PLT Interpretation Basic

PL Interpretation
Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Outline
1- Traditional PL Interpretation
2- Selected advanced topics:
Fluid mechanics
Spinner
Gradiomanometer
Thermometer
E-probes
SPRInt
Examples
PSP Planner
Traditional
PL Interpretation

Production Logging
• Introduction
• Single phase flow
– Flowmeters
– Thermometer
– Pressure gauges
– Interpretation principles
• Multi phase flow
– Fluid density tools
– Interpretation principles
• PVT and fluid conversions
• Auxilliary sensors
PL Applications
• Evaluation
– Production profile distribution
– Zonal productivity
• Monitoring
– Production profile changes
– Fluid type changes: Water or gas breakthrough
• Diagnosis
– Source of high GOR or Water Cut
– Detection of leaks and crossflow
• Production Enhancement
– Data for workover planning
– Completion and treatment effectiveness
Key Applications and Features
• Wide variety of problems and applications
– Flexible tool configuration
– Large variety of sensors
• Dynamic environment
– Simultaneous measurements
• Complex downhole regimes
– Surface readout
• Need thourough wellsite quality control
– Wellsite interpretation

Monophasic Flow
• Flowrate measurement relies on relative fluid-tool
velocity
V
Cable Velocity
Fluid Velocity

Spinner Response
• No fluid viscosity or mechanical friction
Spinner
RPS
Fluid Velocity

Spinner Response
• Mechanical friction
Spinner
RPS
Ideal
Static friction
Fluid Velocity
Spinner Response
• Fluid viscosity
Spinner
RPS
Ideal
Viscosity shifts
response curve
Fluid Velocity
In-Situ Calibration
Perforations
Flowing region
Cable Speed
ft/min
Spinner
response
rps
Zero flow
region

In-Situ Calibration - Zero Flow
Spinner
rps Best fit calibration line
∆R
Slope, m= ∆R (rps/ft/min)
∆V
∆V
Down
Tool Velocity
Threshold velocity, Vt ft/min

In Situ Calibration - Flowing
Fluid
Spinner Velocit
rps y
∆R(i) Zero flow line
y-axis
intercept
∆V(i)
Slope, m(i)=∆R(i) (rps/ft/min)
∆V(i)
Down
Tool Velocity
Threshold velocity, Vt ft/min

Velocity Calculation
• Based on Zero Flow In-Situ Calibration
– Determine threshold velocity, Vt
• Based on Flowing In-Situ Calibration(s)
– If possible, determine threshold velocity, Vt(i)
– Determine y-axis intercept for rate (i), y(i)
– Determine response slope, m(i)
• Velocity given by:
y(i)
Vmax(i) = + Vt[(i)]
m(i)

Frequently Asked Questions - I
• Why use Vt from flowing passes?
– Vt depends heavily on fluid properties and as the zero-flow
region is often in the sump, the fluid there may be different
from that being produced
• What if we can’t determine Vt?
– At high fluid velocities, Vt has little influence on accuracy, so
it may be ignored (e.g. Vmax>100 fpm)
– Use a value from experience in other wells (e.g. 5 fpm)
• Why are the response curves not parallel?
– Increased efficiency of energy transfer to the spinner at
higher speeds
– Different fluid mixture (holdup) and type

In Situ Calibration
Spinner
RPS
-Vt?
Up Down
Cable Speed
2 x Vt

Frequently asked Questions - II
• Why is the threshold not symmetrical?
– The tool is not symmetrical between upper and lower
surfaces
– Static friction may become important at low speeds causing
a ‘stall’ and skewing the line fit
• What causes a negative threshold velocity?
– In deviated wells, flow segregation takes place. Oil flows
faster on the upper side of the casing, displacing water on
the lower side. The spinner sees oil flow when logging down
and water when logging up, causing the apparent ‘negative
threshold’.

Effect of Deviation
Oil velocity is high

due to bouyancy
Some water is displaced

by the oil and moves down
Segregation occurs
quickly
Main body of water
moves upwards
Oil entry

Laminar Flow
Vmax
Spinner measurement is centralized
and tends to read the maximum flow
velocity.
Vavg Rate calculations require an average

fluid velocity. In laminar flow, the
relationship between the two is:
Vmax
Vavg =
2

Turbulent Flow
In turbulent flow, the relationship

Vmax between the maximum and average
velocities is not simple
Onset of turbulence is controlled

Vavg by Reynold’s Number, NRe:
Laminar Flow NRe < 2000
Turbulent Flow NRe > 2000
Polyphasic flow is ALWAYS

turbulent

Reynold’s Number
Reynold’s Number is a dimensionless group:
Dvρ
NRe = 7.742 x 103
µ
where:
D = Pipe Internal Diameter (ins)

v = Fluid Velocity (ft/s)
ρ = Fluid Density (g/cm3)
µ = Fluid Viscosity (cp)

Example
Given the following parameters, the table shows calculated

Reynold’s Number and velocity profile correction factor
ρ = 0.7 g/cm3
Q (BPD) V (ft/s) NRe C
µ = 0.5 cp
100 0.031 2088 0.621
D = 6.184 ins
200 0.062 4177 0.748
500 0.156 10441 0.787
1000 0.312 20883 0.799
1500 0.467 31324 0.806 Turbulent flow is
2000 0.623 41766 0.811 almost always
5000 1.558 104414 0.827 encountered in
10000 3.116 208828 0.839 flowing wells, due to
rate or multiple
phases

Velocity Profile Correction Factor
1.0
Correction Factor, C
0.9
0.8
Transition Region
Laminar
0.7 Flow
Turbulent Flow
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.1
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Reynolds Number, NRe
Velocity Profile Correction Factor
In most cases, and for use in the field, a value of:

C=0.83
will give satisfactory results
For computational use, a curve fit can be used using:

m=log10(NRe)
where m is defined and C computed from the table
0.000 < m < 3.200 C=0.5

3.200 < m < 3.348 C=1.0135m - 2.7432
3.348 < m < 3.554 C=0.4440m - 0.8360
3.554 < m < 3.850 C=0.1450m + 0.2390
8
3.850 < m < C=0.0400m + 0.6260

Spinner Reversal
Increasing
velocity
Fluid entries
Spinner rotates
clockwise due to
tool movement
in static fluid
No Flow

Spinner Reversal
Spinner rotates
clockwise more
Fluid entries
slowly due to
fluid entry

Spinner Reversal
Spinner stalls when

tool velocity is
Fluid entries
very close to fluid

velocity

Spinner Reversal
Fluid entries
Spinner starts turning

again, but in the
opposite direction, as
fluid velocity exceeds
tool velocity

Conventions - I
• Positive velocity is DOWN
– Consider that depth is assumed to be increasing as we go
down, so velocity must be positive
• Production is NEGATIVE velocity
– Based on the first convention, since production is moving
upwards, the velocity is negative
• Calibration plot axes
Positive Spinner
Up Velocity Down Velocity
Negative Spinner

Conventions - II
• Spinner is NEGATIVE when tool moves UP
– This follows from the previous convention that the tool
velocity is negative when moving upwards
• Spinner turns POSITIVE after a reversal
– Since the fluid speed is more negative than the tool speed,
the difference again becomes positive:
V = Vtool-Vfluid

Worked Example I
Spinner (rps)
0 5 10 15 20
6000
A
110 fpm
80 fpm
6100
32 fpm B
115 fpm
6200
Depth (ft)
82 fpm
50 fpm
C
6300
Perforations
D
6400
Worked Example I
Speed Spi nner Rotati on (rps)

(fpm) A B C D

Worked Example I

(fpm) A B C D
115
82
50
-32
-80
-110

Worked Example I

(fpm) A B C D
115 20. 0 15. 2 9. 2 5. 1
82 18. 7 13. 5 7. 5 3. 5
50 17. 2 12. 2 5. 4 2. 1
-32 13. 2 8. 2 1. 9 -1. 1
-80 11. 5 6. 2 0. 0 -3. 0
-110 9. 9 4. 8 -0. 5 -4. 6

Worked Example I
Spinner
20
Rotation
(rps)
15
10
Up 0 Down
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
-5 Cable Speed (fpm)

Worked Example I
• Casing Size is 7” 29#
– From chart, conversion factor is 18.7 fpm/kBPD
• Spinner response
– From calibration lines
• Slopes are A: 0.045, B: 0.046 and C: 0.047 rps/fpm
• Intercepts are: A: 14.9, B: 9.8 and C: 3.5
– From zero flow lines, threshold velocity is 7 fpm
• Zonal rates
– QA = (14.9 / 0.045 + 7) x 1000 / 18.7 x 0.83 =
15,000 BPD
– QB = (9.8 / 0.046 + 7) x 1000 / 18.7 x 0.83 = 9,800
BPD
– QC = (3.5 / 0.047 + 7) x 1000 / 18.7 x 0.83 = 3,600
BPD
– QD = 0

Fluid Conversions
• For comparison with surface rates
– A poor match may indicate potential leaks in the tubulars
– A good match provides confidence in the results
• Fluid properties at downhole conditions
– Oil, water and gas densities for holdup measurements with
the gradiomanometer
• Well operating parameters
– Bubble point pressure compared to flowing pressure
indicates if gas-liquid flow is expected

Black Oil Model
• Assumes oil and gas do not react chemically
• Assumes composition remains constant throughout
the process

Fluid Conversions
Rs Solution Gas Oil Ratio
1 Bbl oil at surface + Rs cubic feet of solution gas
1 cubic foot of free gas at surface

Bo Oil Formation
Volume Factor Gas Formation
Bg
Volume Factor
Bo Bbls oil downhole Bg cubic feet free gas downhole

Temperature Applications
• Tool and fluid corrections
– Most tools are affected by temperature
– Fluid conversions require downhole temperature data
• Flow behind pipe
– Temperature surveys are affected by flow inside and outside
of pipe
• Fluid entries and type
– Fluid entries cool the flowstream by mixing
– Gas expansion causes additional local cooling
• Quantitative Mass Flowrate
– Under favourable conditions the mass flowrate can be
calculated directly

Temperature Surveys
Geothermal gradient
Fluid Entries
Below the first fluid flow

the temperature follows the
geothermal gradient

Temperature Surveys
Geothermal gradient If there were no other fluid

entries, the temperature would
eventually be parallel to the
geothermal gradient
Fluid Entries
As the temperature difference

increases, more heat is lost and
the temperature drops
At the fluid entry, the mass

flow tries to maintain the
entry temperature as it travels
upwards

Temperature Surveys
Geothermal gradient If there were no other fluid

entries, the temperature would
eventually be parallel to the
geothermal gradient
Fluid Entries
At the next fluid entry, mixing

of the cooler fluid occurs, so
the temperature drops

Fluid mechanics

Flow structures
University of Tulsa Observations
Re-plotted from SPE # 38810
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Ve
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2 ,0 0
45°
2 " P ip e 30°
15°
1 ,5 0
1 ,0 0
0 ,5 0
0 ,0 0
0 ,0 0 0 ,2 5 0 ,5 0 0 ,7 5 1 ,0 0
W a te r c u t
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re
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Fl
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Co
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sp
an
Ps
Di
er
Tr
at
W

MapFlo
O
il
λ
M
La ixin
ye g
r
W
at
er
λ = constant for a given pipe deviation

λ = 0 for a horizontal pipe
λ = infinity for a vertical pipe

Flow structures domains
Video
90
Flagship & Analyser
Coiled
Pure Oil Tubing
/
Tractor
Pure Water
50~70
Logging
Analyser Analyser
Pure oil
Deviation
Pure Water
Wireline
/
Slickline
Monitors
Logging
0
0% Water Holdup 100%

Flow structures domains
Video
90
90
Flagship & Analyser
Coiled
Pure Oil Tubing WC = Yw - (Qs/Qt)
/ 7” pipe
Tractor
Pure Water
50~70
50~70
Logging
Analyser Analyser
10,000 bpd
4,000 bpd
Pure oil Pure oil
2,000 bpd
Deviation
Deviation
Pure Water Pure Water
Wireline 1,000 bpd
/
Slickline
Monitors Monitors
Logging
0
0% Water Holdup 100% 0 0% Water Holdup

Water Cut 100%

Flow map - 45deg pipe



Spinner

Spinners

The spinner pitch
Spinner = Screw
Fluid = Bolt
When the fluid (bolt) moves one pitch,

the screw (spinner) makes one turn.
pitch = 1 / (Calibration slope)

Spinner response
s e
on
Spinner response - rps
esp
a lr
Ide
with viscous and
mechanical effects
with mechanical
friction
Fluid velocity
“threshold”

Spinner factor - monophasic flow
Vspinner
> 1
<Vflow>

Spinner factor - monophasic flow
Turbulent flow
1.0
0.9
!
Spinner factor
0.8
Spinner size / Pipe size
0.7 0.2
0.4
0.6 0.6 Only valid for
0.8 Monophasic
0.5 Flow
1000 10000 100000 1000000
Re = ρ v D / µ
Spinner performance
deviated 2 phase flow wells
Flow loop tests. 7.87 inches ID pipe. Water cut = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.
FBS-B (Diam = 4.92 inches, Pitch = 2.87 inches)
5
0 deg
5 deg
4 15 deg
25 deg
45 deg
3
65 deg
Spinner - RPS
Monophasic
-1
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Total Flow Rate - BPD

Spinner performance
DEVIATION=25 DEG DEVIATION=45 DEG

2000 2000
(Measure rate - True rate) in bpd
(Measure rate - True rate) in bpd

1000 1000
Qt=1000bpd Qt=1000bpd
0 Qt=2000bpd 0 Qt=2000bpd
-1000 Qt=5000bpd -1000 Qt=5000bpd
-2000 -2000
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
Water Holdup Water Holdup

Spinner performance
Qt = 3000 bpd
2000
1500
(Measured rate - True rate) in BPD
1000
500
0
Water Cut
-500 0,8
0,6
-1000 0,4
0,2
-1500 0,1
-2000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Pipe Deviation
5
ENP Flat Blades - 2.5 Inches OD Spinner
4,5
ENP Flat Blades - 3.5 Inches OD Spinner
4 ENP Flat Blades - 4.5 Inches OD Spinner
Spinner rotation speed - rps

3,5
2,5
1,5
Monophasic response for 2100 bpd of water:
1
2.5 Inches Spinner : 3.7 rps
0,5 3.5 Inches Spinner : 3.6 rps
4.5 Inches Spinner : 3.1 rps
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Pipe deviation in °

Spinner performance
Flow loop tests. 7.87 inches ID pipe. Water cut = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.
FBS-B (Diam = 4.92 inches, Pitch = 2.87 inches)
90
Spinner overestimates rates
80 Spinner underestimates rates
MapFlo boundary
70
60
50
Deviation
40
30
20
10
-10
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Water Holdup

Gradiomanometer

Gradiomanometer physics
θ
P1 = Pa + ρso g h Cosθ
P2 = Pa + ρfluid g h Cosθ + ∆Pfriction
Pa ∆P = P2 - P1 = (ρfluid - ρso) g h Cosθ + ∆Pfriction
ρfluid = (∆P - ∆Pfriction) / g h Cosθ + ρso

ρso
h
calling:
silicon oil
ρfluid
ρgradio = ∆P / g h Cosθ + ρso
ρfriction = ∆Pfriction / g h Cosθ
Pb
P1 P2 then:
ρfluid = ρgradio - ρfriction

Friction effect magnitude
Dcasing Gradio friction effect variation with flowrate
Reference chartbook roughness E=0.0006 inches
ρfluid
1
ID=4" & Rough=E/10
ID=6" & Rough=E/10
Dtool ID=4" & Rough=E
e 0.1
ID=6" & Rough=E
ID=4" & Rough=10E
ρ app / ρ ) - 1
ID=6" & Rough=10E
(
Va Va 0.01
h
0.001
1000 10000 100000
Flow rate - bpd
Typical values for friction effect:

1% @ 10,000 bpd in 7” pipe
10% @ 10,000 bpd in 5” pipe
Vtool
In situ friction effect “calibration”
ρfriction K V2
ρgradio
ρfriction
K
ρfluid
V2

Gradio & flow structurations
Pa
Pb
Because it measures the pressure difference between 2 planes,

the gradiomanometer is not sensitive to flow structurations

Multiphasic friction
Fmultiphasic / Fmonophasic
Water holdup
0% 100%

Thermometer

Temperature exchanges in a well
Ge
ot
he
rm
al
Semi vertical gradient

Typical temperature log
Third entry
Q3
Geo
the
rma
l
Second entry
Q2
First entry
Q1

Temperature log interpretation
TG3 TL3 T3
Third entry
Q3
Ge
oth
e
rm
al
TG2 TL2 T2
Second entry
Q2
(Q1 + Q2 ) TL2 = Q1 T2 + Q2 TG2

Qi = Qi-1 (Ti - TLi) / (TLi - TGi)
First entry TL1

Q1

Examples of non-geothermal entries
Rock
friction
Ge
oth
e
rm
al
Gas
detente
Channeling

E-probes

The electrical probe
Ground electrode
(For oil continuous phases)
0.125mm 0.66mm
~1mm
~0.4mm

Electrical probe - principle
Ground electrode
(For oil continuous phases)
Time in short circuit

Water Holdup =
Total time

E-Probe thresholding
Water continuous
Set
threshold
close to the
continuous
phase Oil continuous
level

Electrical probes positions
90
Use
protectors
Use outermost Deviation 50/70

probe position
0
0% Water holdup 100%

E-probe detector response

Threshold Setting Problem

Threshold Setting Principle

Automatic Threshold Algorithm
Compute Waveform Avg, Min., Max.
No
Avg / Min < 1.25 or Avg / Max > 0.9
Yes (Mono Phasic Flow)

No
Avg < F (PFRE)
Yes
Avg < 2.5 V
Non Event Detect.
Max.-Min. > 0.3 V Yes
No
No = Keep Previous Warning : Change
Threshold Value Yes PFRE, if not at max.
Oil Continuous Phase Water Continuous Phase

Threshold = Waveform Avg Threshold = Min. + Epsilon Threshold = Max. - Epsilon1
Epsilon =0.2 Volt Epsilon1 =0.6 Volt
Continue

SPRInt

SPRInt - Single Pass Rate Interpretation
SPRInt = Classic 3 phase interpretation + Bubble rate
Based on a single logging pass...

SPRInt - Single Pass Rate Interpretation
3 Phase
Spinner Pitch 2.352 IN
Spinner Thresold 1.7 FT/MN
Spinner Efficiency 1
Stand Alone HC Bubble Size 0.06 IN
Water Density 1.0 GR/CC
Oil Density 0.7 GR/CC
Gas Density 0.15 GR/CC
bubble bubble
ρm
size rate
3Φ
rates

SPRInt “classic” computations
• Spinner gives mixture velocity Vm
• Caliper and Vm gives mixture flowrate Qm
• Caliper and Vm allow gradio friction correction ρm
• FloView water holdup and ρm give Yw, Yo, Yg
• Oil and gas slip velocities Vso and Vsg are then computed
• To finally obtain: Qwater, Qoil, Qgas

3 phases QC crossplot
1
Electrical probes water holdup
Water
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 Gas Oil
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Mixture density - gr/cc
“Classic” equations
Vm = mixture velocity = ( S P + T - Cs ) E Yw = Ywfv

Qm = mixture rate = Vm A Yh = 1 - Yw
ρh = ( ρm - Y w ρw ) / Y h
Y o = Y h ( ρh - ρg ) / ( ρo - ρg )
Yg = 1 - Yw - Yo
Yl = Yw + Yo
Vso = Algo ( ρw, ρo, Yw/Yl, θ )
ρm = mixture density = ρ gradio - ρ friction
Vsg = Algo ( Yl, θ )
Qso = Yw Yo Vso Aa
Qsg = Yl Yg Vsg Aa
Ql = Yl Qm -Qsg
Qw = Yw Qm - Qso / Yl - Qsg Yw / Yl
Qo = Ql - Q w
Qg = Qm - Q l
Spinner pitch estimation
Vm = mixture velocity = ( S P + T - Cs ) E
When Vm=0 (zero flow zone or shut-in),
Pestimated = ( Cs - T ) / S

Slippage
Water / oil slippage - ( ρw =1gr/cc ρo=0.7gr/cc )
20
Deviation
0
15 10
Vso (1-Yw) Yw - ft/mn

20
Qso = Vso Yw (1-Yw) Aa 10

30
40
50
Qw = Yw Qt - Qso 60
70
5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Water holdup
Gas / Liquid Slippage

60
Deviation
50 0
10
20
Vsg (1-Yl) Yl - ft/mn

40
Qsg = Vsg Yl (1-Yl) Aa 30

30
40
50
Ql = Yl Qt - Qsl 20
60
70
10
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Liquid holdup

Bubble rate & size concept
Tp
<Vb> = <C> / <Tp> - Cs

We measure <Tp> and Cs
• Bubble rate if <C> is known (model)

• Bubble size if Vb is estimated from spinner Vm

Bubble sizes - field data
14
Bubble diameter - mm
12 North Sea well
Middle East well
10
Alaska well
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Water holdup
Bubble size model
Pipe size
Bubble diameter
Bub
ble
s coa
les
cen
ce
“Stand alone”
bubble size
0% Water holdup 100%
If (Spherical bubbles) then Bubble chord = 2/3 Bubble diameter

Bubble size vs holdup crossplot
16
Bubble diameter - mm 14
12 Log data
10 Model
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Water holdup

Experimental data
15.000
Model
Model
Flow loop
North Sea well
Bubble diameter - mm Middel East well
10.000
5.000
0.000
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000
Water holdup

Bubble velocity equation
C
Tp
Tp
Yw = 1 - Σ (Tp) / T
<Tp> = ( Σ (Tp) / T ) / Bc
<Tp> = ( 1 - Yw ) Bc
Vb = <C> / <Tp> - Cs
Vb = ( <C> Bc ) / ( 1 - Yw) - Cs

Bubble rate and size
Vb = ( <C> Bc ) / ( 1 - Yw) - Cs
Rate Size
Pipe size
ModelModel Assume Vb = Vm (from spinner)
SPRInt uses a single

stand alone bubble size value
Dbm = 3/2 ( Vm + Cs ) ( 1 - Yw ) Bc
Db
Pipe size
0% 100%
Inverse
Model model
Yw
SPRInt also computes an estimated
stand alone bubble size QC log
<C> = 2/3 Db
Qb = Vb ( 1-Yw ) A Dbm
Qb = ( Bc <C> - Cs ( 1 - Yw ) ) A
0% Yw 100%

Multi-pass overlay

Multi-pass cross plot
Bubble Bc = ( Vb + Cs ) ( 1 - Yw ) / <C>
count
<Bubble chord> = ( 1 - Water holdup ) / Slope
Dispersed phase
velocity Slope
Logging
speed
Spinner
RPS
Mixture
velocity
Logging
speed

Examples

Jetting effect

Temperature Hysterisis

Fluid Density from Manometer

Borflow Example

Borflow Example

Sprint Example

North Sea well
E D
A S
L E
R E
O T
N
T A
D A
Norwegian well
E D
A S
L E
R E
O T
N
T A
D A
South America well
E D
A S
L E
R E
O T
N
T A
D A
Middle East well
E D
A S
L E
R E
O T
N
T A
D A
PSP Planner

PSP Planner prototype
INPUT DATA RESULTS
SURFACE STANDARD CONDITIONS DOWNHOLE CONDITIONS COMPUTATION RESULTS
Water flowrate 300 bpd Bubble point pressure 4452 psi
Oil flowrate 50 bpd Total flowrate 401 bpd
Gas flowrate 80000 cf/d Water flowrate 304 bpd
Oil density 0.800 gr/cc Oil flowrate 83 bpd
Gas gravity, air=1 0.650 Solution gas flowrate 14 bpd
NaCl concentration 80000 ppm Free gas flowrate 0 bpd
DOWNHOLE CONDITIONS Water density 1.044 gr/cc
Pressure 3200 psi Oil density 0.590 gr/cc
Temperature 170 degf Gas density 0.166 gr/cc
Casing ID 6.366 inches ESTIMATED PRODUCTION LOGGING ENVIRONMENT
Well deviation 45 degrees Water holdup 98.2 %
Oil holdup 1.6 %
Gas holdup 0.2 %
Mixture density 1.035 gr/cc
Mixture velocity 7.1 ft/mn
ESTIMATED PL TOOLS RESPONSES
Spinner with a 1" pitch 1.4 rps
Gradiomanometer* 1.035 gr/cc
E-probes bubble count 8 bubbles/s
*corrected for deviation, but not for friction

PSP Planner prototype cont’d
University of Tulsa Observations
Re-plotted from SPE # 38810
ed
ed
s
s
er
er
isp
isp
D
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D
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ly
ly
Probable
ur
ine
ine
-C
yF
yF
Co
r
r
Ve
Ve
Flow
Structure 2 ,0 0
45°
for 2 " P ip e 30°
15°
this job 1 ,5 0
1 ,0 0
0 ,5 0
0 ,0 0
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PSP Planner prototype cont’d
PBMS
Measure points Well sketch
Gamma ray
Pressure & temperature
CCL
Gradio
PGMC
PFCS
Spinner & Caliper

E-probes

PLT Interpretation Basic

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PL Interpretation

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Oil velocity is high

Some water is displaced

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Vavg Rate calculations require an average

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

In turbulent flow, the relationship

Onset of turbulence is controlled

Polyphasic flow is ALWAYS

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Reynold’s Number is a dimensionless group:

D = Pipe Internal Diameter (ins)

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Given the following parameters, the table shows calculated

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

In most cases, and for use in the field, a value of:

For computational use, a curve fit can be used using:

0.000 < m < 3.200 C=0.5

3.850 < m < C=0.0400m + 0.6260

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Spinner stalls when

very close to fluid

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Spinner starts turning

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Up Velocity Down Velocity

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Speed Spi nner Rotati on (rps)

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Speed Spi nner Rotati on (rps)

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Speed Spi nner Rotati on (rps)

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

-5 Cable Speed (fpm)

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Rs Solution Gas Oil Ratio

1 Bbl oil at surface + Rs cubic feet of solution gas

1 cubic foot of free gas at surface

Bo Bbls oil downhole Bg cubic feet free gas downhole

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Below the first fluid flow

Wireline & Testing Interpretation

Geothermal gradient If there were no other fluid

As the temperature difference