Fundamentals of Electric Power Systems

1.3. Transmission and Distribution Lines

Circuit models of lines and transformers are developed and applied to practical
calculations.

1.3.1 Resistance of lines

The DC resistance of a conductor is given by

Rdc = r L / A

where r is the resistivity in ohm-meters, L is the conductor length in meters, and A is the
conductor cross-sectional area in square meters. The resistivity varies with temperature
(approximately in direct proportion to the absolute temperature). Let T1 and T2 be two
conductor temperatures in degrees C:

R(T2) = R(T1) (K + T2) / (K + T1)

where K = 228.1 for aluminum and K = 241.5 for hard-drawn copper. Due to the skin
effect, an AC current will not distribute itself uniformly across a conductor.
Consequently, the AC resistance of the conductor will be somewhat larger than the DC
resistance. The skin effect becomes more important as the conductor cross-sectional area
increases and as the frequency increases. At 60 Hz the skin effect becomes noticeable
with large conductor sizes used on transmission lines.

Although stranded copper conductors were formerly used in construction of transmission

and distribution lines, new construction often uses aluminum conductors, such as ACSR
(aluminum conductor, steel reinforced), AAC (all-aluminum conductor), ACAR
(aluminum conductor, alloy reinforced). ACSR is composed of one or more layers of
aluminum conductor strands wrapped around one or more layers of steel reinforcing
strands, as shown in Figure 1.3.1. Since the outer strands are longer than the inner
strands, a stranding effect is introduced. Conductor manufacturers provide tabulations of
conductor resistance (per unit length of conductor) at 60 Hz and 50 degrees C for use in
performing calculations.

STEEL

ALUMINUM

Figure 1.3.1 Cross section of ACSR. Not to scale.

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 C. W. Brice August 2002

Wire sizes are commonly given in American Wire Gauge (AWG) up to sizes of 4/0 (or
0000). Larger sizes are given in the cross-sectional area of the conductor in thousands of
circular mils, abbreviated kcmil. The unit of kcmil is the same as the unit of MCM, but
in the latter M stands for 1000 (as in the Roman numeral), which does not fit the metric
system. Since we use kV to mean 103 V and MW to mean 106 W, to be consistent, we
should use kcmil to mean 103 cmil. However, the usage of MCM is widespread, and one
should be aware of both, and that they are the same. One circular mil is the area of a
circle that has a diameter of one mil (= 0.001 inch).

Area [mil2] = Area [cmil] x p / 4

Area [mm2] = Area [cmil] x (p / 4) [mil2 / cmil] x (0.001 [in/mil])2 x (25.4 [mm/in])2

Area [mm2] = 5.067 x 10-4 Area [cmil] = 0.5067 Area [kcmil]

The arrangements of strands for ACSR is listed in the tables as the number of strands of
aluminum and the number of strands of steel. For example, 795 kcmil ACSR has two
forms, one with stranding 26/7 and one with stranding 45/7. The first of these is assigned
a code name of Drake and the second a code name of Tern. ACSR code names are names
of various birds, other types of conductors are assigned other kinds of code names. We
will list ACSR conductors as 795 kcmil (45/7). AWG sizes will be listed as 4/0 AWG
(6/1), meaning four-aught (or four-naught) size with six strands of aluminum and one of
steel.

1.3.2 Inductance of lines

When an electric circuit composed of two or more conductors is closed, the currents in
the circuit loops produce a magnetic flux that links the conductors. Thus, the circuit must
have a self-inductance, to account for the induced voltage set up by the flux. In other
words, each conductor may be thought of as possessing a certain inductance per unit
length. The flux linkage inside a cylindrical conductor (assuming uniform current density
in the conductor) is

lint = I (1/2) x 10-7 H/m

The flux linkage between two points outside a conductor is

lext = I (2 x 10-7) ln (D2 / D1)

where D1 and D2 are the distances from the center of the conductor to the two points.
Figure 1.3.2 illustrates the geometry.

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 Fundamentals of Electric Power Systems

D1

D2

Figure 1.3.2 Geometry for calculation of flux linkages between two points

Consider a two-wire line with one conductor having a radius of r1 and the other having a
radius of r2 and the separation between conductors being D, shown in Figure 1.3.3.

r1 r2

Figure 1.3.3 Geometry of two-wire line. Note that flux that links both wires will link a
net current of zero, so will not affect line inductance.

The inductance due to the current in conductor 1 will be

L1 = 2 x 10-7 [(1/4) + ln (D / r1)] H/m

Often the conductor geometric mean radius (GMR) Ds is used:

Ds1 = r1 e-1/4 = 0.7788 r1

L1 = 2 x 10-7 ln (D / Ds1) H/m

Likewise

L2 = 2 x 10-7 ln (D / Ds2) H/m

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 C. W. Brice August 2002

and

L = L1 + L2

A three-phase line having equilateral spacing, see Figure 1.3.4, can modeled quite easily.

D D

C B
D

Figure 1.3.4 Cross section of three phase line with equilateral spacing.

The flux linkages of conductor A are

lA = 2 x 10-7 [IA ln (1 / Ds) + IB ln (1 / D) + IC ln (1 / D)]

For a balanced three-phase circuit, IA + IB + IC = 0, so

lA = 2 x 10-7 [IA ln (D / Ds)]

Then the inductance of phase A is

LA = 2 x 10-7 ln (D / Ds) H/m

which immediately gives the inductive reactance per phase

XL = 0.0754 ln (D / Ds) ohms/km

XL = 0.1213 ln (D / Ds) ohms/mile

XL = 0.279 log (D / Ds) ohms/mile

Note that D and Ds can be in any units, as long as they are both in the same units. Note
that ln denotes logarithm to the base e (natural logarithm) and log denotes logarithm to
base 10 (common logarithm).

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 Fundamentals of Electric Power Systems

Three-phase lines that are not equilaterally spaced may be transposed as shown in Figure
1.3.5.

D12
D31
The equivalent spacing Deq
may be used to calculate the
inductance:

Deq = (D12 D23 D31)1/3

D23
Then the average inductance
per phase is

L = 2 x 10-7 ln (Deq / Ds)

C B A H/m

and the average inductive

reactance per phase is

XL = 0.0754 ln (Deq / Ds)

ohms/km

XL = 0.1213 ln (Deq / Ds)

B A C ohms/mile

XL = 0.279 log (Deq / Ds)

ohms/mile

The geometric mean radius of

stranded conductors (such as
ACSR) is tabulated along with
the AC resistance. In practical
A C B
calculations we will simply
look up the GMR and
resistance.
3 1 2

Figure 1.3.5 Unsymmetrical line with transpositions.

Letters A B C refer to phases and numbers 1 2 3 refer to
positions. Cross section shown at top, plan view at
bottom.

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 C. W. Brice August 2002

Example: A three-phase distribution line, shown in Figure 1.3.6, has flat horizontal
spacing of 29", 59", and 88" between adjacent phases. The conductor is 336.4 kcmil
ACSR with Ds = 0.292". Calculate the
88"
inductive reactance in ohms/mile.
29" 59"
Although the line is not transposed, the
calculation assumes that it is, which is an
approximation that is generally adequate.

Deq = (29 x 59 x 88)1/3 = 53"

XL = 0.1213 ln (53 / 0.292) = 0.631

ohms/mile

Note that many tabulations of conductors have

the inductive reactance at 1 foot spacing
listed. Then another table lists the inductive
reactance spacing factor to correct for the
actual spacing.

Xa = 0.1213 ln (1 / Ds) reactance at 1 foot

spacing

Xd = 0.1213 ln (Deq) reactance spacing

factor

XL = Xa + Xd

In the previous example, Xa = 0.451

ohms/mile and Xd = 0.1802 ohms/mile.
Figure 1.3.6 Distribution line showing XL = Xa + Xd = 0.631 ohms/mile
spacing. Not to scale.
as before.

The method of equivalent spacing is a special case of a fairly general approach called the
method of geometric mean distance. The idea is that to calculate an average reactance
value for composite conductor systems, such as bundled conductors, the geometric mean
of the various distances may be used. A simple example illustrates the idea without
unneeded mathematical complexity.

Example: A three-phase transmission line having bundled conductors is shown in Figure

1.3.7. Each phase conductor is a bundle of two 795 kcmil ACSR (45/7) subconductors
(Ds = 0.0352 ft), in this example. Some lines use bundles of three or more
subconductors. The purpose of bundling conductors is to reduce the electric field
gradient near the conductors to keep corona (high-field discharge) to a minimum.
Bundled conductors are more economical than extremely large sizes of single conductor

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 Fundamentals of Electric Power Systems

for the same purpose. EHV (extra-high voltage) above 230 kV) lines are almost always
constructed with bundled conductors because of the extremely high fields produced near
the conductors. Sometimes high-voltage lines at 230 kV use bundled conductors.

1.5'

18' 18'

Figure 1.3.7 Transmission line with bundled conductors. Each phase has two
conductors.

First calculate the geometric mean radius of the bundle by taking the geometric mean of
the subconductor GMR Ds and the bundle separation d:

2-subconductors: Dsb = (Ds2 d2)1/4 = (Ds d)1/2

3-subconductors: Dsb = (Ds3 d6)1/9 = (Ds d2)1/3

For this example,

Deq = (18 x 18 x 36)1/3 = 22.7 ft

Dsb = (Ds d)1/2 = (0.0352 ft x 1.5 ft)1/2 = 0.230 ft

XL = 0.1213 ln (22.7 / 0.230) = 0.557 ohms/mile

By way of comparison, with one 1590 kcmil conductor per phase:

XL = 0.1213 ln (22.7 / 0.0498) = 0.743 ohms/mile

Parallel-circuit lines can be handled in a similar fashion. Figure 1.3.8 shows a cross-
section of a double-circuit line, where both circuits are connected in parallel.

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 C. W. Brice August 2002

18'

A C'

10'
21'

B B'

10'

C A'

Figure 1.3.8 Geometry of double-circuit line with circuits in parallel connection.

The conductor is 300 kcmil ACSR (26/7), having Ds = 0.0229 ft. We desire to calculate
the inductive reactance of parallel combination.

Dab = Dbc = 10.11 ft Dac = 20 ft

Dab' = Dbc' = 21.92 ft Dac' = 18 ft

Daa' = Dcc' = 26.91 ft Dbb' = 21 ft

Calculate the geometric mean distances for each phase-phase spacing, then use these to
calculate the equivalent spacing:

Dabp = Dbcp = (10.112 ´ 21.922)1/4 = (10.11 ´ 21.92)1/2 = 14.89 ft

Dcap = (182 ´ 202)1/4 = (18 ´ 20)1/2 = 18.97 ft

Deq = (14.892 ´ 18.97)1/3 = 16.14 ft

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 Fundamentals of Electric Power Systems

Now calculate the geometric mean of the conductor GMR and the spacing from
conductor n to n' (which are in parallel), then use these to calculate the equivalent self-
GMD:

Daap = Dccp = (0.0229 x 26.91)1/2 = 0.785 ft

Dbbp = (0.0229 x 21)1/2 = 0.693 ft

Dsp = (0.7852 x 0.693)1/3 = 0.753 ft

Finally, calculate the inductive reactance:

XL = 0.1213 ln (16.14 / 0.753) = 0.372 ohms/mile (per phase)

1.3.3 Capacitance of lines

Each conductor of an electric circuit will have a certain amount of electric charge per unit
length q. Therefore, each conductor will produce an electric field:

E = q / (2 p eo r) V/m

The voltage drop from a point D1 meters from the conductor to a point D2 meters from
the conductor is the line integral of E with respect to r from D1 to D2:

V12 = q ln (D1 / D2) / (2 p eo) V

The geometry and the path of integration are shown in Figure 1.3.9.

P1 PATH OF
INTEGRATION
D1
q

D2
P2

EQUIPOTENTIALS

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 C. W. Brice August 2002

Figure 1.3.9 Path of integration for calculation of voltage drop from point P1 to point P1
due to a line charge at the origin. P1 is D1 meters and P2 is D2 meters from the line.

The capacitance (per unit length) of a two-wire line is the charge per unit length q divided
by the voltage between the conductors. A cross section of a two-wire line is shown in
Figure 1.3.10 (a).

Ra Rb

a) CROSS SECTION OF TWO-WIRE LINE

a b
Cab

b) CAPACITANCE FROM LINE TO LINE

a n b
Can Cbn

c) CAPACITANCE TO NEUTRAL

Figure 1.3.10 Two-wire line capacitance.

Due to charge q on conductor a,

Vab = q ln (D / ra) / (2 p eo)

and due to charge -q on conductor b,

Vab = - q ln (rb / D) / (2 p eo) = q ln (D / rb) / (2 p eo)

Due to both charges:

Vab = q ln (D2 / rarb) / (2 p eo) V

and Cab = 2 p eo / ln (D2 / rarb) F/m

If ra = rb = r:

Cab = p eo / ln (D / r) F/m

Often, it is desired to analyze a circuit on a line-to-neutral basis, so the two-wire line

capacitance can be broken into two line-to-neutral capacitances in series (assuming that

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 Fundamentals of Electric Power Systems

the neutral point is midway between the two conductors). Figure 1.3.10 shows the
capacitances Cab and Cn where

Cn = 2 Cab = 2 p eo / ln (D / r) F/m (to neutral)

The capacitive susceptance to neutral is

BC = w C = 2 p f C = 2.096 x 10-8 / ln (D / r) mhos/m

or the capacitive reactance to neutral is

XC = 1 / BC = 4.77 x 107 ln (D / r) W-m

XC = 47.7 x 103 ln (D / r) W-km

XC = 29.6 ln (D / r) kW-miles

XC = 68.3 log (D / r) kW-miles

A three-phase line with equilateral spacing, neglecting the effects of ground, is considered
next. The voltage drop from conductor a to conductor b is

Vab = [qa ln (D / r) + qb ln (r / D) + qc ln (D / D)] / ( 2 p eo)

but since ln(D / D) = ln(1) = 0,

Vab = [qa ln (D / r) + qb ln (r / D)] / (2 p eo)

Similarly, Vac = [qa ln (D / r) + qc ln (r / D)] / (2 p eo)

We are assuming balanced conditions and that the neutral is at the center of the phasor
diagram (see Figure 1.3.11).

Vca
Vcn
Van
Vbc
Vbn
Vab

Vab Vac

Van Van Van

3 Van

Figure 1.3.11 Phasor diagram for balanced conditions, showing phase and line voltages.

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 C. W. Brice August 2002

Vab + Vac = 3 Van

qa = - ( qb + qc)

Then

Van = (1/3) (Vab + Vac)

Van = qa ln (D / r) / (2 p eo) V

Cn = 2 p eo / ln (D / r) F/m to neutral

XC = 47.7 x 103 ln (D / r) W-km to neutral

XC = 29.6 ln (D / r) kW-miles to neutral

Unsymmetrical transposed lines can be handled approximately by using the idea of

geometric means, as in the case of the inductance calculations (although it is necessary to
assume that the charge on a conductor is the same in each part of the transposition cycle,
which is an approximation). Many lines are not transposed, but this analysis is still used
in many cases.

Cn = 2 p eo / ln (Deq / r) F/m to neutral

XC = 47.7 x 103 ln (Deq / r) W-km to neutral

XC = 29.6 ln (Deq / r) kW-miles to neutral

1.3.4 Circuit model of lines

To model three-phase transmission and distribution lines, we assume the system is

balanced and develop the model on a per-phase, line-to-neutral basis. For short lines (less
than 50 miles in length) the equivalent circuit may usually ignore the shunt capacitance,
which has little effect. The equivalent circuit for a short line is shown in Figure 1.3.12
(a), representing phase A and the neutral. In the actual three-phase circuit no current
flows in the neutral (if currents are balanced), so neutral and ground impedance are not
included in the equivalent circuit. Subscript s indicates the sending (or source) end of the
line, and subscript r indicates the receiving (or load) end.

Vs = Vr + (R + j X) I

The phasor diagram is shown in Figure 1.3.12 (b) for an inductive load (lagging power
factor) and in Figure 1.3.12 (c) for a capacitive load (leading power factor). The percent
voltage regulation is calculated at fixed Vs and fixed load power factor:

%R = 100% [Vr(no load) - Vr(full load)] / Vr(full load)

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 Fundamentals of Electric Power Systems

Note that the voltage regulation is essentially a percent voltage magnitude drop. The
voltage regulation is positive for most power factors, but may be negative (i.e. a voltage
rise on the line) for low leading power factors.

Z=R+jX I

Vs Vr

(a) SHORT LINE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

Vs

Vr
(R + jX) I

(b) PHASOR DIAGRAM LAGGING PF LOAD

I Vs

(R + jX) I
Vr

(c) PHASOR DIAGRAM LEADING PF LOAD

Figure 1.3.12 Short line equivalent circuit and phasor diagrams.

Example calculation - voltage regulation of distribution line: A 23.9 kV distribution line

uses 336.4 kcmil ACSR with a 48 inch equivalent spacing and has a length of 5 miles. It
serves a load of 5000 kVA with pf = 0.90 lagging, at the receiving end. If the load
voltage is normally 23.9 kV, calculate the percent voltage regulation.

R = 0.304 ohms/mile x 5 miles = 1.52 ohms

Ds = 0.0222 feet

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 C. W. Brice August 2002

X = 5 miles x 0.1213 ln (4.0/0.0222) ohms/mile = 3.15 ohms

I = 120.8 A /-25.8o

Vr = 13.8 kV (l-n) /0o

Vs = Vr + Z I = 14.13 + j 0.26 kV (l-n)

(Vs - Vr) / Vr = (14.13 - 13.8) / 13.8 = 0.024 or 2.4%

Many transmission lines are longer than 50 miles but shorter than 150 miles, where the
long-line equations are needed. These medium-length lines are adequately modeled by
lumped-parameter models that include both the series impedance and the shunt
admittance terms. Two well-known possible models are the nominal pi model and the
nominal tee model, shown in Figure 1.3.13 (a) and (b) respectively.

z = R + j w L = series impedance per unit length

y = j w C = shunt admittance per unit length

Z=zl Y=yl l = line length

Is Z Ir

Ics Icr
Vs Y/2 Y/2 Vr

NOMINAL PI MODEL

Is Ir
Z/2 Z/2

Vs Vr
Y Ic

NOMINAL TEE MODEL

Figure 1.3.13 Circuit models for the medium-length line.

The nominal pi model has one less node than the nominal tee, so we generally prefer the
pi model, due to the prevalence of nodal analysis. If loop analysis were to be done, the
nominal tee model would be preferable. The word nominal is meant to indicate that these

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 Fundamentals of Electric Power Systems

are not the "exact" models. In fact, they are not exact equivalents of each other. Rather,
they are each approximations, of about the same order, to the long-line equations.
Nevertheless, the vast majority of transmission lines, except for long EHV lines, may be
accurately modeled with the nominal pi model.

Example transmission line calculation: A 230 kV transmission line constructed of 1272

kcmil ACSR (45/7), with Deq = 22.7 ft, is 57.8 miles long. It serves a load of 100 MVA
at a power factor of 0.90 lagging. If the voltage at the load is 220 kV, what must the
sending-end voltage be? Determine the sending and receiving end real and reactive
powers.

The circuit is the nominal pi circuit, similar to that of Figure 1.3.13 (a).
Ds = 0.0444 ft r = 0.0560 ft
R = 0.0832 ohm / mile
XL = 0.1213 ln (22.7 / 0.0444) = 0.757 ohm/mile
XC = 29.7 x 103 ln (22.7 / 0.0560) = 178.3 x 103 ohm/mile
BC = 1 / 178.3 x 103 = 5.61 x 10-6 mho/mile
Z = 4.81 + j 43.7 = 44.0 /83.7o ohms
Y = j 0.324 x 10-3 mhos
Vr = 220 kV / 31/2 = 220 / 1.732 = 127.0 kV L-N
Ir = (1/3) 100 MVA / [220 kV / 31/2]
Ir = 100 MVA / [1.732 x 220 kV] = 262 A
cos-1(0.90) = 25.8o
Vr = 127.0 /0o kV Ir = 262 /-25.8o A
Icr = 127.0 /0o kV x j 0.1621 m mhos = j 20.6 A
Iz = Ir + Icr = 254 /-21.6o A
Vs = Vr + Z Iz = 132.6 /4.27o kV
Ics = 132.6 /4.27o kV x j 0.1621 m mhos = 21.4 /94.3o A
Is = Iz + Ics = 245 /-17.1o A
Thus the sending-end voltage is 230 kV (L-L) and the sending-end current is 245 A. The
power factor at the sending end is cos (4.27o + 17.1o) = 0.931 lagging (i.e. current lags
the voltage). The sending end complex power is

Ps + j Qs = 3 x 132.6 kV x 245 A /21.4o = 90.7 + j 35.6 MVA

Ps = 90.7 MW Pr = 90 MW

Qs = 35.6 MVAr Qr = 43.6 MVAr

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 C. W. Brice August 2002

In cases where lines exceed about 150 miles, the long-line equations should be used for
accurate calculations. An alternative is to break long lines in several pieces, each no
longer than 100 miles, and use the medium-length line model for each.

The long line equations are derived in most textbooks, which develop the following
equations:

d2V / dx2 = z y V d2I / dx2 = z y I

where z and y are the series impedance and the shunt admittance per unit length, and
where x is the distance from the receiving end (positive toward the sending end). The
solutions are

V(x) = (1/2)(Vr + Zc Ir) eax ejbx + (1/2)(Vr - Zc Ir) e-ax e-jbx

I(x) = (1/2)(Vr / Zc + Ir) eax ejbx - (1/2)(Vr / Zc - Ir) e-ax e-jbx

where

Zc = (z / y)1/2 = characteristic impedance

and a + j b = (z y)1/2 = propagation constant

Note that ejbx = 1/bx = cos bx + j sin bx

Surges due to lightning or switching operations may have very fast rise times, and so will
experience a nearly lossless line. The characteristic impedance of a line, neglecting
losses, is called the surge impedance:

z=jwL y=jwC

Zc = (L / C)1/2 = real number

Surge impedance load is a resistive load equal to the surge impedance of the line. For
example, the 230 kV line considered earlier has a surge impedance of 338 ohms. Its
surge impedance loading is

SIL = (230 kV)2 / 338 ohms = 157 MW.

Rules of thumb are sometimes used to relate line loadability to the surge impedance
loading:
A 300 mile line can be loaded to 1 x SIL (stability limits)
A 100 mile line can be loaded to 2 x SIL (voltage drop limits)
A 50 mile line can be loaded to 3 x SIL (thermal limits)

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 Fundamentals of Electric Power Systems

Figure 1.3.14 shows the loadability curve based on this rule of thumb. Note that these
rules and the curve based on them are approximate. Consequently, they are applicable to
preliminary designs only, and all designs should be checked fully by system planning
studies (to be discussed later) such as power-flow and transient stability studies.
LINE LOAD / SIL
[PER UNIT]

3.0

2.0

1.0

100 200 300

LINE LENGTH [MILES]

Figure 1.3.14 Line loadability limits in per unit of surge impedance loading.

Often transmission and distribution systems use reactive compensation. This may take
the form of shunt or series capacitors or reactors.

A short line serving a low power factor load (lagging) has excessive voltage drops and
line losses; compensate with shunt capacitors at load to improve the power factor, raise
the voltage and reduce line losses.

A long line that is limited by system stability considerations, has a loadability that is
limited by its series reactance; compensate with series capacitors at midpoint of line.
Note that series capacitors in the line form an RLC series circuit that has a resonant
frequency below 60 Hz. This may couple to torsional shaft oscillation modes of
turbogenerators, leading to subsynchronous resonance problems (that have caused
generator shaft failure in the southwestern US).

A distribution line serves a customer with a high-impact load that produces a severe
voltage dip or flicker for a short time. To reduce the effect of the flicker on other
customers, compensate for some of the inductive reactance of the line with a series
capacitor bank. The series capacitor will create overvoltage problems (at the bank) and
will increase the short-circuit current available (downstream of the bank). Several recent

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 C. W. Brice August 2002

applications of series capacitors on distribution systems have been made, although the
idea is not new. We will reconsider this application in Part 2.

A long line may have excessive voltage magnitude at light loads, due to the capacitive
charging currents flowing through the inductive reactances. Compensate with shunt
reactors that are switched out at heavy load.

Sometimes the short-circuit current is too large at some point in a system, and series
reactors (inductors) may be used to limit it. These are found between bus sections in
substations and on short lines.

Figure 1.3.15 shows one phase of a three-phase distribution line with a shunt capacitor for
power-factor correction at the top of the figure, and with a series capacitor to improve the
voltage regulation and flicker caused by an impact load. The series capacitor
compensates for part of the inductive reactance in the line impedance, but the shunt
capacitor compensates for part of the inductive reactance of the load (thus raising the
power factor and improving the voltage regulation of the line).
Zline

Zload

Zline

Zload

Figure 1.3.15 Shunt capacitor (top) and series capacitor (bottom) on distribution circuit.
For simplicity only one of the three phases is shown.

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