‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

‫والصالة والسالم علي سيدنا محمد وعلي اله‬

‫وصحبه وسلم‬
Signal Analysis (CR 209)
Course Overview

2nd Year –BMET Program

2nd-Semester – 2016/2017

Dr. Sahar H. El-khafif

 What does Signal Processing mean?

 Signal processing is a discipline concerned

with the acquisition, representation,
manipulation, and transformation of signals
required in a wide range of practical
applications.
 Example: Signal Transmission

Signal transmission using electronic signal processing. Transducers convert

signals from other physical waveforms to electric current or voltage waveforms,
which then are processed, transmitted as electromagnetic waves, received and
converted by another transducer to final form.
 Example: Transformation
 The signal on the top looks like
noise,
 The signal processing
technique known as
the Fourier transform (Bottom),
shows that it contains five well
defined frequency
components.
 Course outline

 Introduction (signals, systems, and signal

processing, classification of signals, DPS
applications)
 Continuous and Discrete-time signals
 Classification of Systems
 Continuous and Discrete-time Systems
 Statistical Analysis of DT signals
 Course outline

 Laplace transform
 Fourier series and Transform
 Conventional Filters
 Sinusoidal signals
 Sampling
 Applications on real signals
 Methods of instruction
 Lectures
 Computer Lab
 Tutorials
 Homeworks
 Group and class discussions
 Real signals applications
 - Quizzes and Labs
- Mid term, and final exams

Assessment - Quizz-1: Week no 4

Schedule - Mid-Term exam: Week no 8
- Quizz-2: Week no 12
-Final Practical Exam Week No. 15
Final – term examination: Week No. 16

Weighting of - HWs and Lab practice 15 %

Assessment - quizzes 15 %
- Mid-term examination 20 %
- Final Lab exam 10 %

- Final – term examination 40 %

- Other types of assessment …. %

Total 100 %
 Chapter 1
Introduction to DSP

Content

Signal, System, Signal Processing

The Constitution of DSP System
How to implement the DSP
The Application of DSP
The advantages of DSP

Copyright © 2005. Shi Ping CUC

 Signal definition

Signals are physical quantities which vary with time,

space, or some other variable(s) and convey information in
their patterns of variation. They are mathematically
represented by functions.
 A signal can be a function of one or more independent
variable and can be measured by one or multi-channel
 Signals play an important role in our daily life. Most
signals we encounter are generated naturally. However,
a signal can also be generated synthetically or by a
computer.
 Classes of signals
● scalar signal
A signal generated by a single source
● vector signal (or multichannel signal)
A signal generated by multiple sources
● one dimensional (1-D) signal
A function of a single independent variable
● multidimensional (M-D) signal
A function of more than one independent variables
 Signals
Brightness

1-D Signal

Pressur
2-D Signal

e
Color B
Brightness

1-D Signal

G
R
3-Channel/3-D Signal

Signals are physical quantities which vary with time, space, or some
other variable(s) and convey information in their patterns of variation.
They are mathematically represented by functions.
Applied Digital Signal Processing
Introduction- 14
© 2015 D.G. Manolakis and V.K. Ingle
A black-and-white image signal is an example of a
2-D signal where the 2 independent variables are the
2 spatial variables.

I(x,y)

Copyright © 2005. Shi Ping CUC

A color image signal is a 3-channel signal composed of three
2-D signals representing the three primary color: red, green
and blue (RGB)
 I R ( x, y ) 

u ( x, y )   I G ( x , y ) 
 I B ( x, y ) 

Copyright © 2005. Shi Ping CUC

 Continuous-Time Signals

0.5
s(t)

–0.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
t (sec)

Applied Digital Signal Processing

Introduction- 19
© 2015 D.G. Manolakis and V.K. Ingle
 Discrete-Time Signals

Applied Digital Signal Processing

Introduction- 20
© 2015 D.G. Manolakis and V.K. Ingle
 Mathematical Representation of Signals
Continuous-time or analog signal Discrete-time signal

Integer time axis

Discrete-time signal Digital signal

Truncation to one decimal point

Physical time axis

Applied Digital Signal Processing

Introduction- 21
© 2015 D.G. Manolakis and V.K. Ingle
 Systems

 System
A system is any process that produces an output
signal in response to an input signal.

In ASP the system consists of resistors, capacitors,

amplifies,….etc.
In DSP the system is: software or digital hardware
or combination of both
 Classes of Systems

Integrator

Accumulator

A system is a transformation or operator that maps an input

signal to an output signal (“black-box” approach).

Applied Digital Signal Processing

Introduction- 23
© 2015 D.G. Manolakis and V.K. Ingle
 CT and DT Systems
 Differential Eqs.  Difference Eqs
 Derivatives  Differences
 Integrals  Sums
 Laplace Transform  Z-Transform
 Fourier Transform  DFT
 Signal Processing

A signal carries information !

The objective of signal processing:
To extract, enhance, store and transmit the useful
information carried by the signal.
This includes acquisition, representation, transformation,
and manipulation of signals.

Digital signal processing:

To implement the signal processing by a digital means.

Copyright © 2005. Shi Ping CUC

 Analog Signal Processing

 Analog signals vary continuously in time and

amplitude, are processed using electrical
networks containing active and passive circuit
elements. This approach is known as analog
signal processing (ASP)—for example, radio
and television receivers.
 How to Implement the DSP

To handle the DSP algorithms in a general-purpose

microprocessor by means of software programming

To handle the DSP algorithms in a specifically

designed Digital Signal Processors (DSPs)
How are signals processed?
 ADC and DAC

Applied Digital Signal Processing

Introduction- 29
© 2015 D.G. Manolakis and V.K. Ingle
 Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Sampling Infinite precision

Sampler

Quantization

Sampler – Quantizer – Coder Finite precision

Applied Digital Signal Processing

Introduction- 30
© 2015 D.G. Manolakis and V.K. Ingle
 Digital-to-Analog Conversion

Mathematical Interpolation

Physical Reconstruction

More Analog Signal Processing

Digital Signal Processing
is required to smooth the edges

Applied Digital Signal Processing

Introduction- 31
© 2015 D.G. Manolakis and V.K. Ingle
 Analog-to-digital conversion
 The conversion of an analog (continuous time, continuous-
amplitude) signal into a digital (discrete-time, discrete-amplitude)
signal, is a simple process; it consists of two parts: sampling and
quantization.
 Sampling converts a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time
signal by measuring the signal value at regular intervals of
time.
 Quantization converts a continuous-amplitude x into a
discrete-amplitude xd. The result is a digital signal that is
different from the discrete-time signal by the quantization
error or noise.
8 4

6 3

4 2

2 1

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

8 4

6 3

4 2

2 1

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

8 4

6 3

4 2

2 1

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Copyright © 2005. Shi Ping CUC
 The main tasks of DSP

 Signal Analysis
 Measurement of signal properties
 speech recognition
 speaker verification
 Spectrum (frequency/phase) analysis
 Target detection, verification, recognition

 Signal Filtering
 Signal-in-signal-out, filter
 Removal of noise/interference
 Separation of frequency bands

Copyright © 2005. Shi Ping CUC

 Signal Filtering and Spectral Analysis

Useful signal

Spectral Analysis

Filtering

Interference

• How we can separate the two components

if we do not know the formula? Noise (when random)
• What can we do when we know the
formula but the signal is observed in real
time?

Applied Digital Signal Processing

Introduction- 37
© 2015 D.G. Manolakis and V.K. Ingle
 Signal Feature Extraction

The heart rate (HR) can be estimated by

measuring the R-R intervals of the ECG
(electrocardiogram) signal.

All algorithms are

implemented using DSP

Signal

First derivative

Combination of
first and second
derivatives
Peak detection  Heart rate

Applied Digital Signal Processing

Introduction- 38
© 2015 D.G. Manolakis and V.K. Ingle
Original Image

Blurred Image Restored Image

Copyright © 2005. Shi Ping CUC

 Why go digital?
 Digital signal processing techniques are
now so powerful that sometimes it is
extremely difficult, if not impossible, for
analogue signal processing to achieve
similar performance.
 Examples:
 FIR filter with linear phase.
 Adaptive filters.
 Why go digital?
 Analogue signal processing is achieved by
using analogue components such as:
 Resistors.
 Capacitors.
 Inductors.
 The inherent tolerances associated with
these components, temperature, voltage
changes and mechanical vibrations can
dramatically affect the effectiveness of the
analogue circuitry.
 Why go digital?
 With DSP it is easy to:
 Change applications.
 Correct applications.
 Update applications.

 Additionally DSP reduces:

 Noise susceptibility.
 Development time.
 Cost.
 Why NOT go digital?

 The principal disadvantage of DSP is the

limited speed of operations limited by
the DSP hardware (ADCs, computer
processor and/or memory), especially at
very high frequencies.
 DSP Applications
 Speech/audio (speech recognition/synthesis, decomposition,
compression, ….etc.),
 Image/video (enhancement, coding for storage and transmission,
robotic vision, animation, etc.),
 Military/space (radar processing, secure communication, missile
guidance, sonar processing, etc.),
 Biomedical/health care (scanners, ECG analysis, X-ray analysis,
EEG brain mappers, etc.)
 Consumer electronics (cellular/mobile phones, digital television,
digital camera, Internet voice/music/video, interactive
entertainment systems,… etc).
 Learning Summary

• Signals are physical quantities that carry information in their patterns

of variation
– Continuous-time signals are continuous functions of time
– Discrete-time signals are sequences of real numbers
– Digital signals are sequences whose values are chosen from a finite set
of numbers
• A system is a transformation or operator that maps an input signal to
an output signal
– Continuous-time, discrete-time, analog, and digital systems have input
and output signals from the same class
– Interface systems or converters have input and output signals from
different classes
• Digital Signal Processing involves
– the conversion of analog signals into digital,
– processing the obtained sequence of finite precision numbers using a
digital signal processor or general purpose computer
– converting the resulting sequence back into analog form, if necessary.
Applied Digital Signal Processing
Introduction- 47
© 2015 D.G. Manolakis and V.K. Ingle
 References
Text books ：
1. Essentials of Digital Signal Processing using
MATLAB, Vinay K. Ingle and John G. Proakis.
3rd_ed, 2012.
2. Schaum's Outline of Signals and Systems, 1995
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Reference books：
1. Digital signal processing, John G. Proakis, 4th ed.
2. Signals and System in Biomedical Engineering,
Suresh R. Devasahayam, 2nd-ed., 2013.