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o\

?frrt f r-
sT4ucruRnL A GsTC:ltN TN CorvC,,? E T E

=J l\a-bow5 C frC Z Code ,rs fitn*el)

ftCT ' ftmenca,ri@ncde ,'n*4&rfe

f . s;n7f srPPrM & fu/,hu?1/2. ba,ms.


2. fir: - tzaT dfl" -?p"r*ed ,s/a-Ls.

3 . fria - ,% Colunn-.suy/arte4 ,-=/a.bs(F/a*-s/q4s)


.
+, One- wa.r/4T-ua-wd'U riLbd s/a,Ls, (fr- .!"-1 e
S/an-s) i ..

E. Cr-a/a,-s/aLs (d/" tyorfd)

6 . 07 €nln7s i n ,S/aA-; .

? s f u i r c a s e. r
B C"rhles G, Lrac,Aef-s) .

q ' sfturlula! f*. fn canrre/e (-s/aLs, beemr gco(,u,tn


",
lo. ?,e*o."1 &crcle b&*-s. (fto)

+ fl = 2r ME fr- (1,2'4 )
*a,/e- so/ ,1-,, LaTlf
V ;h-f
C-oNnur/oUS
,FfnVs

?-fI 'rd Banr:-


"?
s;qf bea,ns ar€
h "?por/at
used fuf*/f /;c precd,st'carrt?aciins ( fAor4 Ln'dXe
ba*s,). 74,'r l*-t )t rtof beana_e
€ccr?a>rz.c
W {
f hbh Mrf, ,'to>r#s ay' p,!-s7ao + /r;jt' Jef/e.lwr.

Nrtg: Tb es-re =2t *rrrr+uhht,


)f used Lecouras

l. +rq fu -pate-/ /ads C 7t4e-rurlece.lo"/srL,|re-0"*t,


2 .- - ) .T7re se/1/_rrt",ltr iS na* g;ra .

2 tf, rLe J,^ht b,s


"A f fu, Lea- (w;Jfl,a Jyft*).
fl,e.te d.ft ,eyrre/ rb eS/'-ay'e TL< sef-r"r7/t./Ze
f,u*n .
1+ 6- 77rc t Cqrrsu,lf flCf Gde ( nlh
*L 7.s-6o5)
.77t,"
Ji'rer .a= fr- J"puut* cq/z?/.
+
7A-e.w,Jfl, lt **r9 .syeri/io/ aA D- +a 2 D or
3 3 B\vul
q iudXnenf
@
B. Cf& 77"eu/l;"hu -!"ont

[t/u=t.4 wJ + t'7 ds (tJ frcf c.de)

+. b/e /l,c maz,|rur2, nd,?


fo.**re narre.,fG?
nid - Yon )
'4:u'
Mu- ( M,,= u-[+^ofe-o,af)
I
5' V4AA
fraJ TLe ryz*rcd enfirrea*af fls.

i) ure Mu= #FA 0- o.s? 4q,LJt


rt'/
,le,< /. /h. -rrbe/ &" _ o.?o
# & *
77cffid* JVL J A (J= @. &rz.-enrrcfro*)
(+z ceal=rgl-sfrel)
7z;s ft-uy'- a se@72/
il"e furce ef4/4/-r . (Jse
/tefi,-,u,to -rb/rl-e I

;i) usechrre-r
€ *f fr./,//",u,t .fr +
# ft
iii) Use hL/e: p= Y:
f aX*nrt' d- g
+/i LJ2 f{
Hve L"tL K&ul arp J,m€nsr.on.(err^
ffim uJ firJ

cAerr(tfit'n
E, <p< p
\, \ l-ry tn
6z)
5
c-4"9e
-

r' /f f< Ea
Herce;tte, Use(ftfr,n) or deuvrcnLe utiJrL(b) o-
)tflf d) 0r boTL toF 4;Xtu. 'f )

KeTat TZz calur/ahbrt4- wu4 Mu ?? whX?

2' P Prry , ft',e *rJt (b).r 7?,ealr


/Len ,nueese
/f )
d) or brL h fef Jwu f, ff fueJrne,no'ons "/ il.e
seclim a;e tftn'freJ (to* qltoweJ fu ./"*rge) kn dge
douA/e ,uin79rce^ent ( in a'zzVres-r,,'a-r)

/:AE*,
ule, .she/ ale /, )s Jekrn;r@/ ,fraa tLe sT4el
J*il/r
"lorr . Dra-w 77,18 ,/ rcnfi.<entu"f

Nofe a-
-
nof /e-rs TLoo * *rfine-eds
afirzu;y latLc endr'

m'nf,ruref (
p/so, nga/t,re rnonent' + -+ "f fosr*inenn e,f
P-f,oenuf is neeled ) ' 1-* n'
6 . ohz,l< fr. Jef /eaorys(qt., "/-sVan)

A =* * ' #
wLere n/ = wd + dl (serrie /aa/ )

f; = 4?oo ,f (rtoolu[ur ./ eloshc)! fu crrLcrefe)


(;, N/-mL or MPa )

-T"z' ( fr-
A flmstar€a), "ffnx;,,eft .
6- iatfnve/ ./ Z, 2 carlsu/t fr C -T aAe
( eN*' q'7)

Atso &nSu/t ACf Gok fu /r?dx,,.nutnoJlov*L/e

Je/'teofrb-s (To 51a q. 5 b ) .

,]r t- l^*- h-o


lofe rLe
(7.)(gtarlofe rLe craa(iaq
^^--,,.
aaat;a6 ^^- , h
mon,af
monraf ^-J
Ma-
M.- use tvl
use M
=: 0 -
\y +. V
,rt/ure/, ere (I); t ,f- ,2r61va4d furfrr,oeJ seal-,,m er
ouXh$ Z = fr- s 4 (= fr-
xf*a/e calcay'a-han
2 "fFn
-- o'/,/f[.
- l-o
+ ry]urr (rry,hu-
lelsile .rfosr in , fi ,'n Mn (*N/,h).

ftlso / = D -C tLe dtstb"tce'f fu' *rsr'"-'frre E"r-


. R"flhb use 7=
sNt's
fl'e nuhm-7 i
Se&Lms.
Z=).
8 . Coluilafe 7Le *€ry'lc€ ,oo'u,t Mf
. n2-
M g , !::t ulrerc er)= wo1+ u/1
5
Mo''
Ctrnpare MS utiltu

q . DesiXn fl- u/eL (o. t ansre.reshar) ,e;r.fircerernt'


.
Use v*h ca-(54r.u7s (w;tt+ z leXs) S ped
fl- ba- J,cne-.?er
4 frh / tz"eqrlactnfl; S

D idJe f/"e .sVan;n'h s

S har Reinft rC€ne"f,-s Zn


9eo-S s-

w;-4 \*o'=
nE,L-.i

(sf*"-J
al = l- 1/6 )

1'/c

4{_ cralK
GsiJer a forilon I Leo- r*tole.4yt s6a*na7
rto" v.
7/tc*ed fLezV{e, _flear ch_LKs
zdrt4.-S*ess an 72"< -reaftzn f, ,
r
n/ = ('f Acr cdr)
*

77,oe Corzctfe Un lake a s/,,a.riV _r/rer: ./c , /r r.e

ryc- + 6 NE,) t ;,.,t:rrrytsrter)


a A -
ry, = (ft (vA)
(VA) (in u/zt) -rrlv,''qrt ),
(in u/zl,,,afe
? ?{ft Q =o.Ks-
Na h'ce i -

U = % - ( b*l ) ,'s fle .;Aa-,ratr4 htuz


l; TZE hc&e -rer,#Zrz

&ses t -
l. 4" ute mhfour,t .;/ra,r
l/ )^/ rvh/rce-re,f

2 // *: ,- ,h:;;::;+te bltu
hKert

7Z,e -lens|art in ske/ T ' A-'f- ^rat ltol'/e ^fy#


fi42 €xcesr 1*tsio-, Pi = E ' L* in
flrrf cs,ft bolotzce
"i
. E,.rt F^l
Cqncel-e /t"e /*'XrZ" ng L& nile ./ sfne-r.

S sino(
ffrr B = I S
J- a- o . 2 4 -
'tt -K^ \'Y ^Yto,QbWvo .o S
t , s ) n N
/^
(gt :- -
"vt =
o<+sinog) I
T6 /r _'.
(atx+s;n q)
+

vo ('S IE*a )

} .+ - d +
t.rs t{^( 4-"1') Ir,,rTre*1+- $

s.xs .F \ l
b*, Q\ ( n9* : t-Jtr^^r^J\
?'rc
}t $*s S \-*sr rr*Lk*1 qa1=e*$

$*-* q-sas *i,.n - Sku.-uV (t*f '

:.q S\-"*"t{ nA\v-.h{ \tn-ou$ \

V* -vq
-.L= 5a N*d
\

aLxi,.t . Sl"--
.**}ts=t
;

!
tg
' t)se verh'cJ e4ail;Lefum,il,crt T s;n 6= RJ . s;n4*
B,cf fi= A", Fu t il<n 2

flnfus,nq=J S-
rtL

(rtar^o.(1v -rhean
6. best shear ,t;n/rce-et ,Use n=oi
cnr-{s) tft;s is in 7ar*ce
"l;/l'c'rtt

6t tute in vra*Le (/te x = 700( uer,col -*r^ter ) .


T '
V,zn fLe rydrr'r2q ban-e, 3
, f
,.= TA"f" arry--v-^/c
{, bw

E. W'*a/p s4eryft, t
n , vu
uu= ( aclttetty onr'/,esee-r)
W

Nc=
+,1'T
/ /
So LLSe M=1/u=NU-^/C

ftlso) tArc
W e /,= fr
fn = fy (yeU -rrrer7/2" sr+e/
f )
fn 'tc/*'yutLr t€4>h s ufe (L* = L .
, )
R.c. Eanr
ul*irafe nrmrrrf- (Mn)

ft ,ed,trto',ft.hr- (+-o,7) ,r UreJ ?bAef


(,-t,t = + Mn)

ban, fi;t 2
'ft=Zf
flire, 1
/-
3 z f kN /-

fh = 4to Nf-'
L

+f
+?{
qzr
75
3oz
Sec'/-/ S€c 2-?-
S ohrh'on^
4, 3fq ,x Lt -- /25-{ -nL

2--
(
La 3a-?yq?f

a/t:
: g -tu3?

/4u = o ' 1 * p.c)zqEff-t X4ta


( t- o.f?

? o=, X(qzrj'
t.7Kz*,j N . n n , = l . ? 6 2 ^ ,ro^ 8 , ' 6
xlo = -I+SA kN,,n
ltnr,*, 4 fuo. tee/-/rfec-
z_Z

Wu
Z MB=o

q/% ut\ -< tz )+3 fr q wl

RA= 4wu
El 3Y
a^^ qZ
1l n2
9nRpQ) ?uu+ +%ni
= o
f urn
= ) R A =- L n - # * fi= 4m ' Jwr

?z
=
T-**
= +tr*

,ft=9M,,
4urw. vrwx )@= 4-)
.+
M u ^o.3 tl Ltrn ,* -7- =
Eua kN.n ( c_/ru /
)
o r M ;+ =
4htr)+q-M**4x+=sq
KN._
Wu* t*4. = 4.f utrn
"tf,^o*.= krV.,*,

8 w u= t 7 K . z
Vn -- 22, z7r
kN /-

bvh : /.4 arJ + t. ? hJL

%=o.3xo.f Xzf = ?.Tf /rN/_


Zz .z7f = t.rt ar4 +/,T Ct.
t7.L'LTi
--- t'4 et3'7f n l'? Wt
t t, M -tt ^F
,*;+'-

=) WLz lct.ot4 ftrv/h


b\fL = tSkN/n

GX2:-

Desgn rZe E C. 8a,-,


Shcrwn belonl , ;/

ft= 2t N/-^z
/c = 2{ kN/- 3

ry = 4/a Nf-,L
w4 _ t{kn/n

?a"n:
o /"=
|6.5
: lVd . ,t E -,-,
ar t ?dttt,
3 7f-*'
t
We h= €oo-,n , 4 = 52{nr,*,

L = + - +t ' ' , ute L = 3oo o,n,

Wd = 2{ x a. 3 x a, ( x I = +.f k'V/*

tt\ = tf)( t.T + t+.fxt.+ = 3t.8 kN/n,

@ C'a,/ct
/ar'e fZe B. rvt.

sl.8 xtz x 3
Rn= = 1 2 7 .z k N
ur,^: 3l,E
/= 4m
A
KB = 2{4' + k N / ?tn s hco,.

+
Mu^*t = -t27.2x+ = 2r/r.4 rN. n,
t
of
ft7.2(u) -7t.gx ,r*\=H*=
29q,4t(tr.mt
M; = 3t,t x I = t+3.t rcN.,-t
z

*=6csa-T = 52{-*'
f= d* -eo- r6-
€_,o
v izs-l
tata J

ifln '/. +v€ B. M.

t<^ = o-lez7g
o . ? x z t x 3 a t tx , z t 2

fr*, GL/e s cd =o.t FZf

: o'61611
H*.= o.Ti fo.S{xo.g{4#, #]
o. K.
frs= y't"t = o,oo?g4T(X3ooXO25
= t z + 7 2 . 2 1 t +- - Z

U s et 6#tg =6xz{f = tf 3a .*2

Denjn fr- ngah'r? 8. M.


Mu = /tl3 ,t Ri/. n
,/, t 13 ,, x to6
K- 3o.ogtf{ +ca4o-o77
o,? X 2lX3"z X52f z
r) _ Qt
(=",oq7 X : -= o ' 0 6 4 q 7
4lo
> 2I a,' . t
/

\ [-q.

f r s = o . O o 4 g ?X S o ax 5 2f = V(,z.?7r -,'

f t s = A Q t 6 + A # / E = / xzot + Zxzg -- E{z


7782.?7.f
o.A.
-
(lf*=3t-B'.N/-
(\-/\-,-1-/ L.t1-'l-, L- c- z16

D d/" suTvorts is :-
/n-,
Vu= - gl,L r o-92{ -
246 .ofz RN ( u_Q+i*o*e
2_ S L<o.n)

ur= L.l 6,ojLx


= l.f{ N/rnL
bJ tao x 7Lf

V'c . - -A , EvJc
_ oJs-
o
-- C
\4J gLezr rv,v./.te*,,e;f |t /rce-tG/ .
Ex: pet,jn -the shear reinr$rcer*r.tr€ r T7* L*,-,, :ill*n

8#zt.-
|

Cu.l v=o 4g*E


Tl "t2t12
+ 2
3t+ kN
@ n E;r/ (v,r) Jr\Ltri= iatt,^.*tt t-

4? ktt/-t Vu = 3tT - o'45 7'7( +?


*-__,\ =274'6
-:-r
: -
|.ts , oN' sha"r '
i-?*E;-rl -/
3t7 cd
@ t-Jt
A"o-
cub'&u)

gut
vu= zq4. 6 kN
,TLa., ae neeJ fu4
s)ace (,u, jhcrr
) * v.) wea renT6rre,ae_.Lt
Qv. : 5 2

c y ' =o - S f
G
@ %< tl
22+
+,6 LNJ e se csl'*, ,'s

*:4 -3aut - -
?-w l'tf ' , ,+.ditr
| t
t; -u_irs4
,(s, 7.t
)-,tt-rsLr
/^ :
r Lt'J lo.,lD/

vu
vu,=f6,+#v.
4uc
),b- tt: ( c) '^- {,r | {1} t to Y 6ve
. ( S_ry.) IL

+6 L - J =2 4 o
!""f A uu,D uS olislvnceF'",s.
-r Sirtce U.
6 vuD cJ) Jis/u'c Fa"n's
)
L
{z+,
2L1

+=45?/2.
(

3xZx4qlll'l rlle S \^
=6f4rn
3oa

k t"fry =) 'tte ,rt"t (ar',tln / )


z*?€)2.;2
- : Zt:Vl,l

z x 7? x4 lqxqsT
vs
= 133.j --

Use 5o = I to m'n
n"fta
+ \4=
.t
o,8{xz
V,/,. fvs,+QVc +, Vr
RN Srrr,^.t
et4
ur,= #4r+ev 2tr.4
I
= lll.4 + to4 h
I
F
= 2tr,4 XN I
ts
-nilr
!,2 yor*,i el/t ,r dD ,;
.il,ttu &) ;r r t:yr 3t+ - tAo 3l? -Vur
.(a_L=c) (3ra) lo
6drt
+ b = 2o74n*,
(a-b=c)
S*,4):2it-!, olDp
@'
ge=fg -- (onn ?Dno
z a \ - \
Vu=3t71

#V"
4'g-s
._l
*u"1
t

teu,
\

*
z
2 45o am

--; 13. o iAy'

6Vsx =
8x

/;./ vu* ,t J;stbtre /o


^t ( Soon^F tdo?) -n) su?aoTf
L-. Aj.t( vuD 2 y^t. ,1u,- ,-
&-

ti ry=o
Vu, = 3t7.6 -o.\ * t1f6

n5 JZ --tt 3.q
= t3t kN
a.6f
s>r = = 2X77 X 276 x fcro
Vt* t3t
= t6{ ao,

$oo - 6o =7+o a
a t
7+o €.2 u.te 7Dl2o
t20 -i
ct r ,llt-a)at g,€St I s"r'
7 x l 2 o = 8'l o -o,
$ = l2-o

L = t t 2 3- l o c t =223 2-2-3
) = 1,3? tlSe 2E te" -- -cx
t60

c - = 2 2 6 o - C 8 + o + g z o - +6 o ) s l o 4 o

Jo=4: =4.tc use jEAEa


25o

tVo te
- Vu-u- = Arfl
O "l Q7,tz.re a,rp , t?.ta (artknazont
s+4")
us*+ll3Spa-crrt1
, nv g fr"o/<s.l . el.ecK
L5 fr cl cc*o(e
.
n q c-Je (tf ) P. /,/l

Zf vu fl"u*r r<i,/. i, neeJed.


2r.
S -
a I A vf u
Vr- u.
{u.Qr{. V< qt< no?nfut@-I.sh &n. rc;o/-

-* -r/ uq(*q fio she., rc;"


JL
GNTINA)US p.c. Bar4s

TzereLeo*r hare frrc a/ranh-|" ./*c//er vo/uet


)*) "/
d,-/.q./ t bd;nX mar>2et?fs( io Tzei*'v< or r7egafire re 7 ion-r) .
s.;9>t,5;1 A tso i-n Je//eclbns ^I mrd- loons are sae)/e'- Eal
qhercis ,l;/hc.c/fr| h fm&ce Tb a.0,go rt.e -syVrb.

Co/c"t"j'o n,s -f f*ih'veSneJ alire nd'ij


.nan#::
t . fi-, y Co/cule.t" flu Ple,ze be'tdioj /zanut;f,s ( t
f trl t'
,niJ -VJa,rti * ,?qh}rc ben/int -e-'r*tft ( ore'ntV/ofu)
6ragir
' l e l
&/e h JeaJ /oaJs *U ( r?4*P,,talt-* &nOfucr,-f
)tuj 6 M - p t - M - h
-!n"'ts1
1- ue 7fte ?,t 1,*,./ fZo* mo,,ds or rZe ,/tsu _
de//e&*, zef?coJ or &te mw,ta.*t//r/nLr.hor, -sL"J .

2.F, rt, Fhr< uer/,,y,naro4t'& */Zoo, a/,,^! rb


n;n, /oaJ{ ,1d-frume
a-rtumeAe
ee (,;.<
4L< 0"ol
0"o,/ q/fr1/ro@n
4
(o, s/? 77rA-*Von 4- f1.e a//ernafe Voaq) .

-"*4.:/6q ! U-se% mU?to{in Shk:qtrv (,nhh.oneJ,o r), EJ4.f.<


;''q",ed
va!'/es fu-22"e Je../ egiv</a-./r hJet r?'efn./ ru!^ne
##;,i;
6"ui2yS ?
of 7";r'h',4 lntaufu'f ;n fuzfs/o7
t "/?€^*&nfu.-rz*.rs.
2 *.lcf
(spas)) r
3. Er frre ne,1a.h* o,m,al- orr€r % YPorf /^Arb -!.;re-0' J,
dsr,t2efl,eb,* !r,./ ry-{, y-?:.forr € fuyn77ori
o, 5,i,rV)':tlxrg's 1
f
nJJ lhir -16ne ,/alr e Qu-rZe /ez,^d/oalr ,e ,gF fue
frn./ ralne ./ fr, negahre al r?""X syVtr/.I€ePeat
8. a{Ler syartr'
4 . Un/e,- Cuzbin Cdn.U,h'a,
t 2gfe maneruf Cue,// rcieaf t
L nc-T 6e/€ ( 8.9.s) F. gt
il
n=# i=N'
d,np s Vporkd s ugrcsftarh
e"/
t
a-;t*':Y
Qn = detrsfan

No/e,
!J/,k/r=,145.,g uu,!o2
( aver lo) J" t^( t gF t'_U t
*t;) y,Jr tit lrSt'"d
| ( s*el aela;l;y )
fu f*{,be * t (2 yns)
Jek,'/,nJtlr€: n = Y",/;-l
[7+=
n il
6 w""{t
t6 M=ry U:N
: wn.lozt
(, ,f,pH
oe-, t4=
ff')
Des;5n frceJ.rtre-r:-
I' sftc;$ lue !;rr lou.d4erhnate fue Jeol /eael ("ur/
'zcilt* *,fur,V .L*ls) ry oJefrLfu* pcf ccdl€
(fi L/, ?'{a) .

2 . Cob.I^I"e f1"eu,/-ibrd& ^{t*l M 4zLe-, M/f eM:

3-tralsfuelrafuAf*r?,-uttkelFtrdesb''/f,t')
"r{ee/ .
4- DeriTnrt-.skq ranfi'*n

6xo?a/e '' ( P.c, @/;ouauf te.ot ).

rt ,€c' bam (sha-n ola"re) is tz Le lesgod .fue Lu.n wr'//


hav€ a reSrVu/ar Serlot *,-/ft. 4oom,vt
"f ,fu€ bz& nrx is
t: t !: 3 '.v,'/t-ru/c- 5a / giv";,ytfuVfu fA :27HR *dadlr
'/c = A r/., rN/-3. a|E
*:( Aos y iet4E/ = 4toMR 77"esan/oa
l.o"J Gmes fr* .*!h4rt loun ./ r*rt g d*,s,-/ f=zz xil/-3.
Tl.tf Spgy''e-J -A;,r</*.ro{ )s .n p<//,.,2- Caftnt*e r?*eJf fr*
+7LI rcinfue-{ !r€- fkxurc (1tu*/,Ll)*sLesr r ' 4-Jra;t"7
r t i n f i r c e m o n l - ? ( A c t ' ? q/6r =
i ?a o l - - z ,l ,
Nafr 't#a*'rc
dnrr = Fo+2oi/o= go.,rr
i, JelclL"d. - 6oa -f,o - f4on,,

? Q2o n-
laa.N'^/v)
- -S;tl-rar- r
I;-'n;- [- t2'lv'; fl
(,, oxtdd,t*. t,^i,4
,€,c.sLn8s

P.c , s ldL-f have-terer4.1 ry-


a
l , A n e - w aLlf S l a b- s g -
fle:e are urtiJ e rcc*l^g ^! on b ean s
5fanninXin onealte&'an. Fttrura!. br borrol,',V)rcinforc-
neruf is,p€eoleJ )o rzi-r -tpa,n. F..tl"e ort'", J;rcfioro,
o4l>
lt-zJt /

ol;s/-n'buh'insy're/( fi- shnbko7e &fr-Ferarltrc /4h^f


f= o,oo2 ) ;s ,treJe/ , s*.+-t
='ifl .Lte-TLhair
- J u - l t e?kD
nli + J€-

Tw o -wat1 siobs occur ia :


J

i. .r/alr t?Forkl o--v,ttvo aVpo.nleeJTes +


F&*gulor
fo, in7he ofi,^er1t o'€d3e5.
The er/.ferA,"" 4o, t5 fl"e drs*-tre b*ueen fLr /yyo
suTTarkJ (o. frxtd ) dXer.

it' . Puj*,g ulqr s laL s stp'rfo/ (0, /,xe/ ) ono// fru. dto
b'L+ har ,{ enqfL ?or< TZan /t'uZe fi"e tudrL . Z, ery'fug*
sva.rtis rnin s/,*t d'ruffi1fr'e n'idrL)'Fttx;ffi
rtee/ ed in fZ i S,S/ur f , lfrccr4'oq,D ;s/ib^th
,e;n lrrz< - c,,f rS
(/*g) dircc/^oz'
,f"'rt ,rtrLe ofioer

2 .-/ wo - wol dJ , SuyTar/d -s/4,/st -


TZese anv ,eob"gu/"n
:s/aLs drLq/l fur en$es s'ftrtd * frxed )-lu,d
-\p^Xn- -\,"st tr"-r, 4wice. f\*e tu'Jrt". f/gx,,Lra-(
Gt budiy)
runfrtou,a.fs dre nezsled )n bofi' dire+*q .7he S/,rrf
\' r
d;rer*on ,vyirt S n.ars s/ee/. ll Jv'i:P t 34it| Qq rLrs
3. Two - Wdj Glrnn SupVorlds /aLr (a/s" CelI ed
F/'/ ,-r/eL)e-
rt ,
fu"' 5 h.bf
nant v r t o gv-J'
/qeL*r-f.u**;u
on-_n

Fu"ra,! ,v;rfuare,"f are ndel in LaL d;rqr|' s.


/l"e ry d,re*oz ryirc: rr26'rts fue/. .2t; -,t/,Jv;t-)
LeaO .z riu ojt
\l y4,* !+ z. Y -lr4
"1?:ttu V
No*e : -
- n// Tyger "/ Sht t Usuttl Ne4 No -slear
,(a'ofrren-q,f' I' "-*t t(').. V r-z t;' v "t7,ry
: ,t'l Pe .t.ail, 8e ai)

Two-WnY FDeqE
8uPPoRTEn stABS,
frtvtdq /r,enJa/ fr eorlt r- ( 2-w*il -S'-1.r! r:..*,17,3,!rrr

ConsiJer d/n eJXe *r"/ofrrfel


rec+<ng'w slaL wdq (na ur CF"r,tn,-f arre)
.
Th if s ta.L r s q.ssumel 4b acf af a ,
Lfu*s )n L"fi'- 't;'eg'10'?5.
77,,'son'"/4,:;i"ft
/
La.* is I un,T.

Z Ke /7,-e cda_( Lu*.r &_ puLfos e


".f
^4, is . Let ft^e /eal ,,n( per ,Ln,-toA1 L e
al itriJ<a ;r1JV ureL ,n TL.e shnr f J,'ryc-{t,o-, (.spoa7
-0^) & *f ,n-fLe J^J Ji,vc];"* Csf* Jt")
Easic Crncerot , -

wu( Fr,*t,-t ,!ar7rt.) % rrr^ (per uit,u4^)

of

r - Q " l
l. -{s -l r-
tw I (6ro) |
( L eo* ;n /,n7 el;reclr'on) ( b a.n in sAart J'kd''on)
I Beo- n-A)
A ' r t

Atr,e Je/k&'r*, Aq d* nnn


lC-spn at -Slrur+ sPtut 7S -'
7 r

Ac.=d- # (=J 4

TLe ole/ te 4r'r"'' bb


",t vriJspaa tf /*J sP* rS

'D6 = x yo . Ju+
eru
Nha^e t d, = ;f ?.rt/s afr
6ra- fihp/y
384 , r -sut
-//",{eJ
-r,/,,+z
I
*rtot 4. -- ;f boft- enels d,rvfi:r=-t *!*:JA
334 C-.,-*)'

frls" E7: €c C F- C",ncrcje ), boTL -sp*, r)

- T n = f6 = + . 1 . 1 3
tz
= ft ( E, L'n* spd,,s).
vs< fl"e Coytd;h'fr. f Ao. - As ' ,Te'
ua.{o+ -- *o,{?4
x^ - ^oE ; E .
€Jj-
6Y Y-o =
.^"b +'/ /
T7nert
4=to
, Wo: uf,
(W"
(
"ql*!
st^L).
)

X/ Jo=z1o Crec*'yulo,r
sIo-L).

"f74e11 Ea = /6 (lIO gnt (,f :


4,n+ dU t1n&n,
,
,a
0 t r(/\
-. = -/\ w :a-lqurr
l]
= qq / ,f- u\r ,/,t),"fr\
J

(,{I, I
.c = Uf = O- o6 &r : 6 /. * Cue/ snatt)
t+ "f
-Th;s i s J{JP
* fle -!|^ i-t 7& 41", z.w4-ac-{r\.n* .

-
$esl3n af two -w-! s tah r '
= -|und urd c7e, wi+ o'rea'\is sgec'f;u /,v|#^
lL"e oleed btJ ( ft'e s?/f ,z;7A* 1 lLe
z. €:li-a/<
s"drr"1 t'o-adr) uI; (7e. un,t arco) ' 6r rb?e! zI;rKnets
-!" wQ rtCZ cele
v
A _ t
De.;me/er
th > Lo+^^) t a
- (s,',-27/;
/,Ad )
t8o
3 . (a(ulqfe ft"e UkAo-fe -1" o(&_- t.ou{]+ ,.7
"J %
( rcz c"J,
/t, Calulhle
rLe frg&'re be*.di<g rr76mer,* 1q+ ,_t
m;J -sry,y, ra TLc s/zo, t J,'rv&'*, 7 Ut e $Cf GJ<
(ydZoJ 3) :
M I = C A . o(,t . q % ) 4 o ' * c n . r r ( % " 8 ) t :
(Puu,twdh'
fue C'efl'r'.i€nlr CO.o, 4 Cn.r, a.rp 3 i,,,ez in
la'Lkr
5. Ca./err/o/< {he neXah?w .r2(Jv?<* M; io rZ t <dge s
o f, s lort ottreehirn r!
/
.L' ( 7em
, it
M; = cn n€q. qr wiJk)
+, ' '\ e
shorl J;..

6 ' ,(eye"t p/;


"of + #. TLe Jry altrecalirn

M; = Cs ( r.q ) -A;
o, % *CB.rr.( /.? L,n) -!t (Pq w;+
wi Attn")
Mi = f,, A; (pe, u',,t utiJtt^)
%.n.g.'

7- Assu-c flnere m.tzA,*S


+a/ r'ef2.a c"hmn(o-
.Ag") sl-,p-r .

t+---9,. --+l
**^ 3*^ GUr"tt^
(orectqs) -*r**'l &u/+
s+iF
uJ
f*r
H4
P4; Ct*r-cA
Cor rnidd
Jvlz
slritO
2 z :
vMo 7Mo Qulo
CpLt'r.
for edg e)
f A?ui
:t*,'r lxto
sHP'

Yi. Ql+ Qclz Q"l+


#
g. 57ec;f/ fze Cleo. Gver (usueI 2ona) and rLen tLe
ef/e*;re (ar'€F' sFrftr boo-size (usuallX 8^-), /
g t u t f t z , Q t 4 , Q t 6, d r g - ^ ) .

q. S-farf u; TL sttarf 4i.e.*,r,, ano(Fol -rtbel d\F


o,,ol rLen fr, (ferw)t w;Ah) A +
Mo' 1M; . (/se
7ar

M,t = Qr6 e?
0- a,fq : LJ' L=(tm)o-
,, c,vhare
f:
Mu
F or --* CtJ =
Pr*
/Ld^
f:

,o ' Fe7e"-f ,.url* /*J ol,'rcJ;n . ,(e-arLer


zrro/ fl.e
e//"elVe Cover in fhe lort7 d,iedr'*, ,'t eTuJ ,fz
(Clen. Cov€r-r Lo, in -t1nest ort aheclir-t +
! La--
in fl*e lry d;..). n,'s )s *tr tr, Mtf .
e/f. (ever : (cJeo,- C-over
+L".) in short d;rec-*h + + Lc,y)o
lary "l,r-.
Lo, io /art7 dr'r.
/@
@ 4 F'lcleaTr
,
T69tetz
cleo-
Coru
Note.-
----
- -n

6. lvlb , rf/etire
Cover
= C)etr 6over+ I L on .,lia,n.
2-
o
[vl - aV) ut,t" y+ t4, rA 4p
Lor) n
-%
Jg ot;rt&i,,
IY,:oftrcua,y' in sl.

Slabs dkre Jert.-e/ barS t^titL' fJ = 2?{ o, 3tt{HA o.oo2o

slabs othere tinforced uti tL fl = 4 t4 MPo a.ool i

stqLr uh*e n;" ftrzeol u;tl4- fr> qt+ tnPa. a.oott xr+

7
fts= 8; L A (fu. & s@e reinfrce_e^*).
7l+e r*v. olis/aace L**ee., Z1.e bart ( S h or +{ent

JF- M,'nfrnu- thicK nesr 'f nr'nptxtfurreol CA-; rng )


!
one - w4 s lq,Ls

Corrtct'rsrt ?-
{.n7/ supVrted -Q/2" l. frr UrtcrVte luviry wc= E_2o aG
It* r&tt sl,uulJk nulilpt,.eJ L;
ne *lr' Con:/rrtu.ttl !/r+ (rcf-o,oooS w")
) i,ot
B"tL d Conhhu"",ttC Q/"8 ',n
Ca^I i ler.-- J /to ::;,Iffq.t ra61.fl*4?y
irdTi'";i
(o.1+ e;i:'" #
One- Watl S lqLS
C

Ext DesiXn tl,e ,S/c.L sl,uwn ia /e [alaov , L.L.= 6tcNl^z


Use y'>tom^ , zttl p/--L
& s
f; '?-fn//^nL
Vc = 2{ t<tf/-3 , h+a0 bv€r (zf*- ) ,
A L $.o
\Y .=2'67 >2 *,:r;Ly
T=-

1 1= - L = 2 f o o = /4f-t-,^
L/+ zq ,Use It = tfa no,

@ Nd= 2{ x o' t{*3.7r t<N/*rL

t^f^ : l .'l wot f t- 7d4


= 1.4 ( S'7r) at.?(6) = rC4rkN/rz

&lc'J^o/inf of' r ma>nen/S :


ter-t,)tq

,ai = + * tS4r*(3.r)L= rr.g3rffiiJ,,7v,-rl

ft *n qr*C3.f)'=
+
MB=
1lI?offi
Ml= J I *tf.4fr (t.f)"=
il;:;W,?eo,t)
*6;^: 6 . a oI I

As= Ld 7:o.oorr "&;:,# eH' ?,r,


t z?o--L

cJ= tfo-Zf =tZf,znt

k/,1= u. I 3 2 K= il-r 3 * /o(


( et+.supp.) = O.o336f=>w=ooo?tt
o,? lpzf* rottozy tZf z

a.o34{* :d-oo2og33
/= 4?t,+r ,
fts = o'oa?o?33 *tdrm r lzf = z€o n,f,
1, ft, ^:^ ,tJte Ar=lT!.
=fts^;n
|4; = t3.{z , ,4= o,o 38LtC +c0 = o. o3Q4
( m;d-tu1
supo.'

P - - o . o ? q 4* # = o - o o r y f
ft s s o.oo238 lr ttqo * tZU = 29 ?.f --L

tf,= 2l . o3 kN.,n
( 'bktior s"p/.)

R- o .of? I
c U = o. o{2
,r(
r= o . o € 2* f t = a'oaTVqq

fts= o.oo 37 Ltq * lcryz */zf- 16g^^z

/ro D-r,o 26tod{,o


hrcDr*(*;
Irp Dso &

(.c. tntoell
Excm,c/e t- A, )rt/en'o- Z-*oJ .sh.L (+.zn z+F4u) is
-The
C64*'n vLtljA ev%f d7 n beanr . s/al carries o-L;u"
Xeol
"/ 6xN/rL + {^ling -2to! t,z r.N /,r1. De.r)3n
lLt'5 .f/aA ? fu cartzre/e --4' = 2r Ml>o
/c = 24'J- k/V//a? I

* 'tkel ' & =3tct/uP"

tlse bnr / /o-* - t/se CJenr Gv€r = 2o,n,n ?


V

Sot^.cho.t'-

F;., t erl inc,te fl^e hfu/


'fl^,'c-kr'te.st :

2(5.4+ 4.2\*tooo
h=
l Sct
: lolmn
; use [r-- 12gvn
(@ n?xt
2-f nm
Fei-e/er
L=
t 80

seF *orfU =o. tzf * tx / x Zq..i-:


?,o €zf ,er{/_rL
+ v b - a o r e o o lb ^ J ud= 3'o{2fa/'2 ^4-26zs-zrt//n,L
+;/i1
J;n" /-J (il-.,= dt N/-.

u l*'o,a/e rb l^l ,l"J = t .4 wJ+ t.T tt_l


t''l(4'zszr)+
uLcte, t'?(d)= t6.r6/rkN/*,2
J-F' ,'lul.= ex /'7 =@D' wr/=/.rt(4.z6zvs
@)rt>
e)ea,rSTaztf 4o = 4.2^ (s3"t *f*,)
4t= 5.+ ( lry V* )
;--/ort h/;TL .;lzar t-rfzan '-
e//ech've Gvq- = 2o +5 = z{,-m
t //ee*re J1"fL J = l7f - 2{= | rrzune

c^A/u"/^-/r fi*e frth',re Mo* 4 fu, o eXorl-'ve M; (,n ft,e


l)s e n'C -f - coJe (, g7r" J frrrce)
s/ur !- d;re &^" ) .

+
Ma' =q o/-!;,,< * 1.4 tla -X,1"'nCo
ct tr* 4"rr-l * t.aud *-!:
/q./

fr_ h.L/e ,. e_h,o rT): -!o 4.2 =o.7ll


-/6 5.q

/lerc,O.-te 2 rs useJ s

C O ' . L- o ' 0 Z 6f r - m -o't plf C


il; (
C n o t = " ' t ' Sf u ' = " ' 7 f . ,
- 'fz'
P rn=a'"+fi
I o-.- C
o "A.D.L- 6,
- oL? t
\ |

5 o'o4l fi-*:o-t
A ls., Cp-1..0
= 1 o-oz3
Io 'o 'r5- A- n, = o.+r
o-?? o'?t'

["t cur.=
, o ' a q 3t \ # i m
i" ,_)j

-+-
Mo'- o . o + 3 * / o " 2 x ( q . L ) L . +o . o z ] * (s-?67r) 14 ( q.z)z
: /o-fft r*.-/ro (u,Jr2.)

M a : Ca * wu{ -!-L e o .a6 {$, ^--"


47, Cpnro. = 1
'/
lo'067 4r-' 9
M a = o - o 6 7 X 1 € . / 67 r x ( u . z ) L
= t?. laE kN .-/o, C-;Jfr,) !.uce (-o, = 0.o67
neg-
,n= -U=o.?"7
6aol fLe ske/ reitf".cemanl'r in s/ta' t J,e"h'crtl "-
+
frY Ma ro.GV kh/.ot / .
-
b. f7q )etotr2 Nfu
t o . f V q * lu?n X /trtttt y' . J-

lvq
us" P= r F="/fi/fy ,-
/ ft Lr'
p= lo'flq * /oeor(toq (u'."/- )
og )e 1,4::')* lp !:^) x ( teaz) ( n.')
(----+-
1 2
o f : eJ

: o.ofr77

aT;sTives : ca)=o'af 3 F"- R- o.of6o

7Le s'/<c/ foh'o / = /fl 2


,tllrer, -, P,4//:
"tft
o .of E *z r/ Sto
o . oo3 9 L 7

,skel frren fts=FLJ


a. 6a n 2q '* lo'zrz t+ lav
3otz,1 --t/- (au'Jfr,)
3.92 1 C."r z/r n

Ute bm --* As =3.1?a'/o,


/to-^Ezt?

( d-e* V.{'f ;, c"Je)


-
frr Ma - 7 g . l a } rN''n /-
= tl' lo3 * row N'rn'v' /t*
' mm /,-
= | 1. to3 t- tttft * lxtrt N

6 t4.to8 * P?ta ) + lcr ?/o


774rr2 K=
O ..lo ,( 2, x laaz:* Crto)z
= a, loll
t t

ll*tS l c-rJ: O'loZ


!r\ryJ
so ., ?= -f: /fl
= o , l o6 f , Z t / S , o = o . o o T ? l <

f t s =f a)/
bd
t
= o - oo ?3 t6 ;* /nm * l<,rc
= +3l. t ,n,' /* = ?.3 t { c.' /-

Use qb to nn ? ltu nm + Ar.?.8{u,'/- . cL<cR


arua. *!.
sfuef 27

slou rLe Jelz,'/s


4 rt,., ceinfino,,o^*r_

]
_l Lu
T
I-J {=

-1 - l
+r
p
p
b
+
G -r-
.tr
a \g

s N

-s
Ci
$g ' c
$.c {
g

a.
(/^\{---' hf--

,\ +
\
x\q
f,( \\\

Pe:/urn b/t'e /n.X N


Jr= F.4,n
+f,hJ M{ 4 M[, He,e Cncf/-etLal s)
Mbn = Cg. . (t-4
oL %t) --!0"o Ca.rr. (/. 7d_t\ ,-!Lz
t tn= =o,?7+ ,/Len
#
t o'o ll # -=a,go
cg.au= I C q4 ,,,.v't;r,
\o.ool /r- ,'- o"T
V S e C e . o , - = o ' O l of r - m=o'?+f

fu rv't
=o.fo
fttsa e.ut= \"'ot+
I a.o l1
Fo- m=o,?r

Use CB.rr=o,otf{ o.?+f


f-.

TLen ML*= 6 . o l o 1 1( / , q x 1 . 2 6 z y ) * S . t

+ o . ot f , ^ -( t . + * 6 ) x g , r t '
= 6.3{" kN.m I m (ut,Jy't ) oqg,( z_wa!)
lrib
"-f!; e /,,r**t tt
frlso; ML'= C,.nrg.',4n.4r, 'Y*)t

l-+e*; -cilne, I o'ozl & ,n:o.X


- t.= {
Lo.oZZ fr_ ,t7=(r.+f
l)fe Cg,nr1,=o. o z +( #- tn=o."+f

Tzen t .*tc. lfvr


Mb-=o'oL'tr xf- +L
= tt@ *il_-/- 7,,,J/2.)
vt/.r{
Eh / rLe -sfoe/ to fi,e /*f d|r<aQb-.
,€-- MLl = 6 '3fo tct'a /'n
= 6'3fr 1!'a*r/m'n ,+/cTo
= € .?fe t /oaz p /atz ,/,-t

use
fr = -4'3Co * tooox tazns l,
L^t
,.1
(D':'-s{)
a.?o ^Lz t* rno 4-qoT =clomm
-29,,
= o.o4/1N=d.oz//{ -}@'T}'.*!'
let;!flt ePtl
Zr't gifes c/r=o.o4Z{
7^uert'
f= u/t//y
=o.o4zf* 2 l/ s t o
= o.002871
As= PLJ
f a.oa 2677 ,+toznt
t+?a
: 29?. / na?/n
= ?.fq t c-"/-
:2-f?/Cnz/r-, --2t/!e C/a-^ EJazt,an
1D
:.CJ =2-C" u'/^

E* Ml = tt-gt( /,N,ry /n
= | /' 3lfa- /o64t^-- /n,
Use p = ll. tr 5- ,v ta6
(os J=lo<r^)
a-cl* 2 t.k lwO ,+too '
| , -olp?,r"1v
*1/)
(ol=tn) drt
= o. ag? 8{

frr's gi,rcr;
aJ=o.o6ZZ
so o.o622*Lt
f= ,/gto
=a.oo4Z/+
frs = o . o o + 2 / 4 * t o 7 1 r - 7 2 ) + l 7 r n= 4 2 , . U o r T _
= 4.2.t + <_./,n

Use Q lon^ A /ffia.n As . 4,4q *r/n,

7Le ihlq,'lt muJ h Le -fha>,t t

_ l l _
^ ^zl-tr Qro? q^
'Jt:9
-; g.-t t) C.aaol ho)
t )
L/z
(
zy':lo ff eao
(t t)
L/+Z
vw ,r* *
a . -l
I
t. o al
l---------1:--

+*eu-+
6 t o D 6 oo

* /o
(g*)
No fe: fTtese Sfee / sTacinjs arr rZe
W ermdq//, I
S#,p s (in ile short or /*q tS cl;,
"l''echa>,1) . F
fi,e ?tfun h, .4, ) sl., 7's ute -ffarinrs
3
2 * sfatnl

Vod^J+(*)
h cq/,a.0

trxa.ple (2 -w"y s /eL) e_


ftn u*" 's lq'L fnof/*'-
Jror crarsp.ns
-00--
.shorf J,re&'o,, ) 4 -$ = 6. g* ( )a |*,X- a|)dr,*, +.E^ Go
).T,te
S/aL ,'s @,h'nuctrA ov€r S edXes & Jisconl,nwu!
ov€r
or,? dJ, (o ver SAort Spurr).Tr" intT=ote,J_l;re _!"od
tt[: 7.o u!/.2. TZte {r'/iaq -0oool it t. l yNlnz uS e
onc,ete( ,2 t + ' s )a ix ,?,, ft = 27M844:2.+.s*N
uJ€ {tz-,- stee/ Lars fy =3fr Mfo .LettL.
"/ cleq,_
(A/or- Le epo,- 7

+.3*

(e"h" s t& )
Sr l,r.rhon

6sh-a-fe t'Ine-s,eF .f f,"e ,^rla,LLh


?rrtf
'?b'/a0-/u;*ne-tyi
esh^qrtryfla
4t v- - z t + . 8 + 6 . 3 ) * na
- 3 1 2 3 . 3^ o ,
t8o
ttse -l = tz{^- .TLe se/f ,e-yAt wit/ L e o.
6.tzr)+tx t*L4f : 3.o62{ rcN/-L

€'t-! .tea.l toJ,


ttF, = 3. o{z{ + t. l - 4 . t 6 2 f r c Nl n z
a
n A .
Jlinnc Jl-oa-d

sn
:
a-\
= *.o rx/fn" (tu)
zhe u/h;4*e J'"d '
-- t'4 )e4-tezfst.Txy
1!
ry.?z?r ril/--
Ehr* urfu ft ( ,€,bfl-cemtutf ia TTe -rho-f d;.edr."rr.
U^ = 4.6^) '
hle,e fr,e aVer-*ahb
V f f i-#,3
/,Gb = o ' 7=n6 t ?
Use +Cf metl"oJ3,

lkre,
cn.ot = s1
o.o21 fr. ^=o-$
I o'ost F-, m = o,7f
gJe co'ot= o'o3 o7

ftlso
c f r . t^, 1 o ' a a L f . t - m = o ' J o
I
lo' o1( fr. mz*7f
ufe cA ** o .o +f
1fun F/h o.o 3o4.*Q.rt+4.Kzf Se<+-|L
+ a .o,rf /<t.V *?.6) x 4.g^
t 6. qfqt\r. */ - (u,Lhft")
ptso

f f i = M o-ZrE.'
n Z
hf,,.Jo
-?'o+8
.-r \
a.(
Fke
cft.nE.=
to.oTf
I
fr-m = o . 8 o.o')

---T-\
t \

I o'o79 A. r 7 1= o ' ? f
t
; s
-l-
l t

I
.l+r
ure cL.n", ^ o'o?v+ I
q't
/.t- m a : o.?€rq
6.3
So

TZ'z ef/"dw J?h J= t2f-2o -+ =fq-^

Usc Mu=M+ = t6.q{?txtg6-cry:--/^)-


'K\ =-
LJz ag 'kz'7(ru/-n")xloco(--)t
#f:
,*qqT-;'
./,

A,o6
o.o 611
%)s XireI w = o. o/22 4

o . a 6 h iu r i r { I
7ZE sfre/ ra.r4b : #l
r !
L --,1 I
"u/: t/f,r t o. o?2
o ' o 42 z o 'o73

o . o 7 2 Zx zT
s o .o offlO
35o
C/rec? ,
E,'n <P \
Eo Cn e o . o . K . ) -> 6;.=a'ooa
,al

C s. 4z;
eq = large
Sfel uqbe*
u@, i As=Fta
: o ' oo {g}
*lcsto x? ?
= trl' 4 m^2/o, ( w,.Jlz,)
= f.flq cnrL7,n Cr'rt.,'Jfi-r-)
tlse # t^ -^ C 2oo mm + Ar= f,6f c-r/- (w;J+12

Fo- lne negahte *on'e'nt M; = 3 1 .6 t 3 3 k r J . mf m ( u ; < f L )

3 t . 6 l g gr k t b e =o.1327
Use R=
o .qa x LT * looo'+cl?z

fla,'s gives c1,J= O, lq{

S.,

o. t4f t+
+=o.orrtg6
fts= o . o t t r f 6 trtod *?g = ilo7.+,-r/_
= ll'07+ crrtL 7o, tdafr-2

tolt,', Ue lrce 7zc"(f. 2 a l


Lts = ifg -*3 't- 6t37=
- " - ' /o.fq h"/-
'Erb;tk'o)J 1 t(.1tqg
b[a r Jlt
)??, ttt e Q /2D loo -* + fr s: tt .Jt c-rt/-

E- fLe dA" Co- cslttnn)Sfrf,cs use


%:
s fat'inXs C ) in cq.tTalsf.;F ,
$7*rrys

fuzQ+oo
<sf)
*view

frzDqn
( b+2

6no*)ry/ 1 bo.D'*.i t.G *ty


'!)
4r*t, AU j'ub
1t\ 1l'
*
loa^^ + Soott .- -
LorlQ
J
.l;reafon 0n=6.3*+ F;l Mf sM{
.+ r' v aJ{) lb"* Q t, ( t'? utq)-2Lt
M6== cB
orC

m" Qo - zt.t
= o./6t7
!g e.3

\
o'o,
f'. *, o'3
A {
cB.pL.^
| o.ooT fu n=o'?f
3" use cBDr-t o, ooTd

S o'o17 ,4- -=o.l


c B L L .=
1o.u,3
,4. tn, o,?r
oi us? C g t L " = o , a t3to

.oo ML*= a ,oa 7d (t,+* 4, t€zf) xC6.3)zq(o.ot3Eo) (rlx ?)o


c (.3)L
kN.n / n guiqlL)

14 = %^qa*,:re.* (^f,,* -Q'.'


cBneT<ti,*=Y"
L:i
-o. gse CS
nogrhr€o.o t4 6

M; -= o, ot46 * l?.+2-T x C6J)L

b = /o . 273 ) rcN.-/- (wiJzLl

E- ;fee/ reinfi-ceore.rt'
, Use M{= ,rP= Y t't
O ' L T
-,

:-

Mr=H{
,?= 9,2?s * to6
Eo,Ozr{
Q/: adL o'? x 27x too'o* C?+)L
uhere d: tzf-(zo+/L+ G)
f)
(4 = O,o46

p^ ut ft o, oz+€* 27
{ - : o"oo3{a8
3fo

As= f tl => As = o'od 3f+g * t000r,@ t7 = 30g.6?onL/*


( utra+g
oooure /2 a^ U Sfo ^9 4 As = 3z 3 our/_
e] 4-iarL)

fi- ,Vb- = ta.2?3 kN,mf n, lularL)

?- !o,z?sxbe
n = - 1o , o + 3 1= ) C , , . ) :a ' o 44

2
c-s /t o, o4tl f 27
P= s a,oolJlc1
T 4rp 3{o

4.r'.
o'o 4S fFLd
bd :) ) fr
lL*S 3 6 .oo 5
s'oo 5 1 4 c"
331 ltoo * ?"t7
c+ ttto ? = = 336,2*/-
33 6 rz-'/- (*r'+t)
elui
o'nuse Vr" D 3o-z-.-) 4 As= 37?--'/- cmJh) = 3.??c-/^
V (Luh)

4/z^^4
7a.",-1ut.)

n
U.Zd< ar<a

4 = 1t,,:>,+r (tr3)
x<ffi =t.+zt)
bt.c4 +
Qlann a-dd 4r"
AfuT
4 tz*^Qfuon-
= Zze + l6t'+3
A --- $r.1
38?.qj-^L o-l( > 37?;
Note:- /---1.
- use tfin*
Wrfu"= fi- sf,ac;rlJ
infhe e+e

t-

Ana ^-*7 R. c. s lal ,


Aitt, fu,-g.n€ft 1= 1{o otm
, cl%.r Cever = Zorzr>-,

, k Cart-at*e ,, f: = 22 ME
/ " = 24 rcN/- s
tu sleel ; 0= 3t ott42o
TLs /ouJ is flr-
*,'/,'a,tr7 (4o *n) -f/",'ck.
, {e,ke u..=2"i.@y'
7+;u*3=
0
', 6,- Mf = #tz-,nD zoo--
End ur-! ?
t\'/; -- Q tzn*, A tfo -n

FAT MLt - Alom otQ2oz- -


Mt- - (: /on- D ta-,n

SoLtJt'on t ^

,Sy'art ulr'T7t TLe ,fharf ol,7er-h'* ,


,)v?L'z*/*'ft #'
&rt+ * g*rl, * .;t:3 tLt
.t6?r<rr[rZl ,,?,. ! ?P
fr- p/o*z
frs = {6f. o -a',/- (-|4rzr)

/=
fr, = f6f = 0 , O o4 f t 6
bd, ltw )( lLq
- - t t
Uh€r? d = lfo - 2 o - 9 r l24mm
2 :
F;/ = o . o o 4 f { € * Auta = o . o 6 q z
a)= fPZ - 3- -,^.

TLisgiver 10'o6t' fua)=o'a61


R= I
I o. o6zr /r- , ? o. o6{

Use P= o,o6tE ct=o,o642


f,,
+
V"en Mo* iS oblqined ft*, ,P\ --
Ma'
-
aF:& o,-
+
; M =R q f t u r s
5 o .' t
Mo =o.0613 x G ?
7+zz*t@u-fr/zrf)
= t8. {tf + rc6 ru,n,n 0^t;4fr)
= t8.Elf k^/.r/^ /m
Cwiat7"l
Use AcT code , Meflzoot (g) :
M + = cfr
?
/ry7a ,DL* Ct.,t da ) .-0o'* cn.,tx Ct.7,4f) ^_po"
04 l- tt

llene n= | = - > ' v -- tn} r . OY tl (9)


X6 6.5

TZuz o'ozq P
or= A,lf
TVf
cfr,>rt (g)
I e , o J 2 - ttP ralao-S

inlrrprlalion U'e Crt.DL= o, o3oE


$- *= o'EL
fi/so
cAt, = \o'olto #' m= a ' 8 r
Io,otlt1 k m=o.Bo
Ut€ C f t U . =o , o + z t +6 - - = a ^ t Z
77e d4ad L@/ is :
_ _ o I-:
q un + 40)
rr 2+
/@a
=@ rN/,,tL
sqLs+h-re :
t $ . $ l t = o . o 3 0 E * C t . 1 * q , F 6 o )r s - 4 2
+ o . o L t z L t' x C t ' + W ) x f ' + z
t , ?

TL,s qi,tel
t -
Lrr6 : 6,.2-z'+ KN /'n-
)

Repeal S.Mo t
: (ariafr)
frr=T4,otr?m'/-

tr= 7 f 4
/&JU s/21
= a.c)o]o?t

= o' atiT
o o = o ' o o i o i lJt <+
fu dta'aY{
\ o'o8oT
R= \ orl u ))== oo' o 3 6
I o'o8t6 fe" -' &

Use R=a'oW fi' uo1"'otf7


a. o 81
/3
ZTtq .? zz * /6?ruX tz+t)
Mo-= o. a 8t+ f Co t*
= 2q'V|z i( 106 N'-m /tzt (ou'4ft)
= 21-76?. k^t.n /n Q//;J+71)

Use ftcf rdL"-l 3 Q"es 3) uthenhe'e r)3.o .3t I


=a-32

T7d//2
c n.n"o.= {
\ o'o'+1 fu ,=o.ts'
,/- | O,Off
rt- p: o'3
\Jse Cn- -=
-ftleg. o.os3 m=o.EL
/",

So, rtr- L^s;go'


M. = cr+.n%.-
77a.en M;= Zq."$Z = o.of 3 ?kq[- !^'
=o.of7 ref.,.x g.q'+r^f
s1Lu.?82 r - |6.ojJ- ,<M1.2
'Tltert
/ 6. o3{= t.e *+-56 + r ' 7 x \

TZ,)sTine-r *! =
@/<il/-L

s7fo..f again ovift' fl"e /,*J V*, .


t F J
lnT Mg, -.
J= lfr -Zo - tZ - to
-- l/3n o,
2

Ft [rr8- :
frs = 3W --t/* ( w;44)
313
/2= ldrm* //3

cu= o.oo34TKx*:
o.o4?
Zr's Xive-r
R^o.o4?6
ftul2
M d - - o . o z r 7 € * ( o . 4 1 z z * t o z ?x t r s z )
f

E,-, logler ( B.f g 0.6 / Careg


)
Mb* = cE. o, .' ( t .4 L\U) -! u' + c B .tr.. (t. + ra7) . ! u2

Here tT-?=o-tL fi,rrr/z


.- B ' o L ' = 3 o ' o t / t1- ,n=0.61-

]o.o,r f* m=o.E
use cB.o, 'otf8 fi'*=o'82

fr lso o.oZZ ,r1=ot,


CB.tL=l I ajJl
o . a1 1 p o-ef
TvT , n =o . 5J
U S eC B . r r . =o . o Z o Z fr- nr-o,$L
Tltent
lz.o3zl= o.o/{8*(r 4r(4-f€) x 6.6L
+o.o 7oz xCr,/+@6 6.62
TZt:r 7i'e-r krJ/F
@= U
Regut fi- M; : fls 3 ?8r --7^ tu;4il)
78f
A lu,o g tZ4
o -oo6 33|
/l\
'?
(tJ= o.oo633l . 3 to
2 Z
: o . o 8 1z

Tlu's -qi,/€s '


w
K =

Ir'oSfz 'b c-d=o.o7o


We (, o-034f fo- 6tJ=o,o6gz

Th-en = o. o gqtx (o.g *22 rr /o?z n+tzrfs


M;
= 2F 7zr kN.m /a ( wrJllt)
Use H cf n,ey'lroJg (caseg +,n =o -Ez)
fr'n+Lle t3' 4 t
,r'= c'.ne?.*rr5-o+-Q6,2

-/ k * ,^
C-,E.nq
.=
\ o,o+6 fu *=o-{{
' t (I
o . o+ t rt--=a-E
Llse Co
4.n9, - o -o43 fr- r4=o-IZ
Zh zf +?f - o.ozl3 rFk\ x 6.62
ft,r'S g t'rtt t,,ts-,1:13.794 kil/r.

7La- lg.?s 4 : t.4 e+4.f6o + t-Tr€ hh


77'"t/L :) F_p.=+.34 KN/..
t l ,

Use fi.-e .sm41ret f (r^t.' - 4.32E kN/n


\ *

(zfutg) dJl i-; Je_-,S


rtnT sLn6s

n f6 stabis sf|orfed d;,eJ/y orl Co/urn n g


(u;rkcrul edXe bearns) . -T t is a lsa 2-watt s /q.,L
a
bec"nnn CLtr r"a:4trc-r a-r,J Lerzol;y *on,*r,f-s atr a*rng

i n Lafu
r
d ire c,h'ur,t , Herp, fh e -I*A dirsdh2,m s Jo- irtaa t
irt olesVn orrJ arr^.?7ts,s.

r
@

E e & ' a y t@ -
@:_
S l."L

ne moSf don7er
"f faihre fn /tar -sle|s ir
/Le "&*
of rZe
%.fiu* mos
etes'n'en;cpn.o t
ffi' shb musf r!:"7:-':'
b e f:
erorheJ fu rcsrbt
No .Shea.r re^forcemeqts h" t
ar_e ,red. %-
r'%y Assu-eJ
sheaF&,'hre E
4So
pwchrtgshear
surl&c3 Slab
(t I f.-
rtru)
Ach&
e*aca<(A4f
")
@
al'qs slaL har not hf -f column or
W
d.F P*els i,t the slal arawtJ flte &bmns.

2 . Flar' .sh.b u/;+Acohmn Ca7i*a / s : -

Assra, s 4
pt"rh;n|_sha.r
s,*filce

( { sl"" ,y ri- c6I

3 . flaA :; hL with panel,


h-
qssub"erl
srtarsUrfrte
s [q,t
5
rl
I b
t.
t i

\
h
t
l---
J.e pdr4 , L
oF"%
shatr suSgfl4g

Jf = e//14a'vs Jepfr
of
7onel
4 . F bt .s/aL u;+h Ldt, Glumn d7f+og a,,ol dnF
fane/
( F. Ae^vV loalt)

steb --jf

d,ae
pdel

d. -T-utc
_ w? ribbea f a* ,staL:_
-fh;s
consisfs tf
)ru*ersec*tndrlr-o
. .; b, (ntp:-r
6 Aofh d,.ectzbnt
) . zhe prces
in rhe
m;dJ/e refl,',r,.f
n" sla' rs teft erp#
reflozs aounJ bu* f,lka ;n
the coluqns (+o behave
as drap
pcnulr)
1 This is wed /o. very hof/ lood &uhertthe
spoc" q.rp
larXe .
,
i1"t4ilf a+L Z,,"bl;5,,5
- *
: (Wr rD (s-1Sq
t
" 4.\LrQ Ghbl Jt fu^yot*
\t,!;; a^,fl ?j ad g4'; v,,,!.

teff *p6
(v;r* fr- Eofle-)
Design and ftnal7s;s
"f Fla-t ,SloAs

F,"st: Tze/af4! flicl<nesr -l cf t'treslal rUt le e5ft'na;fa7.Next


tle fteXua! (or bU,^il rein/arcereats ar€ ea/c4/qt/@t/.

rle L'/.! ltn;{<nesr -l is es*nq*eal ,1"* th'e


pr^4,if shear ud Jer€teufa, cn*al ,AnsqJtfrCf
C-ade, %L/e q.f Cc)

P
fh witT+.hn7frnels d rto,!' ob7 partels

zvenPo 4=4:>too,nn, 4'* f{=c-cl


2rz{n,.t
t -0
- =
3+f rVPe
T )/o'zmn, 1=+> /zr,,n
4/4MPa 4= Q )./rr-^
33 '// 4= lLfn,n
+)
*= lr"" ! ,i /he /6?6 C/ezr-span

Esfive &nya/;ve Len/;n6*o*ents f, ftat s/aAs:

77;< Tositi,te bendin4morrsrrf M*occurs in


ft+e (center or e4;f.ue) .Q;nrt & 11.-.e
nqo#'ve
6cr-l,tq.otrurf M-;ofl" column -!,hei (; n n
-
bofL, "oh.ec-,h'ons) Y-
-+- --
T C_e/aa/a/ef7,^ese
.o>rats ,fu, /a__
frtU*;, nalLesare neeo(ed:- (7

/,Rr€a
Rr€a K,
T,i;i
cenlraid o/ J
$cenlraid e)-n/o ? t k
"f 4_circ/e + *-orcle. Cc

^ Lf-t*
",T l fitea'-T-az
/6
I\
;_ 2c
tu --
37t-
W*a={"" -i il- ,7=
+
Ccoa*aia)
2. Centn;J "f + - ciralar are z$ +- ciralar orc :

-fNt ; )

t t \
c | ['rl 7"
l l r l
I t l
JVI
I l*-
C
x= -
7T

vt?rc a'* s€trtra / ne/hoJs 7b ea/calql-e /|re pasi*ite anJ neg#i,€


Lhd;'g, m.vzu',fs in fr^f -s/af,r. ftere ^
0'
& L,*
. 6.?.r,trQryD.-,+2t@_d*l
-
is useotc@)
gat,i-,,.
&nsider a/, irvlerior
r ,i,t" fluare -r/a.L. 7Ve Ghtnn 4;n es *r, J
S.F= o eeufer _|ines art ,! ;neS aqol .so g tgff-
"f U-relrl-
li*,^o* ! €xlst i,t thpse -!;n er "
@
I
Ere sleA (.,tn Columng rtmolsol
2 )

( F.F
ftamcoluaa) -

M
* Aw,6-n) at q ,ta-c/r'oy,
oTtAtu-rruthttr i*is
S'tr'fu-
LOAamn

C:tr)
t ?
t u f t o ; t f i t ' e sb l o v€ r lt.:- r t(-
ltJ- 4- lrc2
7TC-r
t/a- circlt . 2 \ Z E
L f L
* (+-7t'
Let ur (per un it qrq. ) b, /t"o /o4a/,
F;.sf fi:,d /ae cc4hd;J "f /r, is + - staT C, ; it, G runnstmaved
) ,
1 ! "y. Eett irj)r . *], 5* -{ 6 @e*nil) J,
zt}v ,,
rt,*) + -( #c,). =(!.+_
# Trn).x
ftis Vltes ;= s!2 zc3 ft,4fit#..-
X=
3c4!3 fct) zft
Ame b.4( Th rhe + - slal . Let
2
l4o: M** 14

ha*e M* ;" ov(r flre who/e len4rh


-fu" "f lA" ceq*er _!;re (4)
u,d M- ov€r lhe wltt/e -le"gi, + c-o/unn-!,lo''(t) E.ct
M o tXt '/ak;^g mome,,rtsa["t,-F flne Glrtn,t 4;n e:

,4++ ^4 - h5-f' z
.42 - rr \ 34s-zc3
8 "" ' f u"-@ )
/
(+ _
@utr +ct). + =o-
(#:",V-iu,y,ti J*
( s.r.; ,:c3G,p,

Pnt Mo - t\/t /V ond s;_7 /,;/, l7ten


, t J ,
Mo : #C , @sT-13-
+!2-r7-cr -l [- J rzc_!17Te3-
a

=
2q zr
=_,r4(t__t-* .,
8 -
tr_o Tr, ) w hery 6f = *_1,2 (++alaa-d)
(af.*# srn er)
7A.egu,e'H h TZc lradce h e41 le 3"r"#r;,
afFaxinafu ae:
4c
( r - 2c-1"
/- * -
"3-rv - 8- cq-Q
r! 3-93 3-9 ('ari..)'ct)

77.t erl
Mo: o, l2f W,!( t- 'd*\Vrl,rs,
#)^
?tb'i'Rr
ar
:S ( ?J,r^rtaig W zcst;rvl €.'-1i Lz-Etr.'-),,4
Y)'4^.
:l (F) .J"qat.tl t-& 'r" lrt, (o.nf) yurr ql; e a+.
"(, @,og)i
€dU *one^f ;, fr",f ,s[aLs,
M:= Mf* M-
tV6: a. t2f W-! (,-
#S
w= ur.0l (hH i**2

MoJ;f'c*tiorts: This f"*r,*la is fi*,J +v Le lzct anse,vo*,"re-


ftisfi.-cl/" it mo"t'fr'eJ # *ork;o6 s/ty-rS
.9/6oo/ )s :
o.o7 N-! (t- 2c\-
lvo-
a'
n lg fi--uJo (nC-Ts/g_tset)is:
Mo = o.o7 W-! l= (r- 2c \z
sT'
wL*c; l = = l . tt( t - J -c > I

E zh-e wl-li^oheSfte7?rz olesVn or *zo$sis:

tvto= o,to W-!,F ( t_ ?r, ),


3!
He,'< W =%, 4z (1"N ul+',",ah 6d) .
*nd F= htf --L
>t.
* fle obve
fir*q/or ary
t)

Fr- -
a,rJ Col*cm
n f a*td
Sgrat< ,s/o,6s,

re.JvrrXularstaLs w;rT. ,vrrhrg,^t


E- - Co.umnJ :_
tk* -tra 4-05 on r?t" -;hort d,r/ ,%rya,r cce-.fz-rzb cq.re--
of cok-" s) *"6/ ca -d cL a,e -lr* ,Anrt a,rel
o f?"e a-oLtmnf ry.d,hau;iart
f,
Cg

!
5- ft'e /% sfan-._
I ,
Nlo=o.towltF(L - ? ! +f l r
r4o l

_@
t

F=totf - r4
I 0.
l, 4b l.
#>l
arrd W= F*._loli U.+r! u11;,,rrte4"od).
@
ah)sMo is Jit,ole/ i,t*a TasJ{-'vt'^ &negahve be:tnt;og
s*n'P (aryfu -le/z) &luto Cohtnn
rn,rr,hts in fhe &nt-v!
#*t (h+^'e&ryfu -0,/z) '

,Fo- TL" 9"rt S7a'rt3


Z.Ca \L
Mo = o.towL F(/- -,/
3 Jl",

/erc f-= /./{- >l w - .,*r*.Jolu


'Qo

flr;s Mo is divr'J+,/ ,a-*o Mf * M- i.t fZe cenbag s#p


(!e"g/t' -aai 4 coL"-ns*ry, (ft/=.-a /wfu Qt,/r).
66eaat // - Er Th,e. apTarfian-arlt- M. See h.bleS.
l4o- Tffi'F "/
Qt/,(

4{4
+# (#*
I

J3
Transvers
e 5Lar )nf tor o /oas z_

mLLr* Le clectcd ;, /tot


%4tl€<r
-s/als; _
L'
7r-
4e s/a-L is a-ssurze^d as one
atiJe Larn beL,ueen G/unn
-l;nes 'twas
flt ' .
Tb-keno" /%
;c^!) , ^ "fon fi- cAe*,'o f (*are c,it-
C
I,

rhe ulhko*e sAur,,j 66rce Vu on y'l"e c;U ca9 se<lhon ( tt


@
o(
f.- ftro -/ u l,unrt) ,;s t
vu=!zlru.Li.(
+ _? _r)
zhe c-i*ic.-( secli*, hog ar€a(d.!*)
. n4z .
_ .)#t 4 g f
fl'tn n*e ulhhale t2arr;T s*e-rsoz /1,e -
ct f T- i I- T
-seclior,;s :-
a. l I f I i
,fW -u_
M ,,- uu I r , | ;
d r; hf;i i_ .1
gruo r*-ftiJ,tr*re rye
(fr'rtn;s
77te il,^ean -:z+erArZ
of urro+o ^/ r ^

g"-*rt
ffi
fr eA,ii t,IrA,Gr*l
4/c= ( ^4p4)
+,6
C/"ea( Nc
7 Uu

4; t ocours ramJ ak-ns ^t d


i* = rrr,1'-01*
A _

/fa* fu"t o/ alumnr


ry-?-o
, ['*4;oA
,ffi=, ,
(annd olunn )
\ t

- ----'l
F--

-)a"zi,(w
-,ry!'6 rK i
rtursarr{u
-
I d/o
TLe'1"+a'!Pfu,if;sAearr5 /n, ( r/ lt o,t)i s :
u.ll,;,,u1-u

Vu=wu. f!"lb-Ap^rtJ

TLis puchiaa SAan'ngrfot, ac*s on a


f^fiV su.rtrru(>".Jy ,yu >? is r'te
-n4AZ
tLe uli^ate
Terireie-. 4,*Ar/,rri,
siess onflte- fu'14;,? st'rfra is ".
Mut
vu
z..d
TLepmc.A;"X-der'rs+r.gta./r"nn*u
is t
Nc= 6 'tr 1ua)
C/"ecl</ ry,
)!u

6xon7/e (Dot1n f,r,t sleL) z-


"/
G*a,n7/e ( oesg, .f Fa+ _slql)

r, Bn in/erra- f t"* -sloL has -s7ons 6.a *&+.g- (ca*ers h


Cu:?rr alrt^nr ) .Vre Cs/urtnf u€ ,erhryulor j@n^
"/ * 3at *z+7
71'c ,*?f osd ;l;"e /,ma i s 5.o *N/-z
Vte 5ur/"6r;, /o aol $ o ,?f kN/-z

'fe - 2f/qa,, q-2./.r,e^Zzr


-hgflz.? _ tu .ske/ ' 3/f ueo . (Jse
;n to4 A,r. .(
fr= &-, inft e /o"ri/ J;<clo-4
# /o-- ,o r7"e 4or f drr<c*bz. (./se eJ{.- Q:ver Zp--
?
o.fm
,(-rx
o.3^fn --E

Sohth'on !-
- ___Fr
t5
l_r_
ry, zbdestgnfre .r/eb
A . - -i
t t
-l, !5= 6'o- a

?;lhoutoiF foaa/s . F.*.,nq/e fie


/a?2.0 lh;ckn esr (4zLe s e/f ,rrrJ*) .
#e'e tlse)
l= * (fr.
&=g,vpo) * see;aAoose !r*
{= 6* = tg}.f,-,- ft=ttr)zt
(q'+
T7 lv ute 4. lgfnn (nearesf ,b f_,,n)
Ftrs* c'/.AX fhe Lezrn & tt*tt*tln sAear.
@;*q
-dr 4

,.1;,r,/ad ,' vJ . f.o kil/-, (gi"ea)


se// *rrJAf = c).t 8r* 2a-f = 4.532r kN/mz
dt^/ "lod ) \1= 4 .f32Ta o-/f = 5.2 8 2f KN,/-z

uJhha/e 'looolt
*,rr= t.4 * 5,2{zr qt.7 x5.o
= tf, Sqff ,uN/mz
Er b€sm.SAear ( in /4e o/,;a'; h
% t_*),",;1iL.
The uh,^o*s slearinT firr, (".f ttne crih'cq( secj'uu) is :

\/u - ( r{.|qrf x4.8 )* (# - 5


2
- o.tsl)

o
ah,'s @!s rcfr".

load/tengft \

t2
r!-
(J= r8s-2o - 2
= /,f?m-)

it^ -+l-
f p-
'-
774/Lo
vu=tq?-6g?kN
( rtb- - Ict -J)h
\z 2 7t'
is"
fre u/4)-a*e beo- sAear s;ftesr K
', 4J Vu - -sA"a' Aft'a
u U=- =
Sf eu,2t * T
Jlod s€c. frrca..
"
?i/,
Iq7 A?q
= " !.=.-= Zt?, oZ6t<ilAz
='- '/f?
q.8?" o
= o , zf? /?lo6 nr/^r= o.z.igMpa
fh,e Lam thea,r,rh*r6fl, ,f c*zc.zle is :_

ilc=+{4
=+ ,{C = o.?oz
Mro
Tl4M !.)uu (o, K.)
F* fhe f*d'g Slrar:
ine pwclia7 sAennV Cc*
fuu
ul'/;,-q/'s lo ad )t -
. f.!" -8u- (Co* d) (cU+d)J
Vu = r,ui,r
- tt.B?ff xE a."*+.g_(o.4f/
zva.6sg))
: 492,9 82 kM.
T/"e til*i*d*e pmel;y slreon altesr 3 i-?r
VLj
A/ vu-
2 LCc-+4)+(cg+dn,ol
\ s'6J;/t Qlr
L
aeL-
4 i 2 . q g2 12 7q./2q K,{/-L
UtI = qf? 1o'6i7Jx o'r{?
28,
t.2+4 MPq.

'
7AeF*rL;fr sleioX 5/'r9'TL"/ co'zcny'e
N.=+,q
=+t3
'rl^/'Le A/c = t- 4ttMPo
)uu (
*)

No dof qrc needeJ .


Tane/s
rvext fral rTe La,o/;.r4,narTenfs )n fZ"
.s/eL ._rh.f
witL tLe ({no= €"a,,t+ cb=o.f-)
4 +*,
lfr,rtt I )
s'=:fii Us, TZe e-7;rr.-( $.ru/o 3 Mo = o. 7Lt/u4f0_
- b a 4f
s!^t
l-le*: ^
W u =q , ' L . - l b

:'i;i,f.fJ.E,r6.
F= /-/t-
?= /-/s--
#=/.o6>t
Tl,/rA ,
Mo = o./ t<-+f7.7Vo y6.o * /.o64t Zxo.r
_ 12
= z{q.}o2 /</.- 3x6-o"

pi,riJe ftri r rna>??


e-Lf ,'oh Vl 4 M ,h rTe ah-n $
rrt/il/e S#ps t-
/
M-- ,/ Mt
- 1 ,
s€e ta-bE) 7
fr:a
I
o, tar't
L

T
1 ,t ' 2 m
| 2'v-,
t,
+
,-
G.p, tLq. neXal."e g.H. in-fl"e C.k-n S#72

o.46Mo =a.46 ??2{q,7<z


= tt?.463 kN.-/ (2.4m *"dt/,)

t)se ,4= rr?'q63*ro6


,Y"-^= -
4fi LJz o4* zf,r24*xrSgz

we tQ-Ller. o'o12
firR"o.og7O
*= I
I ?3
".o fr- ,<= o.ot7?
U L S ? c z )= p . a Q 2 f fr- K - o.o E7f

slYetah'o, /= *-/4 = -'W:t o.oo6r

As= Fta
= o, ooC | 6] ./c Ztln )? tf?:. Z 3{j -,nL

A t o ." f t e r r ( / / z n r ) i s
, r) =
#.2o,6
LLte 2/q/"'.t
tf*,ofr
, s=@=tt4.3n,n
Itse Q/{-,,r) tf *iq .
:

ty fr- floe negah've K.M. ot -,'4d/e Sfrrp


t!/se
o'4f
E= //f* =
- :? ? a m r y l
a.t6

fr- ftte posih"'re 8.M. io ft" G/*-, s :


eo
S= * o'4(
t/f
'22
= z4a /t>12a

cl;1fr- fl^d p"s,hve E.t /. infle midtle ;/r,7:


s = lld ^- .o'qC
= 3'ry,ffi-
zo/tPtjto z(tzEq8"kd/.) ?V

C.'h*.r.
sfrJ p

QrzD+8" cb.
zdtzS seoI
QtzD q|o e

n+l$t e
sh'P
.
Il

F #,dseo
l**u

Trce tke tlort d;rerjr'rmClo= 4g*


4 Ca.= o.su\ ;
tr'"d-(tvlo):
f v l o . : o . tN u . ! o . F . (t- zco "rz
3_(o' 2

Ca
F= t.t{- . --t.t{- r.aE+>t
_,;- *=
= o"t x +9+.ho x 4.t*
t. dt7 +(r_
= 2./,1.366kN.,., +",.!f
Sxt.|

(8. lt"e cclu-n -,


sfnP=
.
3-on):-
,t t.{* " _ 3.oa l-f,.n
M - o.46/'/o o.45Mc o./C4
Z^n
= a,46 x 2l?,366 (
E ,/l
(
= kn, q kN,tn
-(+ 1r
l-tt

-o'.t6
(f". 3.on N;4fh) o,22M6 lVo

Mu
Use K=

.D
w l0o 'q /, t o:
c .t . 1.f.5.
c,s.
a>

a.7 *Z{* 3otm )? t+8 z


/
= o ,o682+
h I lJtil , %
d"er* /rerr Co/s: Ao - t2
1n
+l_
l,|&= ty'ly'nn
o2gmrn
t9r- Z=H-o,
fr. R=o.a6Eo
frn fl"e hble : CIJ =
{ o -o72 &, P= o-aE3cl
u s e e = o . o ? 1 2f i - R=o.o63Z

TAen P= =-Q-o/tz* 3f = o,oa4747


3T
77ne s*ee/ As ur;tt le:
Hs - f'Ld
./1 .-t

= o . o o 4 7 4 7 * 36710Xl+E
= 2to t mrnL
tvo, "f flomn bars 2rot
?j
2-A.6 = z7 b ars , (ft S- -;4ltt)
ff syarrhT
. U is nftJeJ a
t

o
q ) =
loez
- t tt ttlh
27 : l/o nn

E M* CrhrZe &larn ,+,F


/t rk7, 3.0 ^)
M*= a.22 )f 2ry.366
= 4 8. 26o kN. rzt ( fr- i,n w;A-rt_)
Use
fnpr/^6>t.r:
rvo.f +frZars =
2+
--- -t1o. 22 rV6
o '?6Mo

= 13 Lou6 (.8- g-
ou;etrL)
or S= ,//
n o'16 = 23o ortn
o.22 :

fr, rL.em,dJ le 5f.if (w;dth g.an !


)
t - t -= o . t 6 M o o , t 6 * 2 n , 3 C C-
3 { o ? r c N . m( * , r r t ,
use7n7r-lzbns; s=
#r o-q6s gty .m E 32omrn
A lso
M+= o.t6 M6
: 3do9 rN.rn 3 m u t ; 4 f l L ) . , U s ef t t s o , s - _ s t !
C+
I
1"
$
a:
il.
aa
!.
c,lI + View

s

\l $
Ci R
t
r{ s
$
I
/q\
g

v
$
a-a
Q
B.
2. ( tr laf s laL w;+h d, p ponels )
A n i,*erio. f tqt slq,L 4',n-t -sfa,rr 4.qo, 4 +.go, (cettfers
tv cders bltun s).-The colunns ar€ .eclo,Xula,r(o.4-
"f
?€o.q-) . Th" "rla-L luicr nesr , r t{o m,-, +,shefl/Ler.d
Lb ol'op leane/s +6 zo'z rnm. 7he d.F
Tanels are 3.?n
+<-2-4rz (accufta.6 ttrte Co/,c,mn
_;*_rps).
Er csncn*e , f( = z4.f Mpa- .
/, = 2+.{ xt//-3
E- ,sfue/ SSo rV?a.
#=
ttse /t2-n, /r; rcnfrrce,or.f 4use a. c/€ar (
Zoa*tfe-s'rtlfzG&rw4_u5ea.cr€arave.{

W '@
F
o'ro I
I
t I
I
rl I
oJ
d I I
I I
dr"1c po n € l

ry -@

i ) ct^ecKl/u-pbrL;y thtLe doF pan€/s.


ii) Ca/adq*e fhe rc{u/:eJ slee/ TToe pos,*'ve gneg41h.re
fu
mon4*s in fi"e Cp/umn sf.,,7 r'n /he ,6*6 JirecA,o-t.

fue inpo-reJ.l;re /m-t iS SkrU/,nLg the surforhf /wj


t.o ktJ/oz .
S oh^t*icrr.r I -
- t

F,st cljcziq/e tt?e self,ue'bt*


.The ja/^0 sd/*e;xt
ist
2 + - f * f ( ? . + r + . 8 r - u . t { o+) ( g . ? x
2,4+a.o{.)J
= t\t .4tU xr,/ Gzf^9 -tr"oJ) .

7r,r^A t t+,.4,4
= 3 .q8t r,'t/-z
7 . q ) k4 . 8

7Le se( ad7ftf, Fer unif, &red.

f---- - ; - l

A J o t € S-
-
pr*nzh,nA
*fHAi i
-1
I t>a- |
l'
iil
f/'e ue;Xlt.f
J/ h
/7'e drap pone/ is nEler-{el,
tl"en the se//uetjlf
ared
per unit
be com eS ,
3fu
Jw1
l'o

2 1., t( a. /{o = } . 6?r<,fi2


4 g'(f""ot) ^! S^ntt.AlaL'F tarr'o:1 (TA;, )s no * in
'!A-.t_,t t tJ, t tv.Z-trJl
I bj ern, *i ttc
3.qBl xM/-')

-The
ullin qfc -l*,^"t b€cenesz
t , r r=a t . 4 ( 3 . 1 8I + t . o ) + t . ? * g . o
= 2o - r73 KN/-z
ca/6t'1;" t"e pu',&,n' s/,earinT
frce , HhJ tTree//eea
d?fr Q. fi e dmV po, .
"/)'
e l g 2 o - a- ; ! o - l?4nm
+:
-The a
pwcJ, in6., thur;n,:
force ;

dt+ Vn= 2o,{73 xfc+.+*4.s)_


ge *. .1i*
ahal
,H
4lz
ry'
# utL - ? z t - 6 t z ?t c N
-W
qrea u

7he uth,nale
7,a"1;,r6.gah,aa s/ress I

u=
Nw ?zt.€tz
zfk.6+o.tvr) :1538.2??
kN/'z
= l.{33 14pa
TIre prua6;V t/tearrff sftnAfr of corrrale is :

ilc= :{uG
+q :I.1E6MA.
pafet -
EncP ^/c
Fp,,*l"t ( -o6 r) fAr,
'-J"' sAeq-e;^
e'oeqr p ,,
n'nfoo"nfuf iS
rs qata ?Z neeJeJ
: L.|v tct
,t.;l oaaC
,.
llo'urt,P':?, a.shi;tu{6
\:.rJtll
ry 4, - ba,) p*''.t tflt.gtSi-,t

b_""t - up bar-r

L - tq's
7r.:+
)A,;;
t;,-t

Lenf-uP Lars

dnp fanel

plr^t
ela6,/(
.4.

G9
-'.5e. (S/al + 4rF fane) ( .t.p. '-U,* t,zk> itu i
_i t .) ; Yl-.-aV;
- tt ZJot:ptu
1(slol) $') tin zg, r

{L = ?.s-, l o.r tr X.,t)

W
l.= +8t

-hla! ( | = Ean-)
no.qf

Here Wu = 2o . 5732t )+ 4.t x ?. q


= 73o.767 kN

F= t . t r - + = r . t { - - 2 - 6 = tr .=o 6 S >l . o
Jg ?-cl

2-st o .6
Mo : o.t *73o'767+7-4* l,ae8* (t )'
3x7,q
= 5 t 6,4?o k^/. ,n

ftpp"rhb1 fu,s momenf 2


\ ( rva ?rJrltt4v 3'7m
I
.ffi

t = t5ono,
(ilqf)
*" negohve . g, M. in //ze
bk,nn *rip jsr

M-= o. fo Mo = o,So X 5/6 .T?a


= 253.39s- kN.-/62,+_
aiar\)
Tle ef/e&',re +tt ,'s :
4 = (zn _ 2o _
+) = r?4n_
2 5 t. 3 9 f * t o 6
Use P = M ' :
rft LJL o.1 t( z7-f* z+@* ( tTtl)'

F,zmfrLte ?
o,tif uthe", K=o,t.t3j
c 2 = ,? ' t 5 ?
o
uhe.t K=o,lq+t

O s e, c , .=) o . l f | f F- R ^ o.la3 6K

rle steel rq-ha f ;t ,


f= *.f.
,. lo
lfF
o.EE{x27.{/Sgo

i u,Ot
rr*:,-{
Thlu frs= FH "ul?
= o.ot24s*Zrltm X t74
= 52az ,r2/12.t n aiafi)

"f 4 /2n- Lars = 52n = 1'1L g a r s


ff
S= 21@
'
facrhq(/ = 52ma
+6
use F = flo'n,n

Nate..-
:' r t )s be ttZ
-.'^:'
"': use ia tT,i caLe,
rt" sps'nA tuill .h oL",i s6m-
v .Le lov ^?o ^_ .
Ss;fl3; & qta_s;4 aes, f. l+,&.
-,L
Er /V':
14! o.2oMo
= o.Zo z(g/6.7fo
= lo3. gft kil. ,n/ (2.+n
u;a7lS
TAe e//er*?e JeVfr. ./ _l rr" is
J= tfc:--2o- +=tzemm
f*d to3.3f3* t06
J
ft= = o, tl3t€{
o . 1x 2 7 , f I 2 q o a t C n i l z -
*J wg'
.r--1"/4 7?

Fto^ tle -(ables i o'tzl


t fr, R: o.ll24
u): 1
I o.tZZ f"- R=o.tt33
us€ co. o . t zII

71'+C ,t{ee / na'o f= o.turg* z?.f /Sr"


z a. oo?f7o

Sfee/ qtu j
f t s = o . o o q t ? o p ? - H t m ) (t T z l : 28+6 *^.

No. -/ zSct
(lznm bars= = z{ Lars
u3
slaay $= #=
2-1mt
?fznn - toe srn
2{

z Ctz Szoz z /tzdzon


(ad/) Cb t . 1

6rz Szoo
( sf.) ltzQ zoz
(hu
g. (nn"lys;t "f ft*+ s/oLs)

An iryferio, ft"l s /a6 ltos _rfans f.an


$ 6.6,n +
ri su1leort€/ on circq,lotr Co/u,nnf o.4- ,h o/,2rpfu.
he ,s/ef, ,'t withaut lnf pa,r,els $ lror lvh! f,;*roo
tfo -o, . TVe slcb is
"t;n/"rce/ bd dtzr^ e tLf ma in zZe
-cofumn
Tosih'r'e Le'a;U nurnd ./ fz.e s+n1o ir.t.17.,e
,*fl
s7n, &L/ //zon D 62.fa^ io t'Lre ne7rdr.rze t"**rry
mcftnoaf ;n rt.,.e Sam? Olumn tlnp .n< Sur/."r-6i_
/s o.,f kN/-2,
fr- c-nznfe . f: : zftVG,
v, = zq.fteN/,
,.fr- slee/ -_3to n4p
fr , clu, Gter ,i 2cezrz.
Endt'Le
4;w lxal caTacr/
"/ llr;s ,slal .

,(af:-
=: ,r-;,
,nol ,r" fr,. _!_ hdih,onf :
1' Lu'n shea'r
z -puruAingsrear 3. M1,n coru^n strip
(
Cc.s.) 4. M- ia (c..s.) .
+(-\lvc i o o . o=l u s - o _ d , L . )
2 . fre web . 'This usuallV redwrgul"- or trapezai Jql.

7Ve we/2 rnust be desVneJ 1z take 4e -EAarina


force.s. No sAear rcirt/orce-a* is neeJd. In _fryg ,tr
mh;rrtu^ f B^o, or d!o-- .glirrupS * d/z nro_ n"
enJs + dt A in fhe mlJJle ar€ ,rffi

TL^ur, Uu
bd ,rile.e Mc=
* A

girder
2 (to ea+v
17r".rt1,
)

wr t/A
ru
se&'ott l- | .secA"nZ-2
Sfeelfr- U+ sfeel f,- i ( T- serjr*, t*tder 1re&nXuh. ue L
psiliys B,M.) under n€gahVeg.r./.)
bweb =
2oo -2fo otm
b/ = 8a - 4cz no,
€M" ( ,- *V ri Lbedsta,L)t
"lesiTn "f
A rec/*t7ula,r drea *)th c)ear sparrs
e.6m * t2.t1nt1 is h
Le covere/ by d ,-*T rlbb4 slq.a ,fue rilos u,,
xiv€n
in lhe
"frTure . TAe irnf arel ^0;r,* -po-.J ,,r f f tt /rn.
A r;t e
surfaclnf toa^d l'o rc,v/.?. & crncrc*e;
/: . 21 .fMpq
le = 2+.f pn11-t
tu tlee/ t fd : 3to Mpo

d,€-: fu sfuel)nfhe .iLs


f, ."/te*n^! + / g-o, inthe
(r.,,tr., clre.kot'l,e sLa- in!,e n'Ls 4 jr;g" fite
fteu,ru! shel.2 ov€r --4Dmm?

? | l .
Do h{n o'n 3-

6of-t;.*ra
\ qsof,^ y"l ,
F,* f calaaldl-e rZe
ulh;ute
"h._t.
frke taef/*,g" (,
,A *L)
l'-;q 4e
-
sAert
d,'.ecJiorr
Su= t..+(o.o?f*t XZq.f
+t.o)
+ t-7 ( s.a * t.o) $z's'-^,
42f,nn,
L
= 12..f 7zg p,v/-,/
(a,;Jrtt)

Far f'@Py fake ) flo^

+ ribs
J-
FU*N;r' M ' = 1t4 - L.l)i,,,4nL lra (u'af/)
q€lr
(rc iPS lo
n+uz M+= p/; t2.q7zf x o.62
lo
= o.q4? nt._/_
__rl 12
' n
use e//ect:ve .lepfA {n = o .6rw
, ol=?'
d f;r+!"tt x = ;r.{_o,
Use ft=
af; aJL
o,ttcl? * ro6
: o"OlZ?
o.7 * 27.f *tttoos3?.rz

This gives ,
at= a.olJ

7Ae slee/ rq.#o


f = -7;,/f/
= o.ot3 XzT.f/go
? o, ao llf3

So ttse , E; = o . oo2 Cfr- d,sf1-,,gn1t-r,_,


sr'eel ) ?
, b,LFclc.r( ? \ P, tzt 6F2y,,ji ( pd,)
ilp4tiu;.
7hu4 As = a.oo z * 3Vfx lozo
= 7f -.2/o,
(_rlft)

Use / t -*, ar;1| qr?a -fr.2*nz . 7he nutt,Ler


-f
Lars )
n,-
L: /'f Lors/ot

sPac/4g ss ^ 666-6_,_,
#
Use Es 6a,z ,,,ry,
eh LoZ Jfueglns
).
4-- *aKe ft"e .;l witl 7h" ufto^
--fe A.J f, gs44._ , _

cal ur/ate the u/*i,,na/e /oo*/:_


rtlAs t, + E (o.t?f *o.42f
ao.o7f*o.??f)
p o.?7f * /.oJ + b? * (o"??fxf) r x 24.f

= 12. 2t7 KN/-


TTtencl,e"K,"fl ,sLu,r

vu,w-L+ - "tJ
d = ( 4i5 +?r
)_+o
= 46o m-

v u = t 2 . 2 , ?L + -a+eJ
= 5 3.oZt73x*

N, = ?!^'l''*8- = Gfg.€rr kN/;


a.l?f ,tFl6
t/ / =o.lfg6Mpo
D^t el

N-=
(J -Ltf
r
-t
c
o

n__e_EGr
6
= o,742?Mpd

vc ,o o,K.
7

Tl"e2,Aesign ribs: -
"/
a Stu,n€ /7, e seq4?tn /, TZ gsa
,
d.

M= wuLt t2. 2 t? ,( e.6f


= = l, fl 21.. s6 tKrr yt ..* ?
to /O
-/
m Cu;Al)
-ltvurt
a J
l/2.€ * b5
fioel, p = o ^GZV*4
= u .' o 2 t 4 ?
o
o.? x 2?.f ,y ry ,r@6of
+ crr= O,o 222 47f
4so, . *'*ri/fl
= /r./-a
f crLecK et : ?
= o , o z 2 z* z ? , f / l t o {
4(t,rn P
= o. oo l? 6?3
t.4 G se,.
e. *b* #,
I tttt a
J
ly tl
l, Lt tZf = o . o ol o l g 7 7
8,, 3t0
*
?+r

t w€
,L,^tf >E;" f= "'oolot??7

TLut, fts = f bJ
#
= p.oo l?61 *7?f ,v +6a
.o,?4fu
cn 7o t.?48 z 7o z ^.t/f cwiot*-)

Use Q t6 -* wiA at€a 2o! ^^2 .

the number af, L"rf

*= 3.f La,s/-
zol

7La u, e +St6

fr'- M 4 H+.
t i
1 . q l

el 1 6
( bf.)

2/r{ ?
( s*1 ( se4;n d t( (qda)
/- / /)
of niJ-rfout
Pt+
L//6

( SecJia z- z)
tat eASe)
t4-
#
R.c. srn/R cnsEs

A ,s{qircare is a slrudtrc u;l/, sfrfs (o, sfuirs) us<d


+?' prcvile m rsvenunt b dtae en
"l,f/€r.or^iL ,Iere ls .

/ree/

landin3stct
wqisf

d*p
.ear"
b€a,rrr
(sfand"el
-bean)

QtsntS

@ f^,ut .oremeN/- be'{ween


sltps (or sfuirs).rt .t,//€re^f -Levels t^t;tlr"ntt
Las q waist -
4

wcrisf

\formp )

,,i*
.(s*aircotse)
tnrermedi qfe (s*aiFgase)
ShL ,
4 end stcL), ls;1e* suporteJ
&t L"t* e-rJs)-
75

( s*o;-cose
w;tt+
lwo ead
"h,L".)

(He.e , s*ar case, u;fr tgZlo ft;fu ui// Le -r/ud;, J


)

Qiqn o S*air Cases (at;ft


s) or
ratryoe (u;lhout Sfu - .
-Thvrc
are csdes . Here a sinp tifr.e,J m€*lo
"l,ff€ft^l J
urilf be weJ.

r) n e i"d;nedr sJaircase rs as-st44q4


*z span h, nori=wt"tU
^ Tlte s/zireale is aJsurne/ thl"%
-si* ^:. tut'Po'l</
-,',,'^''*.
d po,A
cq;o//errre
"f Zera b e+r*,l;5
,o.'u^* ^on,g.rrfs) .

" :," iH;;:?' u* etis/a,,., Lelwee


*;,* -t
(aq u')
i1 -rf fie hds are ?
strnnh.t--,..-
sf@n
tszve rr,,="r,i5*":mrffi:
|:rlk:,

(s7an !)
73

{i ) rf fie s.laircarc 4as la^J;oj s laL a* one or LotA


en/s,
fl,e ft;,Lf
"/ bri.af/exure is *aKert at m;CJ/e 'f *hese
slah oulen fh.erc .r laLs qre /;x eal tb s4# <-dg e,
betms.

I s+;f/
edgebun

t- (+2".0) i
I -'

(aoq" !)

f u r A , f rs/ai- are s
JcstTn enl a s
" a'-p# suTporful
Lam ,,titT /taiza>1;fal ^ _ . r _ r
yon . cu.c't 42 ' ^a4

Nates : -

I. 'Th e aea-l toverr €sTecia,tty aZr^€st/f,oerjt-/- shsur/


Le
c-a/culaled ft, Tie wAokf;nd;aeo/ sh,yq-,re .T/tr.s
seq_
r'udgl* incr,u,res rLe uuac/ qtl
rze s*rps (rt, ft""
hori zon la-l sF*r,
4\
2' 7Ze surfr:r, /nalr a.c u-.stt4/g /zorizazuf<l
(an #eqls
of sfrF )

3' 7vc !'re laal is ueual/g 4;1/ (aLoup z) end


octs verfr'eol/x (*, ho-;z:.t.) ,7-,., 1 .
'-'' , "frltt n-4,r (6>)t1bJ4 g>ct,', 14.
{'-*o- lb !t#r rJrs
4. we ,i f4'e 'hha vJh^o!-. *!.-.-t ,i1.e **x)mqnt
//
oposifire berrnl,'^4 -rr>,re,u* is
1 *?.@' i,1( st,,iu,F)
t5
lj( o)2r-;a,,a
g i q 6 i' r
l L G u *, T e /^ )-t;|L ( J r .;..
?7
r'n7ar/'a"'t rlo/e oT? t€in/arte-ent ct*ori riog z-
!r4t:z,a ?y.Iux-
-The
s.lairqsew*r*4o, L;:ir.,rne n;,reI"_*,tnf
fr"e
v.r*, Lc*'y's mus* ,o*
ib 2!t4t
frlr*, frre bd o,zerouse fz,e sne//
)a4 Co>t*rle Cwer a* /Z"e bu.d ouitl sTettc//.
d ";Jri--:,it

srke/
ber

sf:e/ Aer

\ft!;;17ry.
?. -,td5?dtt-
ry^J .lr-t*t;,
drrreC't del
sfee/ f,on
bar
&*"l,i,-.,;3
-y4'e,w.ij:
\ct?-*&)'d,.o ,i
"i ;',
Ls+;*' !'oi
ilt tpb. t-(uenr ; t'at--6 , ,j,j y-W --t". -;-i.5!
--t1-
'r)trij''f' Jk 'd"a,.* i * :,!
:J' r-w 4
4 o €P
o
- f o'.tt;gr,-f it(
: I yi'1"*t'''4'e a*'t "!!:!-:!!t +, _rrr,_!8. 2i
"u)-t|;;"., r, yt1^.O' -ya4 **-+ a^i

7he lleo.eh'etfi ned,aa


% fr_fr
frm rSrren
olud /ozrJs. Zn ^F a<sf ' ? v d't
r ^ /, is tt-rd.
i no_,a og srbe
(-'t;2
!41 :+ ) 'y i {uy n_4,Fyi ac; u ,fr;

ttq,in Strel
78
Fxo-ele t- (des;Xn sh:lrcos)
"/

l Soam

tui*th
"f sh;rc4te
b = L16a,7, @crc/e s+zengte
f: = zfMG
atde utei6* , T. -- 24.r kA/_,
) stee/ l;ell /;:;;;;^,.
T,hg l*^l o,? g xN/_z ( tto,izanteth
) : /;y: ,r": ,.0 kN/,nz
(hov;z-a"y1"79
) , use or h-ke uoist ru,Wfra:E _ . ,i":;
- use f /6nz'n
fr-H)5*..t
*-.',*T .TT., & r/oaw,

Sot(h'cvr: _
E.rt rLe kf_! se/f,r.,ait6
t*ftt" nu-sf be q/a<lated.
€ €ach gr;V is
_
.( t.26^q 2,162
= 2 . t ,'4? m
F*
6/:/ se/f,ze,6)rf o/
*orsf
,rJ G* I.
*,j =o.7"r h'*r, zi*e)re\-,),,;4,
* ,i,!'*' r (,),;1
2''/q?
+o,g + a.q4? +
*S /r24.f
= 3 e . 7 7 7x N
7?

%hQ br; of sleps's


d s = (+ * o . t E a x o . 3 m tx t . t )
x 24.f ,v 1zP+z- skvs ata.

= lo, t 8? /<N

Tilinq |oad
C
d t = l , l x (r2^ . t + o . ! q 2 . , * " f , )?* o S
= f'82t KN f '%z
#

frh! deal loay' s


wd = w X + N s a u J g
= 52.9 8f */

frl-! -Li,re /@/ NQ=' o's+ atr+


L::i':* t',*ro
T+^! qJl;,^^+e l-.4 Wu= ,'Uwd *1.?w.!
= t.4 ( j2.q6f)
+t.7(zq.?)
= t2+. 66q kN

T A c e/fe*r>e sf*, ts -! - 2.t + o.g + 2,t +g


= 5,zl m
77442 fh.e rn&v. i*ia, E . U.
fos C4f cenf er ) | S 3_
*= *o.J
M = (tzq.r'e?)+(E..t)
3 8
: 8+. /f2 /<^/ . w
7he e//aAre a?ft r's
cJ= 22f - 2o /6
l? 7 n?nz
.Fn4 F (b/% ,"uZd),
f: o.oo6V6
8o
./)- 1.4
dert< llai s ,,uiflt J t _ - t,1
=o.oo4ogt
/rnt4
tf uu 3.'lg
USe f=o,ao67/6
fren
frs = o-tu67te zf tto-a+ n+
= t +rr.q --Z
USE A d / 6 + frs= t{o? --2 (o'K.)
-=3

Next hsider /7t.e Camti/ever pa-t


t o/ rte
f .tc; .{*rd;n
<wtnl
r
s laL , (

Pu=+
- 62'33fpp
o.8
74e conce*ald T-
load (4I fn" eJXe a/s/e|)
r'S t
/ 2 1 - ' 6 - 6-? 6 2 . 3 3 { * X
P a = 4 -2- z
se// *"',It ,X = o . zz{ )?t. to *
"! )Fzq.{
-- 2,+26 RN
w e,gA* a/. lil;n1 w h : r . t o* + xo.qg

%'/a! al;th;h*eJ J€*J llwd Wd wfl t Wt


"
= 2.8 97 KN
%/aJ ot;strbu*eot "!,;r,e Led
w.l = l.to*o.4 *F.o
= ).2 t<N
a,lal &[+'"-k ld d;rtibv]</ :
w*= t.4q+17145
= 7,7+o lN
M*r- nVih'te B.tl. cql /ze /rx</ azd) ;s..
rqq Bll' :u-fo ur.A
,{= Pu.fln wu'l ---f4t
-- ":
2 -qw.u It.It,r -
x---z
62.3?f * o.4 + 7-?./o * o ,4/
2
26- 4 8z KN,m

0t b"#- 4 = /? 7.n,

/;a ,"= d. oo2o32


%t'5
f < E,; 2 so we a,oacfsf
,Z= Er,,
4 s = o.o-a+ )? //n t_ t?7 = 6Se
"J r_Z
ute 5 //6 -> As= taz6
S/z*d. ne einfire-"rofr , -

1/ t6 ^^

8 6 t6on

3/6-,.

8/r6o,,,,

,r-r, Slf*f
8 /6n*

slep^n;tr 6at
(/to'1 a- sr?',..Lrfs)
"t-t
8z
n"f, s{airCaS€

o'3am

o'ftfn
7+:gg
b ea-
Waist
o,2om
shfl
'L
eem
p-r. t--.f,*- 2.qr,-I- ,.e*)

Des,Jn ar-l s KeteJ' accuraie/f T|"e s*ee/ reiafuce^e^f


r
f* t'Le sh)rcqAa, sh"ntn io lT"e fr7ffi
J, I
a belte .

tu tucrc*," /t 27.f p/pa


te = 2q.fkN/r?3
Er s;lee I frl=34f MPa dtZ ,nm bars
Su.fiar;g o.?2 rN/^L
d
.0"^ol ( horiznnlaQt ) '
L)ve le&/ i - 80 KX/oz Cl*?-41tog*7 ,
sh)r criotTL b = t. 2o,n cJea'- c*"f 2d mrv

H;nf,: wcigV 2f.9tto KN . weiXht 4 slrps


"f ,nmlrf
6 . rz?iN . sudaa\f /&d +.4/c kN.

w 4 = 3 6 . q 3 3/ u \ / , W 4E 2 ? " 8 +t c a t , W u= 4 i . o 3 c r K N
sfan -0=4.om , lVu = 4 =4q.tt?,?N.,rr,
ol=t?7-,n , V= o,oa(fc14 ,7r= q3?.6oe2,
U.9e . i f lZ ^-, > As - tot 8-* - E- -lo^1,a3 sla bs
t4u =+9.,t?*o.8 + 4x2t.hto xo.82
= 46. f€l ,(/.nt 1
p1 o".oo42ff, As-=t?/'a
Use E//2,
,
4ft2
flro
Y rp,,
(a-s*fi*7os
Szraa)
8s
CoBBELS (oR BRHcKErs)

n corbel ( o, brock&) is a veriL deep orrd short can!;tever


CarrXiag'A;dn !,o,,dt .

(In indurhial build;nXs o,nd qt (ieU


w a,ehowerfz urry /a.ue//in6t {,;3t,)
C rart e 8) PF"
CpLr.-rt

Corlsl

E=trJ

a u h
( Cenlra/ beam o7r Corbets)

Behav;our of arLelt unJer ,Tf,\,


4;ll concirl-ateZ .looJs =

fre rtru-rr7 rrohrh'ans ate 4sd, rT Jr


a is fLe -rAa, .lfa.n .
4 ,i lhe deTtt dt d.
4' it tt,e deptL ei /,ee d. (usue$ -l'2 +1)
L ot;Jfh o/ ld e Arbel.

Th e fzp
"f fre carbel is rtn/er lertsi/e -g/rysres
( fr- bh/r'r./ ) , Vze c,ratt -ra:|'n, is ql.fa under -A;rl,
she..'g st*"ss" nt fr;t""t tlo d;y",ru-! Cm<Ks oazcv
Lecatzg *<4 n+&|tuo ,v€rh'Ca! cracl(s u/;ll retr.
8+
-Trve belhvfa.w.
;s -l;rce a simple lrztr.r (rtor.
five main fte-xua! sJeel (at /27 irt rensi*r)',r1{,
1J),-,
bar ' cartorr/e rt* hp */ The load la t7.e borh* e44/n(ar
fihe c"(rr*, witl ac* -!;xe o bar in anpr€rsia,t.
yerlica,! ca.fcs)
g
-V--
lr^ ;'

The @ 2 at lhe enl ,i usucp 7 = o.to$


(ap1nximo+el7t) .

P
b esign ArLels t
"f
s/,in7s iU t^D tere lLe sAear -sf a,n (o) a'r-J fhe
staliy.*i load ( v) - fi lso fLe u.,id/1 (b) * as*atly
ar€ Tiren
)1o" F;nd f1'e depfh s -/, and -1' ,,ra el rr.ht-{
Xiven.
-ft*e sleel frs (fr, U*td;A) arut rhe.ghea-
/tacvn!
n( A. s/ree,r. Horizan/*l -r#r.ups are
Utee -ler< beca.toe rhe ca&s ere verh'ca 0,

'nce
dures :
llerr a si,np/e -pfi.od f- a.rrjn .f
Corbe/s is given .

t. s7eifl fr.,zde7//, I a,nd ihen 4'.ry 4= 4


8r

2. sTec;fu ft,e e//e&w Jrpfu U).fike +,z/zJ (ovoF


a Lcu-f 7f.am " T7 en
4= 1_?r
g. STea'fl. TLe -fune. qnn 7 oct.-
Z ='"tf d
(uFfo, ima'"4)
4. Fnd /7"e ftexura! 5*e/ fls fu,n
nw,trefs ba r?b- o/ /4re ettol :
"*
T Z = y.q frs =
ua
)flil/a
/42
,,ulene / = o.?o fr* t*l;^g

c),err -Al- >o."r/*


bd ./
ff This not cAec?d ,r7ten
f7
,r4-E-:
ote*easc G/) + so(d) lv inceal, zMAle^r?
ns. -al:\e(f
Ule I

5, En d the lor;zat/ol .sAur ,eh #rceore^t ,4g

ttse Y Vnft?' = o.St


vJr
^-u- T
,(+ f,dr-sAe-.)
1 Pbd
C7tlt4l \- x-tec.
ttiaf. dtla
SAaLr,ae
t*t r. "

nt is /7'e a czLql u/t'^of" sAaring tires, in


flre canat:fe seclho'n Cqt or"l) .
frtso V = o.f4 (t- fol (/* 646),4

fr- tne sAa7 sruryril, concn*e (,, MPa) ' ,h?r?


"f
&=#
Mu = ,t/c & frhd 4
fvt
4t
oAeck n { o - 2 o+
rt
-Tf, rhi s is no* cte*d ,fAen irTc&.te 4 + So d
tv &c,are 4.

fr/+vr /7,4/ frAa /tori 762ri-o1P -tLear 52?e/

e = d 2 - l J _ n ,, cl,r* * At

P4/ TLe /torizsnif.l slirrups ng in Joy".s .f


$ a ,h- rzp.

6. Dnw fhe de/o;/s .f ftirr #.*r,"j\

Z-tegr*r-
A{

g- legs *irm1s

2or 3 /16
( fl. srbrt;t,U)
r|p$-tyt+ ?/*l:f1J*u
8+
€raarale (ae:jr't GrLelr)'
{

D eriy rt e,t d s/atd, accurar'e/. n slee/ *i" fra,rt*


^,
fire &rbe/ sltoatni'ztle;frJure v=63o'ltl
8-
fir- cnzarcle fe = 2/'fMPa
= 34f r4Pq
,Fo. sfue/ fr
La")
( Us< Qt s nn
C t Ya.- Arv?r 7l--'-'

,rr'J tL o/ c"rl e/ B = 46nta'-

Cor btl
S o I'uA'a, -
Slea,r sfaa a =e2ou-
s?i/g olro^
/,odal V= d?oEN(u/h;te)
uf diu b = 4Lto tno'

DeVfu -l '?oo -' ( qf enJ)


ft = e?-feFa
=J'/f
A
C-over 7{'-
tC ,-*
t//e&Le aVi I J) = 7o'o-7f- z
6lj

6.rJ: z) Flexm-.( rei,furort-f Ps


;') hLr;zrn-fo? sleat rci'2P*Cene't n4.

Frs / fl, d nt - As-rr-r,r* e, lruss *rJVr/.

Then fh.e /ewr ar,>? Z i s estao?d a'/


Tn'fY I
a.S: Z=a.8lr-/
3o-7fx 6/7
- f2+' m-
4fo
O .
FS -ctrU*t | a
, fire, A, =
P42
G\ct * /o3rf 12o
88
/7fJ- Ba o,o'
frs= 221'4fo
4
o.9o ,r 34f*5
# -
U.re ? $t6 -- Larr + frs= /8/o ''"'t
frs f,.
rteck
ft
/ 7f3.89o tPY cfidt -)l
o.@//aC Ic 6l'';l
4ao ,? 6/7
/? = o.,'c)318E
o.64 +
,H
Thlrn 4un E
t /h a'
Nohce fl, i/ ,4s = / 7to -- ''t u teol
"/
/ 8/o = o.o072q3 C".K.)
Qto * 6/7

Next #-l ?

g /tesS n f7'e
The a c:Lue.t q/** o?e S/reorin-o
u Acrctg

Sech'cn is i V ':+r. -qDtjr


i\,Ut)l
UtJ =
dLd | ; tH, U*:t (#)).
t
6 8c: -r(/F = J.2ql N/.-'
o.Kf )f40o^L6t7 (ar Mpc)

/he s,le*r sl>e"yzL ./ utnle

Mc= o-rq Cr- ( r+6lE )


ft)
Le/ Uu =% , y')oe, , 3, 241 = o . f 4 (t- 42o
\
2 )( 6/7'
x (,t+62/A) rG

/]r;s g)res,
/4 = o.o//q85-
fa
e)^n-d<
"e {"'2 /*
8?
27..t-
-" (a'K-)
/y'€re o.2o* =o.otf?42
34r

B,/-r 4s+A{. f l / =E . L J - n s
8= ,fze,
bd

o f A^ a- o// qtf * 46a )( 6 t7 - t 8to


4

= /o2Q- 493 --z

I)se 6f/6 +ry-tzoT-'L

C)re*/< tn,{fr4 //.& o./(.

Use 3 lalers &- Pl :

7 drc (te,k,
h 2 ryos)

2or3//6

U4- s,h)l;/,'

z fit6
C2- teXfuo7s)
Exanp/e : (design t'a /ryr ert
"/ arbels)
t^r;4h "f co, Le/ 4oon-,
fu c-rri,.</. f,e = zfMG t200 kN
fuslte/ (ulu,.r.le)
&=7G/VG,
uSe //g^," fr, L*rd;"1 ttte/.

Cle *r
ctz^^ /,,o she;ske/.
Cover 7f.o-' ?
,4 t
_L
| 6oonn
7o
PL NSTrc H/N&ES lM BEN MS

Ytrt r> ( oR cBncK) L.tNES/^/ st46s

The Cnrcpt
"f G/la7se in Leamr:
l. Canst'/era sr,-7tS t?f-te/ )arn ut/er tuifir,-,
"Ao"ul7 (fr-,n,'t tryfn).

te! fhe b<e,rnJ*r" a r<inft.rd


Gncrc/e -sedz^oy( t* d) TtL e ={/a
ulli*ate ^o-er* is :

tva= 4ft?(ua.rr P& \, rZ


T)b'ot
ft
-
Nont assupp fhe /cz4/
3 4v incr€are
ftenary,a,um Xnd,<atly .
Le^/;rU -oor*rf Cql n,U_Tr) .lr-1,*
increccse.
wren n; /oa^e/ n:.rf
2 7e cco//y, /od),
!:t7'?,*,,,/ -l ry :,,;';':e+^ee
YTa

I:,"*n:.f' :*"r^r
K;"fe oui// be :I-o' Mu. np/ash l
' -- ,' ,
fr*ea ,'n 4e mrJ- arzd Van h.e
tun ur'// a//a7*, The ba,m oui// /" a ne6Jartcrrz

Tlte co//a7se /6ad ?" is o Llaind #uo, ,


7"_J', Mu oF,
a t
u
v . - ' q

8 ? -!2
?l

2. CansiJer d bqm ut'fr 0

(po a;f -/c"7ta) bethe laont.


{,r"1 aa. Let ?

f/ere
,. r'4'e rt€?dh're b*zelLa
U
U
tnone'* ti
lAe f;sel
tV-:g_lf/Z
&lrte paeh.r<
ffi"a
b e- /;o nc>rtfr* is:
X
M+: I f "l ,/trg )

D€ar flrP mrU -t7art . Let


lhe beaor hare a r?thHoot
Cqrorr?jeserj'ot, tttith Ma=
d prt
vtr 0_ o f? g ).bdz
at a// -se&'an-, , rt

Lef 7 trtcrvas€r,rterz a p/asft6A,bge /'ri frr"*


SrneJ q.t lhe f,rU end ut/te,t tvu = /r+ 7.!2./8 .
The beo,n wi// no/ Co//a1PseL,Lt ,'f wi// Lehave as a

s;rf # sfporfeal Larn 6- ,flrrfru- rhcrya.sein fr .


/a"rd oCczr tuAen a. S€conal
7h e Co//af sp ft t 2" wi //
plailz? W hrgo ts fr,ned ai ., rl€ar
y'he ,nrV- sfan . Ha^t h 7*l /h,'s G/@se /6<4
q MLt-
T c ; l:/ 7N | . 4=7"

e*r?pt'y+(meAan;s')3!!4 +_x /YYy


l"^o lA*-a;t
7""34.\glyapJkTu V';r'
a |- + t t-h;$ '4r
r ucrr-
A l
.L*
e*trt r-; ?
7z
f,sa,cme lhe secsnd p/as*^c h;nye it of disfia6, x
&* fi"e f|*eol *ro/. fr/sa lo*1.-" (or io ft.+l ftLe
shearr'a2 fro" u= ts at Thc secortd ( ov ir*erior)h;rge .
Use theu f*, L"", Jr*fl^^ lt e kff
"/ /oorh,qr-t, :
TVrreare lwoae/hols h ,€al
fl",
,t,
I

{ -n =',)
4d ?=1.
t) The melhod { .
'r;rA
".1t"7u;t;briu- '-
2) 7he m€fhol q./ wor/( . \
)
t4l=o
ey e7uil;briun ,*ake noms,^h o/o,rf tTe Mu = lvf*

f,'xd €nd t
lvu+Mu-7". x..,-{ =.
Thus a 4Mu
l-c - ,' In th;, &s e y = T-o
xz
el Co//a7s e,/?t ttA :
4Mu
7"=(y"_ _ _ : _ /6Ma


Note: )' 12
x on / e #,*r/ exac*/l L; h-k;nX lAe egu;f;bnu*
"f ,,Xt{_siau
'po,;;?
4lh
ru,
3. P beao,
-u- 7".H-x)
ry=o
frx.a *_t"*l e_dr
/ (fr, w;t te"gfn)
f,stu-e Mu tnslwt* S, atl
cnts sPc*ons. frt a/k7so (7=q),
t'trree
7/a4? trhges"n fi*e.'

M;gt
ld
1s
Ey eguihln'un f
lvu + M u - q7 . -c l 2 . -4l : o
M: Mu
Th;s g ives q 16 t4u
fr- ,!^ t
4+o

Fxa?a/e (plash.c
l'" i"
h,bges ,,rt Rc . beo_s
)
P bQazt ./ c/a- 7-6* is conne*d h ca/unns
fa,n
dt Lafr en/r- Tre se&bn,r and ,vio
fi,@,?urls crK
shtatn )n lh e filure :

+ lzz
GJJ)
.t dr? +d18
( Lt9 @t9
alCz ( adl )
! 6t8 <s

frr ,st?e/ fy = 3lo tVfo

a/acl^te //"e +v+a.! O//aVse /o q_e/


fl- + Fhenfr,e
irTo.sa/ 6 tla/se loal .g,r. ?
l/ia t : Ertf ca/arj*te fZ e ul/,a
o,l_ootome,rrJ-s
CMut,Muz
ar'J Mus) ofte4tr-, 1_r ,2_Z arrd g-3.
s d-hl, b-g.i gi r bi L
7zl
g es:ume cL b€cA'an.trrr) e/laVse:
"/ l,,iy,*6oy,.

,rf
( nqaA.rre)
,:.
Mrz
(ftig,"-l
. {, ps;t*0,,5

?.6-x

Ttren u-te egu;/;bnhn (o. wrAta/


work ) k calcralqfe
tl.e y'w" WKrtautns ( X 4_
Z"). ?n ilt t:J: yr'.,.
+t.,d,nt:,*-j
lo.rJA. : jdl ji;fi
( ostu-" the .rlear,;zg
frn" V ?/t ,'qy'enbr h;n6te (2
Zero) . ) ;s

Mut 2"
tu
( J .I
?-e-x
M"t
qr

The Coneept o f Y;"tJ t;ne, io SLqbs

Assure
frssure t'he /ot/
f (p". w,'* oreq) on TVe .-;/oL rr?CttafeS
,hoe,
vn a'w rv 'Th e pos ih re bene/;T
morre-rf, (& ,.n*eriar
regions ) errd nVa/trre L€ra/|,,f ,noore4t, Cq* edTer ) ut;tl
also irtcrcare gralua/y_

*ac-l(s urti I I oPf eo, ,ilren f7 e -*r*r.f, flre


tu*,
aPf h'eJ /sools bao,e qtar!r +a
to fu.
t4e ul#orale
ul-*+zate rnatrl
n@s ./
fte saJuns. t- -
The slal , , 7
uuill rtot Ca//afse arrJ en hke uotz
arrd ,nore /oaa/ s NeqJ S €c*?tns *,
Lty4ch tLeir u//-;*-/\ e
m(neals a4/ the @<,
i--
ottitl ,r#,
rfte acl
- -
n-1
t ne
PA cess u)i tt ba/;*2
_v. ,.r4LZ (ryt*1l
u4!+'l a// eraKs ot/f ll join
bguTrer d,rld frte sla.L wi// A//a7se
)n-/rapfec"s.

Here s/a/e
4 uitL itobupi"
rei:furr*,erf ,,s
considerccl , freYt€-e
Mu ,,s fue s-rn.
io the ,s/>o-f ezo/
)n fL.e
,/ q,re4tans
/ayd,.ecj}n s d h fr.r* ,b e// d,,.e&,"rws(l;p.
-Xgd^ sfrihL :
Fessu"e ) ,

Mu (ne1 wi/,
Mu t*//r )
(P".,a;i .
lryf,)
(pe, mi* laz7fe )
16
A . t
HssumP'fldrs::
.,

l.'fhe ,e;nforcp-^t is ,'sob/oi. . tVu is fue .earn fo q//


direc/t'ons,

A. The yietd -lineg org sfra,6tf (in rccla,,.rgula, ar.d


prglon<l
sla bs) ,
g ' 'sAa,h7
o firces ar? 2s70 0/ ;n*"r,b. y ierJ .0;n"s ,
4. -f4.ler;ar y;elJ "!,;nes at fhe /n" edges (o. otlre_
edTes)
aI riXM anglet .
5' ulunate monufs Flu
(Terunit !yf/r).are
,ru/+p,ed ntr
r"herbla! qti,4r'e mom*tts
!:1*!"
de ! ^:.to:,
vec:b.s (.!;u
..Thes<
e forr"s .
)
ftrn figurrt nutnen* on
Cpe,ui t
-{engh )
E -/4u, A rj4t
,nornornfr-, E - Cpt, .
F S:"
,F
= /Vu, c's€)"
= M4.#''
mo>assfsry7E : @u. E
S.s,h O
= lUu . (E
. s,rz€)
_

. ,,"r?1,
Here ht- 4anJ ,u/e is utd
fr- ?bhr-o -on crtts
C o sv e & r s ) . ZraQratf,

No tet rr/ al" brte.s o sloL,


-
,ut:o -Ta f , ft e yiell _0;nes uti tl
lr*ve E.*r&r . s;npr,/Z ca)aa/a,h,oy7s,
ll,ese bra,u&s
ar€ n7/e*d.
17

Co//apt e rrt€cAtanis rn is

piece of -s/aL ctrt ato*, a-r o free L


#v"a tuyls.

ExomVle (cotlapse of
R,C. ,glabs

t. n s7c{1.e slaL o/ e/a-


far?s 4,g n *4,gm is s;.zzp$L
suppaifeJ ovpr fhe edge-r. 7he slaL is
rcinftrea/ t/
Qlo -*, Oz*-.n in bo/7, 4,)ezttbns
4e &ver is 2G*r.
7,es/ol fh;.knesr ;s t2f,a.n.
fu corzcrefe fi = 2t.?MFa
-

tu.stue/t:r;(X'
U/crr/^/e fre ,bfreJ &//af.re /aad ? r#rCA)j+ f

so/,Abn; -
Due h s(mm+ irt Latz ./;,*chizrzr fLe y;e/J
(or ua-cKs)-,!,hesJr. oliaSort*.0. 7Ves/al ui// "cra-ck
,q,{a
4 7r.<! Piec.r. ftke dn€ p|eee d47/ /et
F"(f".ut'/
drca) be *e a //apse fu ad M4 ne uL;_a/e no,te.f
, secr+by, ,n sr/e /h e .rlal (_ oT
"f ./,rec/,_-, Jqe ?b
i so/rapy ) .
clg

a =1.t
r6
I lt.8m
Ir-
( Y;eH.!;nefatfern )
frke *a>n*r*s aLaq-t t/1e
Ii-" edge :- , ,
t --
1jJ
2d-r'a'r-
1 ? f'fr?r
M u . -a / ( + " . + ) ' Tct= o

Then V" : -W
q2

ffiJ Muz A" = 3?3,n,-/.n 3??

(/'e
,. f= : o.@ S?3o

;* ta'zr?*/dD

::,r::_:ff,t::** o , a b 3 9 l a tt L7f
2t.7
-)* "

(rot:o *toez) .
= f. 4q/ /rN. *,/-

Sals/t'r+a/r" , fTut = 24 ,(?,4t//


= 7.E34 /{tu/"2
+.32
fl"

otd &//ayse laay',,


_?
<,iU !74o;)t
qltsg. giyrs +y
+ A = /.334 - o. /2{ zt 24.!-

| 7)Nt u,VJnyt r
= 4.77z d/r-z
qcl

2. slap/ sup7,rfd'

fr rec/ettgu/ar slaL utiti isar?apic rvin -4o,


fo.ce-*r/
sfans onol eJges as .shourrlirt fu" fr,u.e.7Ve ,ah+orq/e
mn r*t/ is €. Z+ o KN. n/- (insiJe /l"e s lcl
Vosih'rc )
and l1e qJf'^"te nga-h"e motren* i s t.Lf x 6.24o
= 7. 3o KN. - /m (at /t, e /,Xd dte ) . ft- 72e y;d{
,s,hrzun /tere ,h, /n J ft€-eollaf se -l*ol .
Talerrt

S ohthcn:
alre,re o(N 2MKn67unf (X +7")'Tt"to
e7ua,h'arSere neeJed.

Ta,Ae Tiece @' {- j.6nr


Ma
\ \

6.240 =
,+Y'-h # i
,@,
rJ-x* x l+ S'o* ,+
I

M x r.o-Z-It+ $-x)x3'6#l*k'Gx)"#I
=o

frle piece @ : . &


.+
Mu*
q
hc
7-z + rutl*?"2
. I J *7-2 * (5-x)
I 2
x - r5 y |J =-u
1,,-w
Li'4frr=rn
@
r
B1

t-ti =7.to
k/V'
/ffi

satus O * @

fr,= ---'ln
7"= --- frr//^z

CAec,f olx ( f'o

3. ftere Mi = /-2o Muf, fu e4ge


8.
= /2'{ K.Q'nz (7iren)
Fan
fu,'
/t = 27.€ lvfa @
"f;xeJ
edge
& : 3+{Y7Fo
7 = /?fn^ ("r/al /hr'c,!'tzss)
C/e"r Ctl€r 2{mn, (- A"/1, drrecltnt )
U fe ftZ nn ske/ Lart .
,fr, d 17e Va,ah7 ?

74,? /t an exanT/e of s/"Ls L#


Noft: "/ 4es,grt
y ie/d -0ner'',
ru,e Jh"') cr*rir.t,avtt ;+r'Jb

So lrt-lion :-
71e fe;lJ -he (or uacr -2ae) paltn is Slazort:

7Aerc are efua/7i€(ef -frte onefrece, a;!;!'re

/v; * g.o +r4,1*4-1"x(!*F.o Poti{iry


t4t.

* #'*{*4? )=o
Subs#'fr"le ,rVea Mq = 23'
l2tz'S
lz rn
fr,€h/ frs lur? +
tol

Mu 23,6 /( /o6
E=
fr/€ LJ2 o'qo* 2?'6*/on */raz
o , 04 /? od = o' o43 (I eo,
,y'dis giret U>

So f = -.f,: /E
z o, a43 ^. 27.6 /l4f
= o, tA3440

.So As = fza
: o.ffi344#/oriz*/sA
= 56 --"/- 7*i4tr)

/r?'tt . > 4s = f?f'.2^7r, (ur{fr)


USe #tZ *rrn De^t
o,K.

Fxo-Vle ( /o lJ -Z;ne io -s/a[s) e

frrt ia/err'or s/a/ ( u,;4 Coqhh&atl4 edge.r) I'ot dea.r


Sfarts 5./.n n /4e siar* d,;ecr|bv 4 7,f* - * e
/oyq dt € Cian &. fre s/a/ flti*n ;s /fi.arrt . Vtq
"f,
s#t lcas )sor*aprt rv';nfirrerre.r* ).t fre ,hknb nglons
6rrV'anS o/ Vot/*V" badg naoety's) , //o.vrl Dlzf*z
-GYe-
(Lo7L.gr) + effiaa)rc Ja a'z ?

T1,e ,v,h/,rcenu* in fle 16117


dJ, /r /Ze nqrar*'re
b *tdrh q /r2a7a€AJl- ;a *c .,t/o-/ a/rrfr*|n '3 2 f 1o .a,,n
D 2go-* + f /zgf Eer.ttre4 a

y'tzD ir"
1 add)
,sbI
24/aA 2fr
t02
TZe ,vhfure-d irt rTe Shar* elge (fu r?"e
negafiVe ba*/,r27 .naz'z*rt fa rte /a>za 4;.v**)
a
r'S 2 //a .arn E Zfo .nr7".

(tu:;-w'ilq;i'[Pv
-
5/a6 +
, I(SzttZ.! a\;6
'fi
di,yi /n, n, i
Pittp\ ?t fl*f r*
J-lr

Fe. TVe y,b /J .!,n t fa7*arrz Cg,t*n ,h fr'e rtgor*) ,


de-rl*- ia € fhe tu//apfe /er' h. fu ezcr.ela fi = zftVn
,s/ee/ frf.27fMfa.-

t'
* + - + - i i { t/ ng,
f
' J+ r\./"4 '
' ,/
Pot. -:7, " - l ( A '
YL. "*
| 7.fm I
1

,) tJ,Jt,'i2lr*'',.i,,12!l Pi ;;', Lea,a f ;l !.* i4 dfu 4 tl


-iJbttl'*,ll
,J* 2*rr;iIJ, t ci.tlJb .Ft *.*i _;+;-&)e, s;/t
, crr.dJ rlcltp.r aLJ t
,, i.Fcti,ribbtl4* lf lcslaL) Jr c-:r. tr-wED z,tp_.,)n
-
, I Jtfu J;"l..:,)-r+rJ PslQ'U+ ;1
/
-- ta3 ,
tz sa : ? --
Ex' --A, codaer7A* ca//afs'" ft
_45*s., t ed?e fte?

-- 'l{ t'*,tl ' fl -


,

\ Ga,/
/
\+tr_
l'J,

a
@ E,A
r\a
/ I

_ fef+ .oe,rnc v* @ :
-- (34(f-a)= 4(2.1) - -

3o t( 5z

_ +fr- qg.46t ,KN


to3

Y;elJ Linet EX
Virthq/ hJorK

lhe tna'h ld €q is
t \ /. r =ZMLg
pykrna I fnlerna I

t, Exanp le :
Calcula.lefr" {a//a7se/ooJ"'rflr',,fu rze
t -f .strttta* s/a,[ .
3

'W
t
iI n
ia' .tfurl,
I
i \
l
/"1 External ryorK = L+"
" { x-t* 4tl ,+i
q 1 2 x L3
7c -(
=
3

fnr?rrt a/ Otar/( s t4 X !* | *4
,Uo Wt,
I /u/
TAen
3"3 -0.'= 6 M ay' \v" = z4/"/
-!2
__*__J,o1--

-;4* Examfl€ - --

'X
,6-219 2(

-* .6m r

--+-fu-(+-*;

z_elo = lvf s+*J*L

----'_i- = Mf -L-*3J

USe -oE so +f e^-


>x f*J )c.?
to5
3. €xomple :
A rechgu/a- c-anc#t sta.L (z'rlo * €m).
fA e a lcL th; *n ess ,'s tfa *ain 2 fz e a^n'ntX e
(sv€r ,'t ?a n,n , fu cat>t&e /t = LfMf?a
Frr ..rlee / 8 t Jfd lvftt
Ar*= +tz DZ"rt
fls- = #/2 I *aP + $tz o9qao <ad't)

Mu= Fpfr(u .-r"f.4- )L)' ?


n /
trtxcJ

,r-1" +r^Cyiel J
*$nr

6^21(

,sdtaliatt i
-+ A+ Uz)1r
Ftr Mu- ,At-= afgfoturL
#+f

C= t{a -jo =tzoa*t .,Al = ,€f =a,fr|?


, f=
bd loio frl2o

,4u* . o,? t+ a,oo4 ? x Sfo (t- o.f,q )f- a.aa47 *3fo \*twrt
-.rlq

Mrr+= 2o.f ,QV.*/-

& /4t( ) Et- = |q?.f-^n + e 6t. to /o


fi, - en ,

Nn = o ,q lF o.6a?o6 s+3fo ( t- o,t? * :o-o1fu6


--*)
i 3-fo
2-f

1-
a+/N x I? o
3 a /cN. -/-
ioC

-.--rr x '=l

_--+(rLu({, ,il 4$J-


- 4"Frltx+a,txt t't$-zQJ---

'Fltrno-/ utork - -fnlYro-0 c*>rk

-4.-t?,2 ' ' 8 x ) = ( ? & 4 , r ? , o Ax , r ? r ) -

t/. 4 ,r, ?.fx + t?.ot xz


C?,"-o.tt x E?-z-" -KxJ

2,2 -
t07
CIECULNR SLN6S

laLS &-
C,'rcular sla L.r *? ?crr*4/3 Us?/ as Lote 5
Co/amnr er Corer s/als fu elra,clqr .r/zrqe /Utks,

4he;e .r/alt urlea /oaoled uilt def/ec-f ia rVe fr-- ./


a J;sA , 7p S/aL o* ft'lrre (ar Co//a7re) w;/l 4eve/olo cir-
and fadia t CmcKs .
"o- ftrcnt'al
qer*-*fr.f nee4eJ C^* r"AA* *o1/es
,rf rhlfrc*edf *ft
?b /eese Cra.c /<,5) ,

Pehfirc",??enf de*ai liaX :-


l, Rerlan7"lT me,th palfern
yb-'{{.r 4

s kel nesl
etlo,,,
- r l "f i
(Atpp Lu i, ( fiRc -noA)
, b$1'ry9'
l

,2. Ct|cculcrr urd raJiql me,t/'l cira.6f ,


slee/
ona radiag
'y:*
,'\l
- / :
7r"e/ at
hf t4-
-t : M-
^#e:
\
-rD
\A.
drcrt.f
slre/ *
eircrrlon-
slee I
\# ,:lb|) Y

rq-alru sfue/
W;41 (^t ulfan .fr- pt*)
r"f a,
(*t?
lo 8,----'
t-l,nent h- C'-at(ar S lat t i-
LEL+-Ae--
- tAe -bo/ Ur'* areo Car w, dac ull*ral* lc-J fir
fer
. L* o1s.*j--k-44 rcnl;us 4 fi e-
-- Eh b ,7lee are 2 caseS:

stet sbdf# at /44 a**er etb'e.

_-(4erc--Mft-*-;e4e redlJ -attti/e lqdt 'h fle -


flaae
- Ctf Ctlrt

._&
+
F-
,t"/t
- lo? -

J*---,---*-_-
& Circalar-- stal-ts rb Ae U,recl aS a t'ave' o&, a e:*rtlar

-e4ge-Akc* a 'la't -taic,€ne.t 4= zTR


Ita
.- LtT+ /on

'ry
chforreqoaf-s fr tucrufe /i -: .^f-Mn, , L=-
2*L ---#e-*eL- I " z?-f t a. use 4/a^* A*-s--

-Cf#ecAtL GvPr -= 2o-'+to --

- efft4r',r.- aFA = tz{- 3o- -

Alc-&ea-

M4
ie-/d --Grfr-€-S,qvaK4EL Cg;w,t) -"

- a/h>rr/o teoJ
--_ u+=1,+* 3c62{ { t.7tfQt@L---

-*-
*
3* ?.3t?fr

-r.-a|47e)-
tto
p= Mu
6 f'hJ sfre/ tv; /rce*c^f , t!:e
dfi bJL
o,gq * /o6 = a,o/$d
R= L
o ,70lt 2{+/cz-a x?f

7V)s lire-r UJ=o,A82

72"LA
f= *8 49 = o,o 62 * { /zff } o+oo?4*

,*ee/ or& Ft s o.n ?zri+ et /az-p* ?f - ?o 8 **"/- Cullil)


,

Use //o-^ t ^ --, --> fls = ?8{*-",/* a,"t;a/4)


r)&t 2t-2;,p),9-'*,9,,gV vr

lAe negei'rc lenJa7 *ntruds ^t fie o,rte. dge:

7.Sg7{ * 3.2- 5,260 KN,-/- ( ar,.4.l|")


=
t6
: L't!( ( r-F P4 C;.lt-.1'u',$Y
*4"5

Ffa1orh'ase Use Q/o'an 3 &,*

Q/onn D t'to^- 3
/a?atrn
Saa a"t
c.a,dJ) (ua ,rryr)
l,ttt.
{s/. al
ba-/tb.t)

\ >-.-,-- 2-3 //on-


(r;n1nafu)

frP rviafira,aerf A€fGd, ,vrb7€r=eauf


(fu M4-a,,dM;) ( r€. tvp*& Men)
|It,___
'
OPE:NrN&S_ (
,g/ ERS

Lorye-oferzi,Es
-_------ t arEe etf dtuitt e

' eetdrr nf c'lge''

- R,C- -JadJ- ae aeeJepf dl 4< edges

'
/ + r.---auis.a- a:een4fu*td---

1i.,..=ii
F t+\ Lt))on

s l I
r l I

2 2ti, Siz.? ofpntag:S_z_


7h e slal is

SI'ZP l6mp or ttn,r(e* 1cf &k*taao) + ,.arreri es laqen


ll--'-Ffb!r!tt
oeamt
) + -'--i {

it-
I r l
i
I iI

+-ffi

---$&--seaa
- af hfurefd Aq,r) - -r--
tt3--

aff'Ags- a€4r cahftras ;. f4# s/q,A ''

- t€r,- of cn sc b-,t s er e# b', r "

- - fr', - 'a:- -
I
I

Crhrffil
il+
TRNNStrqK OT LOftDS
lN, Bvtt-Dtx& FRAvt rs

e R . c . bulldiaq /'.s tts,r<'"tlL


-o/e fr* s(ahs, b<o-s
a*d csl,una, ,The nrarl Ltrc lxdru orrl also dead toa/.s ors
dl ,s/a Ls , Ihe toads f.* /A< .rb,ls ate +*rrr4rrYd lztle
fuo^r oid f,rea fr* b€ara.":r
k Glannf , E'n"//* fte la*4;
| ,'t
'OrQ ftU s {€rr€d
l { rt"^ G/u^ns b zZ. ft,-ra"l;ohr.
i

;
t , T,zns ftr< of, lo a^/s #am s/aLr rb b ea,ns : -
77te QneePt
Jines /s useJ, fl*rtollapf?rf\e sta-L Lreatks
"f TielJ
rab lzieces o,tul ac.L Tiece odtl Le cerried bd an ea.ge
bean , Far rcJzngul* slabs , fV" y;etJ -!;n. t mtke 4f"
d.t Cont€rS. TAuZ fhe recleqAa/* slaL is dftiJe-d i4*o 1wo
*ziaqr/er ort{ fr.aa hF" /b/-..A h<ut on &.
"4;"tqgs.7Ae
€q^c/"La,r, ,'5 d iV,'oley' bS- fue :rfan (or /engfu) .7? tAe leo*
lv oL/a'h a J,s/n'L*|r4 laa-J pe. vnit /o1|fu..

\ - . /
-\
<F\
,{..
t
+t
+ I
/.
z.-*
r . t
+-'2-------{ __>
t-
?/
' 'i
| |v | v
v \
tt5

:' 6lt4nf
stalg-a-e swaJfa|l oz 6eaaS*Ze-rhfesao! -0;te t", f
-4o frr
{he e.rt: cieot dpanl /od +.t fd/*i - ca/q/afe "#,*rl
-at fre Lu--f,.

a4e fhe lerl, ,/ 7.2. sf-rt:

1+fi _JI:ne_b.d,!,
_-___- v&= r E6+ Ju e, t r ? a)x t qJ

7Ae-- 4,?ln Lr*ed -Qfue 1' .rd at /r "s-ba :s


t t,

r//n Creqln

fre o4jt/-b,*c/ J- sy'-/eo/ n *,r-Jq,+ /'s

- Ae- la - -trosM/,ol h ol,. fen'*i --


wals -e-;t-

- Nerf - (o.(c-fre---bea - 4 f;wz 48a*/r4z! -!:"e


-bt l o*-fi-ct- Aea- -lt--r---
r & = Z E e x , J * + E x ^ , 4 1- -
---Ae--oLirdlteal- Je,u! la aal op-fu;s--Aeaa-*

_ W4 - jr5:2?t = r rz * ll ecryh)
4.8

-aluw---

uts--tuEL-
€rd ^rr*zfs i" Ltqm on Lott sioles.--
*f-ilL*bLn.t (rl"e h fLe elea"l t ,td LIF-'I

- .6+- bear -&-

=--. y'Ffu**-:S'6, *$->r;, a,r*aWU "l l,* -


*- accarohaf-4b--5L- of fu.e-aeakE------- &r!*tt,r-r,**-

(4):
(ff)o,
-14b*$tM

fl afurrn 4- ( 4l L"'ft*):-
"'/arf ftr
-ffi;,
l-----
f;-
[-/r-
t--_
_Jt8_-t

E
Mil_

-Una--

-lc . - -
--.-- frt rbrbl mrnrerrf nn a -Ca-/uan- i : f

- ,Ar- ---0ltc-*4 wrtt€ *-#--*-r- - fre d'& rt -- ti =

h6 J2

Z K y;^f
Colr-"kle ttre hb,! meatq,ts
*t-
s 12 K // t ,-Ii* cc'dt-'"t leo^ ffi'

7- = , 1 = r g c r z ' l c l ' c z |-3


Colsa^ tZ

--ncae ta-/s arr tcer-'


-AIaJo* frc 16- ,,ameats enhre t,u(er:or Co/unn ,--

br* 1o/tttw* 6h/ ai6;*0-Jo4d-?--

sok-*iom: -

(t-rd=-t t?:'l1= qnsern"


2

: B z ( 6 t z^

__ A_4=_. Jfu.667_?6 = V4. e67 hN. t _


120

aU-/ta*- -J,q--+
7wt. e *l -

IL

_
/z
___"
C . r _ ,qlo:i)T-
-ug
--7--T---7t- _---
-f
12_

: 6 t tCFt2l??n

a>zg+f ot GL t, T-

o " Cttt!"l3I
5
o, oa 2.133 6. oAZt33 o,a1.331 o.rt,3l21
6' '/

4 t 2. o3? KN.m

fe
golumoC

=22- 35G, KN'a' -

--.A..-/_

t@d toeal t _

326)
lz

c roaLlST

o' co2l3? 6. n7t33 ,(r{.rn


, /.t
t2t

P, g^t+(f )+j^*(8 I
D 7 z
= 22+ KN
----t P -a 2 + t.zztt) a.tqf kN
o

*-- ./-*n t r 4f a z P=z|Err € tl e6*1-E t


, L 2 tz
- - t92kN -

: P-= oa*(tFL)
L

-__f-\*_--

t_J 3a/'ct

l t - -
t l
I-L
t | )u.zpisr -
61,lura

__.ra__
t22 _

_ PRESTRESSED C2NCRETE

-- is
---€#cl4h#Ee,;e"t&--te uccJ la {a,(e fle kzsrinn

- titfirce/ b ie c -

---Jt--'-
-4ho$LWAe-**sses-
*rgilLJq'tc

-l;t*1"o* I
- -fW *,a
@
--- -
^ f , t e a s , - r l

A "if ffiag 6;1,et- d#hd


+ _rF r-+r

?:4**-- irq tea'-_----- -r!**tear no -


-- *---- (fr*A *

.'l^'4*-uJh;4e .s*t^Jtt,
{ a $ 7rr,,fd&
.
_J2+_

ItseJ -

eci;ons h zfre taqals,


t25
t€e fhods frafz-ssia.7 t-
"f t

Firsf a#empt das U; rhe il.re "/


io.Kt &. o .Tf IIV tuvNt,ve ftrces +v t>4 ,supearf€
b€anr (u,rd in t3& in France)

Ec, i3

NoyaotlS t Presr+t,rsry ,b m<Je ;n Unelcr


fachries
g*J cort/ro / .
67enen/r(,tlen are raefhads of V'ettLzss.hg.
P

l. fte*ens;on;y
Here /le yrf.shess'ng s/ee/ w,'res a.t ,frnsrb^
whi/e in ik rnau/d leftre c-r'c,*e ,b cas|-. fr e an't*,s
"*l
r?mqin has,Loed until fhe Crnc& i,,s Aard aneA. frert rhe
*ertsiove is rc lea.rd *td goes rb GmferstZ2q ia rte corzcrcte.

77'b methoJ is **^lY aff/ied lz ,arq//


prctfu€sal c%f*A*:" sueJ as W (ave, of€n'nts
t*tt t<16sii-;is
in wails) 4 shep6i.r (urlc. *;/ fmcks)

2. Posf- ten -sio,nr7 ,


-
Here fie cmcn/e is casf errd al/oud
h leco-e lrarolend Duc?s are pnvided hsile fhe lo*
rt, in-rerl|ry rheprusfu*g @ (o, -rr'rerzlt).
t26
7he pnt/rcsrr^7 is aVptled b Ak carzcnk bea,r b+
flese cobles. The Vrlt*ntnng cable ,s fr'xed b/ f*f".o

Td1ryq al
one-ed, g*k{or, usd m, ei 7o ^ff7
knSian force5. 77ert /,te ioq(t ar€ rcleased qrd lhe lensis-z
in fte calles will goh h lle concre/e- ft,'s
@
,nerkod is Usd fr- /age pnsrtr,red @tcryte f,ea*t (SucA
as girde'rs) '
base

coLle

( frnchorage) ( flnchor%e)

Losses of Feshrerrinf ftr cer '-


7he* arc Severz! f"rt4"o
In/?;c/ Quse /asses or rcda&|rt ,'af/tc pftsfusiodl firces.

l, S/rp al tle 4ranrfa-s 4!r(rugc-5l*4( & <lri3'yr6t$,


77eTretfuor% fues |t aVVlbd b;
iret hr2" Cel/cs, @Aenfhesea,k{r are ,eleari'rta* ioits,
Cerlzt'z s/'fs ( ellhoyA -rne/) dlt occana . frls ,slio ttu/1
ry
re dace fl e -.t;1;f ^;.AJtii+. 4t-;. ',|+' *!. ?"b-1t>
Vrc.r l**y tForce .
LJ.,tfi !1y

2. Elash'e -sAor*e,rtrag of arrcde :


a
atlen {le eaA/es are u/ated
fnr- J,acKs rttrt 1oncryte ntil/ be n Comft€sSt:*, (e,rTecrbtgr
rzwtd //te Cailes). VutA lh;s carrcte zttr'// Aate Cotalzv-rsrv€
Sharrzf end b€catnef ,-fhozhr , 7h e .sfre/ a /So b ecorreeS
l---
I
t-
ar:nh (4;ke clay) wit! <hri ,l utlen

L_--_ _

--3* t?T
II
i @*Thts ,fhrthkqfe u'// aa(e 4e aotle slorfer----

O t
-$*e-ts-loslt---

Creef of Cmce*el--* - _-_----l


f-*--'--'-' -- -_-. :- -4e-Seg4-a-*t+#,aQ-igfre
_rL_

---____t

I
I
r2g __

S. ReJa*&an n
r-- -- Seaas-

- (ln- ol;f/etaef ..ifuq+b*").-77t-se -are 4. cl;f*4 eat--


'tQ_S_
, f t
_
etr _SWqe+__-_

-alaA+:
----*---/4ere Tho &/t .qr*i-,*;r-rrte/*,4Ae ar-A,s;r Le"^,. une
'*- is*-rta+ -sarka/-+Aso-*ejtAsecA| lqKps 4t slwit-
_2zs-ata-'f--sA'al_-3-W 7he+fu e /1 e gn ss -,
&b- ls uted e cqa ---fl ^ n.t ^ac t of /A o ^--4
/Lr-ttr +
-- f --<NaL-41 t**s/$,^tJ tt"lrbn ,tpJ) t4 ' neulnl

_.r?ni/e . />*.tres are* ihtt-*_


o+f
*{ nt it

-=*-._,-._-F

a o a .

)&E*,+ "-'jrratfu.r

l-----------'

t----------
I
Ze S*egest,
(t

---J

- Ft*slreAd 1

,k .ffi
f u
t3t ---
cAec"t/-# frel-ade-t
i"*<-e,es,E--a+r-;tt}--

rZe-Leoa rcsf*e%;n@
44L-avt//-4aatrc*W@
- lZe Laa*_Sarfuc _uf^r;r4r_4E L__
qt uzds*
f*'y?:?t ptttlsttina
!+qm-!--

-A+ rte se/farc,f Lf -aS- 4e*,* - Lsntna--

-fryr*&*-& ,q -

-{zrr-=.-firu,
qe .+- --*-+

-- t agll! a#|rrrggt{dri,a, +r,'n +


+-,e, la-rsrs-- )n y'|e-

:7-E--"-H;€

_Anfor- ^t
fcce

r€-3*--------- - A

a,z, uq '4'

.77ia * r^ Zt4fuaas <fu,g,':pa:.


= r E X P " ' €^ c

t.
-g--Au-c"det

Seq*bn-Sfloraar d6 ln o t t'S -A-Gal


t
?r,* /o|*N -+tk---
,F =-%,t& €qro'tn etl --
-/as:*t} ^ ft e rl" se rv* e /a d le--J!'-lW--
a "aa

-_Ake-@Usp / ro=-Mftro,

t g e-/r42? r<'{/'* .-------_l l

\,
____!
I
l a \ z
&N.q-

L--
I -Mf-+(WT
t---
- - - - - - - - - _

( F,xeJeie S
(pe:*ad-C@rgfu

4 -za4-arnaf---+ae- -Ja-+*g*d-n+ rfue-? --

-$/wryA,- nf -r y c*vtne-J4-*-@
/t-*-+ztW+-
s- Vfa ttN ' -
----fu-=---631-*il-

Pl = Tfzrat
r. != t2,l?'a I
- t36 --

7{z* ti*t3 2
zl, ? ?,* lo ?

=t-

--?rrxffi
//t*bI 4.?ep167

.- t^,66qMFq (r t,o) --

-@, e.*"-tyrl--

-=-l*.2trM&- (+ )
-f-ft-<-a-agf<i,ery+-

SlatA_a'k-

A/- +" r= ftr".--

--, i - -a'L?2 -41'fi4it li -----l


)Gtf
+-!g* td I
--ts+--

-Af-Jota;--

= *12.

-*-- i- *!* 63f M/?a CQa?y-

----= - "
{n *trT-- asr*t"rel? ,^ 4t,{Vtt*
tt4*to3 4,'lg * to ? i?ry:lJjoj'
-- -- 4 3*181 Mft

,G Q , E lr4!
n .T 7
s*ltP-A%" 6
t3z 4?.f?cl* lo
t l L t* h , 4'??# to +,?e*la?

-**- - lzb ( Se'vic r lc",A 'sr

= -lo '6clkN/

-.,+- S.!:* brq:c


E 8 tar/.,*,
- tst _

Q,E Mt
-3
t?-*
639,* to- 63r-# ttr+/32

___=_ !Z- 98( t4Po (C,*rt )

ft,e
-ss?;it-u?*& i?s.s",
-f
1.?7* la 4.?l* h?
*-=-------r#!e9--

I
l

------"1
- ?,iJ
* lz--6o1-

SrofN
Szr*r"'hLet

,Q, E

#aa
-/$r---

att-/-- /or* +-+-o-S-f - +fr' / tqs. --

eprv,'ce lanJs -@rL-Ae-- Ca/calal*l -

--l
3_ ---l
----
r4l

(cal orrlah'-' '/ s"rrr'.. ,na>rr"rr.t)'-

F. Jofa'..

F , Jof,'an
A =t2.t?-

Sel/ uctTU 6J. 2.67 k4*,


fi : // 4 t+lo3--"
,
Qncryfssfiayti /: = 42Hpa
2n4 ^orrrut/ -rf *eo
E//. pelf*t. P, = 637kar -T-- 1,?? # /o?
Fccafrr'c,r/ g = ll2o- ^.u
)

U/c'tQ.*ed /1e ado/e-t 5u vice /crze/.

so l,,tli an : U-fe, ( /* ?bf Ern) ,

-o.orE-u.n)." - ' - t - 7Ms


,c,
n r
-o.qf)?cqz)=-631 t+to3*egq*r4+Bz-?01-,
-q.m'ro) - Mc .
il1)rr6.- ffi*7of
sclvP, -lg.? = -il6o!-+!?t-it-_ 6t.tz ,r6r-,

Ms = t 8'9- f'€of+f,trs*
* /o? = Jo l. s tt€s-
!'v"O r tx/ o/o6 -,v
,.4V
6.../2
= 3o/. 86{ ,(N.,-,

fr/ Lorf-n fr*


, L/re,
+ o . r , f f = - F' -T--( E ' e ) " ' \ 2 4 r V 5
3 ?
n T'cz
t- 637* to 63?+'tt *t3L Ms
o.f {42 = *3d.f
tW- 4.V?q*/oY 4.?9?xrcl
t42
Solv€,
Ms= 3.21ct *f.6of751tt3-
= 22q, dii+ u6
6t.t2 a1f,7 fl"tntrt
-o5B /o{. ot
12q
Use Ms = 22?. o.f{/<rt/.n,

TAe seFwbe /oa./ ,s o ly'eiod


/ra_, ,

M, fur).Q'
zz?,ofg = ( z.sT+yaarafut,i
8 J

%aa = ry rtr/m
";
t43
CSacking tnrft,?rzt lh
lzrcslte*eJ
bnde bea,ns

fr, o S,;"p/ .ruTcy2orte/ Leorn L/r? f|e


, r?an,/e _rhe-rs
qt loh,n' f"r";
Pe _ (Pe.e)
f_2(s e -=-_ "cz+
i -T
TIe btcde se&.an 6 Llncrac"Kd - Thervfrr"
/r// (or\r"ss)
ar4a n g 2n/ -orra,,lp of, *.a f are useaf . But ,./ /Ze ftiads
irtctease a Lo,r e tA e f ervr'Ce /oao/S ., /A Sec-h'on tui// Cra ck .fre
"
serj'ort uritl cm cK when /r.ru
> f_
when /. ts he maohfn4 ,f .rprfurt frCf _Ca/"
-ives,
g ^ t
N- = o.7q cn L/Fo)

fura srt-sr1'htle ! _
''? E=- _ &T-_( P#a,.ce z + ? q
Sa fr" c,mcKty/ ,.zoore-n-* Mc- i_r Cu/c,Jq/ed
.
Ne h? e
M"- -,
)
t44
Exa,arc/e t 7

fl: ilI * /ot.-"


I = 1'? ?^'/o?rr-?

ft , 6.9?KtV (fnrl,esseal fi-n C.// ))


se// aryat
\= 2.67 K,(/,n
Ecceeufrtct, €= tJ/vro,
y
cr=c2= A/^ = jofor,n,
calcalq/e fie qek;ngna>-r#
(Mr,) gfhe add<"/
lorrJ ? a

M"' -, 2.
) + ;./oteol(!;re *dear) /on/ *o
CaUse C:aA< i7
?

C, =Jof

= l2.l1nr'
C2:lofa

sohlh'crr.: -
/,* I /,a"t f,,
i=o'7"7
=o.7 @ = 4-*(MA
Use.
4.fi6 = - 6gg+to3 63i *to3x t32
*3of+4*jof
//1t( tos 4,77 gtlol 1.??no
Th)s giv€s , Mr, = 2Uo. 26{ KN,
/
,<N.rn
Er tle *r* syVo.teJ Aearn, oce Mcn= fr'-!^
T
/+f
77zus
z&.26f
cl - 8r ) So 13.4?+ XN/-
Fr ( tz. , g)' Zr=

77e gnseJ -L"oJ ?b CUIAR cra.c*, ,"7


7 =7, -w
d
= /3.47+- 2,6To
=lo-8o+ KN/_

l t
mome,rvf in 4uge/ @ete Sectorts:_

7/t e
pes/trs.e-/ cnnctr*e Aos i
crqcks , L

!'!i ; : : i : ' s e r vei c- o > n df f' "i ; cra.cKS


tn*,T n*rq . wlert fhe ser|io, i s crac*eor
'::y' *.'',-'or , ft e
hke tuns;les/tesres.
srfusses), fre catrryle nrt funsi/e
will
flo k ,*r*?r,r) *",
Lehaue exac*ty J,Ku",
an ord,na.r r<inf_
::;X;::

n+4*>zay'e nuna,,t fue orurcte


w,i/l ?*
rnake a' reclz*^,nlot bhck
.f @vn srire .sftrses:(efb!
l" o .*rfi' 1 b 4ept, a=
o,gfc utle,v
fre oa,c*^0 ry;s. ne.s*ee/ , c ,:srt"oleprfi
"f irt r?n.r,o>zutitl hav? h.;Xl
s/resses ( rTedr h rhe uj/r'^nf" s/rtngfh
/r).Re,u.i-
tl e Vrcsfrcsr;y has /)o
a Lvious y;elJ -r*wsr ( no /y
in lh is s/ee/ ) .
t46

For etp7n|irnqy'e *rr"l,jsis rfh" sfis5s: )n stee/ .t u-lh^te

^orrut is toKen o,?o /u


'Aus/urinl
sleel u
".8#( o.?o/ra(eI ul+.
o.gf/. L.& < na,ra*)

{
J
I blot11 '\-* fr^
(tuPlug
- -/'-,
A \
I ordina^a ,J,;A-,-.
1i;'fr*;,
fre.fp,
s*ain
S/tpss(,5 in P S. C . ( st'rcsr- slrain rclql;o,
(sefiion ql dh*-te
rTrarn *rt f-, -l;gt, funsile sleel
) )

has q,f ulh,,rafe cons)der


, a re*attgtilon seJ_rbn ( 6= w;Jttr
=
* 4. e//ecA've otefft , n+ u/lr;"o1t-"
) nanrea/s
,
C = T
o,8if5 Lo = 4frFr"

fu,'s girer,
a = -4Pt fet
td
@=t.t\{f #
ell etv
e=4/Lr (s/ee/ tu];. )
The u,/ha e-f e -orn crt ,' S ,
t r a / a =T C o l _ + )
=Ar,.h,(; _4trf
o.rt
"s
= /tt. fv, ( r - /-*: ).d

= ./fr" (,- o trr{itdz


t+7
rtse a ,eduz,lr'on f".l.r-
t' =o'7c: , ften 2

t V n = o . 9 oP / r e ( r - o . t ?/ . * ) L.ot^
f,-
7l;s is exaofly fTe
rt.-r/o fr- orJ,ha./ rcinf,-ce4
sefi'o-z t,/.f fO" is u:d inplace
1f t
wrile u)= f 4'/f:
., fhtn

Mu= o,7 at"/€ (t-o"f?cz).LdL

oF

Mu= ?
,= e4 (t- o,f?at)
.7
" fi adz
or ft = c-4t( t- o. f? ut)

nr/2 rb l/" -/ R > a) ca,n Le ttteol ,


t r+8

6xanpte a Un Cru-fc
16T
f: = 36M/o."-
/, MPa
sfee/ fi = i6,cr,
fpr= o. ts-/,

f-J Ma, ?

S a h,r-#ic, .' p

* Mu= o,?o f /r, ( r- o.f?,/ ) LJ"


f L=4or_a
t-r

ttere =
frf" = llozt
f bJ 4n x 6ns

= oto?1ft3
atloarnS

.rulsh'htt ;

Mt = a,9a* o,oo 4f {3 * (o'tf*/6az)


o 'tl: rcn
x ( /- o'f ? )ea'cnt4rg 3 x S
3(
,+ zlco +6*

= ?zf. 2 66 ,+ /a6 N'tnm


= }zf. 266 KN'*

lt
-Y<Note , USin q
/
/)
{->cD ; o.) =--fu
/
"/:

= O,oDelf83 o' ts-* l6co


*
36
z o.t73t
4"s gites R= o, tff4

Den Mr= o. /SfT *o,?a(


36x eaz + 6ad\
= 72f,o34*/o6 n) td,.<
= T2f. o34 Kn&l
t41

t?e,hf"rced Grtc,rrte TanK s

-Ty of TortKg
- p es

f. Cirailar fan/(s.
2. reclaal ul a, |art Ks .
3 . sTnttre *on/G ,
4.
"pA"r,'q.-0 /"cnks .
5'
P"bgon*Q +ortks.

Thnks nq Ae of Cav€ral on fop . *rJ


d "n or -y
reshnS ctrl
xown/ , ilnalerxrvwnd or *y be e)eva/ed orrps.
va'r ious ty7"t of wofe, kanKs ,,t;fr d;f/erat
, jnrf carrJi#cvrr

(.ranrt, ,r,
gravnd )
I F h; d fuK ,pu,,fi.ro/rA or
rcltlr'ne )

( swr'--r,y
*ook )

Glettelel lanp )
-Toar# -
t5o

l. ferlmi srr' b/ e s /wsre s jrt cartcryte


(Fo- 'vsi'slartre ef crack;v) -dur +? benJ;y 1sA€a,r

2 . perni-r5,'//g aftts.re s in S*ee I

,'. . uAen gfve/ qrrJ cancry/e are


as.ru-el tb ael aid cltettkrV
frr fhe *nt'/e slrvss
r'n otrrc'y;/efu aro)a,lance of
crac*,v , fhe funsi/e s/tvsses
irt tte/ 0{;// be /rni*eJ b/ fre tzTu;.emeaf
perm i-ss''//.
rhat lTre
/eni/e slrcsr jn f,e
ca?.rcje/? is naf
so /ha/ €xeeeJed
hns.'/e sfuss )n,s*ee/
sha// be e*r_! ;;;;:;;
of ,odala-^lio of stee/ c-rd uzcryfe
"u - t.,*td
a'nd lle
;:::,::^:
carrespon/;y
atlowaA/e funsi/e srlvss h corz..e/e,

ii.- . Fc,r Srleneflz


u
calule*'a-zs
______ --... Zn sfuns/h ca/a.rlahLyzs
rrr>rrenVTh
7he
p,arnisdL/e sftsr5r, ia s/ee/ rv;nfi-ccortuf sholt be 4.f ?

" iertsr,am : /o-vok; /C_ z


b. ftrtri/e S/*rs th m*ztle7g. i, tenlAn

or,ftre o*U
rt-, /,,7u/d
' &- _h*ers-rn:!r-"
tcsJ 14412 ZZfn"'tfuicr
- ctn rtr" an , t -n
h- l;7uid fu -*Lt'r
fir;ck.z"rr' 2zf,a,.t-nn2"
-l2fo
c " Gos, /e *7ysr
' ;n s)le--
n'n4-.u-,*
rv,\ e
kL/c.ru

,7 ;;;z;,, ;" 11""


- s /e-rv
f,rtu L2J3.a., /a lh,,apn4rr"
fr- :n h t l rr 2 2 5 -o t-t - ' ,:
tu k ,/c - .
aozuz th fur c,( a(
'' '- r-'f - lzfo /J
J . co>o^4,tzt /r" /ero L
s fusy ,h ao./r.^ ,

- tzCokJlr_z
r5l
Aoi,*s in wa*e-TanKs :
5";nts 1z be vidd in at"*er ta.nKs
?.
me^J b e "/ rg/L-,at h,ee Q7e: ,
o r "'
a
t. Maueneaf
J.oi.?r*s ,
A . hs *n4cj7\h? /oia.iS a_"d
.
3 . Gmfora/
Jo;n*s.

t- @ . I,trZ;s j";4j rJo,hve ,uve.nds bezfueen


fr,e -s'Jts oif 77e
,foiaf are tn&czlepa-sdb/e . SVe.iJ *olt ,n-0,
r(-,, oJ
aN I'lseJ ?e maia*o;o a/a/e-- Lyr',H.f
'Xhfne-rr
. n lt fhe mayp-ey,t
tai.tts Conre &tzolcr fi n Ca/ejo\
Jo, /,
"/ ftr*,,b ioin*s.
"zht i";nfs ry L" rfrr,r?,erclriss;fr.r
)nh f}e ltrce +Uf o:"ve
./ . btra clz'ort j.;nt ,
i;. Exgansfo>, j.;4t a4d .
ir'i - .s ti4;n6jo|"fr.

? "t;gn _"f C\rct-lccr T6nKs .

6, Je siXrt purf6 te ,Ciraa!*-


hnk '7 le eliridel info fie fltto-;rf h+o d"lories:
| , C,:rca/ar /ork P ' '">
ratit'h f /eri b /e wate , - *f lt sl;Jiy
4afnt'
bctueea ,€t-zr ao>/ vt-.r+G4-(wo/l . gei^r^reo -rliJins
of
f le*; Lt" |L;nt , faltk wa ll is free ?, erpornd er
corzlracJinJepen/e,*r/
of fr, fAr slaL.
2, circa.lar /Lan/( u,'t/z rig/d
belweert /tozr
I"i*{ *rtd
(.ilq// In ft)s cd2e. u)alt and f tr., a,r? ctA! flo.not;th; -
,ol\ , Irt tlti s (i4s walls ar€ fto'f +v (pand *
fn"
ctr*ra * ,
r52

( M.,V' P= ? )

FlexiLle s lidfn< fi.gi{ j";{


( f ixed)
@o

C;r*/o, hnk wifh f lexible ^f'ai*t Lelween ,pton,-


s IaL a'nd tte ua ll t -
r, fh)s cazr t c{ tin d.; ca-Q.d cr,tr .f

tlte fank is suLleotej .la phe lznrian a,tul fterc


*
ai/t A e fio ben/,7 s/rcsser , Ttre wo ll i, des;gn d ?b
rhr, uF y'tnsile sltesres lerelo7ed nfue ua// dr,u lv hJd-
rzsfuh'. pt€tsurt *te. , f,ltcJ infhe hnr. since
"/
hg"trasht'c varles ,h* 2erv of fire fa7 of fhe
fr?-rsure
oua// /v tr@t'lmu,rt ,/ fre
,/'arc.*,*., 7o;n* ur*ti /ha /la,_
slqA , fr.
,qmd af rein/o-.r*ea.,f ct,i/t
4/so ,ord f^_,
Zera *h, ./ fle wa// ?b ,zoz/,nuo, at fte
boltar-t .
#at*rv rnini,aaTrvamctnt of sleel is q,rso pnvrdeJ
a,y' fi" hf ./ f,e oq// . Main ,urS-.em arf is in #- . f
cirattar rin3s, Xerterall6 FrcviJed of fie mid"lle fhiettesr
fie Verr|'cq,/t wa// . p i-rtri buli"vt sfeel is
"f fravi Jed in
frrr, "f vprh'ca-Qbors *ourl;ry the main rc;nsrcern€-rf
r,'ngs. n sftJi"yf lexibte haviryeffejrve ,ater_fylfret
,!",i
is pnv;Jed a,l fhe /u*h'"n po;,1,f wall +fre b^z-.
"-7n,
t53

\
v
,V
'\

/ \
8t B

Desbn S*eps :

r. Lef
D Le tte dianele,- of fire tarK a,nd p is fhe
harizorfJ Aydasful-ic prc,sure dae ha
ur}r. f,.ileJ
in lle fank.

2' calalay'e Jhe bofltu


v of .f he wail e.s fo llo_, ,
' *1e'e H is t*e deefr .f woy'e-
ry frxeJ in fte
hnk.

3, Ca/cz/a/e rZe ,n*yrrttttyt Aoof hnsio., tzl per -g!z-


hXtr "f //u wa// ar fi/too",
*Hb
2
4'nteg*eU *ers,'on rysl:sr+n(e
a "f #e &ncryfe old -t/o/e
f,, hnsion /e,-S a,ffatn€J zbKe,a LA A*p shel
"f
%,
Ca/arlte /Ae ar€a /-p sfu/ os fi /to* s. pe.-,rs,,A/e
"/
r?nsi/e slrc-rr in .rfre/
,s- ware- datn,S shqthte s i-r
*akert as /a-za k6
/c*2.
T_
3=6
t51

Thisara o/ shet n7 Le pnvideot ol fhe ce,r/*"f t6rewoy ;f


ilt,ctrnerr .x/ /7e utall is g. fn cale cual/ fhict,tess is
mtn fltan 2z.f co, , sleel .% Le pnvideJ an ecA
&ru kee_
,p)nqr a rnirT;ftru'n cov€r -f 2r-*, 77e c/, sva.cinT .f n,
sfue/ haps s/rou/J nay' Le mar€ fran 3 {ines
fhe thicknesr
'f fie wq//"

5' Thouxl fhe ,einfur"*urf


ha-r Leertpnrided rvtote
h*p
he
ealite r?ns"o>ztrt this does no t m€a,
r70! concryfe
J oes nof

/,.s/*r:; ;r".:; s/,esre5


q.s
:ril":;:
LondL*fween
's/ee/1 ut6e
rinjs.
, are **rsferr:"{'#"fl,
Herrce flzrbKnesr o/ he q)a//.shSutJ
ihat f7e hn.r,k sr?ess Le
devehprn-J';, nz-rar';i*^o
.-so.a-Jopr?d
cartcrele do$ nalL ^iro )f
exeeed fire q!*i^ate
Arzcrete , t?nsile **;;,
fien, (,*xt +(m_t) frte*=T )
wAerr t: fr,b,(nest o/,^tq11 irt Cm .
c{ = til-/rmate hrs,,/e g;rtp.g:in
&nctute wl;ch is
norna// *oken rzK6/cm2
,€_ ry"; co>zc,pte
frt = dre: "f, sfee/ per no*e, AerTht
( ,g i, aqtl
in 71.- ,
"f ";n7s
fric(7775't ,f rhe
?/hd"-;c*-/ ata/l @t Le F,yed
LSt rt/o-;^, enpirica!
fr._u/o a-lso;
t= 3H+5

where H is fhe deprh .r? fte /;7u;J


| . t

inthe *a,nK in
mgfe-s + f t'ie fiie,(ne-t uf wall in een/;r&rr,
t5{

T'
ft s = R+= I
fis o' A, t Area of steel rcsisf
fs h*ptension p€r ntcr
lert7fh .f the wo,ll.
f,, , An"*",Ute*ensile slter
in s*ee | .

aq//,'ceaf Thlcl<ne,55of cancrcte i s lnvi J<J h ,tsisf

fh;s feosirn agains f crqcJ<,"& O sfeel pnviJed fr. nore s/ttg,th .

E^ '- DesiTn a circulqr wo.ter ./Lo,K a stbra.ge capac;/


6.
Foooool,lers.Tl€,1,oint }elueert s)de walls 9" f,e
"f
base slaL t't fkx,ble s.l;Jiy
AFu.
sowon: volan,e *oor =
"f = j,vmg
#
Lel of waf". in fi, e /qok
Le g.{-,
Ftaar u€a "f ilr€ hnK = = /12.gf,? *,2
+, ,
t lrgorL
Lef D be fle 4io^e/er
,f /Ae f.nK

Q{= us
D:
- t4gx+
.v/ T = i j ' t - .

Hertre aloTf
R.f,n a, rt" i*".no! diqnefer
'f r,e tcnk and ilq.fe- fillel
,v a depftt
"f 3,f*, .
G /40 lrdaf f*zs,"o,Pero#"_ /r5lr
"f fie brr qt
fTte borforn
T'=+ */l D
= + ,( Eu?2
x 3.g+ B.f
= 2362i oJ
w lere; ts6
r^r: wei6At o/ wb;. mi* .f oofr- ( uw xg
/^s)
(q .gftr,t/n3) .

T: htdF t-nsi*1

frr€q, sleel rcguireJfu tm heiAhf


"f
23fz{
A += = z3.6zi emz
" ltTA

pravi/e tg-n bars in f'-- -/


f h^rt, .f c2 spacin|
of,
2.{4 x tn
= lo.7{ c*
23.62r '
!',{!,?'/- tt;est'+)
=?'3
frete Aoof , win Le p,zn;del 4,
ct lAe niJJle
fhe wa // ,
h;eKness -ip

t_e* Me^ Antnle has 6eert we/ in we,il


+ lef ft) e*,,
be f,e f|;.*nest of rte wa// 4 /3 o--rltra ,/alr,u *f -ootu!.r,r-
raho m "

ETrino.lnrt a& ,f c-tcrde


-= / o a t
+(13_t)nt
.'. lcm t a(t3-t)2s,62{: ,362f
(gt + (m-t)flr)rr= T* tA
b= lth cm
tt(roonrn t= t6.86Crn

= tA /7c,n
TVlekrlps5:
"f wa // f,qred
oT) €nf i.,'cn?
14r*nto
t = 3H+f
= 3x 3.f+g
=tf.fcn-
15{'

lOcm
K--

tomtt q! r Bcm
c-e

8^-
l7 cnc/6
3.5tr

t o.7f cn
c/c
/oram f kribte
ionr

,!-Lgq c-,

( circtlar -
wqter fuf
)
tt7

Hencedopt fhirknesr tonk uau , t? cn.


"f
Ttt) cK t,
'? Le
E&lced tbwarJs tZe hp aod wq.rr
taTeriar"tt
| - 'h ac(4r"1;7h t'Ae JertA ,/ uta.fe,-. ry
sln ce tlte
ort fhe nalt uari& utitjt lhe depfh uf,wof.r,fAe a,rca
itr
cart Le sui*abty rvd,ured
& ksr, depths ,^crcos;n7 7e
c/. spa-cin5 %
" f tl nm V! bar Aoa7 s .
u& thirKnrrr
"f itre ver# co.! wail Le rcduceJ ?L ro cr>
d* fl e kp , fu, t? u, euf fhe bolfo,.t , Tlteareti catty no hoz,o
sfee/ is re7ui7{ o1 rhe ?bp ,f /he verli
aJ utall, sinc4
fher+ )s fio horiz"nt*9
7re-r-rur* , b-"y'?r rrTr,oimunTsfeel
'f har -/b be
o'37
Taviotsdr fr, rhierrtesr o/ ,.va/ts up
fr ro cm 4 0,20/o rt, ThicKnerr of uarr
"f 4fcrn a,rLJ
a"bove gt,teen th ic* nes of, watr
r n a, & 4)-cm percent^
dTc of ,r/ee/ &n be i*e7o "f t
l4ted -\;nuo,
/
flreo"f sy'ert,t hp
"/ n, nau e o.sZ
=
#*b+tcta=3cm2
Va viJe 8*- fi lar h*o, *'/,
, sfa.cig
o .f t( /o-z -
"f -;
3
l7c.rt

plerlce arvt
'f l-f
stee/ qt holtoo,
is lgm,n
of t o-7f c^ c/c & *op o/ fre
/ brs
"t uc// ;t ;, tn,n
l7cor
flrea "f slee/ con be su;hL/; varie6! beft,teert E5 %.
n"r" iuto
l:,;f s .
Is8
t/y'hc^-0 rciofirrr,zt,rrf in the wail e
:l#: rh;c?.
\ /14
P.rce'tfa7eo/a;s+;Lxh,aostee,l = o.g_o.l( l7-to \
@)
: o .2 S Z Y 'het'lr/r
afriela/<

frreq of trerhzJ s/ee/ /- lenatl


*3{o**ir
cn

', fls=
(bd; = 4 *tT*t6o
tf
= ,t colt
pn,rid lo ,n.rt f bart at c/c sfacry . /
"

o.7? ril(m A.
= /b.6 Crn
T;
tU t6cm .

Aaort mlnin,u,t th|*ne:s .f


ftre f/"2. staL as t{c,n * poviote mioirz(,tn"
#ee/
"f
o'sU, ^. -
\ o'3 *. tf* too
= 4.{ cm2
)@s--fLc)

yrcdce l6mm# bart t? cot c/, bofh ,/o!f ) bath & hn


ds well at qI L"tfo- oy fie ,sla.L.
l5q

. t -
-Tf L are
slqb /ze /aa,? ar'tar siJe
"/ wars ate can-r,u*<d mana/tf/
-,:rr4 , frrry /-s rto ,..o:,,! rrrg_./
u.T, Aorizq.f^-f otisplacemetf
/fre ua /r at ftn
"f J'(/a11!r* . fh;s caar. , L"ro^rn
-/
fl,Troli lTic darac/er,
fie f,ve/ L"lfa? iodu.e-r rzan*tt-r
in
r,e hok nta//' 77e hok welr
acfs Q' a hn*i/ev€r
q/ fre tohrn t/rxed
f". -eome /te,glt, and rbere
is lta Anp s*sr
at lolfon oV! rte Ank,

fr+ cerlala heth^f abovp /he Los-


t7.o6, aol i re,,e-
e//e* ,'s d,ucel rb zera
4 atr lre hxlras/ah,c prytsutr id_
ureJ b/' nra/er /'s Esis tea a7 h-p sfusres . 7 e
confi/er€r a&b-, is %
7aclamthanf cat 4 n&r
a c*art ile ,bare bafhrov

;',?L; :J::' ff ;""o!"l -:u,*7,n,-),o::"*^


,'s .

"*
of - %|r?tr,n lrnV
ad;n
'a$sls
"/ s,u/, /aoks, posifi,o*
& ,nzgrnr_la2
& E.pl- al of -o,hu,n
/ie /erp: dqe h*p fut,on
/a :t
c*hv"'*e/ ' B' ,w, anl /tozf adbn lorn a
"nor ;wE
*fi/tve'-dia?a,- be
wall sAout, ae/nnz. E, he ver/7,u!/

l?5 '!o"1'
7hr;6,1

ft ' load
4eK*t
conl,
a&br.

t+M/ --+l
p1 Defirnd pos;ltba (b) Horizont'0 pntttr€
af ierh'ca9 walt Cc)9dd. mtmatts
d;sth'hhe- af vari'* Hr;r,r,rr
t6o

Analgis sucl *anlcs art Lc alone b,l


, oA oles,rTn
"f C
nefT"J le/a.w;
,,o&rrt rt,} ,&?Or,
2 . ,Carp eofer,r
MefioJ.
-.r/

l- ,(eisrrtrr's ml fre / , ,t.ftttli


Relssner € tta /yeJ a ferm K by
t
fr l,*;U r?lahonz
/2Ht/
= -
4t H*
(?)'r' D, T.

/e getv€fle
fr//^. faLles /r- ta/h,,c/t fr'*d ,nonaf
S m4,atunt /r*F Ort,:Z i f"r locah|n r7e bosn S/aA
/-*,
carzbe fiunJouf .

fn rVrT .zertoJ D B / ore Krtaato


fr* fu e
7 eone/7 o/ f, e bntr be.ca,u,ru. (r2o,yn2
6-
+.ht' ?r !"2 g *hmdu-f r6aKha/eT:'?--
n'bel f-sf. n/*- fi,,: rrt;*"rt*r fteraarl y'ank
is 4.r"rilaea/ lV "/ f
e-pr,,eo,_! rule T= (SH+t
pu/fh7 tle duzs ) cm , Now
"/ D g,- assunsdr ua.lq_',.f
T
"H
h fre f"r-u/o
, va/ttr o7? K can L" d*erm,be/.
ia/terp"/",*'",- Ds
fr- f it /ogarir%nla./y' . De/-_ot*,
of we// /oad .dayte
, d/.r/nZutg'a, &
i,-. a.lmrX /Ae he,jAt
slozun h q,bove.
fli(Ltrt n, ahrtcthr h-7 /ent,.on +
Pc /c,a"/ hte", L/ c*r,Jr,/ryf aofrdr.
Mo.yl_uo, +g,M.
ma7Le kken L#o,teeo
$* #.
t6l

2. Carpenf,T's mefhoJ ,
H. hrpenter ?ore CoefTryierts
F & K cnreroon OF h d,.// ereort
ra*,os -/
+' I A ,
tlrin, fhet" fupff)ar.er?,fs r'a/ues
C , ,f rt?agr,_u_g
rV.1
Fot;hbn 4 ^gnihtde o/ -*ulnuo, fioop y'?ts,o, cart Le
bde qA
fi ttors:
t ' B"A"'"
df rr4|rnurn /fu,e
rb.rrrLn arcve
ba.es. = /(
('/'- l.q)rnu* H
hhf z*os,bn: w ( H_ r<H)
€!
n'ii. rvaa+narz
Gnfi,ey'€r g.rV.
al A'AA = FwgS
v"Jrua./? K
+ f CqzLe rc4d
fu" EL/e (s).
lez
Exanp/e: DesiXn q circu-{o> /aaK
"/ ktsadff- /5oroao1Q;
71e j o;nf, Le*^tean v*h?ag w a tt
& fh e ba,.e s/q6
is /nory1olifhic . A
XooJ sait ,f Suf/r,cient beann
hport/ is c(t/ai /ctlle
4/ o.Sn Ae/oat U,
a
U1,
so h<u$'orn, G/o'r'/
"f *" /aa k : /fot oay _g;*ues.

Ysl,rine tf he lonK =
#
= ljo m3

Lt wale, /,rt,V h fZe*aag be 3m

Qra "f TZo tank ' l5o F z


T=?or?

fr'n/< d,'q-C|L.- - 50x1/


7T
= 7"?7g* s7 $'n
Lef * Le rt e t'Z,L(eer, ,f *. *qa/(

f= 3t+f (r : tlier<ness
= 3x3*f oruret)
= /( Crrt
= a.4n

a 3
a a - 3 : a.S7S-
D T

H
= 3 ,-
6
v o"/4
2/.43

D€-ryn has lea Jorte LV H. hrf en*ers A -,f/;.;entr


r
Fn.,, G//e (g) E- - o.3Vf , 4 = 2/.43
D
T
=) F= o- o/a6?z , /( : o.37372
t63

z' ) Ma.ximumh*p /'n.r)crt = w( H-fr)+

= ry6r-K)
2
_ tozdtrT* g (r_ a. 3?r?z
2 )

= 7275 k3

;;) Marimu,a B.M. or' jun*b" of v*h,ea-.!, uq.lt


& Lozss(a.L
= F*HS
= o.ot+6?2 # / o 7 n t, r ( 3 ) 3

= Sqf Kt.*
= 3?fw K3 ,ctz

iri) H";'tAn /ze poht


"f fr* /are s/al wlere n&zrar,n
h*f /rns|o-, o Ccurs

:kl
= o. n372x 3
= t.l7n.
Let' Mnn caytcry/eLe ured
fi, wh;64

c = 70 KA/r-,
t= /otntry/*"
rrt = /3

Fo- f|"te va"lwzof C rt & m


rnc'
N='
t*rnc
: t3x7o
.=o,+76
lcnn 4 t3r? 7o
r64

- l
f 3
_ _, _ g " + 1 6
3
= a,81t

I
e=:[rNJ'
= o . 5 a zV o x o ' 4 7 6 x o . 8 + /
= lt|,o 6 f6 /c-'

r tall fhickrtess ( e//e.rr+rzr )


2
c t =.l T
J, -
Kg'cm I aL
kq
-3r
olzt'
' w1 _ r' t 4@
l .o6r?/w
F

= 5.3 cm

h*zca alapfa/ lhfctrtes utar


"/ "./ Uc* )s oJeg.uote.
f f 4 cn e//erzl?e cortcde Coyeri s /r/r' 6,7 /z e
/ace
of /7e wd// csm,?l\ io cor?tat cu/ti tua/er r/}e avei/4f,1o
ey'/e&'ve fhic/cness o/ ttq//

=/4-4slocm

flrce t' ,s/ee/ g.M.


"h- p";nj oip vie,u,

fl*= M
c
,Nlrsr.f tjJ
,' .
J=o,84/ 3?*/az"
I o .84/.tela *uzto
/;=/oztttgt_.1 = 1,7 c*r1
cn?
lJ=to J
t6s
pevids to ,nn E5 verh'ca.! aors ot

o '7? * /o-v
= /6,7 c- t% /6 c- c/c
4.7

Fra n,Ae /o ma d 6 ors r6cra


c/c verfi,aa/Q r)€ar ftr e 7ec"
,"-? io a*ac/ w)f/ u,ta/er'/.. o verh,Jotfut6Af
oif t.tf,
meas(rel bese s /a/
fr,- frLo r" /. tf,n Aegt t **/
a/raernafs
bars 2 /o a.v d bar.r qf j2 em C/c .

@,
M*yrbzu,,z,l-f y'eosrin a/ t"
/g -
s /al fr",_ rhe La-re
= Z2"jkA

flreo of sleer/ 7zas =


2 At = l.273cqz
E
pavr'4e // -^
d lat-s in ,1.-,
sVec,'n6 "f l^ps
"/.
"/
"/
t'54 */nt
= 2/ cte
7-273

clecK fr- y'rns,bnorl


cttzzpos/fe _re&,cnt of, *qlt ,

FVuiv6alsa/ dr@ ./ Aocr*e = /D )(t * (rn_/ ) frt


= loa *t4 + (t3_r) x7.273
= rrl 87. 27e bL
'T tt
r enr/e S/tesr ,:^*cde .f Ufos,Te .reah,*,
-
TzZt
/4/8 7. 276
t66
c/c sf q.c/ff /?m- qi Lars Ooopr) ut)// be maralaiae1
"f
Cans*ertl up h t.tt- /-- he bqse slal. T7etra{-e f4esTa-cr>g
-1/ be )act€qseJ de7e,zd,a7 rhe A*f lenrion.

fl,eo o/ l-7c Sfee/ q/ /. 5 - belo* fhe ?rp


ry "/
f], e o'la//t

lbzT ,?ot2o, = w/?D


-
2
/trz s /.5x I
2
= 6o-zo KSr
Preo a/,s/ee / = @ = 4 crrt 2
| ftrb

c/c ry-ay oi/ te emmy' Jo.,


riag s

/, 54 C./(n
2fut c/c

S),n.'/ar/, _U be
Va.ohg vqrt€d
t l
C,-, We up y'ooerJs
Jo
fle 4r ",/ fie wo//. we Aave alopfeJ o zzaTyrT'ztu>7
VrrF
"/
fie 3o c-,n ay' -/ Z" rya// -
"5p

D es7n ../ il" batc s/al:

Sioce La_re slaL is rnonolifh;c


w)/l ft e y/'ndr/co_/ wall, fie g,M. l.ar-r_,.te/
rt *.
Aa.re s/al ovi// Le ,fatne a-r rtq/
o./ rte Lo/km he
cyl'n/pr'a-/ orta//, &,tt-r,'a, /eo_r;o., on he
"/
?/oo- ./o." oip
fte Aare st^b, g,,,t ,fr, g.M b so,srea//fr4l // td//
fr7uirc rv;no€.co-#
tven s.za,//tr TZan fie rnbt}ttttrzt
rvh/rcen'-t Tz Le pnrideJ E -f o.3z .i? lze sechbvz
L"// woJs.
t67
fr d"pf fhe t s crn rv;ek Lere slql g feiaf,,ceJ
b.t1,
.t/ '/vf & Lo*?'rn bo/h *!t a-daphhS arya
"/ ste"l o.3Z
n eqcl d;^e&>-
fra "/ .r/ee/ = o,32
= y *tfspo
= 4'5 ctnz

/arrde /ooz,.t/ Aa"r a/ /7 co, c/c ttitz L-/a _y",


h(qr h/ 6oft
+h#or-, -rursece t'*. Aore _r/a/.
-Tn qal,u>, -ll
,b 2" caboveno#,*Utt! nfuce,afu'*
pra dole /o mo, / latr at /? c,t q_f
% ,./y b a.rf .
flnarg,em*,ry' y' n>rfu.o._r€-r/
a, .-s/orun -22 *e/a>t .
4.
l4c*t
---+| l*---
fua Soare/

/3'- /,
::t-
Ptvqg

/O*a,o / ,t$ur
C-C

I D e-*aits€ ,e;nfi-.e-c,.t
)
t6?/
OY,,

l t M
hrs = v - ' a'r[T 17
ftla K b ,K=
n+r
j = t- K
p 3
'r- = -L Es
trl=E
7
Moms4/s: f.= o,+i/;
t, s,-p/sypo,feJ:^
z.
M/= Me*
v =/ +6 6cen/c,
)
?f'
MR = o t t/e= CdTe)
/€

A, F,\eJ €dX e ( ,feJ ) t -


"?p"
M;= MJ=
# ^(ceafe,)
M B , = o, 4 < s (dse)
#

Ex: Design q utrl;rz/';c"*-l*urt< fl- J2o ms


wqfe- AVa-cif;t ,, 4 t wq,ll ,'s /o. 6at<
"*
/: = gg Mpo 4/4 r{pa. t 4.trott>ts/Zre
, &:
Ae-.tV czloa;g
F = /0? xv/-z ?
t68

ToR s/oh/

%rsiort oloseJ th,'o - N4tled -seclz'qnt Csr ceils)


"f
'farsicm .f th;n re&oryode- s&hLrt s ale iovartot
+
in dri/ Enfl;ne-eriag .

7 t-lT
Y

closeJ th;n - ntqtled


/t'b reefangr/o-
S ec/r'o.,
-sec*'*, 5:

6la sel wa //eJ secrl|zz s (o, c e


//s

7"d;U ( sl e*, E flr,, , q .


Ft -) is neeJeo/ , sAq-
P"t;/z>m /a fie fu;o f/o- io 4n4
wa.lt a
ined as "/ o dat eol c e// is
t- d./-

;Aeo.r ,s/rysr
," /lt,bknes_r

( r*r"
/*,,/ teaXfl )

/: T*
#o
r6q
TAe //crytr', fhfurpmt a,tr D€ealed:

'The
l, :;hecrr f /*u;t corzs/onf in ap_ clo-red jhin
_wq,ye.J
s ecj.'oo, . Th e s huri\f ,slte-rt T 47t," TLi n t
-fhe "x "t,
^% uo6 in walt, ht,t nuAj rema,ioA,nJ
T=Tt
an+ . Th; s ': oJortt 7u'7he / u-./
:"il wafe. in clo-
sel c'l"onnel (
f to* = velody * -recJz,on
*m)

P-"ft
frK" a &,,f out bh ,!on7i./l^di.q.g sechot,s
fer?rLrr
& Cbss SqJz'omS in a 'fti6d :

-+ ->

l/-
t
\__r'_
/1-
# <F_
r'.i-#

O
7r= T t, , frt edge 2 ,,fu, ,rl,es- //r^,
is
2r= ?z t. . 1z pnre F,= 4z,c-orzs;o/ r
fhe hori2on(. 0 (o- lo16;lrro/,hqg ) e7u;t|1_
rirrnr. T)(tt*-0 =Tz*tzx_g
,, ;"rA
f]€ t 4xtt= T2* t2 t oF Z,= 7, .
l4o
I'rtPo -t a.rt * no te: t

l, fie shean$ s/resr 7 -"/,4j Le poroltet lv fue edg€r


.f fie ,ntall.

(zz CantTarzerz,f
naroza-/ tb lhe tube
" doet no+
exisf).

wq"ll
6e" tge)
*..tN
\ ? F

l' The 'o*t'.n shes-r T )s co>ttlcrnf a cr?tt


fhe smqll
fu;ckrtetr ( t *"4
f osifrin ). Th" lh ickn e, t is u, g
smq// 4 f Can na / noy in fh;s
fh:crn erl .
r<
( fu i"rn.r"
"
t r'! ller=

7
"')-r'7
@;q1,3-L

3 , T h e lv1le I -

/ )n fbe C/aseJ fV;n ^ wqtl<d spefi^on


I

,s ;
Ti27n
ulere n i: fie eda ertclosed L;L r2 e .o//
seqrbn . € fue
t7t

fr fe q r srv1( twgfi
( n- q-- d r in fTze ,uq//.Oe
sAar ,//* 7 = 7l ;nlfl-?)
w;/l prz&,ro rbque;
no*.t a.rr, /rr-r"
nor,ilrl t\tr .3,
JT= r. T,t dx z'--+;i:

= t - ,7 , d t

* f^!g'^f a
wrlere
.- "4- (n_B)
r is rtarnot! lz 6_ B) /rtu
o riX in O ,:'
Cs, n3 oria ]
P';a/ t'o5,/s C",
*r*r;r'l;"
*
ve ar€a o/ rhe *nhog/e
{/ o- "aB
ea
tlgs dH={rds
rha , dT:2?a/n

fz2an
2z faa (ot /'s Crr?tf*nr')
2
TVqz o
t -

T=2?fr 4 4 = -- r d s ^
,/
- ./
//2
.-< / ? r
u
.'-/ t
--" /_
c/s B

4 , v e fo-srLn ortZ+*at ,/ do-eed fu)o_ wel/ed -seJz.o.,


i.t : "
4nL ( t"V tA*
f, f o[s )
J T
C U

where.. J f ds ..
tri /7t"
c T Con/our ;a/gr-.! (hxen t end
t1,e se&'*, ) .
t72
Deifiv The /zryue - tuis f ,eloh'on i s _!;n edr
"h^on:
( lrnfi -0,aw)
.

T- ,
4t?e OrUtcnt k - ts hrsi"rt a{
e
sr|.gn erf .

fr"S is fie rb-7ue h pra/ure ton,/ ar6/e


f Ur^rt
ufiic/lt ,
-?il--.e or k= 9f ( alzen g= t )
T
wlerp 4 ;,
_the /cn6h gl hryr,
rhe rfule & G n" mJaql,ra
T ftxe
of r,g;";# (or sA €a,rnol _
ut u ,/
( Krv.^2 ,4
eJqth,cl/: ) ,4 f,
i:he lars,in u,L/qt -/
rte se&br2 .The plrrir'
&f, is ea//d jarsrbno_! lan\t en.qlg
_
;a;7 "ig
f rt" se&;o,. Nort'ce
G ) v
(rqd.)
fr,ql Gf,+ Ef in rheL4-
'h/t/? /e-,n-r. hQ.eyrzve r7?qJL.
't
< l?'
uI = ("ls
cJT

Poof : use fre mefrzoJ ,/ ,err! a,ar/r


Exte.rza! ovar/( = {n/"mo/ s*ra,h eTeZ/

fr*t)+(va{;V)
(rxt) + (c,nefa*t)
I
dpa
t7s
TAe efkma! utor/l is )
W=
*-u
as (T- e ) rcJqfi>n is !;n eorr-

t (varg;at1

T (vary iaX)

l. -a
frp )n/e*o/ ,sltarh *oV#

e: f E J(vot.) ( voh, ;"tVrz.g


,!, 2G " )

as T is fle
%rfu-rs in 4" foAe.

l(ua/.)=Q.t.ds ( n o A t m e. / o
,1.,p)
T=+:4
+
salslrele,
? 1
' zTn- +
t 2t
(couoto-
U= I ' Jni ' t - l s
,>frlral) 2zcr
"u
T7 2-
=
cr
f
*zo "/s:ffiI+
rn

use w=u , ther,


42r' 'e, - /- f fri ,h (de
T
"J
/74

or T: 4n2
( o/s
'+'e
.rT

OarnTa* rb T -
tr.e ,fhen f= 4
f4s
.rT

4. E- /?u4/_ ce// se&bns


( s+o h"ca./t q )n
a/gtte-ot haf)
fhP z+',tt's * /t fre _,qtzz e fu *// {"/rr,

CI1 =ez = e 3 =€a


2o sAeo- /trn ,> 6tn ,&rb-
LtreA ts:
q
7/-i-
J
2r' - (r"

( ,'n 4e weA)

.
Zr-j = /r. -
b,
i=-
( sla-
,/t * )Jt -d,e,
t7f

Examro/ett- ( closeJ y'h;n- wo //,.J


c e//s )

r. 4 lu bp
"jP kng tt 8oo*,n g r.eelufl
u/a.- Ce// Ca^r tha7rrz
,'s Un/er a lorf u e 2 K,V..n . ca/ ce+lalefrc *rf k )

ea,,h7 shesre-r +
{u,s / & o/ so 12e in //e iq.// f*
1/ v *
lule ? Q.3crtzil/-.n 2 ?

g o h^*irrr: -
Firs f fieQJosel
"Frll
areA t
A = 2n x l2o = 2itw ,.2

use T= e/fr

7) ert 4 e conJlaa I sl ear is


"//*
n? -- DT
z* lo6cu,n- )
24 24tE-? ( nrr)

= il/,on' ,
#
= 4/.667 ,(/r,o,-,
7)e tleo,nlf s/wsres irt fr e ua// ), ;
o
7: J-
/a r'le wa// 4/.667 t
"/ 4ma .t t= lo .1/7 N/.-z
1
ln rte wa// o/ j_^ ; T. - 1 =1 . 6 6 7 /3.58? N/--z
3
TAt fie'
.%l "/ a,tt,oy'*IJ" fz
//ere (rT'= 4n3
f ds
c u t
/76
4 t+Czquo )2
,(+*#) = 12'8 -* /o6.-4

elnuls (T)
Use 0 = -ef,
u 2* to6x gaz = /.t6J *rc L;.o,
8o tt /ostf /2 ^8 ,F/o6
rcpolr^h
3 /.i6J */;+ -e
furc h lats ! o T
= @o87ff3

2, n hLp t. g n & cnr, - sec/za>z4-r -;hnvn ^


ley tt
/
rTe -4t1" )t cut/er o hryue /-t /<,,1/..n+ *x,'J r?nsi/e
firce 20 KN , cler,( n{frr'/rrr-LJ ,(anKirter*resaa g
van Mises fheortes' & = Eo *ti fr/-^" cNotneedeJ)
= rvfo (y;etl1 ,,
A 4/o ?
,/;ny'e: sAear f,/az,,t+ larXe -sfu:s

/ere Fx= - P .
arca € rott
) F J= T 7 = o
q
+ 7...,
xJ -= --F -
1aa//esf ft|"koerr
TJt=Tt,:o

Ft;rJ fre pnho?"! -srl75s:a., q ,


e *Oi:o ( a sz _ o
S {te.r:6r5 )
"
t77

Qr:iat of tlin -waileJ nulti-cell


s.ech'atts ( sfa h'qlh irtdefe, niaoJt")

Cortsi/er a fule ce//s iln/e_


"/ /ua o /oyue T.

1r

?
(ftt)
lvay;\)

!r,

L?'/
7, Le r?re slea, f,* "/ ee// t ( riy',t enc/o"rr/
a& P, + fr;*aess /, ) & /el
7^ Le ilu slear fto_
irt ce// 2 (-;/d Thic,(aer:: fz
';|eJ'/ + enc/ostrf ar<4 Or) ,
7]e J'hphfi;-t lor a. sAea- /a, (2,-Fu) 4 tu,q&'a
t-" '

fre *To" in e// /


4 fie sheo- ,ft^u
rs:
I
/ /,
t

Q:24/r
7]e rbVue Tz in ce// z tV fr e ,sAeo-
,//* Z , 1s.)
Q = zAzEz

O EVui/t/rrh,m g i,res ) ft T+n


o7 T=2nrh +zflzf. _-Ct)

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