CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1GENERAL:
The successful design of structures goes back to ancient times. For many
centuries, structures were designed using common sense, trial and error, and
rules of proportion acquired through experience. Their effectiveness depended
on the knowledge and skills of master craftsman.
Industrialization and mass-production of iron and steel in the nineteenth
century led to rapid changes in construction types. This is turn provided an
impetus to replace the traditional trial and error approach for designing
structures, which was slow to adopt to innovations by calculations based on
scientific principles. The only scientific tools available at that time for designing
structures were Newton’s laws of motion and theory of elasticity. As time went
on, these scientific principles were developed into a unified, practical tool for
structural calculations called allowable stress design and now the method of
limit state design is used. These methods of designing a structure in practice
involves a lot of time and so many software’s and packages evolve in the
moving times and it had a demerit that the cost involved in procuring the
package/software is very high. It became inevitable in this busy world that
usage of the software is a must to save time and to get more accuracy. Though
use of software have become more common now a days, a thorough knowledge
on manual analysis based on scientific principles is necessary and is done in this
Design project for analysis and design.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this project is to plan and Design of all the components
of the residential building.

1
 CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
2.1 GENERAL
The successful design of structures goes back to ancient times. For many
centuries, structures were designed using common sense, trial and error, and
rules of proportion acquired through experience.
Industrialization and mass-production of iron and steel in the nineteenth
century led to rapid changes in construction sector. This is turn provided an
impetus to replace the traditional trial-and-error approach for designing
structures. It became inevitable in this busy world that usage of the software is a
must to save time and to get more accuracy. In this work carried out, we use the
design work the various structural components of the building such as slab,
beam, column, footing, staircase etc.
2.2 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED
All structure has two basic requirements in common. Safety from
collapse and satisfactory performance or the structure for its intended use. The
limit state design is a philosophy of design where one designs a structure so that
it will not reach any of the specified limit states during the expected life of the
structure.
Many types of limit states or failure condition can be specified. The two
major limit states which are usually considered are the following.
1. The ultimate strength limit state, or the limit state of collapse, which deals
with the strength and stability of the structure under the maximum overload it is
expected to carry. This implies that no part or whole of the structure should fall
apart under any combination of expected overload.
2. The serviceability limit state which deals with conditions such as
deflection, cracking of the structure under service loads, durability, over all
stability excessive vibration, fire resistance, fatigue etc.

2
2.3 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS FOR LOADS AND MATERIAL
STRENGTH γm
Having obtained the characteristic loads and characteristic strengths, the
design load and design strength are obtained by the concept of partial a\safety
factors. Partial safety factors are applied both to loads on the structure and to
strength and to strength of materials. These factors are explained below.
2.3.1 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR FOR LOAD (γf)
The loads to be used for ultimate design is also termed as factored load in
IS code the symbol DL is used for Dead Load, LL is used for Live Load, WL
for Wind Load and EL for Earthquake Loads. The obtained by multiplying the
characteristic load by the partial safety factor is called factored load is given by
Factored Load = (characteristic load) x (partial safety factor for load). It is
extremely important that in limit state design load is different from that used in
elastic design. It is factored loads, and not the characteristic loads which are
used for calculation of reactions, bending moment and shear forces.
It may be noted that by adopting a partial safety factor of 1.5, for both
dead and live loads, the value of moment, shear force etc. to be used is limit
state design by IS code is 1.5 times the moment, shear etc. that would have been
for elastic design. The partial safety factors for the different load combinations
in table below.

Load combination Ultimate limit state

Dead and Imposed load 1.5DL+1.5WL
Dead and Wind load 0.9DL+1.5WL
Case 1 : Dead load contributes to stability 1.5DL+1.5WL
Case 2 : Dead load assists to overturning
Dead, Imposed and Wind load 1.2(DL+LL+WL)

3
2.3.2 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS FOR MATERIALS STRENGTH (γf)
The grade strength of concrete is the characteristic strength of concrete
and guaranteed yield strength of steel. The partial safety factors for concrete and
steel is given in table below.
Design strength = Characteristic strength/partial safety for strength.
Material Ultimate limit
Concrete 1.5
Steel 1.5

2.4 ADVANTAGES OF LIMIT STATES DESIGN

1. Limit states design by providing consistent safety and
serviceability, ensures and economical use of materials and a wide range of
applications.
2. Limit states design provides both a basic calculation tool for
designing and evaluating civil engineering structures and a means for unifying
structural codes and standards.
2.5 TECHNICAL NOTES ON DESIGN
1. Name of structure Framed structure
2. No. of storey G+1

3. Atmospheric condition Normal

4. Wind intensity and its influence Normal

4
5. Loading standards
Live load 3.00KN/m2
Floor finish 1.00KN/m2
Dead load
Weight of brick 19.00KN/m2
Weight of R.C.C 25.00KN/m2

6. Material Data
Concrete M20
Steel Conforming to clause 5.60 of
IS 456-2000. High strength
deformed bars of yield stress
415N/mm2
7. Type of soil Medium type soil

5
 CHAPTER 3
DESIGN OF SLABS
3.1 GENERAL
Slabs are primary members(element) of a structure which support the
imposed loads directly on them and transfer the same safety to the supporting
elements such a beams, walls, columns, etc.., Therefore a slab should be safe
and table against the applied loads and should have the required strength and
stiffness to satisfy the serviceability requirements.
3.2 LOADS ON SLABS
Generally, in the design of horizontal slab, two types of loads are considered:
3.2.1 IMPOSED LOADS:
Imposed load is the load induced by the indented use or occupancy of the
building including the weight of movable partitions, loads due to impact
vibrations and snow loads. The imposed loads for roof slabs are given in the
table 2 of ARE:875(part 2)1987.
3.2.2 DEAD LOADS
The dead load in a slab comprises the weight of immovable partitions. Floor
finish, weathering course and preliminary its self weight. The dead loads are to
be determined based on the unit weights of material.
3.3 BASIC RULES FOR THE DESIGN OF SLABS
The two main factors to be considered while designing a slab are,
1.Strength of slab against flexure, shear, twist etc.
2.Stiffness against deflection.
Normally slab is primarily designed for flexural and checked for shear, stiffness
etc. The thickness of the slab should be sufficient to satisfy the strength and
stiffness criteria as specified in clauses 18 to 24 IS: 456-2000. Steel

6
reinforcement is to be provided in slabs in accordance with the requirements is
found is more then that required for strength requirements.
1.Two-way slab-code requirements
2.A slab is called a “Two Way” when the load on it distributed to all its four
supports. In two slab tension (main) reinforcement is provided in the short well
as in the long direction.
EFFECTIVE SPAN
1. Effective span of a simply supported slab is the lesser of,
2. c/c distance of supports and
3. Clear span=effective depth,
In two way slabs, the main reinforcement in shorter direction is placed at the
bottom slab with the necessary cover to reinforcement and that in the longer
direction is placed just overt the reinforced in shorter direction. Therefore the
effective depth for a long span reinforcement will be less than that of the short
span reinforcement. But, for the calculation of effective span in the long and
short directions, the effective depth of main reinforcement of shorter span is
used.
However while calculating the area of tension steel required for the two
directions, the corresponding effective depth values are used. The other code
specification (regarding effective span) specified for one way slabs are
applicable to two way slabs also.

3.4 THICKENESS OF SLAB REQUIRED

3.4.1 STRENGTH
In A Two way slab, generally, the bending moment will be maximum in the
shorter span direction. The thickness of the slab is then determined considering
the maximum bending moment in the slab. Reinforcement is provided at the
different sections taking into account the corresponding bending moments.
3.4.2 STIFFNESS:

7
For the control of deflection. The thicknesses of slab satisfy the requirement
specified in clause 23.2 of IS: 456-2000 as in the case of one way slabs. For
two way slabs of shorter spans up to 3.5m, and imposed load less than or equal t
o3 KN/m the thickness of slab should satisfy the conditions specified in clause
24.1 of IS:456-2000.
3.4.3 BENDING MOMENTS IN TWO WAY SLABS
The maximum bending moments, per unit width, in a two way slab are
determined as,
M ∝ W l
M ∝ W l
Where ∝ and ∝ are co-efficient given in Table 26and 27 of IS:456-2000.
W = total design load per unit area and
l = length of the slab in shorter direction.

8
 DESIGN TWO WAY SLAB
GIVEN DATA:
LX = 5000
LY = 3050
Assuming M20 grade concrete and Fe415 steel
SOLUTION:
Ratio = LX /LY
=5000/3050
=1.63
Since the ratio is less than 2
Hence it is two way slab.
DEPTH OF SLAB:
As loading class exceed the value of 3KN⁄m
Adopt a (span/depth) ratio 25
Assume a clear cover of 20mm and using 10mm dia bars
Effective depth (d) = 125 mm
Over all depth (D) = d+d’
=150 mm
EFFECTIVE SPAN:
Effective span = (clear span +effective depth)
=3050 + 0.125
= 3175 mm

LOADS:
Self weight of slab = bxdx γ
=1x0.150x25
=3.75 KN/m2
Liver load = 3KN⁄m
9
Refer IS code 875 part 2)
Floorfinish = 1.0 KN⁄m
Total load = 7.75 KN⁄m
Ultimate load (Wu ) = 7.75×1,5
= 11.62 KN⁄m
DESIGN BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCES:
REFFER TABLE 26 OF IS 456-2000 CODE
LX = 0.079
LY = 0.04
Mux = (LXxWux LX2)
=0.079x11.62x3.1752
=9.25 KN-m
Muy = (LXxWux LX2)
=0.047x11.62x3.1752
=5.504 KN-m
SHEAR FORCE:
Vux = 0.5xwuxb
= 0.5x11.62x3.175
= 18.44 KN
CHECK FOR DEPTH:
M = 0.138 X f bd Mmax = 0.138xfckxbd2
D2 = 9250000/(0.138x1000x20)
D = 57 mm
Effective depth = 57 < 125
Hence the effective depth selected is sufficient to resist the design ultimate
moment.]

REINFORCEMENT (SHORT AND LONG SPAN:

Mu =0.87Xf XA Xd[1-A Xf /f xbxdxf ]
10
9.25× 10 = 0.87X415XAstX125X[1-(415XAst/20X1000X125)]
"#$ = 212.44 mm2
= 213 mm2
%
Spacing = 1000X X102
&

= 368.73 mm
= 300 mm
Provide 10 mm dia @ 300 mm C/C
Effective depth = 125-10
= 115
(./// π/& .//)
A provided =
1//

= 261.79 mm2

CHECK FOR SHEAR STRESS:

.//×345
P =
67
.//× .
=
.//×. 8

=0.170
K = 1.30
K τC> τV
REFER TABLE 19 OF IS 456-2000 AND READ OUT,
τ =37N⁄mm
k× τ9 hence the shear stresses are within permissible limits.
CHECK FOR DEFLECTION CONTROL:
Fs = 0.58x415xAstr/Astp
=0.58x415x213/262
=192~190

11
Kt = 1.7, kc = 1

(L/d) = (L/d)ratioxktxkc
=32x1.7x1
=54
(L/d) ; < =3175/125
= 25.4
(L/dratio)actual < (L/d)max
Hence deflection control is satisfied.

12
SI NO NAME =>
Ratio Type Eff Main Dia of Adopt
=?
OF of slab Depth(mm) A (mm) Bars spacing
THE (mm) (mm)
SLAB
Two
1 S1 1.63 way 125 213 10 300
slab
Two
2 S2 1.6 way 125 196 10 300
slab
Two
3 S3 1.02 way 125 249 10 300
slab
Two
4 S4 1.63 way 125 196 10 300
slab
Two
5 S5 1.44 way 125 193 10 300
slab
Two
6 S6 1.63 Way 125 196 10 300
slab
Two
7 S7 2 Way 125 150 10 300
slab

13
 CHAPTER 5
DESIGN OF R.C.BEAMS
GENERAL
A beam has to generally design for the actions such as bending moments.
Shear forces and twisting moments developed the laterals loads. The bending
moment in a beam is maximum only at certain section/sections and of different
values at other sections. The size of a beam is designed considering the
maximum bending moment in it and is uniform throughout its length. But the
reinforcement or by cracking according to the requirements.
Methods of analysis can be broadly classified as follows.
1. Classical methods:
• Slope defection method
• Strain energy method
2. Relaxation/Iterative methods:
• Moment distribution method
• Kani’s method
3. Matrix methods:
• Stiffness method
• Flexibility method
4. Computer methods:
• Matrix method
• Finite element method

14
 DESIGN OF L BEAM
DATA:
Df =150mm
Bw =230mm
D =550mm
P(load)=24.84KN
EFFECTIVE FLANGE:

Bf =(b/12)+bwt+3xbf

=(5.23/12)+0.23x3x0.15

=1110mm

ULTIMATE BENDING MOMENT & SHEAR FORCE:

Mu =1.5(Wul2/12)

=1.5(24.86x(5.23)2/12

=84.99KNm

Vu =1.5(0.5x24.86x5.23)

=97.51KNm

At centre of span section

Mu =1.5(24.86(5.23)2/24

=42.47KNm

TENSILE MOMENT AND SUPPORT REACTION:

Tensile moment is product due to dead load of slab and live load on it

15
 =(working load/m-rib self weight)

=24.86-2.875

=21.985KNm

Total ultimate load on slab(l)

=1.5(21.985x5.23)

=1.72.51KN

Total ultimate shear force,

=0.5x172.51

=86.25KN

Distance of centroid shear force from the central line at the beam

=0.5x1110-150

=405mm

Ultimate tensile moment

Tu =86.25x0.405

=34.93KNm

EQUIVALENT BENDING MOMENT & SHEAR FORCE:

According to IS: 456-2000,clause 41.42, at the support section ,the equalent

bending moment is compared as,

Where, Mt =Tu(1+(D/b)/1.7)

=34.93 x (1+(550/230)/1.7)

16
 =69.68KNm

Md =84.99+69.68

=152.73KNm

V2 =Vu+1.6(Tu/b)
=97.51+1.6(34.93/6.23) =340KN
Main longitudinal reinforcement,
Support section is designed as rectangular section to resist the hogging equalent
bending moment
Mel=152.73KNm
Since Mel<Mu(lim),
The section under reinforced,
Mel =0.87fyAstd(1-Astfy/fckbd)
152x106 =0.87x415xAstx500(1-415Ast/230x500x20)
Ast=1035.45mm2
Provided 2 bars 22mm dia on the tension side
Ast=1140mm2
Area of steel required at centre of span to resists a moment of Mu=42.49KNm
will be less than the minimum given by,
Ast(min)=(0.85bwd/fy)
=(0.85x230x500/415)
=235.54mm2

Provide 16mmø,
=Ast/(π/4d2)
=235.54/(π/4(16)2)
=1.17~2 nos
Provide 2 bars of@ 16mmø,

17
 Ast=402.12mm2
Side face reinforcement/area of reinforcement
=0.001x230x550 =126.5mm2
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT:
τc =(Vu/bd)
=(340x103/230x500)
=2.95N/mm2
Pt =(100Ast/bwd)
=(100x1035.45/230x500)
=0.90
From table 19
τ c=0.596, τ c=0.596< τ v
Using 10mm ø two legged strips with side covers at 25mm top and bottom
cover at 80mm
b1 =180mm,d1=450mm
Asv =2x78.5
=157mm2
Sv =(0.87fyxAsvx1/(tu/b1)+(vu/2.5)
=(0.87x415x512x450(/34.93x106/180)+(97.51x103/2.5)
=109mm
CHECK FOR SHEAR DEFLECTION CONTROL:
Pt=(100Ast/bd)
=(100x1035.45/230x500)
=0.9
Pc =(100x402/230x500)
=0.34
bw/bf=230/1110
=0.20
Kt=1.00,Kc=1.1,Kf=0.8

18
 (l/d)max=(l/d)basicx KtKcKf
=20x1.00×1.1×0.8
=17.6
(l/d)actual=5230/500
=10.46
17.9>10.46
Hence safe

19
20
 DESIGN OF T BEAM
DATA:
Df =150mm
d =500mm
bw =230mm
l =3050mm
P =26.05KN
D =550-150
=400mm
Self weight of slab =bdx25
=0.25x0.4x25/span
=2.3x106/3.050
=0.75KN/m
Total load =17.37KN/m
Ultimate load =17.37x1.5
=26.05KN/m
ULTIMATE MOMENT & SHEAR FORCE:
Mu=wl2/8 =26.05x(3.05)2/8
=30.29KNm
SF=Wl/2 =26.05x3.05/2
=39.72KN
EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF FLANGE:
bf=(L0/6)+bwbDf
=3.05/6+0.23+6x0.15
=1.63m
=1638mm
Centre at rib=4.88-0.23
=4.65
MOMENT CAPACITY OF FLANGE:

21
Mu =fckbf(d-0.42x150)

=773.67KNm

Mu<Mu(flange)

Hence safe

Mu =0.87fyAstd(1-fyAst/bdfck)

30.29x106 =0.87x415xAstx500(1-415xAst/230x500x20)

Ast =173.20mm2

Provide 12mmø,

No. Of bars =Ast/π/4xd2

=173.2/π/4× (12)2

=1.53~2nos

Ast(provided) =1000xπ/4(12)2/Ast

=1000xπ/4(12)2/173.2

=652.98mm2

Provide two bars of 12mmø@250mmc/c

Ast =652.98mm2

22
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT:

τv =Vu/bd

=39.72×10^3/230×500

=0.56

=0.48+(0.56-0.48)/(0075-0.50) × (0.75-0.56)

τc =0.54
Balance shear Vus=(Vu- τ cbwd)
=39.72-0.54x230x500
=23KN
Using 8mmø@2legged 300mmc/c
CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:
Pt =0.56
τc =bw/bf
=230/1638
=0.14
Kt=1.1,Kc=1.0,Kf=0.8
(L/d)base =20× KtKcKf
=20x1.1×1×0.8
=17.6mm
(L/d)actual =3050/550
=5.54mm=17.6>5.54

23
24
 CHAPTER 6
DESIGN OF R.C.COLUMNS
GENERAL
A column is a structural member provided to carry a compression load and
whose effective length exceeds three times its lateral dimension. In building,
columns are provided to support the roofing flooring system effectively and to
transmit the loads safely to the foundation.
A column forms a very important component of structure columns support
beams which in turns support walls and columns. The failure of column takes
place due to the collapse of the structure.
A column is defined as a compression member; the effective length of
which exceed three times the least lateral dimensions may be made of plain
concrete.
Columns can be cat to any shape such as square, circular, hexagonal,
octagonal, etc. Longitudinal or main reinforcement are provided to resist
compression along with concrete.
The cross sectional area of reinforcement should not be less than0.8% and
not more than 6% of the cross sectional area of the column. The purpose of
providing minimum reinforcement is to prevent the buckling of column due to
accidental eccentricity of the load on it. Generally a cover 40mm is providing.
The main reinforcement is provided with transverse reinforcement in the form
of lateral ties to prevent the dialoging of main reinforcement, buckling, etc.

25
 DESIGN OF COLUMN
GIVEN DATA:
P =589.5KN
Modification factor=1.5
Concret grade =fe415
Breadth =230mm
Length =230mm
Height of column =3m
DESIGN CONSTANT:
Fk =20N/mm2
Fy =415N/mm2
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMN:
V =0.65x3000
=1950mm
Slenderness ratio,
SR =1950/230
=8.47<12
SR =1950/230
=8.47<12
It is short column
TO FIND ASC:
Ag =LxB
=230x230
=529000mm2
Ac =Ag-Asc
Ac =529000-Asc
Now,

26
Pux =0.4xfckxAcx+0.67xfyxAsc
589.5x10^3 =0.4x20x(52.9x10^3-Asc)+0.67x415xAsc
Asc =615.81mm2
Asc provided 4# of 16mmø
Design of lateral tie is
1.300mm
2.16x16 =256mm~260mm
3.48x8 =384mm
Take the least value
Provide 8mmø 260mm c/c

27
28
 CHAPTER 7
DESIGN OF R.C.FOOTING
GENERL
Foundation is the bottom most but the most important component of a
structure, which lies below the ground level. Even though it does not provide
any aesthetic appearance to the elevation of a building, it has to be well planned
and carefully designed to ensure the safety and stability of the structure. The
foundation provided for a R.C. column is called a ‘column base’ or a ‘column
footing’.
BASIS REQUIREMENTS OF A COLUMN BASE
The main purpose of providing of providing a base to a column is to
transfer the load carried by the column to the soil on a larger area safety of the
soil. As per clause 34.a of IS 456-2000 a column base should satisfy the
following requirements.
1. It should be strong enough structurally to sustain the applied loads,
moment and induced reactions.
2. To avoid failure of foundation, the area of the base should be large
enough to ensure that the pressure on the soil under the base not exceed
its safe bearing capacity.
3. When the columns of a structure carry different magnitude loads, the size
and shapes of their base should be planned such that the pressure
distribution on the soil under all columns is almost uniform to avoid
uneven settlement of the structure , which will otherwise cause the failure
of other components.

29
 DESIGN OF FOOTING
1.DATA:
Size of column = 230 x 230 mm
Safe bearing capacity = 185 kN/m2
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
2.LOAD :
Column load = 629.38 kN
Add 10% of self weight
of footing =62.938KN
Total load (PU ) = 692.318 kN
3. AREA REQUIRED :
A = 692.318/185
= 3.74 m2
= (3.74)1/2
= 1.9
=2m
Adopt square of 2x2m
Side of footing= 2x2 m
BENDING MOMENT CALCULATION:
Max BM occurs at face and column
Projected length x =(length of footing –column width)/2
X = (2- 0.23)/2
X = 0.88
UPPWARD SOIL PRESSURE:
FO = PU / size of footing
= 692.318 x 103/ 22
= 173.07 kN/m
173.07 < 1.5X185

30
173.07 < 277.5
DEPTH OF FOOTING CALCULATION:
Consider 1 m width strip
BM at face of column M = PxX2/2
= (173.07x0.882)/2
= 67.01 kNm2
Mu = 67.01 x 1.15
=100.5 kNm
Effective depth at d = √( MU/0.138xfckxb)
= √(100.5x 106/(0.138x20x1000)
= 190 mm
Provided clear cover = 50 + ø
D required = 190 + 50 + 16/2
= 248 ~250 mm
D provided = 2x d required(to avoid failure of footing in
punching shear)
= 2x 250
= 500 mm
d provided = 500 – 58
= 442 mm
AREA OF STEEL :
Mu/bd2 = (67.01x106)/(1000x4422)
= 0.34 mm2
From table SP 16
Pt = 0.085
Ast = Ptxbd
= (0.085/100)x1000x442
= 375.7 mm2
Spacing = (π/4x122x1000)/375

31
 = 301.5
= 300 mm
Provide 16 mm dia @ 300 mm C/C both waysince BM along load direction are
equal
Ast = (π/4xd2/ x1000)/ spacing
= (π/4x122x1000)/ 300
= 376 mm2
Pt provided = 100 Ast/bd
= 100x376/1000x442
=0.08
CHECK FOR ONE WAY SHEAR:
τc =0.28N/mm2
Vuc =τc×b×d
=0.28×1000×442
=123.76103KN
Vu =1.5× (Pu×shaded area per m width)(0.88-0.442)
=1.5×173.07×1× (0.438)
=113.70KN
τv =Vu/bd
=113.70×103/1000×442
=0.255
τv<τc

CHECK FOR TWO WAY SHEAR:

Pu =173.07
=0.173KN
Vu2 =p×shaded area
=0.173× (2000)2-(230+442)
=691.88KN

32
b2 =4(b+d)
=4(230+442)
=2688
τv =vu2/b2d
=691.8×103/2688×442
τv =0.58
Shear stress =KsƮc
Ks =0.5+0.23/0.23
=1.5≤1
Ks =1
τc =0.25√20
=1.12N/m2
Vu<K τ c
Hence safe

33
34
 CHAPTER 8
DESIGN OF LINTEL
GIVEN:
Span = 1.5 m
Thickness = 230 mm
SOLUTION:
Provide a bearing of 200 mm @ each end span between centre of bearing
= 1.5 + 0.2
= 1.7
Assume modification factor = 1
Effective depth = 1700/20x1
= 85 mm
Provide 12 mm ø bars at a clear cover at 25 mm
Effective cover reinforcement = 25 + 6
= 31 mm
D = 85 + 31
= 116 mm
Provide overall depth = 150 mm
D = 119 mm
EFFECTIVE SPAN:
Distance between centre of bearing = 1.7 m
Clear span + effective depth = 1.5 + 0.119
= 1.619 mm
Effective span = 1.7 m
Weight of wall to be supported = 0.5 x 1.72 x sin 60x 0.23 x 20000
= 5756.4
Bending moment due to weight of brick masonry
= wl/6
= 5756.4x 1.7/6

35
 = 1630.98 Nm
Bending moment due to dead load of lintel = wl2/8
= 1150x 1.72/8
= 415.43 N/m
Factored moment
(mu) = 1.5 x 2046.41
= 3069.61 Nm
Mu/bd2 = (3069.15 x 1000)/(230x1192)
= 0.942
Mu lim /bd2 = 0.138fck
= 0.138x20
= 2.76 mm
Mu < Mulim
Pt = 50x[1-(1-4.6/2x2.167)1/2/(415x20)]
Pt = 0.276 %
Ast =0.276/100x(230x119)
= 75.63 mm2
Provide 10mm ɸ of 2 bars
Max shear,
Vu = 5756/2 + 1150x1.5/2
= 3740.5 N
Nominal shear
τv = Vu/bd
= 3740.5/(230x119)
=0.136N/mm2
% of steel required = 154/(230 x 119)x100
= 0.56%
τc = 0.5 N/mm2
τv < τc

36
Hence safe.
Spacing of stirrups not exceed following
1. 0.75 d = 0.75 x119
= 89.25 mm
2.300 mm
3. 0.87xAstxfy/0.4xb = 0.87x2x50x415/0.4x236 = 312 mm
Provide 2 legged 8 mm ɸ bars @ 80 mmC/C
Hence safe

37
38
 CHAPTER 9
DESIGN OF STAIR CASE
GENERAL

The stair case consists of steps with landing. The flight of steps is called
going. Number of steps in one going will depend on the rise and thread. The
stair case should so located that sufficient light and ventilation is ensured on the
stair way. If possible it should be located centrally so as to be accessible from
the different corners of the building.

Here the stair case is dog legged type. It consists of two straight flights of
steps with abrupt turns between them. This type of stair useful where the width
of the stair case half is just sufficient to accommodate two width of the stair.

39
 DESIGN OF STAIR CASE
DATA:
No of steps = 10
Tread =300
Rise =160
Width of landing beam =400
M20 concrete and Fe415 steel
DIMENSION:
10 tread of 300mm + effective span = c/c distance b/w longitudinal beam
=(10×300)+400
=3400mm
Thickness of slab,
IS456-2000 page 36: should be simply supported slab
The span of effective depth ratio,
(span /effctive depth) = 20
Thickness of slab = 170mm
LOAD CALCULATION:
Dead load on slope W1 = 0.17×1×25
=4.25KNm
Dead load on slab on horizontal span = W1(r2+T2)/T
=4.25(1602+3002)/300
=1.637KNm
Dead load on slab =1.637KNm
Ded load on step = 0.5×0.16×0.3×25=0.6
Load on step / meter
length = 0.6× (1000×30)
=18 KN/m
Load due to floor finish =0.6 KN/m

40
Total dead load = 1.637+2+0.6
= 4.237 KN/ m
Live load = 5 KN/m
Total working load =9.237 KN/m
Factor working load = 1.5×9.237
wu = 13.85 KN/m
BENDING MOMENT:
B.M = wl2/8
= 13.85×3.42×/8
= 20.013 KN m
Shear force = WL/2
= 13.85×3.4/2
= 23.54 KN
CHECK FOR EFFECTIVE DEPTH:
A simply supported slab span to effective depth ratio is in IS 465-2000 and page
38
Using approximately 0.5% of reinforcement ,
The modification factor tension reinforcement ,
Fs = 0.5×415
= 207.5 mm
The modification factor is 1.2 N/mm2
(span / effective depth) = 1.2×20
= 24
Effective depth = 3400/24
=142 mm
Provide d =150 mm
= 175 mm
REIONFORCEMENT DETAIL:
MU =0.87×fy×Ast×d× [1-(Ast×fy/b×d×fck)]

41
20×106 = 0.87v415×Ast×d× [1-(415)]
2
Ast =329.3~300mm

Provide 12 mm dia
Spacing =[122×π/4×1000/330]
= 342.7~300mm
Distribution reinforcement = 0.12%bd
Ast =( 0.12/100) ×1000×20
=240mm2
Provide 8 mm dia
Spacing = [82×π/41000/240]
=200mm c/c

CHECK FOR SHEAR:

τV = (Vu/bd)
=(23.54×103/1000×1.75)
=0.134N/mm2
Pt = (100×Ast/bd)
=(100×330/1000×175)
=0.18N/mm2
Refer IS 456-2000 page 84, table is 23
τc = 0.268 N/mm2
Depth of slab = 200mm
K = 1.2
τ c ×k = 0.268×1.2
=0.312 N/mm2
τ V < τ ck
Hence the design is safe.

42
43
 CHAPTER 9
DESIGN OF SUNSHADE
DATA:
Projection =600 mm
Fy =415 N/mm2
Fck =20 N/mm2
EFFECTIVE DEPTH:
d =left/ (Bvxmf)
=600/ (7x0.95)
=90.2mm say 95mm
TOTAL DEPTH:
D = d + (CC + DIA/2)
=95+15+4
=114mm
TO FIND LOAD (W):
Imposed load = 3x0.6
= 1.8KN/ m2
Self weight of sunshade =0.6x0.114x1x25
=1.71 KN/ m2
Total load (w) =3.5 KN/ m2
Design load (wu) = 5.3 KN/ m2
TOTAL DESIGN MOMENT:
Mu = wu x left/2
= 5.3 x 0.6/2
Mu = 1.59 Kn.m
d required =√ ( Mu/Qu x b)
=(1.59 x 106/ (2.759 x 1000))
= 24 mm
Effective depth provide 95> 24 mm

44
Hence ok
TO FIND Ast:
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x dx [1-(fy x Ast) / (fCK x b x d)]
1.59 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 95 (1 – (415 x Ast)/ (20 x 1000 x 95)
Ast = 535 mm2
Ast(min) = 0.12/100xbxD
= 0.12/100x1000x114
= 140 mm2
SPACING OF 8 MM OF BARS:
1)Sv = (Ast x b) / (Ast(max))
= (50.24 x 1000 / (535))
Sv =93.5mm say 100mm
2) 3d =3 x 95
=285 mm
3) 300 mm
Provided 8 mm dia of bars @ 100mm c/c
Sv =(Ast x b) / (Ast(min))
= (50.24 x 1000 / (140))
Sv = 201.1 mm say 202 mm
1) 5d = 5 x95
= 475 mm
2)300min
Provided 8 mm dia of bars @ 202mm c/c

CHECK FOR SHEAR:

Nominal shear force (Vu) = 5.3 KN
Nominal shear

45
stress (τ v) = Vu/bd
= (5.3x 103/(1000 x 95))
= 0.05 6N/mm2
τ v < 0.86 τ
0.056<0.58x2.8
0.056<2.38
Hence safe

46
 CONCULUSION

The plan and elevation of the residential building are drawn by using
AutoCAD. The building has been designed as manual design of limit state
method as per IS: 456-2000. From this design project we have a clear idea about
planning and designing of a various components of structures.
The slabs are designed as two way slab, the columns are designed as short
column and the footing is designed as isolated square footing. The
reinforcement details of all the structural components of the residential building
are shown clearly in the drawings.

47
 REFERNCES

1. “B.C.Punmia”, “Reinforced Concrete Structures”, Standard Publishers

and Distributors, New Delhi 1991
2. “N.Krishna Raju”, “Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures”, CBS
Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
3. “P.C.Varghese”, Limit State Design of Concrete Structures”, Prentice-
Hall of India Pvt. Ldt, New Delhi.
4. IS 875 (Part-I) – 1987, Code of practice for Design of loads for buildings.
5. IS 456-2000, Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice.
6. SP 16, Designs aids for Reinforced Concrete.

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