Instrumentation & Control

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  Temperature can be described as the
property of an object that describes its
hotness and coldness.
 A condition of a body by virtue of which
heat is transferred to or from other
bodies.
 Heat transfer takes place to equalize the
temperature of two connected systems.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  The law that is used in temperature
measurement is known as zeroth law of
thermodynamics.
 This law states:
“If two systems are in thermal
equilibrium with a third system then they
all are also in thermal equilibrium with
each other.”

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  Temperature scales in common use are
Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales.

K = 0C + 273.15

0F = (1.8) 0C + 32

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  A liquid in glass thermometer measures
temperature by virtue of the thermal
expansion of a liquid.
 These thermometers are used for
temperature measurements from -200 to
750 0C. They are contact type
thermometers.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  This thermometer consists of a glass bulb (1), which is
connected with a glass capillary tube (2).

 A scale (3) in degree Celsius or Fahrenheit is placed behind the

capillary tube.

 The bulb, capillary tube and the scale are placed in a glass tube
(4) to protect them against the damage.

 A thermometric liquid (5) fills the bulb and a part of the capillary
tube.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  Advantages
 They are simple in design.
 They are relatively highly accurate in
temperature measurement.
 Disadvantages
 They are delicate and can be easily break.
 Low visibility of the scale
 Not capable of distance transmission of a
measuring signal
 Impossible to repair
 High values of time lag

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  This device consists of strips of two
different metals A and B, bonded together.
 The physical phenomena employed in a
bimetallic temperature sensor is the
differential thermal expansion of two metals.
 When temperature changes the composite
strip bends into a curved strip with the
higher coefficient metal on the outside of the
curve

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  The figure shows the
construction and response
of bimetallic sensor to an
input signal.
 Iron-nickel alloy is often
used as one of the metals
as low expansion metal to
increase sensitivity.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  A plain bimetallic strip is
somewhat insensitive, but the
sensitivity is improved by
using a longer strip in helix
format as shown in figure.

 One end of the helix is

attached to the casing and
the other end which is free is
connected to the pointer
which sweeps over circular
dial graduated in degrees of
temperature.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  Bimetallic strips are usually
employed in the range of -30 0C
to 550 0C.
 Inaccuracies of the order of 0.5
to 0.7 % of full scale deflection.
 Bimetal elements find a wide
range of applications, mainly of
the On-Off type (thermostats) in
domestic oven, electric iron,
refrigerators.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  Advantages
 They are low in cost.
 Stable operation over extended period of
time
 No maintenance expenses.
 Disadvantages
 The main disadvantage is the inability to
measure rapidly changing temperatures due
to its high thermal inertia.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  Based on the principle of fluid expansion
due to an increase in the pressure in a
given volume of the temperature
measuring system.
 As the temperature rise, the pressure of
the gas changes and push the mercury
in the vertical column to rise to the
height ‘h’ which can be calibrated in
terms of temperature

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  Figure illustrates a
simple constant volume
gas thermometer.
 This apparatus is
fragile, difficult to use
and restricted to the
laboratory.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  It has a relatively large metal bulb (often
stainless steel) instead of a glass.
 The necessary parts are bulb, tube,
pressure sensing gauge and some sort
of filling medium.
 Pressure thermometer are
 Liquid filled
 Gas filled
 Vapor filled

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  The principle of resistance temperature
detectors (RTD) is based on the variation
of electrical resistance of metals with
temperature.
 For this purpose several metals are used,
namely platinum, copper, nickel. When
temperature increases the resistance of
these metals increases. Temperature
function of resistance for metals in a
narrow temperature interval can be
expressed by a relationship:
R = R0 [1 + a(T - T0]

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  For metals this coefficient is
positive. Relationship
between resistance of
nickel, platinum and copper
RTD and temperature.

 Platinum RTDs are used for

temperature measurements
from -220 to 850 C, copper
RTD- from -50 to 150 C and
Nickel RTD- from -215 to
320 C.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  Figure below shows the assembly of
RTD.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  Sensitive elements of RTDs are made of a thin wire
(1) with outside diameter equal to 0.025 mm
(platinum RTD) and 0.1mm (copper RTD) double
wounded (non-inductive) on a porcelain stem (2).
 For mechanical strength the sensitive element is
placed in the ceramic insulator tube (3) filled by
extreme fine granular powder: extension wires are
placed in the ceramic insulator (4), and entire
assemble is covered by a protective sheath of
stainless steel (5).
 The space between the sheath and ceramic insulator
is filled by ceramic packaging powder (6).

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  To avoid contact of sensitive element with
environment, sensitive assembly is protected
by high-temperature hermetic seal (7).
 The contact between the wire of the sensitive
element and the ceramic encapsulation
permits a rapid speed of response.
 For measurements of resistance of RTDs
several methods are used.
 Among them the most widely used is a method
employing a Wheatstone bridge.
 In this case RTD is connected to the bridge by
two connecting cables (conductors).

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  If semiconductors or heat-treated metallic oxides
(oxides of cobalt, copper, iron, tin, titanium, etc) are
used as the materials for producing temperature
sensitive elements, then these temperature
transducers are called thermistors (the name is
derived from the term of ‘thermally sensitive
resistor’).
 These oxides are compressed into the shape from
the specially formulated powder. After that, the
oxides are heat-treated to recrystallise them.
 As the result of this treatment the ceramic body
becomes dense. The lead-wires are then attached to
this sensor for maintaining electrical contact.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  The size can range from extremely small
bead, thin disc, thin chip or wafer to a
large sized rod as shown below:

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  The figure shows relationship between
temperature and resistance for a
thermistor:

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  Thermistors have negative thermal
coefficient of electrical resistance. When
temperature increases the electrical
resistance of thermistor decreases.
 They have a greater resistance change
compared with RTDs in a given
temperature range.
 Operating range of thermistor lies
between -100 and 300 C
 Fairly low cost and high sensitivity.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  A thermocouple consists of two electrical
conductors that are made of dissimilar
metals and have at least one electrical
connection.
 If T1 and T2 are different, a finite open
circuit electrical potential, emf, will be
measured

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  Thermocouple behavior can be
explained by three effects:
 Seedbeck Effect: dissimilar metal junction
produces an emf
 Peltier Effect: a current through the junction
also induces an emf
 Thomson effect: Temperature gradient along
a conductor also induces an emf
(Thermoelectric Effect)

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
  The output of thermocouple circuit is a
voltage and there is a definite
relationship between this voltage and
the temperatures of the junctions that
made up the thermocouple circuit.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus