Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
on Groundwater System
C. P. Kumar
Scientist ‘G’
National Institute of Hydrology
Roorkee – 247667 (Uttarakhand)
Alternate:
•Change of climate, attributed directly or
indirectly to human activity, that
•Alters composition of global atmosphere and
•Is in addition to natural climate variability observed
over comparable time periods
GLOBAL CIRCULATION MODELS
Formulated to simulate climate sensitivity to increased
concentrations of greenhouse gases such as carbon
dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide.
Types of climate models
Coupled atmosphere-ocean
general circulation models
(AOGCMs)
Fundamental equations
in climate models
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Year
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE OVER LAST CENTURY
1 .0 1 .0
T e m p e ra tu re a n o m a ly (o C )
0 .5 0 .5
0 .0 0 .0
-0 .5 -0 .5
-1 .0 -1 .0
1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000
Y e a rs
PROJECTED SURFACE TEMPERATURE
CHANGES
(2090-2099 relative to 1980-1999)
(oC)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
In Future…
CO2 levels: 393 ppm by 2020; 543 ppm by 2050 and 789 ppm by 2080
30 30
R a in fa ll A n o m a ly (% o f m e a n )
20 20
10 10
0 0
-1 0 -1 0
-2 0 -2 0
-3 0 -3 0
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Y ears
23
Sea Level Rise in India
• Observations based on tide gauge
measurements along the Indian coast, for a
period of 20 years and more, for which
significantly consistent data are available,
indicate that -
• the sea level along the Indian coast has
been rising at the rate of about 1.3 mm/year
on an average.
In coastal areas there is a natural
balance between salt and freshwater
g ro u n d s u rfa c e
p h r e a tic w a te r ta b le
sea
fre s h g ro u n d w a te r
f f u si on
of d i
zone
s a lin e g r o u n d w a te r
im p e r v io u s la y e r
Hydrological Impact of Climate Change
In addition, there may be other associated impacts, such as sea water intrusion,
water quality deterioration, potable water shortage, etc.
While climate change affects surface water resources directly through changes in
the major long-term climate variables such as air temperature, precipitation, and
evapotranspiration, the relationship between the changing climate variables and
groundwater is more complicated and poorly understood.
The greater variability in rainfall could mean more frequent and prolonged periods
of high or low groundwater levels, and saline intrusion in coastal aquifers due to sea
level rise and resource reduction.
The direct effect of climate change on groundwater resources depends upon the
change in the volume and distribution of groundwater recharge.
- Temperature
- Recharge
- Precipitation
- Discharge
- Evapotranspiration
- Storage
- Sea level rise
- Quality
- Soil moisture
Issues on Groundwater Use
(1) changes in groundwater recharge resulting from seasonal and decadal changes
in precipitation and temperature,
(4) possible increased demands for ground water as a backup source of water
supply or for further economical (agricultural) development,
(5) sea water intrusion in low-lying coastal areas due to rising sea levels and
reduced groundwater recharge that may lead a deterioration of the groundwater
quality there.
The local effects of climate change on soil moisture, however, will vary not only
with the degree of climate change but also with soil characteristics. The water-
holding capacity of soil will affect possible changes in soil moisture deficits; the
lower the capacity, the greater the sensitivity to climate change. For example,
sand has lower field capacity than clay.
Climate change may also affect soil characteristics, perhaps through changes
in cracking, which in turn may affect soil moisture storage properties.
(b) Groundwater Recharge
Groundwater is the major source of water across much of the world, particularly
in rural areas in arid and semi-arid regions, but there has been very little
research on the potential effects of climate change.
Aquifers generally are replenished by effective rainfall, rivers, and lakes. This
water may reach the aquifer rapidly, through macro-pores or fissures, or more
slowly by infiltrating through soils and permeable rocks overlying the aquifer.
A change in the amount of effective rainfall will alter recharge, but so will a
change in the duration of the recharge season. Increased winter rainfall, as
projected under most scenarios for mid-latitudes, generally is likely to result in
increased groundwater recharge.
However, higher evaporation may mean that soil deficits persist for longer and
commence earlier, offsetting an increase in total effective rainfall.
Various types of aquifers will be recharged differently. The main types are
unconfined and confined aquifers.
Modelling is also extremely useful for identifying the relative importance of different
controls on recharge, provided that the model realistically accounts for all the
processes involved.
The medium through which recharge takes place often is poorly known and very
heterogeneous, again challenging recharge modelling.
Sea-level rise will cause saline intrusion into coastal aquifers, with the amount
of intrusion depending on local groundwater gradients.
For many small island states, seawater intrusion into freshwater aquifers has
been observed as a result of overpumping of aquifers. Any sea-level rise would
worsen the situation.
A link between rising sea level and changes in the water balance is suggested
by a general description of the hydraulics of groundwater discharge at the coast.
The shape of the water table and the depth to the freshwater/saline interface
are controlled by the difference in density between freshwater and salt water, the
rate of freshwater discharge and the hydraulic properties of the aquifer.
To begin with, climate scenarios can be formulated for the future years
such as 2050 and 2100.
Finally, the annual recharge outputs from UnSat Suite or WetSpass model
are used to simulate groundwater system conditions using steady-state
groundwater model setups, such as MODFLOW, for the present condition
and for the future years.
Objective
The influence of climate changes on goundwater levels and salinity, due
to:
a. Sea level rise
b. Changes in precipitation and temperature
Methodology
1. Develop and calibrate a density-dependent numerical groundwater flow
model that matches hydraulic head and concentration distributions in
the aquifer.
2. Estimate changes in sea level, temperature and precipitation
downscaled from GCM outputs.
3. Estimate changes in groundwater recharge.
4. Apply sea level rise and changes in recharge to numerical groundwater
model and make predictions for changes in groundwater levels and
salinity distribution.
The main tasks that are involved in such a study are:
Analyze climate data from weather stations and modelled GCM, and
build future predicted climate change datasets with temperature,
precipitation and solar radiation variables (downscaled to the study
area).
Simulate groundwater levels using each recharge data set and evaluate
the changes in groundwater levels through time.
The method is used to simulate the past conditions, with 40 years of actual
weather data, and future changes in the hydrologic cycle of the Grand River
watershed. The impact of climate change is modelled by perturbing the
model input parameters using predicted changes in the regions climate.
Warmer winter temperatures will reduce the extent of ground frost and shift
the spring melt from spring toward winter, allowing more water to infiltrate
into the ground.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
Adaptation: management responses for gw. dependent
systems to risks associated with climate variability and climate
change
•
Managing groundwater recharge
Managing gw. recharge
• Management of gw. storage
• Protection of gw. quality
• Managing demands for gw.
• Managing gw. discharge
Protecting
groundwater
quality
Managing
Managing groundwater
storage
demand for
groundwater
Managing groundwater
discharge