"e2,Aesign ribs: -
"/
a Stu,n€ /7, e seq4?tn /, TZ gsa
,
d.
t w€
,L,^tf >E;" f= "'oolot??7
TLut, fts = f bJ
#
= p.oo l?61 *7?f ,v +6a
.o,?4fu
cn 7o t.?48 z 7o z ^.t/f cwiot*-)
*= 3.f La,s/-
zol
7La u, e +St6
fr'- M 4 H+.
t i
1 . q l
el 1 6
( bf.)
2/r{ ?
( s*1 ( se4;n d t( (qda)
/- / /)
of niJ-rfout
Pt+
L//6
( SecJia z- z)
tat eASe)
t4-
#
R.c. srn/R cnsEs
/ree/
landin3stct
wqisf
d*p
.ear"
b€a,rrr
(sfand"el
-bean)
QtsntS
wcrisf
\formp )
,,i*
.(s*aircotse)
tnrermedi qfe (s*aiFgase)
ShL ,
4 end stcL), ls;1e* suporteJ
&t L"t* e-rJs)-
75
( s*o;-cose
w;tt+
lwo ead
"h,L".)
(s7an !)
73
I s+;f/
edgebun
t- (+2".0) i
I -'
(aoq" !)
f u r A , f rs/ai- are s
JcstTn enl a s
" a'-p# suTporful
Lam ,,titT /taiza>1;fal ^ _ . r _ r
yon . cu.c't 42 ' ^a4
Nates : -
srke/
ber
sf:e/ Aer
\ft!;;17ry.
?. -,td5?dtt-
ry^J .lr-t*t;,
drrreC't del
sfee/ f,on
bar
&*"l,i,-.,;3
-y4'e,w.ij:
\ct?-*&)'d,.o ,i
"i ;',
Ls+;*' !'oi
ilt tpb. t-(uenr ; t'at--6 , ,j,j y-W --t". -;-i.5!
--t1-
'r)trij''f' Jk 'd"a,.* i * :,!
:J' r-w 4
4 o €P
o
- f o'.tt;gr,-f it(
: I yi'1"*t'''4'e a*'t "!!:!-:!!t +, _rrr,_!8. 2i
"u)-t|;;"., r, yt1^.O' -ya4 **-+ a^i
ttq,in Strel
78
Fxo-ele t- (des;Xn sh:lrcos)
"/
l Soam
tui*th
"f sh;rc4te
b = L16a,7, @crc/e s+zengte
f: = zfMG
atde utei6* , T. -- 24.r kA/_,
) stee/ l;ell /;:;;;;^,.
T,hg l*^l o,? g xN/_z ( tto,izanteth
) : /;y: ,r": ,.0 kN/,nz
(hov;z-a"y1"79
) , use or h-ke uoist ru,Wfra:E _ . ,i":;
- use f /6nz'n
fr-H)5*..t
*-.',*T .TT., & r/oaw,
Sot(h'cvr: _
E.rt rLe kf_! se/f,r.,ait6
t*ftt" nu-sf be q/a<lated.
€ €ach gr;V is
_
.( t.26^q 2,162
= 2 . t ,'4? m
F*
6/:/ se/f,ze,6)rf o/
*orsf
,rJ G* I.
*,j =o.7"r h'*r, zi*e)re\-,),,;4,
* ,i,!'*' r (,),;1
2''/q?
+o,g + a.q4? +
*S /r24.f
= 3 e . 7 7 7x N
7?
= lo, t 8? /<N
Tilinq |oad
C
d t = l , l x (r2^ . t + o . ! q 2 . , * " f , )?* o S
= f'82t KN f '%z
#
Pu=+
- 62'33fpp
o.8
74e conce*ald T-
load (4I fn" eJXe a/s/e|)
r'S t
/ 2 1 - ' 6 - 6-? 6 2 . 3 3 { * X
P a = 4 -2- z
se// *"',It ,X = o . zz{ )?t. to *
"! )Fzq.{
-- 2,+26 RN
w e,gA* a/. lil;n1 w h : r . t o* + xo.qg
0t b"#- 4 = /? 7.n,
1/ t6 ^^
8 6 t6on
3/6-,.
8/r6o,,,,
,r-r, Slf*f
8 /6n*
slep^n;tr 6at
(/to'1 a- sr?',..Lrfs)
"t-t
8z
n"f, s{airCaS€
o'3am
o'ftfn
7+:gg
b ea-
Waist
o,2om
shfl
'L
eem
p-r. t--.f,*- 2.qr,-I- ,.e*)
w 4 = 3 6 . q 3 3/ u \ / , W 4E 2 ? " 8 +t c a t , W u= 4 i . o 3 c r K N
sfan -0=4.om , lVu = 4 =4q.tt?,?N.,rr,
ol=t?7-,n , V= o,oa(fc14 ,7r= q3?.6oe2,
U.9e . i f lZ ^-, > As - tot 8-* - E- -lo^1,a3 sla bs
t4u =+9.,t?*o.8 + 4x2t.hto xo.82
= 46. f€l ,(/.nt 1
p1 o".oo42ff, As-=t?/'a
Use E//2,
,
4ft2
flro
Y rp,,
(a-s*fi*7os
Szraa)
8s
CoBBELS (oR BRHcKErs)
Corlsl
E=trJ
a u h
( Cenlra/ beam o7r Corbets)
Th e fzp
"f fre carbel is rtn/er lertsi/e -g/rysres
( fr- bh/r'r./ ) , Vze c,ratt -ra:|'n, is ql.fa under -A;rl,
she..'g st*"ss" nt fr;t""t tlo d;y",ru-! Cm<Ks oazcv
Lecatzg *<4 n+&|tuo ,v€rh'Ca! cracl(s u/;ll retr.
8+
-Trve belhvfa.w.
;s -l;rce a simple lrztr.r (rtor.
five main fte-xua! sJeel (at /27 irt rensi*r)',r1{,
1J),-,
bar ' cartorr/e rt* hp */ The load la t7.e borh* e44/n(ar
fihe c"(rr*, witl ac* -!;xe o bar in anpr€rsia,t.
yerlica,! ca.fcs)
g
-V--
lr^ ;'
P
b esign ArLels t
"f
s/,in7s iU t^D tere lLe sAear -sf a,n (o) a'r-J fhe
staliy.*i load ( v) - fi lso fLe u.,id/1 (b) * as*atly
ar€ Tiren
)1o" F;nd f1'e depfh s -/, and -1' ,,ra el rr.ht-{
Xiven.
-ft*e sleel frs (fr, U*td;A) arut rhe.ghea-
/tacvn!
n( A. s/ree,r. Horizan/*l -r#r.ups are
Utee -ler< beca.toe rhe ca&s ere verh'ca 0,
'nce
dures :
llerr a si,np/e -pfi.od f- a.rrjn .f
Corbe/s is given .
e = d 2 - l J _ n ,, cl,r* * At
Z-tegr*r-
A{
g- legs *irm1s
2or 3 /16
( fl. srbrt;t,U)
r|p$-tyt+ ?/*l:f1J*u
8+
€raarale (ae:jr't GrLelr)'
{
Cor btl
S o I'uA'a, -
Slea,r sfaa a =e2ou-
s?i/g olro^
/,odal V= d?oEN(u/h;te)
uf diu b = 4Lto tno'
Next #-l ?
g /tesS n f7'e
The a c:Lue.t q/** o?e S/reorin-o
u Acrctg
/]r;s g)res,
/4 = o.o//q85-
fa
e)^n-d<
"e {"'2 /*
8?
27..t-
-" (a'K-)
/y'€re o.2o* =o.otf?42
34r
B,/-r 4s+A{. f l / =E . L J - n s
8= ,fze,
bd
7 drc (te,k,
h 2 ryos)
2or3//6
U4- s,h)l;/,'
z fit6
C2- teXfuo7s)
Exanp/e : (design t'a /ryr ert
"/ arbels)
t^r;4h "f co, Le/ 4oon-,
fu c-rri,.</. f,e = zfMG t200 kN
fuslte/ (ulu,.r.le)
&=7G/VG,
uSe //g^," fr, L*rd;"1 ttte/.
Cle *r
ctz^^ /,,o she;ske/.
Cover 7f.o-' ?
,4 t
_L
| 6oonn
7o
PL NSTrc H/N&ES lM BEN MS
The Cnrcpt
"f G/la7se in Leamr:
l. Canst'/era sr,-7tS t?f-te/ )arn ut/er tuifir,-,
"Ao"ul7 (fr-,n,'t tryfn).
I:,"*n:.f' :*"r^r
K;"fe oui// be :I-o' Mu. np/ash l
' -- ,' ,
fr*ea ,'n 4e mrJ- arzd Van h.e
tun ur'// a//a7*, The ba,m oui// /" a ne6Jartcrrz
8 ? -!2
?l
f/ere
,. r'4'e rt€?dh're b*zelLa
U
U
tnone'* ti
lAe f;sel
tV-:g_lf/Z
&lrte paeh.r<
ffi"a
b e- /;o nc>rtfr* is:
X
M+: I f "l ,/trg )
{ -n =',)
4d ?=1.
t) The melhod { .
'r;rA
".1t"7u;t;briu- '-
2) 7he m€fhol q./ wor/( . \
)
t4l=o
ey e7uil;briun ,*ake noms,^h o/o,rf tTe Mu = lvf*
f,'xd €nd t
lvu+Mu-7". x..,-{ =.
Thus a 4Mu
l-c - ,' In th;, &s e y = T-o
xz
el Co//a7s e,/?t ttA :
4Mu
7"=(y"_ _ _ : _ /6Ma
€
Note: )' 12
x on / e #,*r/ exac*/l L; h-k;nX lAe egu;f;bnu*
"f ,,Xt{_siau
'po,;;?
4lh
ru,
3. P beao,
-u- 7".H-x)
ry=o
frx.a *_t"*l e_dr
/ (fr, w;t te"gfn)
f,stu-e Mu tnslwt* S, atl
cnts sPc*ons. frt a/k7so (7=q),
t'trree
7/a4? trhges"n fi*e.'
M;gt
ld
1s
Ey eguihln'un f
lvu + M u - q7 . -c l 2 . -4l : o
M: Mu
Th;s g ives q 16 t4u
fr- ,!^ t
4+o
Fxa?a/e (plash.c
l'" i"
h,bges ,,rt Rc . beo_s
)
P bQazt ./ c/a- 7-6* is conne*d h ca/unns
fa,n
dt Lafr en/r- Tre se&bn,r and ,vio
fi,@,?urls crK
shtatn )n lh e filure :
+ lzz
GJJ)
.t dr? +d18
( Lt9 @t9
alCz ( adl )
! 6t8 <s
,rf
( nqaA.rre)
,:.
Mrz
(ftig,"-l
. {, ps;t*0,,5
?.6-x
Mut 2"
tu
( J .I
?-e-x
M"t
qr
Assure
frssure t'he /ot/
f (p". w,'* oreq) on TVe .-;/oL rr?CttafeS
,hoe,
vn a'w rv 'Th e pos ih re bene/;T
morre-rf, (& ,.n*eriar
regions ) errd nVa/trre L€ra/|,,f ,noore4t, Cq* edTer ) ut;tl
also irtcrcare gralua/y_
Here s/a/e
4 uitL itobupi"
rei:furr*,erf ,,s
considerccl , freYt€-e
Mu ,,s fue s-rn.
io the ,s/>o-f ezo/
)n fL.e
,/ q,re4tans
/ayd,.ecj}n s d h fr.r* ,b e// d,,.e&,"rws(l;p.
-Xgd^ sfrihL :
Fessu"e ) ,
Mu (ne1 wi/,
Mu t*//r )
(P".,a;i .
lryf,)
(pe, mi* laz7fe )
16
A . t
HssumP'fldrs::
.,
. ,,"r?1,
Here ht- 4anJ ,u/e is utd
fr- ?bhr-o -on crtts
C o sv e & r s ) . ZraQratf,
Co//apt e rrt€cAtanis rn is
ExomVle (cotlapse of
R,C. ,glabs
tu.stue/t:r;(X'
U/crr/^/e fre ,bfreJ &//af.re /aad ? r#rCA)j+ f
so/,Abn; -
Due h s(mm+ irt Latz ./;,*chizrzr fLe y;e/J
(or ua-cKs)-,!,hesJr. oliaSort*.0. 7Ves/al ui// "cra-ck
,q,{a
4 7r.<! Piec.r. ftke dn€ p|eee d47/ /et
F"(f".ut'/
drca) be *e a //apse fu ad M4 ne uL;_a/e no,te.f
, secr+by, ,n sr/e /h e .rlal (_ oT
"f ./,rec/,_-, Jqe ?b
i so/rapy ) .
clg
a =1.t
r6
I lt.8m
Ir-
( Y;eH.!;nefatfern )
frke *a>n*r*s aLaq-t t/1e
Ii-" edge :- , ,
t --
1jJ
2d-r'a'r-
1 ? f'fr?r
M u . -a / ( + " . + ) ' Tct= o
Then V" : -W
q2
(/'e
,. f= : o.@ S?3o
;* ta'zr?*/dD
::,r::_:ff,t::** o , a b 3 9 l a tt L7f
2t.7
-)* "
(rot:o *toez) .
= f. 4q/ /rN. *,/-
| 7)Nt u,VJnyt r
= 4.77z d/r-z
qcl
2. slap/ sup7,rfd'
S ohthcn:
alre,re o(N 2MKn67unf (X +7")'Tt"to
e7ua,h'arSere neeJed.
6.240 =
,+Y'-h # i
,@,
rJ-x* x l+ S'o* ,+
I
M x r.o-Z-It+ $-x)x3'6#l*k'Gx)"#I
=o
t-ti =7.to
k/V'
/ffi
satus O * @
fr,= ---'ln
7"= --- frr//^z
So lrt-lion :-
71e fe;lJ -he (or uacr -2ae) paltn is Slazort:
* #'*{*4? )=o
Subs#'fr"le ,rVea Mq = 23'
l2tz'S
lz rn
fr,€h/ frs lur? +
tol
Mu 23,6 /( /o6
E=
fr/€ LJ2 o'qo* 2?'6*/on */raz
o , 04 /? od = o' o43 (I eo,
,y'dis giret U>
So f = -.f,: /E
z o, a43 ^. 27.6 /l4f
= o, tA3440
.So As = fza
: o.ffi344#/oriz*/sA
= 56 --"/- 7*i4tr)
y'tzD ir"
1 add)
,sbI
24/aA 2fr
t02
TZe ,vhfure-d irt rTe Shar* elge (fu r?"e
negafiVe ba*/,r27 .naz'z*rt fa rte /a>za 4;.v**)
a
r'S 2 //a .arn E Zfo .nr7".
(tu:;-w'ilq;i'[Pv
-
5/a6 +
, I(SzttZ.! a\;6
'fi
di,yi /n, n, i
Pittp\ ?t fl*f r*
J-lr
t'
* + - + - i i { t/ ng,
f
' J+ r\./"4 '
' ,/
Pot. -:7, " - l ( A '
YL. "*
| 7.fm I
1
\ Ga,/
/
\+tr_
l'J,
a
@ E,A
r\a
/ I
_ fef+ .oe,rnc v* @ :
-- (34(f-a)= 4(2.1) - -
3o t( 5z
Y;elJ Linet EX
Virthq/ hJorK
lhe tna'h ld €q is
t \ /. r =ZMLg
pykrna I fnlerna I
t, Exanp le :
Calcula.lefr" {a//a7se/ooJ"'rflr',,fu rze
t -f .strttta* s/a,[ .
3
'W
t
iI n
ia' .tfurl,
I
i \
l
/"1 External ryorK = L+"
" { x-t* 4tl ,+i
q 1 2 x L3
7c -(
=
3
fnr?rrt a/ Otar/( s t4 X !* | *4
,Uo Wt,
I /u/
TAen
3"3 -0.'= 6 M ay' \v" = z4/"/
-!2
__*__J,o1--
-;4* Examfl€ - --
'X
,6-219 2(
-* .6m r
--+-fu-(+-*;
----'_i- = Mf -L-*3J
,r-1" +r^Cyiel J
*$nr
6^21(
,sdtaliatt i
-+ A+ Uz)1r
Ftr Mu- ,At-= afgfoturL
#+f
,4u* . o,? t+ a,oo4 ? x Sfo (t- o.f,q )f- a.aa47 *3fo \*twrt
-.rlq
1-
a+/N x I? o
3 a /cN. -/-
ioC
-.--rr x '=l
2,2 -
t07
CIECULNR SLN6S
laLS &-
C,'rcular sla L.r *? ?crr*4/3 Us?/ as Lote 5
Co/amnr er Corer s/als fu elra,clqr .r/zrqe /Utks,
s kel nesl
etlo,,,
- r l "f i
(Atpp Lu i, ( fiRc -noA)
, b$1'ry9'
l
rq-alru sfue/
W;41 (^t ulfan .fr- pt*)
r"f a,
(*t?
lo 8,----'
t-l,nent h- C'-at(ar S lat t i-
LEL+-Ae--
- tAe -bo/ Ur'* areo Car w, dac ull*ral* lc-J fir
fer
. L* o1s.*j--k-44 rcnl;us 4 fi e-
-- Eh b ,7lee are 2 caseS:
._&
+
F-
,t"/t
- lo? -
J*---,---*-_-
& Circalar-- stal-ts rb Ae U,recl aS a t'ave' o&, a e:*rtlar
'ry
chforreqoaf-s fr tucrufe /i -: .^f-Mn, , L=-
2*L ---#e-*eL- I " z?-f t a. use 4/a^* A*-s--
Alc-&ea-
M4
ie-/d --Grfr-€-S,qvaK4EL Cg;w,t) -"
- a/h>rr/o teoJ
--_ u+=1,+* 3c62{ { t.7tfQt@L---
-*-
*
3* ?.3t?fr
-r.-a|47e)-
tto
p= Mu
6 f'hJ sfre/ tv; /rce*c^f , t!:e
dfi bJL
o,gq * /o6 = a,o/$d
R= L
o ,70lt 2{+/cz-a x?f
72"LA
f= *8 49 = o,o 62 * { /zff } o+oo?4*
Q/onn D t'to^- 3
/a?atrn
Saa a"t
c.a,dJ) (ua ,rryr)
l,ttt.
{s/. al
ba-/tb.t)
Lorye-oferzi,Es
-_------ t arEe etf dtuitt e
'
/ + r.---auis.a- a:een4fu*td---
1i.,..=ii
F t+\ Lt))on
s l I
r l I
it-
I r l
i
I iI
+-ffi
---$&--seaa
- af hfurefd Aq,r) - -r--
tt3--
- - fr', - 'a:- -
I
I
Crhrffil
il+
TRNNStrqK OT LOftDS
lN, Bvtt-Dtx& FRAvt rs
;
t , T,zns ftr< of, lo a^/s #am s/aLr rb b ea,ns : -
77te QneePt
Jines /s useJ, fl*rtollapf?rf\e sta-L Lreatks
"f TielJ
rab lzieces o,tul ac.L Tiece odtl Le cerried bd an ea.ge
bean , Far rcJzngul* slabs , fV" y;etJ -!;n. t mtke 4f"
d.t Cont€rS. TAuZ fhe recleqAa/* slaL is dftiJe-d i4*o 1wo
*ziaqr/er ort{ fr.aa hF" /b/-..A h<ut on &.
"4;"tqgs.7Ae
€q^c/"La,r, ,'5 d iV,'oley' bS- fue :rfan (or /engfu) .7? tAe leo*
lv oL/a'h a J,s/n'L*|r4 laa-J pe. vnit /o1|fu..
\ - . /
-\
<F\
,{..
t
+t
+ I
/.
z.-*
r . t
+-'2-------{ __>
t-
?/
' 'i
| |v | v
v \
tt5
:' 6lt4nf
stalg-a-e swaJfa|l oz 6eaaS*Ze-rhfesao! -0;te t", f
-4o frr
{he e.rt: cieot dpanl /od +.t fd/*i - ca/q/afe "#,*rl
-at fre Lu--f,.
1+fi _JI:ne_b.d,!,
_-___- v&= r E6+ Ju e, t r ? a)x t qJ
r//n Creqln
_ W4 - jr5:2?t = r rz * ll ecryh)
4.8
-aluw---
uts--tuEL-
€rd ^rr*zfs i" Ltqm on Lott sioles.--
*f-ilL*bLn.t (rl"e h fLe elea"l t ,td LIF-'I
(4):
(ff)o,
-14b*$tM
fl afurrn 4- ( 4l L"'ft*):-
"'/arf ftr
-ffi;,
l-----
f;-
[-/r-
t--_
_Jt8_-t
E
Mil_
-Una--
-lc . - -
--.-- frt rbrbl mrnrerrf nn a -Ca-/uan- i : f
h6 J2
Z K y;^f
Colr-"kle ttre hb,! meatq,ts
*t-
s 12 K // t ,-Ii* cc'dt-'"t leo^ ffi'
sok-*iom: -
: B z ( 6 t z^
aU-/ta*- -J,q--+
7wt. e *l -
IL
_
/z
___"
C . r _ ,qlo:i)T-
-ug
--7--T---7t- _---
-f
12_
: 6 t tCFt2l??n
a>zg+f ot GL t, T-
o " Cttt!"l3I
5
o, oa 2.133 6. oAZt33 o,a1.331 o.rt,3l21
6' '/
4 t 2. o3? KN.m
fe
golumoC
--.A..-/_
t@d toeal t _
326)
lz
c roaLlST
P, g^t+(f )+j^*(8 I
D 7 z
= 22+ KN
----t P -a 2 + t.zztt) a.tqf kN
o
: P-= oa*(tFL)
L
-__f-\*_--
t_J 3a/'ct
l t - -
t l
I-L
t | )u.zpisr -
61,lura
__.ra__
t22 _
_ PRESTRESSED C2NCRETE
-- is
---€#cl4h#Ee,;e"t&--te uccJ la {a,(e fle kzsrinn
- titfirce/ b ie c -
---Jt--'-
-4ho$LWAe-**sses-
*rgilLJq'tc
-l;t*1"o* I
- -fW *,a
@
--- -
^ f , t e a s , - r l
.'l^'4*-uJh;4e .s*t^Jtt,
{ a $ 7rr,,fd&
.
_J2+_
ItseJ -
Ec, i3
l. fte*ens;on;y
Here /le yrf.shess'ng s/ee/ w,'res a.t ,frnsrb^
whi/e in ik rnau/d leftre c-r'c,*e ,b cas|-. fr e an't*,s
"*l
r?mqin has,Loed until fhe Crnc& i,,s Aard aneA. frert rhe
*ertsiove is rc lea.rd *td goes rb GmferstZ2q ia rte corzcrcte.
Td1ryq al
one-ed, g*k{or, usd m, ei 7o ^ff7
knSian force5. 77ert /,te ioq(t ar€ rcleased qrd lhe lensis-z
in fte calles will goh h lle concre/e- ft,'s
@
,nerkod is Usd fr- /age pnsrtr,red @tcryte f,ea*t (SucA
as girde'rs) '
base
coLle
( frnchorage) ( flnchor%e)
L_--_ _
--3* t?T
II
i @*Thts ,fhrthkqfe u'// aa(e 4e aotle slorfer----
O t
-$*e-ts-loslt---
---____t
I
I
r2g __
S. ReJa*&an n
r-- -- Seaas-
-alaA+:
----*---/4ere Tho &/t .qr*i-,*;r-rrte/*,4Ae ar-A,s;r Le"^,. une
'*- is*-rta+ -sarka/-+Aso-*ejtAsecA| lqKps 4t slwit-
_2zs-ata-'f--sA'al_-3-W 7he+fu e /1 e gn ss -,
&b- ls uted e cqa ---fl ^ n.t ^ac t of /A o ^--4
/Lr-ttr +
-- f --<NaL-41 t**s/$,^tJ tt"lrbn ,tpJ) t4 ' neulnl
-=*-._,-._-F
a o a .
)&E*,+ "-'jrratfu.r
l-----------'
t----------
I
Ze S*egest,
(t
---J
- Ft*slreAd 1
,k .ffi
f u
t3t ---
cAec"t/-# frel-ade-t
i"*<-e,es,E--a+r-;tt}--
rZe-Leoa rcsf*e%;n@
44L-avt//-4aatrc*W@
- lZe Laa*_Sarfuc _uf^r;r4r_4E L__
qt uzds*
f*'y?:?t ptttlsttina
!+qm-!--
-fryr*&*-& ,q -
-{zrr-=.-firu,
qe .+- --*-+
:7-E--"-H;€
_Anfor- ^t
fcce
r€-3*--------- - A
a,z, uq '4'
t.
-g--Au-c"det
-_Ake-@Usp / ro=-Mftro,
\,
____!
I
l a \ z
&N.q-
L--
I -Mf-+(WT
t---
- - - - - - - - - _
( F,xeJeie S
(pe:*ad-C@rgfu
-$/wryA,- nf -r y c*vtne-J4-*-@
/t-*-+ztW+-
s- Vfa ttN ' -
----fu-=---631-*il-
Pl = Tfzrat
r. != t2,l?'a I
- t36 --
7{z* ti*t3 2
zl, ? ?,* lo ?
=t-
--?rrxffi
//t*bI 4.?ep167
.- t^,66qMFq (r t,o) --
-@, e.*"-tyrl--
-=-l*.2trM&- (+ )
-f-ft-<-a-agf<i,ery+-
SlatA_a'k-
-Af-Jota;--
= *12.
----= - "
{n *trT-- asr*t"rel? ,^ 4t,{Vtt*
tt4*to3 4,'lg * to ? i?ry:lJjoj'
-- -- 4 3*181 Mft
,G Q , E lr4!
n .T 7
s*ltP-A%" 6
t3z 4?.f?cl* lo
t l L t* h , 4'??# to +,?e*la?
= -lo '6clkN/
Q,E Mt
-3
t?-*
639,* to- 63r-# ttr+/32
ft,e
-ss?;it-u?*& i?s.s",
-f
1.?7* la 4.?l* h?
*-=-------r#!e9--
I
l
------"1
- ?,iJ
* lz--6o1-
SrofN
Szr*r"'hLet
,Q, E
#aa
-/$r---
--l
3_ ---l
----
r4l
F. Jofa'..
F , Jof,'an
A =t2.t?-
Ms = t 8'9- f'€of+f,trs*
* /o? = Jo l. s tt€s-
!'v"O r tx/ o/o6 -,v
,.4V
6.../2
= 3o/. 86{ ,(N.,-,
M, fur).Q'
zz?,ofg = ( z.sT+yaarafut,i
8 J
%aa = ry rtr/m
";
t43
CSacking tnrft,?rzt lh
lzrcslte*eJ
bnde bea,ns
fura srt-sr1'htle ! _
''? E=- _ &T-_( P#a,.ce z + ? q
Sa fr" c,mcKty/ ,.zoore-n-* Mc- i_r Cu/c,Jq/ed
.
Ne h? e
M"- -,
)
t44
Exa,arc/e t 7
M"' -, 2.
) + ;./oteol(!;re *dear) /on/ *o
CaUse C:aA< i7
?
C, =Jof
= l2.l1nr'
C2:lofa
sohlh'crr.: -
/,* I /,a"t f,,
i=o'7"7
=o.7 @ = 4-*(MA
Use.
4.fi6 = - 6gg+to3 63i *to3x t32
*3of+4*jof
//1t( tos 4,77 gtlol 1.??no
Th)s giv€s , Mr, = 2Uo. 26{ KN,
/
,<N.rn
Er tle *r* syVo.teJ Aearn, oce Mcn= fr'-!^
T
/+f
77zus
z&.26f
cl - 8r ) So 13.4?+ XN/-
Fr ( tz. , g)' Zr=
l t
mome,rvf in 4uge/ @ete Sectorts:_
7/t e
pes/trs.e-/ cnnctr*e Aos i
crqcks , L
{
J
I blot11 '\-* fr^
(tuPlug
- -/'-,
A \
I ordina^a ,J,;A-,-.
1i;'fr*;,
fre.fp,
s*ain
S/tpss(,5 in P S. C . ( st'rcsr- slrain rclql;o,
(sefiion ql dh*-te
rTrarn *rt f-, -l;gt, funsile sleel
) )
fu,'s girer,
a = -4Pt fet
td
@=t.t\{f #
ell etv
e=4/Lr (s/ee/ tu];. )
The u,/ha e-f e -orn crt ,' S ,
t r a / a =T C o l _ + )
=Ar,.h,(; _4trf
o.rt
"s
= /tt. fv, ( r - /-*: ).d
t V n = o . 9 oP / r e ( r - o . t ?/ . * ) L.ot^
f,-
7l;s is exaofly fTe
rt.-r/o fr- orJ,ha./ rcinf,-ce4
sefi'o-z t,/.f fO" is u:d inplace
1f t
wrile u)= f 4'/f:
., fhtn
oF
Mu= ?
,= e4 (t- o,f?at)
.7
" fi adz
or ft = c-4t( t- o. f? ut)
6xanpte a Un Cru-fc
16T
f: = 36M/o."-
/, MPa
sfee/ fi = i6,cr,
fpr= o. ts-/,
f-J Ma, ?
S a h,r-#ic, .' p
ttere =
frf" = llozt
f bJ 4n x 6ns
= oto?1ft3
atloarnS
.rulsh'htt ;
lt
-Y<Note , USin q
/
/)
{->cD ; o.) =--fu
/
"/:
-Ty of TortKg
- p es
f. Cirailar fan/(s.
2. reclaal ul a, |art Ks .
3 . sTnttre *on/G ,
4.
"pA"r,'q.-0 /"cnks .
5'
P"bgon*Q +ortks.
(.ranrt, ,r,
gravnd )
I F h; d fuK ,pu,,fi.ro/rA or
rcltlr'ne )
( swr'--r,y
*ook )
Glettelel lanp )
-Toar# -
t5o
or,ftre o*U
rt-, /,,7u/d
' &- _h*ers-rn:!r-"
tcsJ 14412 ZZfn"'tfuicr
- ctn rtr" an , t -n
h- l;7uid fu -*Lt'r
fir;ck.z"rr' 2zf,a,.t-nn2"
-l2fo
c " Gos, /e *7ysr
' ;n s)le--
n'n4-.u-,*
rv,\ e
kL/c.ru
- tzCokJlr_z
r5l
Aoi,*s in wa*e-TanKs :
5";nts 1z be vidd in at"*er ta.nKs
?.
me^J b e "/ rg/L-,at h,ee Q7e: ,
o r "'
a
t. Maueneaf
J.oi.?r*s ,
A . hs *n4cj7\h? /oia.iS a_"d
.
3 . Gmfora/
Jo;n*s.
( M.,V' P= ? )
\
v
,V
'\
/ \
8t B
Desbn S*eps :
r. Lef
D Le tte dianele,- of fire tarK a,nd p is fhe
harizorfJ Aydasful-ic prc,sure dae ha
ur}r. f,.ileJ
in lle fank.
inthe *a,nK in
mgfe-s + f t'ie fiie,(ne-t uf wall in een/;r&rr,
t5{
T'
ft s = R+= I
fis o' A, t Area of steel rcsisf
fs h*ptension p€r ntcr
lert7fh .f the wo,ll.
f,, , An"*",Ute*ensile slter
in s*ee | .
Q{= us
D:
- t4gx+
.v/ T = i j ' t - .
Hertre aloTf
R.f,n a, rt" i*".no! diqnefer
'f r,e tcnk and ilq.fe- fillel
,v a depftt
"f 3,f*, .
G /40 lrdaf f*zs,"o,Pero#"_ /r5lr
"f fie brr qt
fTte borforn
T'=+ */l D
= + ,( Eu?2
x 3.g+ B.f
= 2362i oJ
w lere; ts6
r^r: wei6At o/ wb;. mi* .f oofr- ( uw xg
/^s)
(q .gftr,t/n3) .
T: htdF t-nsi*1
= tA /7c,n
TVlekrlps5:
"f wa // f,qred
oT) €nf i.,'cn?
14r*nto
t = 3H+f
= 3x 3.f+g
=tf.fcn-
15{'
lOcm
K--
tomtt q! r Bcm
c-e
8^-
l7 cnc/6
3.5tr
t o.7f cn
c/c
/oram f kribte
ionr
,!-Lgq c-,
( circtlar -
wqter fuf
)
tt7
plerlce arvt
'f l-f
stee/ qt holtoo,
is lgm,n
of t o-7f c^ c/c & *op o/ fre
/ brs
"t uc// ;t ;, tn,n
l7cor
flrea "f slee/ con be su;hL/; varie6! beft,teert E5 %.
n"r" iuto
l:,;f s .
Is8
t/y'hc^-0 rciofirrr,zt,rrf in the wail e
:l#: rh;c?.
\ /14
P.rce'tfa7eo/a;s+;Lxh,aostee,l = o.g_o.l( l7-to \
@)
: o .2 S Z Y 'het'lr/r
afriela/<
', fls=
(bd; = 4 *tT*t6o
tf
= ,t colt
pn,rid lo ,n.rt f bart at c/c sfacry . /
"
o.7? ril(m A.
= /b.6 Crn
T;
tU t6cm .
. t -
-Tf L are
slqb /ze /aa,? ar'tar siJe
"/ wars ate can-r,u*<d mana/tf/
-,:rr4 , frrry /-s rto ,..o:,,! rrrg_./
u.T, Aorizq.f^-f otisplacemetf
/fre ua /r at ftn
"f J'(/a11!r* . fh;s caar. , L"ro^rn
-/
fl,Troli lTic darac/er,
fie f,ve/ L"lfa? iodu.e-r rzan*tt-r
in
r,e hok nta//' 77e hok welr
acfs Q' a hn*i/ev€r
q/ fre tohrn t/rxed
f". -eome /te,glt, and rbere
is lta Anp s*sr
at lolfon oV! rte Ank,
"*
of - %|r?tr,n lrnV
ad;n
'a$sls
"/ s,u/, /aoks, posifi,o*
& ,nzgrnr_la2
& E.pl- al of -o,hu,n
/ie /erp: dqe h*p fut,on
/a :t
c*hv"'*e/ ' B' ,w, anl /tozf adbn lorn a
"nor ;wE
*fi/tve'-dia?a,- be
wall sAout, ae/nnz. E, he ver/7,u!/
l?5 '!o"1'
7hr;6,1
ft ' load
4eK*t
conl,
a&br.
t+M/ --+l
p1 Defirnd pos;ltba (b) Horizont'0 pntttr€
af ierh'ca9 walt Cc)9dd. mtmatts
d;sth'hhe- af vari'* Hr;r,r,rr
t6o
/e getv€fle
fr//^. faLles /r- ta/h,,c/t fr'*d ,nonaf
S m4,atunt /r*F Ort,:Z i f"r locah|n r7e bosn S/aA
/-*,
carzbe fiunJouf .
2. Carpenf,T's mefhoJ ,
H. hrpenter ?ore CoefTryierts
F & K cnreroon OF h d,.// ereort
ra*,os -/
+' I A ,
tlrin, fhet" fupff)ar.er?,fs r'a/ues
C , ,f rt?agr,_u_g
rV.1
Fot;hbn 4 ^gnihtde o/ -*ulnuo, fioop y'?ts,o, cart Le
bde qA
fi ttors:
t ' B"A"'"
df rr4|rnurn /fu,e
rb.rrrLn arcve
ba.es. = /(
('/'- l.q)rnu* H
hhf z*os,bn: w ( H_ r<H)
€!
n'ii. rvaa+narz
Gnfi,ey'€r g.rV.
al A'AA = FwgS
v"Jrua./? K
+ f CqzLe rc4d
fu" EL/e (s).
lez
Exanp/e: DesiXn q circu-{o> /aaK
"/ ktsadff- /5oroao1Q;
71e j o;nf, Le*^tean v*h?ag w a tt
& fh e ba,.e s/q6
is /nory1olifhic . A
XooJ sait ,f Suf/r,cient beann
hport/ is c(t/ai /ctlle
4/ o.Sn Ae/oat U,
a
U1,
so h<u$'orn, G/o'r'/
"f *" /aa k : /fot oay _g;*ues.
Ysl,rine tf he lonK =
#
= ljo m3
f= 3t+f (r : tlier<ness
= 3x3*f oruret)
= /( Crrt
= a.4n
a 3
a a - 3 : a.S7S-
D T
H
= 3 ,-
6
v o"/4
2/.43
= ry6r-K)
2
_ tozdtrT* g (r_ a. 3?r?z
2 )
= 7275 k3
= Sqf Kt.*
= 3?fw K3 ,ctz
:kl
= o. n372x 3
= t.l7n.
Let' Mnn caytcry/eLe ured
fi, wh;64
c = 70 KA/r-,
t= /otntry/*"
rrt = /3
- l
f 3
_ _, _ g " + 1 6
3
= a,81t
I
e=:[rNJ'
= o . 5 a zV o x o ' 4 7 6 x o . 8 + /
= lt|,o 6 f6 /c-'
= 5.3 cm
=/4-4slocm
fl*= M
c
,Nlrsr.f tjJ
,' .
J=o,84/ 3?*/az"
I o .84/.tela *uzto
/;=/oztttgt_.1 = 1,7 c*r1
cn?
lJ=to J
t6s
pevids to ,nn E5 verh'ca.! aors ot
o '7? * /o-v
= /6,7 c- t% /6 c- c/c
4.7
@,
M*yrbzu,,z,l-f y'eosrin a/ t"
/g -
s /al fr",_ rhe La-re
= Z2"jkA
/, 54 C./(n
2fut c/c
S),n.'/ar/, _U be
Va.ohg vqrt€d
t l
C,-, We up y'ooerJs
Jo
fle 4r ",/ fie wo//. we Aave alopfeJ o zzaTyrT'ztu>7
VrrF
"/
fie 3o c-,n ay' -/ Z" rya// -
"5p
/3'- /,
::t-
Ptvqg
/O*a,o / ,t$ur
C-C
I D e-*aits€ ,e;nfi-.e-c,.t
)
t6?/
OY,,
l t M
hrs = v - ' a'r[T 17
ftla K b ,K=
n+r
j = t- K
p 3
'r- = -L Es
trl=E
7
Moms4/s: f.= o,+i/;
t, s,-p/sypo,feJ:^
z.
M/= Me*
v =/ +6 6cen/c,
)
?f'
MR = o t t/e= CdTe)
/€
ToR s/oh/
7 t-lT
Y
;Aeo.r ,s/rysr
," /lt,bknes_r
( r*r"
/*,,/ teaXfl )
/: T*
#o
r6q
TAe //crytr', fhfurpmt a,tr D€ealed:
'The
l, :;hecrr f /*u;t corzs/onf in ap_ clo-red jhin
_wq,ye.J
s ecj.'oo, . Th e s huri\f ,slte-rt T 47t," TLi n t
-fhe "x "t,
^% uo6 in walt, ht,t nuAj rema,ioA,nJ
T=Tt
an+ . Th; s ': oJortt 7u'7he / u-./
:"il wafe. in clo-
sel c'l"onnel (
f to* = velody * -recJz,on
*m)
P-"ft
frK" a &,,f out bh ,!on7i./l^di.q.g sechot,s
fer?rLrr
& Cbss SqJz'omS in a 'fti6d :
-+ ->
l/-
t
\__r'_
/1-
# <F_
r'.i-#
O
7r= T t, , frt edge 2 ,,fu, ,rl,es- //r^,
is
2r= ?z t. . 1z pnre F,= 4z,c-orzs;o/ r
fhe hori2on(. 0 (o- lo16;lrro/,hqg ) e7u;t|1_
rirrnr. T)(tt*-0 =Tz*tzx_g
,, ;"rA
f]€ t 4xtt= T2* t2 t oF Z,= 7, .
l4o
I'rtPo -t a.rt * no te: t
(zz CantTarzerz,f
naroza-/ tb lhe tube
" doet no+
exisf).
wq"ll
6e" tge)
*..tN
\ ? F
7
"')-r'7
@;q1,3-L
3 , T h e lv1le I -
,s ;
Ti27n
ulere n i: fie eda ertclosed L;L r2 e .o//
seqrbn . € fue
t7t
fr fe q r srv1( twgfi
( n- q-- d r in fTze ,uq//.Oe
sAar ,//* 7 = 7l ;nlfl-?)
w;/l prz&,ro rbque;
no*.t a.rr, /rr-r"
nor,ilrl t\tr .3,
JT= r. T,t dx z'--+;i:
= t - ,7 , d t
* f^!g'^f a
wrlere
.- "4- (n_B)
r is rtarnot! lz 6_ B) /rtu
o riX in O ,:'
Cs, n3 oria ]
P';a/ t'o5,/s C",
*r*r;r'l;"
*
ve ar€a o/ rhe *nhog/e
{/ o- "aB
ea
tlgs dH={rds
rha , dT:2?a/n
fz2an
2z faa (ot /'s Crr?tf*nr')
2
TVqz o
t -
T=2?fr 4 4 = -- r d s ^
,/
- ./
//2
.-< / ? r
u
.'-/ t
--" /_
c/s B
where.. J f ds ..
tri /7t"
c T Con/our ;a/gr-.! (hxen t end
t1,e se&'*, ) .
t72
Deifiv The /zryue - tuis f ,eloh'on i s _!;n edr
"h^on:
( lrnfi -0,aw)
.
T- ,
4t?e OrUtcnt k - ts hrsi"rt a{
e
sr|.gn erf .
fr*t)+(va{;V)
(rxt) + (c,nefa*t)
I
dpa
t7s
TAe efkma! utor/l is )
W=
*-u
as (T- e ) rcJqfi>n is !;n eorr-
t (varg;at1
T (vary iaX)
l. -a
frp )n/e*o/ ,sltarh *oV#
as T is fle
%rfu-rs in 4" foAe.
l(ua/.)=Q.t.ds ( n o A t m e. / o
,1.,p)
T=+:4
+
salslrele,
? 1
' zTn- +
t 2t
(couoto-
U= I ' Jni ' t - l s
,>frlral) 2zcr
"u
T7 2-
=
cr
f
*zo "/s:ffiI+
rn
or T: 4n2
( o/s
'+'e
.rT
OarnTa* rb T -
tr.e ,fhen f= 4
f4s
.rT
( ,'n 4e weA)
.
Zr-j = /r. -
b,
i=-
( sla-
,/t * )Jt -d,e,
t7f
r. 4 lu bp
"jP kng tt 8oo*,n g r.eelufl
u/a.- Ce// Ca^r tha7rrz
,'s Un/er a lorf u e 2 K,V..n . ca/ ce+lalefrc *rf k )
ea,,h7 shesre-r +
{u,s / & o/ so 12e in //e iq.// f*
1/ v *
lule ? Q.3crtzil/-.n 2 ?
g o h^*irrr: -
Firs f fieQJosel
"Frll
areA t
A = 2n x l2o = 2itw ,.2
use T= e/fr
= il/,on' ,
#
= 4/.667 ,(/r,o,-,
7)e tleo,nlf s/wsres irt fr e ua// ), ;
o
7: J-
/a r'le wa// 4/.667 t
"/ 4ma .t t= lo .1/7 N/.-z
1
ln rte wa// o/ j_^ ; T. - 1 =1 . 6 6 7 /3.58? N/--z
3
TAt fie'
.%l "/ a,tt,oy'*IJ" fz
//ere (rT'= 4n3
f ds
c u t
/76
4 t+Czquo )2
,(+*#) = 12'8 -* /o6.-4
elnuls (T)
Use 0 = -ef,
u 2* to6x gaz = /.t6J *rc L;.o,
8o tt /ostf /2 ^8 ,F/o6
rcpolr^h
3 /.i6J */;+ -e
furc h lats ! o T
= @o87ff3
/ere Fx= - P .
arca € rott
) F J= T 7 = o
q
+ 7...,
xJ -= --F -
1aa//esf ft|"koerr
TJt=Tt,:o
1r
?
(ftt)
lvay;\)
!r,
L?'/
7, Le r?re slea, f,* "/ ee// t ( riy',t enc/o"rr/
a& P, + fr;*aess /, ) & /el
7^ Le ilu slear fto_
irt ce// 2 (-;/d Thic,(aer:: fz
';|eJ'/ + enc/ostrf ar<4 Or) ,
7]e J'hphfi;-t lor a. sAea- /a, (2,-Fu) 4 tu,q&'a
t-" '
Q:24/r
7]e rbVue Tz in ce// z tV fr e ,sAeo-
,//* Z , 1s.)
Q = zAzEz