THE SUARDIAN f ES8

UMJNT ROAO. MADRAS.

 t
/ '

THE VIJNANA CHANDRIKA SERIES

EDITED BY
K. . LAKSHMANA RAO, M.A.
 A
MANUAL*
OF

AGRICULTURE (IN TELUGU)

BY
a. aoa
DIPLOMATS AND MEDALIST IN AGRICULTURE AND
SUPERINTENDENT, RAJAH'S FARM,
PITHAPURAM

(PRELIMINARIES)

THE VIJNANA CHANDRIKA MANDAL!

1913
 PRINTED BY

+
Ramaswamy Sastntht & Sons
*

AT THEIR
Audi Saraswaty Nilaya Press Madras*
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(Tillage)

(Manuring) (Agricultural

operations)

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 IX

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(Warrington)7^8 ^ow ^8^ ^8^5Si3ex>,

(Physical

properties of soils) "b, o^" (King) rf-6" (Hall)

(Benson) Tr'&^b a. "?.

7drsScrrfg

(the principles of the agricultural practices)

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 CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I,

WHAT AGRICULTURE;
is
What is agriculture?-the different branches of agriculture*
natural sciences allied to agriculture-agricultural science.
(P'P<3

CHAPTER II,
PHYSICS & CHEMISTRY
Physical and Chemical phenomena-the three states of

matter-physical properties of solids, of liquid? and of gases-

forces-their transformation into one another-atoms and mole-
cules elements and compounds metals and non-metals.
(P-P-9-35}

CHAPTER III.

BOTANY
The main divisions of plant life-algae and fungi-mos0s and
Utchens- ferns- flowering plants- monocotyledpns and dicoty-
ledons - the root - the stem the leaf - the internal structure
pf flowering plants-nutrition and growth the flower the fruit
< -

the seed-classificatioq of plants-its utility.

i
(p.p. 36 109}
\
,

CHAPTER IV.
CLIMATE
What is meant by climate
-
? -
temperature-its variation
and causes-thermometers - maximum minimum and ordinary-
temperature table - winds *
their causes - south east monsoon,
north east monsoon-rain -
rain gauge-distribution of rain-fall
in the Madras Presidency - hail -
humidity - dew -
foghoney-
(p.p.110 147)
 Xll

-
CHAPTER V.

THE SOIL
The surface of the earth and -its
original nature-soil and
its formation disintigration of rocks
- causes * minerals and-
rocks- the common minerals in rocks- the common varieies of
rocks classification of soils- sedentary and transported soils-
-

- brown soils -
red soils -black soils-grey soils and light soils -
sandy soils -
loamy soils - and clay soils * sandy loams and clay
loams clay silt- sand
- - - and gravel - chemical constituents of
soils-chemica! classification of soils -analysis of soils- physical
and chemical - chemical composition of soils in the Madras
Presidency- active and dormant plant food.
(P-P. 148178)

CHAPIER VI.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS
The soil
particles-interspace
- internal surface - weight-
- increase in volume - - odour-
tenacity- srhinkage colour soil

water-capacity of the soil for water - retentive -

power perco-
lation evaporation-capillarity underground water
- - - the heat of
the soil-sperific heat - subsoil heat - the salts in the soil -

power of soils to retain salts from solutions passing through

them -"soil gases.
(P-P- 179213)

CHAPTER VII.
FERTILITY AND BARRENNESS
General indications of -
points which determine the
fertility
-
fertility i. chemical condition
chemical analysis - method of -

determining chemical condition without analysing - sources of

loss and'gain to the soil- 2. the depth of
soil-3. physical proper-
ties- the good and bad features of clay soils - of sandy soils /
 X11I

improvement of clay mixing sand paring and

soils- - -
liming
burning- addition of organic matter-draining - surface drainage
and under drainage - improvement of sandy soils - addition of
clay green manuring-cultivation of casuarina and other trees-
cultivation of sand binders in alternate strips hedging - 4. the -

nature of the subsoil - 5. the presence of injurious salts*

the characteresties of saline soils - their improvement
draining addition of organic matter - encouraging the growth
of grass - washing the salts out - addition of certain substance-
which on decomposition produce acids and nuetralise salts
addition of chemicals. Quantities of salts in the saline soils of
the Madras Presidency.
(p.p. 214255)

i
CHAPTER VIII.
To BEGIN FARMING
digging drains
- -
Clearing bushes -
levelling terracing,
construction of cattlesheds- wells &c., the importance of the
ryot living on his holding. Fences-live and dead - methods of
making fences ; advantages and disadvantages of live fences -

Roads their necessity - a model farm - a model farm yard.

-

(p.p. 256268)

CHAPTER IX.

CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS
ROTATION OF CROPS AND MIXED CROPPING
Classification of crops according to the nature of their

produce-rotation of crops-its advamages-some rotations* model

for red sandy soils-for loams-for alluvial soils-for black cotton
soils-for wet and garden lands - mixed cropping-its advantages-

some usual mixtures.

(p.p. 269289)
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)
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activities)-'

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grains^

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Wood vessels)
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tous fibres)^ &?&&. Sb^ (Bast)

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= Hard
bast

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25 3

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Common millet liaciurn

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Little millet

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Bamboo

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Mango ginger
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Arrow root
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THE WEIGHT OF SOILS

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ko
x "ft 3)

Vo -f
fc- OO Vo
Vn
fc
a Y3 I
xs
y
p

L
CO *
>CO 18
9 18
V3 l
(24 + V3 CO

P O
|R
va

3o M
co N
fc-
a
s> 5 Vo
$
o
Y3 3)

14
o o

^ CO
9. e> 283

IV

3-55
p

l_s$

o
~ tfoll

B. (Wet lands)
:

(Drainage)
8

8 V

s5Jn>8^

00

, If
284

k -VI
t- H|tn s*
> <o CO
oo P VB P
CO
fl
V;

E3-
a CO CO
P p
10
k
5
b- a V?
CO CO CO
a P p

k
V? V2
co CO CO
V? p P P
k
b-
CO a
Y3 P P P
WJ

V; *
b- 5) 9 *

Y?
m P
co ^ CO CO
rs YS P
%
k p

fc- I 3 S 9 s ^ k
*3 rl|B9 *>. V3 <o V3
1 V2
CM vb P P "ffl
CO 2
P"

10 co
* B
. vs ^ jg ^2 vg
Pf? V3D
^ (If?

HjCQ
v?. Hfaa W)cc HJm eojcQ H|
13
OO

flG
flQ
CO (0 -X3 JG
Y- ^
o X3 X?
Y3
o o
P P P 1

o
Y2,
J
s$j-a8s58;S 285
286

o$bo)
2

C"'

e)
-
t) exJO^SSb. "^e;

osS
 -
9. &o s5o S&D 28T
e>.] |jf

8sS StfsSbce;
-
e

MIXED CROPPING.

c>L no
ooo^oo

(Mixed
croppng)
> -

"tJ tj

5
-

fi

4
388

c) CO oo

46
 "

9. &D sS o s&> 289

e.] |jf

55;rfS55booe5^s3e)"^
eo y
o

oo

CJ

*
l

A. g. 19
 The colour of black cotton soils
190 sS 3)<b cSbsbKjtf 3 JJ^sStS iSou
lT cxx)^55io
>

(Titani
ferous magnetite.)

(Colloidal hydrated double iron and aluminium silicate}^

(Soil fertility & 'bacteria)

03
92

i5ocs$bp$8 sSj^<Sx2g)ex> (Bacteria^

YB
o S' SSbo-

atfoooo-OB." 5^
^ ,
1
V-

204

bol5 g'^Scr'oS&oX ^5bo"^^^) cJSoQ zT

4 e^ eo

"SoSo^oo

-v
INDEX AND GLOSSARY

... 37

... 22

... 1 81

heat ... 204

... 7, 112

station . . . 119

water ... 292

h
... 61,64
"

.. ... 106
P

.
,
... 14

... 11,23
. ... 6S

\%
substances^
... 121
294

temperature ... 120, 20&

^Undei drainage ... 223=

8 3;&De>o=Anacardiarjae . . . 107
G3

order ... 98

temparature 205-

of heat ... 14
soils ... 16&
(^e;ex>)=Transpoi'tfid
'

s rcots ... 43:

18 ? 28, 141

Ammonium Hydrate ... ,, a

21,22, 24,26 5 67,68,72 3 74 3 76 ? J51

... ... 24.
**^
CO .

. . ,.. ... 207

Ulmic acid \ ...

'

31
=r Aluminium 4-i ,
34,

leaf . .,
'

61

S8s Miaimum thermometer ...

- '

tenpperatuVe . . .

fruits -'""-
..,

state

surface (of soil)

structure 6$
 295

82
=Attraction- ,

Hungry soils ,
^ '
4
226
'.

37, 47, 52, 65, 67

= Autumn
i
.,,

^Humidity .,. 112 7 142 -1

I45

^ Fences ... 261 3 262, 263

^NutnUon (of higher plants) i
lj

67, 78

... ... 34, 77

pan ... 244

Swampy soils . . . 170

... 167

loams ... 1 67
'

soils ... 163, 165

... ... 163

^ '

:
.

=N.'E. Monsoon ...

=
128, 180

i7

Frizid Zone ... H6

296

<<
5Jtfxjs3a|5
^ * *
sSl 5S;)o2s'e)S=N. Temperate Zone ... 115
C*3

pole ... 115

... ... 75
(n
*

<&tf25;o=Hydrogen ... 21, 22, 26,27,67, 72

' "
... 26

CO
== Hydrochloric acid ... 21. 24
"

... 14,7

-. 6

=s Variety ... ... 98

21

drainage ... 2&3

o
nsptration .. 70

salt ... 27

t
... -131
fSoi')f heat t. , t
... 204

=Torrid Zone ... 115

to

^lT
ra
si;r'^^i69 = = ThermometerM
t
=
777
13, 14, 119, 121

of heat ^.. 15

(of beat) ... 15, 208

^
= Radiation {of heat) . . 15

, U, 71, 72, JL3;8,124 ? 260

Range of temperature >.a2l, 20S

 297

==Dry fruits ... ... 90

d soils ... 166
Red Htmus ... 27 , 28

Boiling point ... ...

6
ic Phosphate ...

39,40 ^i^^^g,
62, 79, 94, 98,99,101

... ... 62, 64

... .., 12,7 18,'

27<>

S
.. . 167

. -. .90
... :, , .-.. .104

, 56,59
.58
56
298

6 "

22, 29, 30, 67, 68, 75

dioxide
24, 29 r 68, 69, 71, 72
ic acid ... ...
25, 29
= Carbonates . .. ... 29
= Carbo-hydrates 54, 72
== Carbon assimilation 72, 7s, 76 J HO
*** (
'
r
^

rown soils ..
i

sa Agriculturist ... *

Chemist

^ 60tO62
e>:= Micaceous soil ...

Le^f stalk ...

Agriculture ... ,

tubes
201
ssS ports
r
 (of a4eaf)

... -
... ,52

... ... 38 98
op .

151

g^rfooosssa ... ... ... 30

I
v_

... ... 187

= Alkalis ... ...'' ... 27

:^: Alkali metals ... ... 35

*
... ... 21, 34, 67

oxide ... 25, 27, 34

en

Hydrate ... 27

Calcium carbonate ... *.. "29^84

w ' 1 '

sulphate ... 26, 2S

T * "'
i i '

'
nitrate ... ..'^ .
25, 258

... ... 160, 163

stone .
... '
163

169

'

tf
r
*.vf' I

'
22,32,68,74
"'
' '
' *- '*'
*> '
300

.. ...
32,74
... ... 32

acid > ... ... 32

c acid ... ... 25,32

CO '

Do ... ... 25, 32

Dioxide ... 33

Trioxide ... ... 32

ie soils . . .

of soils ...

cs *
106

eo i
pont ... 14

.. ... .. 93

... ... 182

<y w=Loamy soils f *

... ... 3 66

fruits ... 90

... ... 75

... ... 19

?6e)=^Mesopbyl ... ... -

,
.. .
66,' 70-' 71
CO

parenchyma of baves ... $0^ 73

' '
*
... ... ... 15

... r ... 29

... . . 99
 f
168-
SS-er'tf tfe>o=So!ids *

$ I0 3

siOil seeds

^^Strengthening ..... __ 62
Saline Lone soils .. 244 255-

asoil water ... l9l

of soil for water 192,
| ( ^o^)ig'jr-)=:Capacity

Saturated with water ... ..-.-

= Retentive power ... -

194f

Percolation ... ... 197

... ..
224,225
Water fall ... . ,. 153;

=ssAUuvial soil ; . . ... 165

soils %-.. ...

tubes 'v. ... 59. 61

 Venation . .. 50
... ... 98

. . * . ., 75

... *. 54

eo

... ... 90

==: Wet day ... ... 133

= Arboriculture ... . ., 6

, . . ... 94

.. . ... 22

ific gravity ... 11 ,

186

heat ... ... 15208

e) O

Honey dew ... 146, 147

If $r"3<t>e>o=:Ligh{: soils ... ... 170

coloured soils .. 166

ic phosphate ... 33

... e ... ,61,64

.-~.*jOgJe>o=:ast tissues
(J U 1 t U
. 74
fibres ... ...
 303

pole ... m
=S. Frizid Zone ... 115
:ssS. Temperate Zone 115

?
64

tfrt toeossaMedullary rays. . . . 60

61,64
vessels ... .. 61, 70
Caustic potash ... 35
ic soda ... .. 35

crop paddy ... Ill

fibres
tfg'easSwewaBsSchlerencbymatous .
.58, 61, 62

.. 4,6

bast 61

58

l
...10, 16 17

r- Solubility 12

t -8r
substances 12
V.

f-,I>issolving 16, 69
ia

phosphate . . 33 [61,94,98,102,107

89,40,4(1,42, 44, 59,60,

... -
90
304

if-

21, 34, 85

pj

... 38, 97
'" '

... 22, 2*7, 28, 6g

= Nitrogen pentoxide ... 25, 28,

;6r 8T*s&3fc=Nitric acid ... 25,28

*
V. CO

28,73

soils .
CO

^^<^b=:BIack Alkali
00

... ... 37

crops .
... 270
shape ... u
volume ... 1 %

...
114(?

. Anabolisem ...

S-sr^a^rssxDs: Dead fences ../* $61.262

*
33 X
mattefe P . . 26
oXjs= ... 75?

... - .. 37
'"

litmus ...

*fi=Water, ----- ... as,

 305

, 47, 52

CO
... 70
... ... 148, 150, US.
=-S.
'
W. Monsoon '
... 123, 130
*

... ... 162

... 44
fruits ... 90
4l

fruits ... 90
'

man Lire ... 240

-
... ... 61,* 62

... 6

... 64, 66, 73, 75

^jJsS8da=:Chlorophyll
r aa^ Leaf -blade ... .. 48

base ... ... 47, 47

=Leaf stalk ... -

. . , 48

Matter ... 3
Pht/cTc*Q
r Jt UVdJwd ... .../. *7 in *>A
l\J~i\J

23
ri

I
Parasites ... 43
y <

(of crops)
... 272-287
^
... ... 82

r
L,
soe>Or=s
g)
... 270

A. g. 20 ,

J
306

=: Pastoral farming ... ... 6

f
i -7r*'ti3x>sx) Fodder crops ... . *. 270
... ... 37

... ... 102

... .., 21

\r ^^-Transparent ... .. 159

a

= Rocks ... ...

... .. , .. 74 75
... ... ...
40,85,94,95
=r: Suckers ... ... ... 99 JQI

soils ... ... 3 69

... ... 54,

... ... g9 ; 89
flowers ... ... 86

leaves ... ... 61

... .., 82j 59

... .... 88,81,89
rs Analysis ... ..^ 171, ITS

.. # .
146
... ... 21,86^37,77
7 f t
"*
ium Nitrate .*.. r 28
'

... ;.. 35
Chloride ... 217
 307

=Diy weather or season ...

= Unslaked lime ... .. 34,

V>ex>==PJasUc substances ... 75

cells ...

soil ...

Natura) sciences

trr
Light ...

j Laboratories ...

I
... ..! 21

PO 23

=r Pericarp ...
'

... ... 45
... ... 37

houses ... ...

=Clay loams ...

soils .,.,.
 substances
'

'
id '. . . is 8.
'

... ...
gr=Go?loid clay ,,

= Weight ?i ... . ..- ... 11

'

^ Heavy soils ... ... 1 70-

"
... 58 ; e'l, 62, 64 3 66
l

=r Mulliloctilarfruit ..J ... 90'

*
1
i

= Roads
'

... ..." ... 265,266

>

oils ... ... i7o

... ... 198-

oJ

morphology ... 40

Cotyledon .. .,
39,94,95
'

|)roSob's5=Tne embryonic
*
plant ^...' ... 73
40,94,95
... ._ 96
' '

... ,. %
85,94,95
^x^>^?>:=Yeast ... ... ..^ ^
= Potassium ... ... 35
soils .... ...
.

166
oliss ... . 0ft

... ... ...

58,61,62
ic Rock , ... ,
_ 162
eo
 309

... ,.. 7j 148

... ... 159

=.,Physical constituents ... 171

Physical, properties t-> ^ 19

3, . , 'Seess . . of soils ... 223

aysical changes ... ... 9

=- Mechanical analysis ... 171

... ... .. % 121

=:Paring and burning ... ... 230

' '
'

... ... 21, 68

=Magnesium
CT oxide ... ... 35
'"
... ... 37
as

... ... 27Q

... ... 6

tfi tfean temperature ... .... 121

... ... 150

a Condiments * 2*70

ee: Manganese ... ... 22,34,68

... ... 30,54,74

Grains ... - 75

... 52
(plants)
...

-silicic acid ... ...

,% . to ' '

20
(chemical)
-310

Double silicates ...

leaves ... 47 ? 43;

fruit ... ... 91

cropping
r
.., ...287 _ 289-

... . .. ... 47,48,52

'
CO *

... ... 20,67

Root hair3 ... ... 42,64,70'
== Protoplasm -
54, 57 ; 74, 77

Root cap ... ... 64-

pressure ... ... 7i

53o^cSb'r3^boexi ==:Parencbymaiou;5 cells ... 57, 60, 61 ?

64-

:Berries ... ... 90

~ Apatite ... ...

22

(of flowers) ... 75.

crops ... ... 2 70

82

2
 311

fruits

changes .. 9

combination ... 22

Chemic al affinity or attraction 22

-tf ns6s

analysis ... 22 67
t

decomposition ... 23
emical constituents ... ni
^d ("^e)e))=Chemical condition of soils ... 215
= Hairs ... ... _ 52,61,64

leaves ... ... 49

tendril ... .., 52
... ... .^ 25

in the soil ... 211

Power of retaining salts ...

... 26,27
...

... 102, 214

222

... ...
21,34!, 67, 78
soils ... ... 169
312

... ... 19

^0^)23^^5500
CO
= Ferric oxide ... ... 34

sS

... ... ... 27

..." ... ... 167

= Alluvial soils ... . .. 105

:= Barrenness ... ... ... 214

CO
= Hailstones ... ... ... 142

(of soils) ... ... 190

.~ Classification (cf plants) ... ... 98, 109

... ... ... 29

... 30-1 42

days . ., ... 133

... --... ... 117

soils ... ... 165

Gaseous substances ... 10,18

'

gases .*. 213

... ... 125

pressure, ... ...

^TSnS eX3= V 655615 .... ... ., 59

*
Vascular bundles ..t 60.64,65,67
' ' '
*
sre>oTs e)=Sand stone . ... ... . fc

..
38,85,93,97
 fr.uits 90

19,20

--Hybridisation 89, 97

89, 97

74

^23^==: Divisibility ... ... 12

ic, cells ... 61

12

149,166
CO

7278

Agricultufist ..
. , ,

ssi Agricultural science ...

ricultural Research Institute 172

'

^Dtffusibility ,.. ... 211,246,247

... ... 17,190

Energy, focce ... 19,20,78

of bones .. 217

bud
314

= Anatomy ... ,
... 40
... ... ... 90

. ... ... 37

=: Winter ... ... ... m

. ... ... 110-147.112
'
.

ff
\oK ~5;&>= Horn blende ... ... 160
fruits ... ... 90

.. ... ... 22,83,68,77,78

o o ofcs3>tf ;&> Silicon dioxide ... 38
oO OCQ
rrrSilicic acid ... ... 33
CO

... ... 37

of labour ... 55

, contraction ... 17 ? 189

85

state ... ...

... ... 182

CO

fences ... ... 26 1,26-a

... ... 12, 270

venation ... 51

ean ramge of temperature *"

122
*
e tfrf 305=- Rotation of crops
* .-. .
271,272
?
*
plantfood ... 175

^o5S=Simple fruit , ... ... 9*

 315

mxture ... 2T

farming, ,.. ... 6

r5Sxi=Ordinary thermometer 120

= ist c/op (paddy)

27

...

= Active or available pJantfood ...

... ._ 21

soils ... ... 163

... ... 227

... ... 27,54,56,60

pan . ., ... 244
CO

... ... 36

... ... 36,?.7,i02

... ... 65

28,102,156

10 5,

... ... 21,35,68,77

sulphate ... 26,245.

chloride ... 3:, 345

carbonate ... 245.

-316

oxide ... 85
Cf>

nitrate . . , ... 35

,.. ... 133

... ... 64,74,76

s;: Organic matter ..." 27,28,230,231

rganic chemistry 29

acids.. . ... $0
ic ferments ... 75

Nodes ... ... 4G

.. . ... 45
... ... 160

... ... 1S7

T
= Aluminium ... ...

*.. 23, 32, 6S,7 77

Pentoxide 24,' 32
oo
N
5~s~"s63:rsPhosphoric acid ... ... 32
CV)

%
t
esfooosaospies ll
... ... 34,' 177

quartz ... ... 158

j O/am ... ... 8*

, . . ^ . 82
^
flowers ... ... 86

... ... 21
 sir-/?

22, 31, 68

\23oc =Highji plants ...

g,*..
CO
=Humic acid ... ... 8L