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(Eq. 5.3)
Applications to Power Cycles Interacting
with Two Thermal Reservoirs
For a system undergoing a power cycle while
communicating thermally with two thermal
reservoirs, a hot reservoir and a cold reservoir,
the thermal efficiency of any such cycle is
Wcycle QC
h= = 1- (Eq. 5.4)
QH QH
Applications to Power Cycles Interacting
with Two Thermal Reservoirs
By applying the Kelvin-Planck statement of the
second law, Eq. 5.3, three conclusions can be drawn:
TC
Refrigeration Cycle: b max = (Eq. 5.10)
TH - TC
TH
Heat Pump Cycle: g max = (Eq. 5.11)
TH - TC
where TH and TC must be on the Kelvin or Rankine scale.
Example: Power Cycle Analysis
A system undergoes a power cycle while Hot Reservoir
TH = 500 K
receiving 1000 kJ by heat transfer from a
QH = 1000 kJ
thermal reservoir at a temperature of 500 K
Power Wcycle
and discharging 600 kJ by heat transfer to a Cycle
TC
h max = 1 - (Eq. 5.9)
TH
Cannot Cycle
0¥40 ¥f
#
2
pA TH
1- 2 adiabatic compression
2- 3 isothermal expansion
3- 4 adiabatic expansion
4- I isothermal
compression
✓
Nz
W =) pdt ⇒
Wz }=mRT+f£F using pv=mRT
Nz
→
Wz3=mRT*ln( 4th )
Wu , =mfnMPdv=mRIfrY¥r=mRIh(%d
1023=6023 + Wz }=m[ Us -
U
,
+ Rtahd 4th ) ]
U
}
=
UCTA )
,
42=9 ( Th ) ⇒ Uz = U
]
⇒ Qz ,
=
Was =mRt+hr( The ) tit
to QH
@
wneto
lucky
Qzs=Q*
Qai -
Wy =mRT< )
,
tQc
TL
Qy = -
QL
, ,
Wnef=QH -
Qc
,
Q%4=W3y+0U}q⇒Wsa= -04g
Wnef Wn +
Was W
Wy ( Wiz ) ( West Wy )
=
+ t
tw
=
] y
( t
, , ,
=
( Uz -
U ,
t Va -
U
} ]
= -
m ( U # -
UH d t UN -
WAH
⇒
wait =
Was +
Wu ,
= M
R ( Tahr ( NW -
Ehr ( 4W
was
¥thhYFYTk
→
, I
¥ Tarot
.
'
=
-
'
since
na E -
QH
Q
#
=
Qz ,
=
MRT
a lnftyrd 0¥ =
The
2) pvn =
const
pvk =
const
,
K =
41cm
Cannot Cycle
processes 1-2 t 3-4 are adiabatic t reversible
ideal gas
marinara ftp.tke#Y4EY
" ⇒
an a
⇐MET
"
# HIM #Mt¥da
r'
¥ a
⇒ .
" ""
l Eat
"
I ' ' to
⇒
an =hI÷l
=
,
N3
⇒
ante ,
⇒
¥ =
an
Lamott '¥
between
power
efficiency of
reversible
The all cycles operating
I +
Ta is 1 -
TYTA
Carnot Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles
►If a Carnot power cycle is operated in the opposite
direction, the magnitudes of all energy transfers
remain the same but the energy transfers are
oppositely directed.
►Such a cycle may be regarded as a Carnot
refrigeration or heat pump cycle for which the
coefficient of performance is given, respectively, by
autos ?
TC
Carnot Refrigeration Cycle: b max = (Eq. 5.10)
TH - TC
l=¥g=a9÷ai a¥I
TH
Carnot Heat Pump Cycle: g max = (Eq. 5.11)
TH - TC
Example
One tenth lbm of 420 executes Cannot Cycle between I 40°F 640°F
Ta
= a
-
a t
a) sketch
cycle on P -
V
diagram
b) evaluate heat t work for each
process
c) evaluate 2
cycle
↳g¥e
go.p.tt
A Q =
OUT W for each process
µ#d\0_Tµ
A
"
entire
The :
Want =
Qnet
=
try -
. sjGa→W
net
QL TL
v
W net -
Qa -
Qc
Qµ= Qz } Wz ( Us )]
=L
Uzst M
Uzt Psat ( THVN, (h
=
}
Nz hz )
-
=
-
m
3-
utpv Us +
Mir ,
-
( ÷
uzt Pz Nd since Pz =P
,
=
Batta )
Q ,+
=
Mlhg -
hf ) @ t a
=
( 0.1 lbm ) (1132-678.6)
Btylsm =
45.34 Btu
Nf ( Ta ) Hbm
'
Nz 0.0254ft ft Ylbm
NGCTH )
=
of 0.1805
=
=
=
,
, ,
Gusyt Wu , My ⇒ Wu , = -
m ( ay -
Us)
4 ,
=
Uf ))@I=qo of
Uy =
8.02 + ( 0.5 9) ( 1024 -
8. 02 ) Btyfbm =
607.4 Bfn
⇒
Wsu
=
45.56 Btu
Evaluate
@
process 4- 1 Psat CI )
v
✓ m
Qu ,
=
04 ,
+
Wy ,
=
m[ U
,
-
Uy +
Psat # ( M -
Na ) = hi -
hy ] ,
since R
,
=P ,
✓
=6U Q% , z
+ W
, z
to Wiz =
-
M ( Uz -
Qd÷ =
QH Qa Qc Qy , ⇒
Q Qa ( +4T,+ ) 20.61 Qy Btu
=
Btr 20.61
-
= =
= ⇒ =
/
-
} ,
Using I absolute ( E. G . To =
640+460 °R )
Non
,
h ,
that QYM =
639.9 Dtyfbm -
200%541 =
433°8 Btylbm
.
x.
HEID @±= 4335¥ =
o.rs
U
4ft x. ( Ug Ufl 412.4 Btylbm
=
=
,
-
Vf +
X. ( vg A) 973,1 ft3µbm
= =
Nc -
Wy ,
=
Psat # ( M -
of ) = -
1.06 Btu
Wiz = -
Mah -
U
,
) = -
25.63 Btu
Clausius Inequality
►The Clausius inequality considered next
provides the basis for developing the
entropy concept in Chapter 6.
►The Clausius inequality is applicable to any
cycle without regard for the body, or
bodies, from which the system undergoing
a cycle receives energy by heat transfer or
to which the system rejects energy by heat
transfer. Such bodies need not be thermal
reservoirs.
.J
§
Ti Tz
IT Tz
FQ Qzt
saarnot
aisnott
:
A •
Q
,
Qzp
Qi p
, Qz
system
ftp.Q
Wa WB
Qoa QOB
p
Qo
IT Tz
for the Carnot cycles
scaarnot
qynott
A •
Qi
Qzp
Q , p
Qz
Wa system
WB Qf÷=t÷ t 0¥23 =¥z
Qoa QOB
p
Qo
Qi¥+oQt±
To
%@ →
Ws Woa Was EO
'
- -
QOATQOB -
Qo
To
= -
a. = o ⇒
¥ +0¥ ,
-
¥ so
⇒ £ ¥ii< 0 where
Qi as heat transferred into system
Claus :us
§ 8¥ =oa
Inequality
equal sign for reversible cycles
)
→
0¥ =
Qfo for Cannot Cgle ( reversible
Example 750kt
Q ,=
# =B°0 "
find thermal
efficiency
Q }
power
cycle #s WCYCK for
Jcyck
=
(a) 0.1
,
(b) 0.22k ) 0.35
{
o irreversible
§s¥Eo §s¥=
>
⇒
Rule ingle
-
=o reversible
✓ v
2 -
Wang -
Qgentn =
Q'QrQQ ,
r
¥ -0¥ -0¥ = -
cycle
⇒ Q ,=Ts( 0¥ ,
-
¥ trade )
, ,
T 2
Uel 33.3 for Tcycle
=
0
0.2 20
0
⇒
%e =
46.7%
0.35 ,
⇒ ,
%
Clausius Inequality
►The Clausius inequality is developed from
the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second
law and can be expressed as:
æ dQ ö
ç ÷ = -s cycle (Eq. 5.13)
è T øb
where
1000 kJ 600 kJ
(b) - s cycle = - = 0 kJ/K scycle = 0 kJ/K = 0
500 K 300 K