Slide 1 ___________________________________

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
& ___________________________________
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
by
Carlos M. Villaraza, FASEP ___________________________________

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EMAIL: carlos.villaraza@geoseedphil.com

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Slide 2 ___________________________________
What are Building Codes?

• Building codes are sets of regulations governing ___________________________________

the design, construction, alteration and
maintenance of structures.

• They specify the minimum requirements to

adequately safeguard the health, safety and
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welfare of building occupants.

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Slide 3 ___________________________________

BASIC ___________________________________
EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERING ___________________________________

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Slide 4 ___________________________________

PRACTICAL ___________________________________
GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING
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Segment of the Philippine Fault Traversing Leyte

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Slide 5 Subsurface Explorations & Sampling ___________________________________

Objective: to obtain sufficient data for selection
of types, locations, and dimensions
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1. Type and Spacing of Explorations
2. Depth of Explorations
Major Factors:
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• magnitude and distribution of the load
• the nature of the subsurface conditions
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• potential for liquefaction of the site

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Slide 6 ___________________________________
Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations

Foremost requirements :
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* adequate depth

* tolerable settlements
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* safety against failure.

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Slide 7 ___________________________________
Influence of Groundwater Table

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The position of the groundwater table may have a
significant effect on bearing capacity of shallow
foundations especially in soil liquefaction analysis.
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Slide 8 ___________________________________
LIQUEFACTION
• development of high
pore water pressures
due to ground shaking
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and upward flow of
water turning sand into
a liquefied condition.
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• CAN CAUSE ground
surface settlement or
bearing capacity failure
of foundation. ___________________________________
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Slide 9 M = 7.5 NIIGATA, JAPAN, ___________________________________

EARTHQUAKE
(June 16, 1964)

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Tilting of apartment buildings
in Niigata, due to liquefaction
of the soil.
Decks of Showa Bridge ___________________________________
falling off its piers.

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Slide 10 ___________________________________
Bearing Capacity Based on Building Codes
(Presumptive Pressure)

• Some local building code stipulates values of

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allowable soil pressure usually based on
experience.

• do not reflect the depth of footing, location of

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water table, or potential settlement.

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Slide 11 ___________________________________
Settlement

Soil settlement computations are only best

estimates of the deformation to expect when
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the future load is applied.

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Slide 12 ___________________________________
Usual classification:

Immediate - will take place as the load is applied. ___________________________________

Consolidation - that are time-dependent and
taking months or years to develop.
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Slide 13 ___________________________________
Choice of Safety Factor

The assessment of adequate safety of a ___________________________________

component of a structure should consider :

1. serviceability and economy of the structure

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2. probability and consequences of failure

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Slide 14 Values of Customary Safety Factors

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Failure Foundation Safety
Mode Type Factor ___________________________________
Spread
Shear 2–3
Footing

Shear
Mat
Foundation
1.7 – 2.5 ___________________________________
Shear Uplift 1.7 – 2.5

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* Joseph E. Bowles. Foundation Analysis and Design, (Singapore,1988), p. 232.

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Slide 15 ___________________________________

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SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT

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Slide 16 ___________________________________
Scope of Investigation for GEOTECHNICAL
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
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1. The screening investigation

2. The quantitative evaluation of the

seismic hazard ___________________________________

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Slide 17 Screening Investigation

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1. Preliminary design information

2. History of prior site development ___________________________________
3. Seismic history of the area
4. Aerial photographs and geologic maps
5. Special study maps
6. Topographic maps ___________________________________
7. Building codes or other regulatory
specifications

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Slide 18 ___________________________________
Quantitative Evaluation

1. Geologic mapping
2. Subsurface exploration ___________________________________
3. Laboratory testing
4. Engineering and geologic analyses
5. Report preparation
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Slide 19 ___________________________________

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Slide 20 Objective of the NSCP seismic requirements: ___________________________________

1. resist minor earthquakes without damage;

2. resist moderate earthquakes with limited ___________________________________

structural and non-structural damage;

3. resist major earthquakes with significant damage

to structural and non-structural elements, but ___________________________________
with limited risk to life-safety;

4. resist the most severe levels of earthquake

ground motion ever likely to effect a site, without
collapse.
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Slide 21 EVOLUTION OF SEISMIC BASE SHEAR ___________________________________

V = 0.1 W 1920’s
V = ZKCW 1966
V = ZKCSW 1976 ___________________________________
V = ZIC W 1994
RW
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C I
V = v W 2001 - 2015
RT ___________________________________

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Slide 22 ___________________________________

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SEISMIC MAP 1977 SEISMIC MAP 1992 - 2015

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Slide 23 ___________________________________

NSCP 2010 ___________________________________

CMV MODEL

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Horizontal spectral acceleration for Christchurch Hospital (8 km epicentral distance)

from Sept 4 and Feb 22 events compared with NZS 1170.5 elastic design spectra
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for Christchurch (Elwood, ground motion data from GeoNet).

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Slide 24 OCCUPANCY
CATEGORY
OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTION OF STRUCTURE
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• Fire and police stations,
• Aviation control towers,
• Structures and equipment in ___________________________________
communication centers,
I • Facilities for standby power-generating
equipment for Category I structures,
Essential
Facilities
• Tanks or other structures containing
housing or supporting water or other ___________________________________
fire-suppression material School
buildings of more than one story.
• Hospitals
• Designated evacuation centers
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Slide 25 ___________________________________
OCCUPANCY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTION OF
CATEGORY STRUCTURE

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• Occupancies and structures therein
II housing or supporting toxic or
explosive chemicals or substances,
Hazardous • Non-building structures storing,
supporting or containing quantities ___________________________________
Facilities of toxic or explosive substances.

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Slide 26 OCCUPANCY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTION OF ___________________________________

CATEGORY STRUCTURE

• Single-story school buildings

III • Buildings with an assembly room ___________________________________
• Educational buildings with a capacity
of 300 or more students,
Special • Buildings used for college or adult
Occupancy education
• Institutional buildings with 50 or ___________________________________
Structures more incapacitated patients
• Mental hospitals, sanitariums, jails,
prison
• All structures with an occupancy
5,000 or more persons.
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Slide 27 OCCUPANCY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTION OF ___________________________________

CATEGORY STRUCTURE
IV
All structures housing occupancies or
Standard
having functions not listed in ___________________________________
Category I, II or III above and Category
Occupancy V below.
Structures
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V
Private garages, carports, sheds and
Miscellaneous fences over 1.5 m high.
Structures ___________________________________
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Slide 28 Table 208-1 - Seismic Importance Factors ___________________________________
Seismic Seismic
Occupancy
Importance Importance 2
Category 1
Factor, I Factor, Ip
I. Essential
Facilities3
1.50 1.50 ___________________________________
II. Hazardous
Facilities
1.25 1.50
III. Special
Occupancy
Structures4
1.00 1.00 ___________________________________
IV. Standard
Occupancy 1.00 1.00
Structures4
V. Micellaneous
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Structures
1.00 1.00 28

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Slide 29 Soil
Soil Profile
Average Soil Properties For Top 30 m Of
Soil Profile ___________________________________
Profile Shear Wave SPT, N Undrained
Description
Type Velocity, Vs (blows / 300 Shear
(m/s) mm) Strength
SA Hard Rock > 1,500 ___________________________________
SB Rock 760 to 1,500
Very Dense
SC Soil ad Soft 360 to 760 > 50 > 100 kpa
Rock ___________________________________
Stiff Soil
SD Profile
180 to 360 15 to 50 50 to 100

Soft Soil
SE1 < 180 < 15 < 50 kpa
Profile
Soil Requiring Site-specific Evaluation.
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SF See Section 208.4.3.1 29

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Slide 30 ___________________________________
ZONE 2 4
Z 0.20 0.40 ___________________________________
Table 208-3 Seismic Zone Factor Z
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Slide 31 ___________________________________
Closest Distance To
Seismic Known Seismic Source2
Source
Type  2 km  5 km  10 km ___________________________________
A 1.5 1.2 1.0
B 1.3 1.0 1.0 ___________________________________
C 1.0 1.0 1.0

Table 208-4 Near-Source Factor Na ___________________________________

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Slide 32 ___________________________________
Seismic Closest Distance To
Source Known Seismic Source2
Type  2 km 5 km 10 km  15 km ___________________________________
A 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.0
B 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 ___________________________________
Table 208-5 Near-Source Factor, Nv
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Slide 33 Seismic
Seismic Source Description
Seismic Source
Definition ___________________________________
Source Type Maximum Moment
Magnitude, M
Faults capable of producing
A
large magnitude events and
having a high rate of seismic
M  7.0  8.4 ___________________________________
activity
All faults other than Types A
B 6.5 ≤ M < 7.0
and C
Faults not capable of
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producing large magnitude
C earthquakes and having low
M < 6.5
rate of seismic activity
1 Subduction sources shall be evaluated on a site-specific basis. ___________________________________
Table 208-6 - Seismic Source Types

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Slide 34 ___________________________________
Seismic Zone Factor, Z
Soil Profile type
Z = 0.2 Z = 0.4
SA 0.16 0.32Na ___________________________________
SB 0.20 0.40Na
SC 0.24 0.40Na
SD 0.28 0.44Na
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SE 0.34 0.44Na
SF See Footnote 1 of Table 208-8

Table 208-7 - Seismic Coefficient, Ca ___________________________________

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Slide 35 Seismic Zone Factor, Z ___________________________________

Soil Profile type
Z = 0.2 Z = 0.4

SA 0.16 0.32NV
SB 0.20 0.40NV ___________________________________
SC 0.32 0.56NV
SD 0.40 0.64NV
SE 0.64 0.96NV ___________________________________
SF See Footnote 1
1. Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic response
analysis shall be performed to determine seismic coefficients.
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Table 208-8 - Seismic Coefficient, Cv

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Slide 36 ___________________________________

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SOILS & BUILDING DYNAMICS

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Slide 37 F = ma
F = ma F = ma
+ cv
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+ kd
+ kd

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Slide 38 ___________________________________

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Soil profile type:
• The soil layers beneath a structure effects the way that structure
responds to the earthquake motion.
• When period of vibration of the building is close to the period of
vibration of the underlying soil, the bedrock motion is amplified.
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Slide 39 ___________________________________

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Typical Characteristic of a Response Spectra. ___________________________________

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Slide 40 Determination of Peak Ground Acceleration ___________________________________
• Historical earthquake

• Code or other regulatory requirements

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• Maximum credible earthquake [LEVEL 2]
Other terms used are safe shutdown earthquake, maximum capable earthquake,
maximum design earthquake, contingency level earthquake, safe level earthquake,
credible design earthquake, and contingency design earthquake.
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• Maximum probable earthquake [LEVEL 1]
Other terms used are operating basis earthquake, operating level earthquake,
probable design earthquake, and strength level earthquake.

• PHIVOLCS Hazard Map (PEM 2017) ___________________________________

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Slide 41 ___________________________________

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Slide 42 ___________________________________
V= UBC 94 BASE SHEAR

Zone
0
Z ___________________________________
Type Brief Description S 1
S1 Rock 1.0 2A
S2 Stiff soil > 200' 1.2 2B .20
S3 Soft-to-medium 1.5 3 ___________________________________
S4 > 40' soft clay 2.0 4 .40
*W/O sufficient geotechnical investigation, use S3.

'94 UBC Table 16-N:

Rw = 4 (light steel frame bearing walls with tension bracing)
Rw = 12 (special SMRFS of steel or concrete)
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Slide 43 ___________________________________

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UBC 94 RESPONSE SPECTRUM ___________________________________

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Slide 44 ___________________________________
V= UBC 94 BASE SHEAR

(
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and V= W
W ___________________________________
UBC 97 BASE SHEAR

Ca and Cv - seismic dynamic response spectrum values.

Accounts for how the building and soil can amplify
the basic ground acceleration or velocity.
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Slide 45 ___________________________________

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Slide 46 11.2 DEFINITIONS ___________________________________
ACTIVE FAULT: A fault determined to be active by the authority
having jurisdiction from properly substantiated data (e.g., most recent
mapping of active faults by the United States Geological Survey).
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CHARACTERISTIC EARTHQUAKE: An earthquake assessed for
an active fault having a magnitude equal to the best estimate of the
maximum magnitude capable of occurring on the fault, but not less than
the largest magnitude that has occurred historically on the fault.

DESIGN EARTHQUAKE: The earthquake effects that are two-

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thirds of the corresponding Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCEg)
effects.

DESIGN EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION: The

earthquake ground motions that are two-thirds of the corresponding MCEg
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ground motions.

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Slide 47 MAXIMUM CONSIDERED EARTHQUAKE (MCE) ___________________________________

GROUND MOTION: The most severe earthquake effects considered
by this standard more specifically defined in the following two terms:

1. MAXIMUM CONSIDERED EARTHQUAKE GEOMETRIC

MEAN (MCEG) PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION: The
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most severe earthquake effects considered by this standard determined
for geometric mean peak ground acceleration and without adjustment
for targeted risk.

2. RISK-TARGETED MAXIMUM CONSIDERED ___________________________________

EARTHQUAKE (MCEg) GROUND MOTION
RESPONSE ACCELERATION: The most severe earthquake
effects considered by this standard determined for the orientation that
results in the largest maximum response to horizontal ground motions
and with adjustment for targeted risk.
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Slide 48 11.3 SYMBOLS

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E = effect of horizontal and vertical earthquake-induced forces
Fa = short-period site coefficient (at 2 s-period)
FPGA = site coefficient for PGA
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Fv = long-period site coefficient (at s-period)
PGA = mapped MCEG peak ground acceleration
PGAM = MCEG peak ground acceleration adjusted for Site Class effects
R = response modification coefficient
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SS = mapped MCER, 5% damped, spectral response acceleration at
short periods
S1 = mapped MCER, 5% damped, spectral response acceleration at a
period of 1 s ___________________________________

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Slide 49 ___________________________________
SaM = the site-specific MCER spectral response acceleration at any
period
SDS = design, 5% damped, spectral response acceleration at short
periods
SD1 = design, 5% damped, spectral response acceleration at a period ___________________________________
of 1 s
SMS = the MCER, 5% damped, spectral response acceleration at
short periods adjusted for site class effects

SM1 = the MCER, 5% damped, spectral response acceleration at a

period of 1 s adjusted for site class effects
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T = the fundamental period of the building
TL = long-period transition period as defined in Section 45

vs = shear wave velocity at small shear strains

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Slide 50 ___________________________________
4 3 Site Coefficients and Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered
Earthquake (MCER) Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters

The MCER spectral response acceleration parameter for short periods (SMS)
and at 1 s (SM1), adjusted for Site Class effects, shall be determined by Eqs.
11.4-1 and 11.4-2, respectively.
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SMS = FaSS (11.4-1)

where
SM1 = FvS1 (11.4-2) ___________________________________
SS = the mapped MCER SRA at short periods per Section 11.4.1.
S1 = the mapped MCER SRA at a period of 1 s per Section 11.4.1.

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Slide 51 ___________________________________

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51

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Slide 52 ___________________________________
11.4.4 Design Spectral Acceleration Parameters

Design earthquake spectral response acceleration parameter at

short period, SDS, and at 1 s period, SD1, shall be determined from
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Eqs. 11.4-3 and 11.4-4, respectively.

SDS = SMS (11.4-3)

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SD1 = SM1 (11.4-4)

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Slide 53 ___________________________________

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Acceleration response spectrum for the 1940 Imperial Valley earthquake. ___________________________________

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Slide 54 ___________________________________

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SDS – short-period design response acceleration, in units of percent g
SD1 – one-second period design response acceleration, in units of percent g
Ts – transition period from constant response acceleration to constant response
velocity, in units of seconds
TL - transition period from constant response velocity to constant response
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displacement, in units of seconds

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Slide 55 ___________________________________
21.5 MAXIMUM CONSIDERED EARTHQUAKE
GEOMETRIC MEAN (MCEG) PEAK GROUND
ACCELERATION: ___________________________________
• The most severe earthquake effects considered without
adjustment for targeted risk.

• The MCEG peak ground acceleration adjusted for site effects

(PGAM) is used for evaluation of liquefaction, lateral spreading,
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seismic settlements, and other soil related issues.

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Slide 56 ___________________________________

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RSA Comparison: ASCE 7-98/7-05/7-10 & ___________________________________

NSCP 2010/CMV MODEL

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Slide 57 ___________________________________

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EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS ON BRIDGES

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Slide 58 TIME SERIES OF THE M7.2 BOHOL EARTHQUAKE ___________________________________

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Time series (horizontal) of the M7.2 Bohol earthquake.
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Time series (vertical) of the M7.2 Bohol earthquake. ___________________________________

(Source: PHIVOLCS)

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Slide 59 EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS ON A BRIDGE

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BRIDGE DECK

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L = 10 m

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PILE SUPPORTS

Bridge Schematic
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Slide 60 ___________________________________
EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS ON A BRIDGE

Table 1. Seismic parameters

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Slide 61 DISPLACEMENT SPECTRUM
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Displacement Spectra of the model.

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Slide 62 ACTUAL DISPLACEMENT ___________________________________

at the PHIVOLCS STATION in Tagbilaran City

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Actual ground displacement (horizontal) recorded.
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Actual ground displacement (vertical) recorded. ___________________________________

(Source: PHIVOLCS)

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Slide 63 ___________________________________
:

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Computed Design response Spectrum

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Slide 64 DISPLACEMENT SPECTRUM
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Computed Design Displacement Spectrum

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Slide 65 COMPARISON OF DISPLACEMENT SPECTRA

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Design vs. Actual Displacement Spectrum

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Slide 66 ___________________________________

THANK YOU !
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