#43

Bernoulli’s Equation
Sections 16-8 to 9
Applications & Real Fluids
Reynolds Number

1
 Venturi Meter Example
Apply the Bernoulli equation across the meter
P1 + 1
2
ρv12 = P2 + 1
2
ρv 22 or
P1 - P2 = 1
2
ρ (v 22 - v12 ) using continunity
v1A1
v2 = A2
∴

P1 - P2 =
⎡ A1 2 ⎤
1
⎣ A2
2 ()
ρv12 ⎢
- 1 (16 - 25)
⎦⎥
The pressure difference is calculated from h in the
manometer, 16 - 25 is used to get v 1 and the flow
rate is calculated using A 1

Example

A tank of cross-sectional area 0.07 m2 is filled with water.

A tightly fitting piston with a total mass of 10 kg, rests on
top of the water. A circular hole of diameter 1.5 cm is
opended at a depth of 60 cm below the water level of the
tank. What is the initial rate of flow of water out of the
hole?How would you maximize the distance the stream
would flow.

2
 Solution
P o + P 1 + ρ gh = Po + 1
2
ρv2
mg
P1 = A

( )
mg

( )
2
2 A m
v = ρ
= 2g ρA
+ h

⎡ ⎤
( )(
2
v 2
= 2 m ⎢ 10 kg ⎥ = 15 m
⎢
)( 0 . 07 m 2 ) ⎥
9.8 + 0.6m
s2
10 3
kg s2
⎣ m 3 ⎦

() ( )π (7.5x10 m)
2 2
Φ = vA = vπ d
2
= 4
m
s
-3
= 0.7 L
s

Real Fluids
• Have viscosities greater than zero
which results in shear, velocity
gradients, and friction.
• Osborne Reynolds 1883 experiment
• Steamlines vs laminar vs turbulence
• Corrections required to basic equations

3
Bernoulli Equation for Real Fluids
P1 gh1 α v2 P gh α v2
+ + 1 1 + ξWp = 2 + 2 + 2 2 + fF
ρ gc 2gc ρ gc 2gc
where
α is the correction for turbulent flow
v is the average fluid velocity across the crossect
ξ is the efficiency of the pump
Wp is the work produced by the pump
fF is the friction correction
g
gc
≈ 1.00

4
 Real Bernoulli Example

In the equipment shown below a pump draws a solution of

Specific gravity = 1.84 from a storage tank through a 3 in.
Schedule 40 steel pipe. The efficiency of the pump is 60%.
The velocity in the suction line is 3 ft/s. The pump discharges
Through a 2 in. schedule 40 pipe to an overhead tank. The end
Of the discharge pipe is 50 ft above the level of the solution
In the feed tank. Friction losses in the entire piping system are
10 ft-lbf/lb. What pressure must the pump develop? What is
The power of the pump?

Solution
Take the datum as point a, vtank = 0, α =1.0
g vb2
ξWp = hb + + fF
gc 2g c
A3 = 0.0513 ft 2 & A2 = 0.0233 ft 2
3x0.0513 ft
vb = 0.0233
= 6.61 s
6.612
0.60W = 50 gg + + 10 = 60.68
p c 64.34

60.68 ft -lb f
Wp = 0.06
= 101.1 lb

Now apply Bernoulli around the pump

5
 Solution
v a2 - v b2
+ W pξ
P out - Pin
ρ
= 2g c

P out - P in = 1.84 x 62.37 (

3 2 - 6.61 2
64.34
+ 60.68 )
lb f lb f kN
P out - P in = 6,902 = 47.9 = 330
ft 2 in 2 m2
ft - lb f
1 hp = 550 s

 = v A ρ = 0.0513 x 3 x 1.84 x 62.37 = 17.66

m lb
s
W
m p 17.66x101. 1
Power = 550
= 550
= 3.25 hp = 2.42 kW

Venturi Meter for Real Fluids

C
v 2 (P1 - P 2 )
v2 = (SI)
( ) ρ
4
D2
1 -
D1

C
v 2 g c ( P1 - P 2 )
v2 = (US)
( ) ρ
4
D2
1 -
D1

Essentially the same equation as derived in the

examples from the 3/10 lecture. C v depends on
flow conditions and the specific meter normally
0.92 - 0.99 for liquids. 1 and 2 refer to Venturi
figure presented on slide two.

6
 Reynolds Number

inertia forces [ ] = Lvρ

v2
L

[]
NRe = =
viscous forces μv μ
ρL2

Where L is a generic distance

Why Nre is so Important

• It is physically meaningful - relating the forces
which control this process
• It is essential for scale-up and design
• It is the first of many (~17) dimensionless
groups engineers use to relate fundamental
forces in various processes
• It is a very useful correlating variable
• Nre is dimensionless, its magnitude is
independent of the units used, provided the
units are consistent.

7
 Rotameter

Used for measuring the flow rate of fluids. Describe the

meter and draw a FBD of the float. There are three
forces

Drag force Df ∝ f(vfluid,μfluid and Dfloat)

Fg = ρfloatVfloatg
Fbuoy = Vfloatρfluidg