ULTRASONIC INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM FOR DETECTING LIQUEFIED

PETROLEUM GAS LEVEL IN 14 KILOGRAM CYLINDERS

AHMAD „AKIF BIN ADAM

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Gas)

Faculty of Petroleum and Renewable Energy Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JUNE 2015
 iii

Dedicated to my beloved parent, ummi and abah,

and all my lovely siblings,
thanks for your love and encouragement
 iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank Allah The Almighty for giving me the strength
and opportunity to finish this research study. In completing this project, I was in contact
with many people, researchers, and academicians. They have contributed towards my
understanding and thoughts.

In particular, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my research supervisor,

Dr. Mariani Idroas, for encouragement, guidance, critics and motivation towards the
completion. Without her continued support and interest, this thesis would not have been
the same as presented here. A remarkable honor to Associate Professor Ir. Dr. Zainal
Zakaria, my co-supervisor, for his knowledge sharing and thoughtful ideas.

My sincere appreciation also extends to all my colleagues especially to Advanced

Microprocessor Research (AMIR) Laboratory members and others who have provided
assistance at various occasions. I am also grateful to all my family members. Their views
and tips are useful indeed. May Allah S.W.T. rewards and blesses us all.
 v

ABSTRACT

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is commonly stored in highly pressurized cylinder

tank and needs to be measured using a non-invasive way. This approach has been
constructed to facilitate the process of LPG level measurement inside a cylinder tank.
Currently, liquid level of LPG inside a cylinder is measured using a weighing scale. In this
research, a new method is developed by using a non-invasive ultrasonic instrumentation
system for monitoring LPG level in the 14 kilogram cylinder. The instrumentation system
was integrated with the designed experimental rig. Module ultrasonic sensors Truma.LC-
V1.15 were attached vertically outside of the cylinder wall on the sensor holder of the
experimental rig. The ultrasonic sensors emit the ultrasonic signals and the signals will
then propagate through the cylinder wall. The reflected signal was recorded again by the
ultrasonic sensors. The reflection of the ultrasonic signal depends on the type of the
medium's impedance. The generated signals from the transceiver type of sensors were sent
to the Pico Scope Data Acquisition System (DAQ) for data reading. The output voltage
signals were processed by the computational data process system, giving a result of the
LPG liquid level inside the cylinder. An image of the LPG liquid level in the cylinder was
constructed using javascript based programming. The image showed the liquid level in
percentage value and html software was used as the interface in this program. The
developed instrumentation system was also tested on 18-L testing cylinder and 14-kg LPG
cylinder with various LPG liquid levels and it was able to detect the amount of LPG in the
cylinders, with the maximum error of 5.68%.
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ABSTRAK

Petroleum Gas Cecair (LPG) biasanya disimpan di dalam silinder bertekanan tinggi
dan perlu diukur dengan cara tanpa musnah. Cara ini telah dibina untuk memudahkan
proses pengukuran aras LPG di dalam tangki silinder. Pada masa kini, aras cecair LPG di
dalam silinder diukur menggunakan alat penimbang berat. Dalam kajian ini, satu kaedah
baru dibangunkan menggunakan sistem peralatan ultrasonik tanpa musnah untuk
memantau aras LPG di dalam silinder simpanan berkapasiti 14 kilogram. Sistem peralatan
ini disepadukan dengan rekaan pelantar eksperimen. Modul deria ultrasonik Truma.LC-
V1.15 telah dipasang pada pemegang sensor pelantar eksperimen. Deria ultrasonik
tersebut dipasangkan secara menegak di luar dinding silinder. Deria ultrasonik
memancarkan isyarat ultrasonik dan isyarat telah tersebar menembusi dinding silinder.
Isyarat pantulan dirakam semula oleh deria ultrasonik. Pantulan isyarat ultrasonik
bergantung kepada jenis galangan bahan perantara. Isyarat yang dihasilkan dari deria jenis
penghantar-terima telah dihantar ke Pico Scope Data Sistem Perolehan (DAQ) untuk
membaca data. Isyarat voltan keluaran diproses oleh sistem proses data perkomputeran
untuk memberikan aras kandungan cecair LPG di dalam silinder. Pembinaan imej aras
LPG dalam silinder dibina menggunakan pengaturcaraan berasaskan javascript. Imej
tersebut menunjukkan imej aras LPG di dalam nilai peratusan dan perisian html digunakan
sebagai perantara muka pada program ini. Sistem peralatan yang dibangunkan diuji pada
18-L silinder ujian dan 14-kg LPG silinder yang berbeza aras cecair LPG dan sistem ini
berjaya mengesan jumlah LPG dalam silinder dengan ralat maksimum 5.68%.
 vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS xv

LIST OF APPENDICES xvii

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Project Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 4
1.3 Objective 6
1.4 Scope of Study 7
1.5 Thesis Outline 7

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Overview of Liquid Level Measurement 9
2.3 Types of Liquid Level Measurement 10
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2.4 Liquid Level Measurement 11

2.5 Use of Ultrasonic in Liquid Level Measurement 12
2.6 Current Method of LPG Cylinder Measurement 18

3 METHODOLOGY 19
3.1 Introduction 19
3.2 Overview of the Instrumentation System 20
3.3 Instrumentation Rig Configuration 21
3.3.1 Development of Platform 23
3.3.2 Development of Sensor Holder 26
3.4 Cylinder Specification 32
3.5 Sensoring System Optimization 36
3.5.1 Transmission and Reflection Effect 36
3.5.2 Ultrasonic Sensoring System 41
3.5.3 Arrangement of Ultrasonic Sensors 42
3.5.4 Image Grid Configuration 44
3.6 Development of Ultrasonic Instrumentation System 47
3.6.1 Module Sensor 48
3.6.2 Pico Scope Data Acquisition System (DAQ) 49
3.6.3 Computational Data Process 50
3.6.4 Image Generation 51
3.7 Experimental Procedures 52
3.7.1 Initial Testing on 18 L Cylinder
Experimental Procedure 52
3.7.2 Calibration Testing on 14 kg LPG Cylinder
Experimental Procedure 53
3.7.3 Measurement of 14 kg Cylinder
Experimental Procedure 54
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4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 56

4.1 Introduction 56
4.2 Sensors Testing and Calibration of 18 L Testing
Cylinder 57
4.2.1 Level Measurement of the 18 L Cylinder 57
4.2.2 Calibration Graph of 18 L Cylinder Level
Measurement 64
4.2.3 Discussions 65
4.3 Sensors Testing and Calibration of LPG Cylinder 14
kg 67
4.3.1 Data Collection of LPG Cylinder
Measurement 67
4.3.2 Calibration Graph of LPG Cylinder Level
Measurement 68
4.3.3 Discussions 69
4.4 Experimental Tests on LPG Cylinders 71
4.4.1 Data of Case 1 72
4.4.2 Data of Case 2 73
4.4.3 Data of Case 3 74
4.4.4 Data of Case 4 75
4.4.5 Discussions 76
4.5 Image of LPG Level 77

5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 80

5.1 Conclusions 80
5.2 Recommendations 81

REFERENCES 83
Appendices A 87-104
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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

3.1 Specification of both cylinders 35
3.2 Level and percentage fill relation information 47
4.1 Data collection of level measurement at 23.0 cm 58
4.2 Overall data collection of level measurement on testing
cylinder 18 L 63
4.3 Level measurements for the actual level and from indicator
sensor 66
4.4 LPG cylinder 14 kg measurement testing data collection 68
4.5 Table of weight, volume, level and its percentage from
weight measurement 70
4.6 Comparison table of weight measurement and sensor
measurement 70
4.7 Experimental data of empty cylinder (17.0 kg) 72
4.8 Experimental data of partially filled cylinder (21.7 kg) 73
4.9 Experimental data of partially filled cylinder (27.2 kg) 74
4.10 Experimental data of fully filled cylinder (30.5 kg) 75
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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Cylinders with LPG 3
1.2 Manifold LPG system 4
1.3 Weighing measurement of LPG cylinder 6
2.1 The gas cylinder with liquid inside and the mechanical
model of mass density 12
2.2 Block diagram of generation, propagation, and reception
of lamb waves of tank wall 15
2.3 The arrangement of the prototype level sensing using
lamb wave at the tank wall 15
2.4 Measuring level method 17
3.1 Overall setup of ultrasonic instrumentation system 19
3.2 Photo of Ultrasonic instrumentation system 20
3.3 Instrumentation rig diagram 22
3.4 Actual photo of instrumentation rig 22
3.5 Mechanical design of platform (side and top view) 24
3.6 Real image of the platform 24
3.7 Installed wheels and its mechanical design 25
3.8 Stopper and its mechanical design 25
3.9 Platform surface arrangement 26
3.10 Sensor holder 27
3.11 Vertical mounting of sensor on a sensors holder 28
3.12 Actual fabricated sensor holder 28
3.13 Design of sensor with casing 29
3.14 Image of sensor with casing 29
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3.15 Mechanical design of stand 30

3.16 Housing base of the instrumentation rig 31
3.17 Connector 31
3.18 Testing cylinder of 18 L capacity 33
3.19 Dimension of testing cylinder 33
3.20 Dimension of LPG cylinder tank 34
3.21 LPG cylinder of 14 kg 35
3.22 Ultrasonic signal transmission and reflection 37
3.23 Illustration on different medium of cylinder content 41
3.24 Sensors arrangement 42
3.25 Sensors touch to the cylinder wall 43
3.26 Photograph of sensor arrangement 44
3.27 Cylinder fraction due to sensor arrangement 45
3.28 Graphical illustration of ellipsoidal bottom cylinder 46
3.29 Process flow of ultrasonic instrumentation system 47
3.30 Ultrasonic Instrumentation system 48
3.31 Ultrasonic Truma.LC-V1.15 module sensor 49
3.32 Pico Scope DAQ 50
3.33 Image of percentage cylinder filling 51
4.1 Voltage signal at sensor 1, S1 = 3.53 V 59
4.2 Voltage signal at sensor 2, S2 = 3.67 V 59
4.3 Voltage signal at sensor 3, S3 = 3.46 V 59
4.4 Voltage signal at sensor 4, S4 = 3.71 V 60
4.5 Voltage signal at sensor 5, S5 = 3.81 V 60
4.6 Voltage signal at sensor 6, S6 = 4.62 V 60
4.7 Voltage signal at sensor 7, S7 = 4.83 V 61
4.8 Voltage signal at sensor 8, S8 = 4.69 V 61
4.9 Voltage signal at sensor 9, S9 = 4.97 V 61
4.10 Voltage signal at sensor 10, S10 = 4.61 V 62
4.11 Graph of output voltage (V) for S1 to S10 at 23.0 cm water
level 62
4.12 Graph of actual water level against measured water levels 64
4.13 Graph of LPG cylinder calibration 69
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4.14 Image interface of Case 1 with 8.14% 77

4.15 Image interface of Case 2 with 35.18% 78
4.16 Image interface of Case 3 with 63.29% 78
4.17 Image interface of Case 4 with 85.36% 79
 xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials

CFC - Chloro Fluoro Carbon
DAQ - Data Acquisition System
DC - Direct Current
GMB - Gas Malaysia Berhad
HHV - Higher Heating Value
HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language
LHV - Lower Heating Value
LPG - Liquefied Petroleum Gas
MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
NDT - Non Destructive Testing
PC - Personal Computer
PZT - Lead Zirconium Titanate
PVC - Poly Vinyl Chloride
STP - Standard Temperature and Pressure
TOF - Time of Flight
UT - Ultrasonic Testing
 xv

LIST OF SYMBOLS

π - Pi, 3.14
ρ - Density
a - Depth of Head or Bottom
θ - Angle
atm - Atmospheric Pressure
avg - Average
c - Speed of Light
cm - Centimeter
D - Diameter
g - Gram
h - Height of Liquid Level
kg - Kilogram
J - Joule
kHz - Kilohertz
L - Length
m - Meter
mm - Millimeter
MHz - Megahertz
MJ - Megajoule
r - Radius
R - Reflection Coefficient
Rayl - Rayleigh
S - Sensor Number
t - Time
T - Transmission Coefficient
 xvi

V - Voltage
υ - Volume
W - Weight
Z - Acoustic Impedence
° - Degree
°C - Degree Celcius
°F - Degree Fahrenheit
E - Wave Energy
S - Sensor
T - Transmitter
C3H8 - Propane
C4H10 - Butane
%e - Percentage of Error
 xvii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Technical Drawing of Ultrasonic Instrumentation Rig 87
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

Oil and gas are natural resources that contribute as the source of fuel to most of the
countries in the world for its economic expansion. Many nations depend on these natural
resources for growth and development of their countries. It is necessary to ensure that the
natural resources can be transported safely from its original plant or storage to the
consumers throughout the countries (Bannon, 2003).

The transmission process and storage technique of oil and gas must be in control
because of its natural characteristic that is highly volatile and flammable. There are many
methods used to transfer these oil and gas supply to the market such as tanker, pipeline
barge, rail and truck.

Liquefied petroleum gas (abbreviated as LPG) is a chemical compound that usually

used as a fuel for cooking, combusting and burning tool and also used for transportation
energy source. This inflammable mixture is widely used as an aerosol propellant and a
 2

refrigerant. The LPG replaced CFC in an effort to reduce the effect of green house and
protect the ozone layer (Bejan, 1999).

There are various types of LPG mixture available in the market and the mixture of
their composition are different for each country and depend on the seasonal weather of the
country. There will be more propane in winter while more butane in summer (Totten,
2003). There are types of mixes which are mainly propane (C3H8), and mainly butane
(C4H10). The mostly common mixes were the mixture of both propane and butane in a
certain percentage.

Substance of propylene and butylenes are normally present but in a little

concentration. LPG is basically in gas or liquid phase which is odourless and colourless.
Therefore, it is difficult to detect whether there are any existence of LPG or not. The
odorant like ethanethiol, is incorporated with LPG so that leaks can be recognize easily. In
the United States, thiophene known also as amyl mercaptan is an approved odorants
(Mahalingam, 2012). Figure 1.1 shows the example of LPG cylinders commonly used
today.
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Figure 1.1 Cylinders with LPG

LPG will be vaporise when exist in room temperatures and pressures. LPG is
pressurized in a special designed cylinder that is capable of storing large pressure content.
The cylinder also designed appropriately in order to fulfil the supply and demand on
market daily use. Typically percentage of filling is between 80% to 85% of their storage
capacity. This would allow the thermal expansion of the LPG (Zakaria et al, 2006).

Unlike natural gas, LPG is heavier than air, thus will flow along floors and tend to
settle in lower spots, such as basements. (Soundarya et al, 2014). Large amounts of LPG
usually stored in a bulk cylinders typically aboveground, underground or mounded.
Periodic inspection and testing of the storage must be done to ensure safety standards are
maintained.
 4

1.2 Problem Statement

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) becomes the most popular source for household
and commercial uses. Basically, when compared to other liquid fuels, LPG is flexible to
handle and having lesser pollution with minimum space used for storage. LPG will be
delivered to the customer either by using cylinder, bulk tank or pipeline. There are several
ways of LPG distribution to customers depends on the type of customer i.e. whether it is
domestic, commercial or industry. Figure 1.2 shows an example of manifold LPG system
installation for commercial use.

Figure 1.2 Manifold LPG system (Primagas, 2009)

LPG consumption for every customers were different depending on the rate of use.
There were consumers who used LPG daily at a high rate such as the laundries that uses
for the purpose of drying clothes. Numbers of users only use a small amount of LPG for
home cooking. The different on LPG consumption rate of consumers carries variation of
usage among consumer thus requiring friendly LPG cylinder measurement. This idea was
not as important for some consumers, but it was very significant for customers who
utilized the LPG on a large scale basis especially for those who use it for commercial
purposes.
 5

Therefore, this research study is intended to develop an ultrasonic instrumentation

system to measure the LPG residual in the cylinder in a better way using ultrasonic
sensors. This study focused on the ability of the developed system in monitoring the
presence of LPG and its level. This is the initial study to detect the LPG level imposed on
the household LPG cylinders of a 14 kg capacity.

Most of LPG users, especially among commercial and industrial field were used
weighing instrument in order to obtain the exact contents of LPG inside the cylinder.
Some of them measured the amounts of LPG inside the cylinder by checking the content
pressure. This method was often used by the refilling plant because this is the fastest way
of measurement. This pressure type measurement was conducted in a rapid process
because the filling process and the pressure readings were taken simultaneously. Figure
1.3 shows the example of weighing instrument for LPG cylinder. This machine was
designed completed with the gas filler tool for LPG refilling process.

Figure 1.3 Weighing measurement of LPG cylinder (Siraga, 2008)

 6

Ultrasonic instrumental technique was an acceptable way to monitor the LPG

content in the LPG cylinder. This method is proposed because it can help the process of
measurement in easy way using non-invasive procedure.

1.3 Objectives

The objectives of this project are:

i. To develop a non-invasive ultrasonic instrumentation system for detecting

the LPG content in LPG cylinder storage.
ii. To monitor LPG residual inside the cylinder.

1.4 Scopes of Study

In order to achieve the objectives of this project, the scopes are:

i. Understanding the principal of ultrasonic measuring method on liquid level

measurement.
ii. Development of instrumentation rig of LPG cylinder measurement.
iii. Performing the study on sensoring system optimization
iv. Setting up the ultrasonic instrumentation system including module sensor,
Pico Scope DAQ, computational data process and image reconstruction.
 7

v. Carry out preliminary experiment on testing cylinder 18L and LPG cylinder of
14 kg for instrumentation system calibration and accomplish the experimental
measurement on four different types of LPG cylinder.
vi. Analyzing data receive from Pico Scope DAQ using computational data
process system.
vii. Generating the percentage of LPG content information using html based
programming.

1.5 Thesis Outline

Chapter 1 briefly presents the background information about oil and gas industry
around the world. LPG is one of oil and gas product which is essential in our daily needs
for household use, industry and transportation. LPG characteristics, transmission and
storage system have been briefly defined. This chapter includes the problem statement,
objectives and the scopes of the project. Chapter 2 explains the literature review about the
measurement of LPG storage on recent industrial usage. The configuration systems of
measurement and the suitable type of sensors are described in more detailed. Chapter 3
describes the methodology on LPG instrumentation system based on ultrasonic sensors to
detect the LPG level. The outcome signals are explained to show the LPG level in suitable
image. Chapter 4 presents results obtained from the experiments. Specific justifications
and explanations about the output results are explained to validate and verify the
correctness of the experiment. Chapter 5 combines the overall conclusions and some of
recommendations for future improvements.
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