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Procedia Computer Science 00 (2017) 000–000
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Procedia Computer Science 115 (2017) 123–134

7th International Conference on Advances in Computing & Communications, ICACC-2017, 22-

24 August 2017, Cochin, India

Study of Sierpinski Fractal Antenna and Its Array with Different

Patch Geometries for Short Wave Ka Band Wireless Applications
Guru Prasad Mishraa*, Madhu Sudan Maharanaa, Sumon Modakb, B. B. Mangaraja
a
VSSUT, Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha, India,768018
SUIIT, Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha, India,768018
b

Abstract

This paper presents the design and simulation of multiband Sierpinski fractal antenna with different patch (rectangular, circular
and triangular) geometries. To validate the effect of fractal; on microstrip array, a 2x2 fractal antenna array is also designed and
studied. Finally, a qualitative comparison is made among fractal based defected patch and defected ground plane structures
separately, for the entire single antenna and array cases. All antennas are designed using HFSS and optimized to operate at 28
GHz, considering a FR-4 substrate material. The proposed multiband antenna and its array can find extensive applications in Ka
band and other wireless communications.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Advances in Computing &
Communications.

Keywords: Patch antenna; Sierpinski fractal; multiband; 5G; Ka band; Defected ground plane; Defected patch structure.

1. Introduction

In modern communications, a large development and their significant usage is found on phones, tablets, laptops,
GPS radio navigators and other wireless handheld devices day by day. They are connected among themselves and
with other wireless access points to exchange data or information without any disturbance through wireless channels.
From technical operation point of view, in this type of communications, antenna plays a key role at both
transmission and reception ends. Due to the huge usage of these communication devices, demands of small size
antennas with high performance parameters are essential. During past two to three decades, microstrip patch antenna
(MPA) has become a suitable candidate for these wireless communication systems, owing to its advantageous

* Guru Prasad Mishra. Tel.: +91-8908977708.

E-mail address: guruprasadmishra5@gmail.com

1877-0509 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Advances in Computing &
Communications.

1877-0509 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Advances in Computing &
Communications
10.1016/j.procs.2017.09.085
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characteristics like conformal nature, low manufacturing cost, light weight, and easy printed circuit fabrication
process [1]. It can also be comfortably mounted to any kind of surfaces. However, conventional patch antennas
suffer from a number of drawbacks such as single band of operation, narrow bandwidth, minimal gain, and low
power handling capacity. Several methods have been suggested by different researchers to overcome these
drawbacks. Other techniques concerning the multiband properties can be achieved by adding some passive structures
along with the active patches. Apart from addition of these Euclidean geometries, application of fractal concept to
the antenna structure is becoming a powerful and promising tool to achieve multiband properties [2]. The term
fractal means broken or irregular segments and it was first coined by a French mathematician Mandelbrot [3]. Group
of geometrical shapes are composed of multiple iterations with a single elementary shape to form fractal structures.
Before the application of fractal into electromagnetics, these geometries were utilized to characterize the unique
occurrences in nature like structure of a tree, shape of a coastline of a river, patterns of mountains and other critical
geometries whose definition can’t be drawn effectively by the help of Euclidean geometries [4]. In the past few
years, fractal geometry is combined with electromagnetic theory to discover new class of highly efficient antennas.
Due to the self-similarity property of fractal, it helps the antenna to resonate at multiple frequencies. Among many
fractal geometries, Sierpinski fractal is anticipated to be one of the fruitful designs of multiband patch antennas [5].
The Sierpinski fractal was first described by Waclaw Sierpinski in 1915, and till now many designs are already done
by the researchers along considering this geometry. The most important feature of this Sierpinski fractal is that it can
be applied to any geometry like rectangular, circular, and triangular, based on the need of applications [6]. In long
distance communications, the need of antenna properties like high gain and narrow beam-width can’t be achieved by
single patch structures. In order to avoid this lacuna, microstrip arrays are used in most of the cases. By applying
fractal theory to these arrays, in addition to various radiation properties multiband properties can also be achieved.
Many articles are found on application of fractal to antenna and its array. By taking the advantage of the recursive
nature of fractal, a method is developed in [7], to analyze Sierpinski antenna structures using macro function. A
modified Sierpinski geometry is used to reduce the size of the antenna in [8], by using self-filling property of the
fractal. S. Sheik Mohammed et al. [9], has developed a wireless power transmission rectenna along with Sierpinski
carpet fractal at 2.45 GHz frequency. A novel antenna size reduction technique is described by Wen-Ling Chen et al.
in [10], by combining Koch and Sierpinski fractal shapes. A maximum 77.1% size reduction is achieved by this new
process of antenna miniaturization. A modified Sierpinski geometry is used to achieve broadband and multiband
antenna characteristics in [11]. The proposed antenna can operate at multiple frequencies within the range from 5
GHz to 23 GHz with wider bandwidths. Jaume Anguera et al. developed a dual frequency broadband antenna with
parasitic patches along with modified Sierpinski fractal geometry in [12]. They also proposed an electrical circuit
model with R-L-C components to analyze the antenna structures. In [13], a planar multiband fractal antenna is
analyzed, designed, physically fabricated and tested. Combination of slotted ground plane and Sierpinski fractal
geometry helps the antenna to operate at four different frequency bands.
The presented work is focused into two main areas. At first, a detailed study is carried out on the multiband
characteristics of Sierpinski fractal antennas with different patch geometries. Fractal concept is applied to patch and
ground plane of the antenna separately for rectangular, circular and triangular patch structures. At last, Sierpinski
carpet structure is applied to a 2x2 antenna array to achieve multiband properties along with acceptable performance
parameters for antenna array. An edge feed patch antenna with a matching section is considered as the initiator of the
whole fractal design. All the design parameters of the antenna structures are optimized in order to achieve resonating
frequency near the design frequency at 28 GHz. All the structures are designed using HFSS and their performance
parameters are evaluated and analyzed in terms of return loss, VSWR, gain and radiation patterns. E-plane and H-
plane radiation characteristics of all the structures along with their gains are presented and discussed for further
clarification. Due to the self-similarity property, fractal antenna and its array outperforms the corresponding
conventional ones in terms of bandwidths and more than one operating frequencies. The proposed multiband
antennas found to be used in several wireless communications in the Ka band after the application of fractal. The
application areas mainly include, fixed mobile communications, Wi-Fi applications, radio navigation, satellite and
mobile communications, radio astronomy, aeronautical mobile communications. The remainder part of the paper is
organized as follows. The optimal design of proposed antenna is shown in Section II. Section III presents
applications of fractal to different patch antennas and its array. All the simulation and obtained results of fractal
patch antenna and its array are discussed in Section IV. Eventually the paper is concluded in Section V.
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2. Patch Antenna Design

Now days, wireless applications set a challenge for antenna engineers to develop compact sized antennas having
high performance parameters with low cost and easy fabrication processes. Antenna performance mainly depends on
the technique of feed, the optimum feeding position and the optimal design parameters. Among different feeding
techniques, inset feed, strip line feed, edge feed and coaxial feed are very popular for single layered patch antennas
[1]. Microstrip edge feed and coaxial feed are widely used for single layered structures due to their simplicity in
design and fabrication.
In this work, microstrip edge feed is adopted for the design of antenna structure. For impedance matching, a
matching network is used between the feed and edge of the patch. For single antenna, three types of patch
geometries: rectangular, circular, and triangular are designed separately as shown in Figure 1. Keeping in view for
the upcoming 5th generation communication, all the three antenna structures are designed at center frequency (f0) of
28 GHz. All the patches are placed on Fr-4 Epoxy substrate with a relative permittivity (εr) of 4.4 and the substrate
height (h) of 1.6mm. Considering these three parameters f0, εr, and h, dimension of the MPA is calculated using
transmission line equations [2].

a b c

Fig. 1. Layout of proposed antenna structures with [a] rectangular, [b] circular and [c] triangular patch geometries.

After designing the antenna in HFSS, there is a mismatch between the theoretical predictions and simulation
results. So in order to avoid this mismatch, optimization is used. However, in general, optimization process requires
separate optimization codes and antenna structure codes. To avoid these separate codes and to make our optimum
process faster, the optimization of HFSS is used here. All the optimized design parameters for three different
antennas are listed in Table 1. The size of the dielectric substrate and ground plane is 4.2956 x 3.9186 mm2.

Table 1. Optimized design parameters for three different patch antennas.

Rectangular MPA Circular MPA Triangular MPA

Parameters Value (In mm) Parameters Value (In mm) Parameters Value (In mm)
L 2.477 D 4.176 L1 3.608
W 2.1 Lm 2.048 L2 2.52
Wf1 0.2928 Wm 0.028 L3 2.551
Wf2 0.0438 Lf 1.957 Sf 2.5
Lf1 1.467 Wf 0.222 Wf 0.071
Lf2 1.566 h 0.072 h 0.102
h 0.1531
For long distance communications, antennas with high gain and narrow beam-width characteristics are needed.
These characteristics can’t be achieved with the use of single antennas [5]. Array antennas are the most suitable
solution to the above problem. So, to develop a multiband antenna with high gain and confined radiation pattern in a
particular direction, a 2x2 array is designed as shown in Figure 2. The antenna design frequency is chosen as 2.4
GHz because of its vast applications in ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band, Bluetooth, radio frequency
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identification tags and other wireless applications. The patch is placed above FR-4 Epoxy substrate materials, same
as single antennas. By using the above eight transmission line equations [2], all the design parameters are derived.
Latter these parameters are optimized and all the optimized parameters are listed in Table 2. To avoid mutual
coupling and to achieve better radiation properties, the distance between patch elements are kept as 0.8 λ in both x
and y directions.

Fig. 2. Layout of 2x2 antenna array.

Table 2. Optimized design parameters.

Parameters Value (In mm) Parameters Value (In mm) Parameters Value (In mm)

Wp 45 Sy 100 Wm1 1.927

Lp 28.4 Ox 18.66 Wm2 1.927

X1 30 Oy 28.99 Wm3 0.2497

Li 3.445 h 1.191 W1 0.2497
Sx 100 Lm2 17.31 W2 1.927

3. Sierpinski Fractal Geometry

In this paper, very small size fractal patch antennas have been designed at 28 GHz frequency. Due to the inverse
relationship between frequency and wavelength, these high frequencies dimensions poses very small wavelengths
which are comparable in size with the smaller sub patches of the perturbed structure of the modified antenna with
Sierpinski fractal concept. When the electromagnetic wave satisfies a cluster comparable in size to its wavelength, it
radiates.
This efficient self-scaling nature of fractal makes antenna structure viable for resonating at multiple frequency
bands. Here, at first, fractal is applied to three different patch geometries and then it is applied to a 2x2 antenna
array. In Sierpinski Carpet design, initially the rectangular patch is divided into nine equal smaller rectangles and the
rectangle at the center is removed permanently. In further iteration, the remaining eight rectangles are divided into
nine more small equal rectangles; central rectangle is also removed from each rectangle as shown in figure 3. The
similar procedure is followed with the increase in fractal iterations. The iterative process of Sierpinski fractal is
based on the following equations (1) – (3) [4].
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Nn  8n (1)
n
1
Ln    (2)
 3
n
8
An    (3)
9
Where, n is the number of iteration, N n is the number of rectangles covering the radiating patch, Ln and An are
the length and area ratio respectively.
After the application of fractal to the patch, multiband antenna characteristic is achieved. However, the gain
characteristics of the antenna and its array are not significant at all resonating frequency. Hence, in order to improve
the gain of the antenna, for both single and array structures; fractal is applied to the patch and ground plane
separately. The layout of proposed Sierpinski fractal antenna with different patch geometries and 2x2 fractal arrays
for third iteration is depicted in figure 3 and figure 4 respectively.

a b

Fig. 3. Layout of Sierpinski fractal antennas for three different patch geometries with [a] defected patch structures and [b] defected ground
structures.

a b

Fig. 4. Layout of 2x2 Sierpinski fractal antenna array with [a] defected patch structures and [b] defected ground structures.

4. Result and Discussion

The proposed antenna and its array were simulated in Ansoft HFSS. This HFSS is a popular and high
performance full wave electromagnetic field simulator function based on finite element method for solving any
arbitrary 3D geometry. A highly configured personal computer with 16 GB DDR3 RAM, 2.3 GHz i7 processor was
used in designing and analysis of the complex 3D antenna structures. Initially, three different edge feed patch
antennas (rectangular, circular, and triangular) with optimized parameters were designed at 28 GHz center
frequency. Along with this, also the effect of fractal on antenna array is also tested and the results are observed. A
2x2 array was modeled in HFSS at 2.4 GHz frequency. Finally, Sierpinski fractal concept is applied to all the
structures at patch and ground plane separately. Here, the main aim of this design is to test the effectiveness of the
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application of fractal to patch antenna and its array without concerning about the design frequency. Hence, a
mismatch is observed there among the design frequency of antenna and its array. All the design procedures are
mentioned in Section II and Section III. The antenna performance parameters like return loss, VSWR, bandwidth,
radiation pattern, and Gain are used to evaluate the effect of application of fractal into antenna structures. After the
design and analysis of all antenna structures, the data from the results are exported to .txt files. Then these files are
imported to MATLAB to show the same plots with some improved and precise manners.
The simulated return loss plot of rectangular patch antenna along with fractal application with both defected
patch structure (DPS) and defected ground plane structure (DGS) are pictured in Figure 5. From this plot, it is
observed that the antenna possesses a maximum of three resonating frequency after the application of Sierpinski
fractal onto it. The DPS fractal antenna is resonating at 24.20 GHz (Mobile Communication), 41.97 GHz (Satellite
Broadcasting), and 48.35 GHz (Mobile Communication) with a bandwidth of 1.98%, 2.40%, and 1.40%
respectively. Likewise, the DGS fractal antenna is resonating at 24.56 GHz (Radio Navigation), 42.44 GHz (Mobile
except Aeronautical Mobile), and 49.04 GHz (Mobile Communication) with a bandwidth of 1.34%, 2.30%, and
2.07% respectively. Figure 6 shows the return loss plot of circular patch antenna along with fractal at both DPS and
DGS separately. There, it seems to be no effect of fractal application on the multiband properties of circular antenna
with both DPS and DGS. However, the antenna is miniaturized with a reduced size of 37.25% and 15.21% with
DPS and DGS fractal, respectively. The circular antenna also has a maximum gain in the range of 6 to 7 dB compare
to rectangular and triangular patch antennas. The simulated return loss curve of triangular patch antenna along with
fractal application with both DPS and DGS are shown in Figure 7. From this plot, it can be clearly seen that the
triangular antenna has a low effect of defected patch fractal with a single resonating frequency of 44.35 GHz (radio
Navigation) with a bandwidth of 0.9% only. However, the defected patch fractal has a low effect on the performance
of the triangular antenna and providing maximum three resonating frequency after the application of Sierpinski
fractal at the ground plane of the structure. The DGS fractal triangular antenna is resonating at 23.84 GHz (Radio
Astronomy), 27.56 GHz (Fixed Satellite Communication), and 47.72 GHz (Mobile Communication) with a
bandwidth of 2.58%, 2.93%, and 1.577% respectively. All the performance parameters of above three antenna
structures are depicted in Table 3. Column 3 of table 3 shows the resonating frequency of different antennas with
and without application of fractal. Column 4 shows the VSWR values of antennas, which is the measure of
impedance matching of feed with the radiating element. Band width and Gain characteristics (both in E-plane and
H-plane) of simulated antennas are indicated in column 5 and 6, respectively. Finally, all the real life applications at
all the resonating frequency are described in column 7. All the applications are picked up from the list provided by
International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
Figure 8 shows the simulated return loss plot of 2x2 antenna array with DPS and DGS fractal applications. Both
DPS and DGS structure have same three numbers of multi bands after the application of fractal concept. This proves
that the fractal concept still holds effective for antenna array structures. The DPS fractal antenna array is resonating
at 2.00 GHz (Radio Location), 3.20 GHz (Aeronautical Radio Navigation), and 5.10 GHz (Govt. and Non-Govt.
Mobile Communication) with a bandwidth of 1.00%, 7.18%, and 2.74% respectively. Likewise, the DGS fractal
antenna is resonating at 2.03 GHz (Radio Navigation), 3.26 GHz (Broadcasting), and 5.13 GHz (Aeronautical
Mobile Communication) with a bandwidth of 1.97%, 3.37%, and 1.75% respectively. All the performance
parameters of 2x2 antenna array are organized in Table 4 same ways as Table 3.
All the antenna structures including the 2x2 array are designed in X-Y plane with a maximum radiation in the Z
direction. The pattern with Theta (-1800 to 1800) and Phi (00) is the E-plane and the pattern with Theta (-1800 to
1800) and Phi (900) is the H-plane radiation pattern in all cases of antenna analysis and design. The polar plot
representations of variations of total gain of three single fractal antennas with different geometries are shown in
Figure 9, 10, and 11 respectively. All the figures are colored differently with several designs (dot, square, etc.) to
avoid the confusion among the graphs. Among all antenna structures, circular antenna exhibits a maximum gain of
7.47 dB and 6.34 dB in E-plane and H-plane respectively. Figure 12 shows the radiation pattern of 2x2 array with
fractal DPS and DGS in polar form. The DPS array structure has the highest gain of 11.47 dB and 12.80 dB in E-
plane and H-plane respectively.
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Fig. 5. Simulated return loss plots for rectangular Sierpinski Fractal patch antenna with 0th iteration, 3rd iteration with defected patch structure,
and 3rd iteration with defected ground structure.

Fig. 6. Simulated return loss plots for circular Sierpinski Fractal patch antenna with 0 th iteration, 3rd iteration with defected patch structure, and 3rd
iteration with defected ground structure.

Fig. 7. Simulated return loss plots for triangular Sierpinski Fractal patch antenna with 0 th iteration, 3rd iteration with defected patch structure, and
3rd iteration with defected ground structure.
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Fig. 8. Simulated return loss plots for 2x2 Sierpinski Fractal patch antenna array with 0th iteration, 1st iteration with defected patch structure, and
1st iteration with defected ground structure.

a b c

Fig. 9. E-plane and H-plane radiation pattern of rectangular Sierpinski fractal patch antenna with [a] 0th iteration, [b] 3rd iteration with defected
patch structure, and [c] 3rd iteration with defected ground structure.

a b c

Fig. 10. E-plane and H-plane radiation pattern of circular Sierpinski fractal patch antenna with [a] 0 th iteration, [b] 3rd iteration with defected
patch structure, and [c] 3rd iteration with defected ground structure
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a b c

Fig. 11. E-plane and H-plane radiation pattern of triangular Sierpinski fractal patch antenna with [a] 0 th iteration, [b] 3rd iteration with defected
patch structure, and [c] 3rd iteration with defected ground structure.

a b c d

Fig. 12. E-plane and H-plane radiation pattern of 2x2 Sierpinski fractal patch antenna array with [a] single structure with 0 th iteration, [b] array
structure with 0th iteration, [c] 1st iteration with defected patch structure, and [d] 1st iteration with defected ground structure.

Fractal concept is applied to both patch and ground plane section separately to achieve antennas with both
improved gain and multiband properties. Based on the measured results as given above, we can say that the proposed
structures give a good prediction on the behavior of Sierpinski fractal concept with different iterations on patch
antenna and its array. All single fractal antennas, with defected patch structures, exhibit multiband properties at three
different frequencies for both rectangular and triangular patch geometry. But in the case of circular geometry,
antennas with Sierpinski fractal seem to have no multi band properties. However, this particular structure has an
improved gain around 6 to 7 dB for single antenna and a noticeable size reduction of 37.25% and 15.21% for fractal
at patch and ground plane respectively. Further improved results are achieved in terms of enhanced gain
characteristics in all single antenna structures after the application of fractal into ground plane instead of radiating
patches. Also it is observed that the array structures can also resonate at multiple frequencies with the application of
fractal. In 2x2 fractal array, defective patch structure has more bandwidth and considerable gain than the array with
defective ground plane structures. Here, it is clearly seen that the application of fractal geometry makes the antenna
to perform in the multiband as it offers a number of variations in its dimensions, hence gives the antenna structures
to be the suitable candidates for various wireless applications.
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Table 3. Performance parameters of Sierpinski Fractal patch antenna with 0 th iteration, 3rd iteration with defected patch structure, and 3rd iteration
with defected ground structure with all three patch geometries.

Return
Frequency Loss VSWR Bandwidth (In
MPA Fractal Gain Practical Applications
(in GHz) S(1,1) (in GHz)
Structure Iteration (in dB) (Ref: ITU)
(in dB) abs) (%)

(27.73-28.30) 2.43(E), Meteorological Aids and amateur

0th 28 -23.09 1.15
2.03% 1.89(H) communication

(23.99-24.47) 1.97(E),
24.20 -22.96 1.15 Fixed Mobile Communication
1.98% 1.80(H)

3rd (With (41.50-42.51) -9.97(E), Satellite broadcasting (From Space to

41.97 -26.05 1.10
DPS) 2.40% 2.59(H) Earth)

(47.97-48.65) 0.72(E),-
Rectangular 48.35 -10.71 1.82 Fixed Mobile Communication
1.40% 2.11(H)

(24.42-24.75) 3.15(E),
24.56 -11.86 1.68 Radio Navigation
1.34% 2.89(H)

3rd (With (41.97-42.95) -7.82(E),

42.44 -43.86 1.01 Mobile except aeronautical mobile
DGS) 2.30% 2.58(H)

(48.54-49.56) -1.84(E),-
49.04 -11.80 1.69 Fixed Mobile Communication
2.07% 6.19(H)

(27.90-28.12) 7.47(E), Fixed satellite and Mobile

0th 28.00 -26.48 1.09
0.78% 6.34(H) Communication

3rd (With (20.29-20.56) 6.00(E), Mobile Satellite

Circular 20.40 -18.75 1.28
DPS) 1.32% 5.59(H) (Space to Earth)

3rd (With (24.18-24.42) 6.71(E),

24.32 -22.35 1.16 Fixed Mobile Communication
DGS) 0.98% 5.74(H)

(27.74-28.30) 1.25(E),
0th 28.00 -22.91 1.15 Fixed Satellite Communication
2% 1.25(H)

3rd (With (44.10-44.53) -15.48(E),-

44.35 -14.12 1.48 Radio Navigation
DPS) 0.96% 2.62(H)

Triangular (23.60-24.21) 0.56(E),

23.84 -22.24 1.16 Radio Astronomy
2.58% 0.56(H)

3rd (With (27.09-27.90) 3.16(E),

27.56 -26.27 1.10 Fixed Satellite Communication
DGS) 2.93% 3.16(H)

(47.38-48.13) -2.81(E),
47.72 -16.80 1.33 Fixed Mobile Communication
1.57% 0.35(H)
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Table 4. Performance parameters of 2x2 Sierpinski Fractal patch antenna array with 0 th iteration single structure, 0th iteration array structure, 1st
iteration with defected patch structure, and 1 st iteration with defected ground structure.

Return Loss
Frequency Bandwidth
MPA Fractal S(1,1) VSWR Gain Practical Applications
(in GHz) (In GHz)
Structure Iteration (in dB) (in abs) (in dB) (Ref: ITU)
(%)

Single (2.36-2.42) 3.14(E), Radio Location and Amateur

0th 2.40 -25.01 1.12
Patch 2.5% 2.54(H) Communication
Fixed Mobile
(2.37-2.43) 6.83(E),
0th 2.40 -18.81 1.28 Communication and Mobile
2.5% 6.81(H)
Satellite

(1.99-2.01) 3.16(E),
2.00 -11.40 1.68 Radio Location
1% 4.94(H)

1st Iteration -
(3.05-3.28) Aeronautical Radio
(With DPS) 3.20 -28.44 1.07 10.56(E),
7.18% Navigation
1.47(H)

2x2 Array (5.00-5.14) 11.47(E), Govt. and Non-Govt.

5.10 -16.41 1.33
2.74% 12.80(H) Mobile Communication

(2.00-2.04) 4.71(E),
2.03 -13.00 1.45 Radio Navigation
1.97% 5.77(H)
-
1st Iteration (3.20-3.31)
3.26 -24.88 1.17 10.39(E), Broadcasting
(With 3.37%
1.30(H)
DGS)
(5.07-5.16) 5.29(E), Aeronautical Mobile
5.13 -18.10 1.28
1.75% 5.17(H) Communication

5. Conclusion

The design of Sierpinski fractal antenna and its array is presented in this paper along with three different patch
structures. Fractal concept is applied to both patch and ground plane section separately to achieve antennas with both
improved gain and multiband properties. The proposed structures give a good prediction on the behavior of
Sierpinski fractal concept with different iterations. All single fractal antennas, with defected patch structures, exhibit
multiband properties at three different frequencies for both rectangular and triangular patch geometry. But in the
case of circular geometry, antennas with Sierpinski fractal seem to have no multi band properties. However, this
particular structure has an improved gain around 6 to 7 dB for single antenna and a noticeable size reduction of
37.25% and 15.21% for fractal at patch and ground plane respectively. Further, improved results are achieved in
terms of enhanced gain characteristics in all single antenna structures after the application of fractal into ground
plane instead of radiating patches. In 2x2 fractal array, defective patch structure has more bandwidth and
considerable gain than the array with defective ground plane structures. Here, it is also seen that the application of
fractal geometry makes the antenna to perform in the multiband as it offers a number of variations in its dimensions,
hence gives the antenna structures to be the suitable candidates for Ka band and various wireless applications. In the
near future, it is needed to include a rigorous study on the radiation characteristics of the fractal antennas at different
multiband frequencies to make them prominent for different commercial applications. The observations made here,
will be a small piece of literature of that.
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