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The main difficulty in this process lies in the fact that, if side reactions are to be
avoided , the two acids can be obtained only in dilute solution in the second
stage, and are difficult to separate even on the laboratory stage.
The difficulties associated with this process have led in recent years to numerous
investigations and suggestions for modifying the process.
Mostly a gaseous mixture of CO and Hydrogen is formed in the first stage, in the
production of hydrogen by using a fossil fuel.
This is popular method of hydrogen production through which about 94%
hydrogen is produced by following different processes-
1. Steam reforming of gas
2. Partial oxidation of heavier hydro carbon.
3. Coal gasification
4. Pyrolysis
5. Biomass gasification
To remove the CO, the mixture is submitted to the water gas shift reaction with
steam. The CO is therefore converted into CO2 with the formation of additional
hydrogen and energy.
Hydrogen Production by the Iron Process.
Fe + H2O FeO + H2
Steam Gasification Process and Its application
Gas Generators for Present Day Industrial Coal Gasification
Hydrogen production from solar energy there is two methods are considered –
1. Bio photolysis and
2. Photo Electrolysis.
Bio photolysis:
This method utilizes living systems (or material derived from such systems) to
split water into its constituents hydrogen and oxygen.
In normal photosynthesis in green plants the green plants the green pigment
chlorophyll takes of the energy from sunlight and in a complex series of
reactions breaks up water molecules into oxygen gas, hydrogen ions and
electrons.
The oxygen is evolved from the green plant, but the hydrogen ions and electrons
are removed by interaction with carbon dioxide (from the air) to produce simple
sugars.
Certain single cell green/ blue green algea are able to make enzyme
hydrogenase. They decompose water in sunlight to yield hydrogen and oxygen.
Instead of using living algae to obtain hydrogen from water, a more convenient
approach is to utilize biological materials obtained from plants or bacteria. One
advantage is the ability to vary the conditions to optimize hydrogen production.
An ultimate objective of research on the decomposition of water by sunlight is the
efficient simulation of biological processes without using biological materials.
Photo Electrolysis:
HYBRIDE ELECTROLYSIS
The need for storage is due to the almost inevitable mismatch between the
optimum production rate of the energy and the fluctuation in demand for
energy by the users.
In the electric energy system storage, presents considerable difficulty because
electricity itself is not readily storable.
One of the advantages often claimed for a hydrogen energy systems is that
hydrogen is storable. However, it must be realized that storage of hydrogen is
not an easy problem compared with storage of liquids fuels such as gasoline or
oil. It is only when it is compared with electricity that storage of energy as
hydrogen seems relatively easy.
Liquid Storage:
A more practical approach is to store the hydrogen as liquid at a low
temperature.
Liquid hydrogen boils at -253˚C and therefore must be maintained at or below
this temperature in storage.
It is commonly regarded as necessary to use vacuum- insulated storage vessels
and super insulated vessels.
A problem concerning storage of liquid hydrogen is the considerable amount of
energy required to convert hydrogen gas into the liquid phase.
To maintain the temperature at such a low limit some kind of primary
refrigeration, such as a liquid nitrogen plant, to precool hydrogen. The net result
is that about 25-30% of the heating value of hydrogen is required to liquefy
hydrogen.
Line Packing:
The use of line pack storage in the natural gas industry provides a relatively small
capacity storage system, but one with a very fast response time that can take
care of minute by minute or hour by hour variations in demand.
A hydrogen transmission and distribution system running on hydrogen would
have a similar capability.
Underground Storage:
The cheapest way to store large amounts of hydrogen for subsequent
distribution would probably be in underground facilities similar to those used for
natural gas; these facilities would include depleted oil and gas reservoirs.
More expensive alternatives would be caverns produced by conventional mining
or by dissolving out salt with water.
Since hydrogen gas tends to escape readily through a porous material, some
geologic formations that may be suitable for storing natural gas may not be
suitable for hydrogen.
Road Vehicles:
The use of hydrogen as a fuel in I.C. Engines has attracted interest as a means of
conserving petroleum products and of reducing atmospheric pollution.
Because of fuel as a gas, the conventional carburetor of a S.I Engine must be
modified for use with hydrogen.
The hydrogen gas under pressure is injected through a valve directly into the
engine cylinder, and the air is admitted through the another intake valve. Since
they both supplied separately, an explosive mixture does not occur except in the
cylinder.
The engine power output is controlled by varying the pressure of hydrogen gas .
The hydrogen is required to be stored as a compressed gas.
Another modification arises from the high speed of the hydrogen flame in the
air; this require that ignition time be retarded compared to gasoline engine.
They can utilize a higher proportion of the energy in the fuel than gasoline
engine.
The amount of CO and hydrocarbons in the exhaust would be very small since
they would originate only from the cylinder lubricating oil.
However the nitrogen oxides level due to high combustion temperature may be
high, it may be reduced by reducing the combustion temperature by injecting
water vapour into cylinder from the exhaust .
The other way to utilised hydrogen as a fuel is thee use of fuel cells. Electricity
generated by the fuel cells could be utilized to operate electric motors to propel
the vehicles.
For vehicles the storage of hydrogen can be as compressed gas, liquid and metal
hydrides.