2010IASCoordination PDF

Overcurrent Protection &
Coordination for Industrial

Applications
Doug Durand, P.E.

Dominik Pieniazek, P.E.
2010 Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting - Houston, TX

October 3-7, 2010
Slide 1
2
Agenda
▫ Introduction
▫ Using Log-Log Paper & TCCs ▫ f
Transformer Overcurrent
O Protection
▫ Motor Overcurrent Protection
▫ Types of Fault Current
▫ Conductor Overcurrent Protection
▫ Protective Devices & Characteristic ▫ Generator Overcurrent Protection
Curves
▫ Coordinating a System
▫ Coordination Time Intervals (CTIs) ▫ Supplemental Material
▫ Effect of Fault Current Variations ▫ Coordination Quizzes
▫ Multiple Source Buses ▫ Hands-On Demonstration
▫ Partial Differential Relaying ▫ References
▫ Directional Overcurrent Coordination
Overcurrent Coordination for Industrial Applications IEEE IAS 2010 - Copyright: IEEE
Slide 2
I t d ti
Introduction
Slide 3
4
Protection Objectives
• Personnel Safety
Slide 4
5
• Equipment Protection
Slide 5
6
• Service Continuity & Selective Fault Isolation

13.8 kV
• Faults should be quickly detected and

cleared with a minimum disruption of
13.8 kV/480 V
2.5 MVA
service.
5.75%
• Protective devices perform this

480 V
function and must be adequately
specified and coordinated.
• p
Errors in either specification or setting
g
can cause nuisance outages.
Slide 6
7
Types of Protection
Protective devices can provide the following assortment of protection, many

of which can be coordinated. We’ll focus primarily on the last one,
overcurrent
overcurrent.
•Distance
•High-Impedance
Hi h I d Differential
Diff ti l
•Current Differential
•Under/Overfrequency
•Under/Overvoltage
•Over Temperature
•Overload
Overload
•Overcurrent
Slide 7
8
Coordinating Overcurrent Devices
• Tools of the trade “in the good old days…”
Slide 8
9
Slide 9
10
Slide 10
11
Slide 11
12
Slide 12
13
• Tools of the trade today…
Slide 13
U i Log-Log
Using L L Paper
P & TCCs
TCC
Slide 14
15
Log-Log Plots
Ti
Time-Current
C t Characteristic
Ch t i ti C Curve (TCC)
1000
effectively
steady state Why log-log paper?
100
1 minute I2t withstand
curves plot as
straight lines
• Log-Log scale compresses
values to a more manageable
Time In Secondss
10
typical motor range.
acceleration
1 • I2t withstand curves plot as

typical fault straight lines.
clearing
0.1 5 cycles
(
(interrupting)
)
FLC = 1 pu Fs = 13.9 pu Fp = 577 pu
1 cycle
(momentary)
0.01
0.5 1 10 100` 1000 10000
Current in Amperes
Slide 15
16
Plotting A Curve
5000
000 hp Motor TCC
CC
1000
FLC = 598.9 A
13.8 kV
100
13.8/4.16 kV
10 MVA
Time IIn Secondss
10 6.5%
Accel. Time = 2 s
4.16 kV
1
0.1 M
4 kV 5000 hp
90% PF, 96% η, 598.9 A
LRC = 3593.5 A 3593.5 LRC, 2 s start
0.01
0.5 1 10 100` 1000 10000
Current in Amperes
Slide 16
17
Plotting Fault Current & Scale

Adjustment
5000 hp Motor TCC with Fault on Motor Terminal
1000
13.8 kV
FLC = 598.9 A
100
13.8/4.16 kV
10 MVA
6.5%
Time In Seconds
10
Accel. Time = 2 s
4.16 kV
1 15 kA
0.1 4 kV 5000 hp
90% PF, 96% η, 598.9 A
3593.5 LRC, 2 s start
LRC = 3593.5 A 15 kA
0.01
0 01
0.5 1 10 100` 1000 10000
Overcurrent Coordination for Industrial Applications

Current in Amperes x 10 A IEEE IAS 2010 - Copyright: IEEE
Slide 17
18
Voltage Scales
5000
000 hp Motor TCC
CC with Fault on Transformer
f Primary
45 kA @ 13.8 kV 1000
13.8 kV
= ? @ 4.16 kV
= (45 x 13.8/4.16) 100
45 kA
= 149.3 kA @ 4.16 kV 13.8/4.16 kV
10 MVA
6.5%
Time IIn Secondss
10
4.16 kV
1 15 kA
M
4 kV 5000 hp
0.1
90% PF
PF, 96% η, 598.9
598 9 A
3593.5 LRC, 2 s start
15 kA 149.3 kA
0.01
0.5 1 10 100` 1000 10000
Current in Amperes x 100
10 AA @ 4.16 kV
Slide 18
T
Types off Fault
F lt Currents
C t
Slide 19
20
Fault Current Options

Crest/Peak
Current
Interrupting/Breaking
Momentary
Initial Symmetrical
ANSI IEC
• Momentary Symmetrical • Initial Symmetrical (Ik’’)
• Momentary Asymmetrical • Peak (Ip)
• Momentary Crest • Breaking (Ib)
• Interrupting Symmetrical • Asymmetrical Breaking (Ib,asym)
• Adjusted Interrupting Symmetrical
Slide 20
21
Fault Current Options

Crest/Peak
Current
Interrupting/Breaking
Momentary
Initial Symmetrical
• Symmetrical currents are most appropriate.

• Momentary asymmetrical should be considered when setting
instantaneous functions
functions.
• Use of duties not strictly appropriate, but okay.
• Use of momentary/initial symmetrical currents lead to conservative CTIs.
• Use of interrupting currents will lead to lower
lower, but still conservative CTIs
CTIs.
Slide 21
Protective Devices & Characteristic
Curves
Slide 22
23
Electromechanical Relays (EM)

100
IFC 53
RELAY
Very Inverse Time
Time-Current
10 Curves
NDS
TIME IN SECON
1
10
Dial
ngs
Time D
Settin
3
2
0.1 1
½
0.01
1 10 100
MULTIPLES OF PICK-UP SETTING
Slide 23
24
Electromechanical Relays
Pickup Calculation
The relay should pick-up for current
values above the motor FLC ( ~ 600 A). 4.16 kV
IFC
For the IFC53 pictured, the available 800/5
53
Set AT = 4
ampere-tap (AT) settings are 0 0.5,
5 00.6,
6
0.7, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, & 4.
M
4 kV
For this type of relay, the primary pickup 5000 hp
current was calculated as: FLC = 598.9 A
SF = 1.0
PU = CT Ratio x AT
PU = (800/5) x 3 = 480 A (too low)

= (800/5) x 4 = 640 A (107%, okay)
Slide 24
25
Electromechanical Relays
100
4.16 kV
IFC 53
RELAY
ONDS
Very Inverse Time

IFC Setting = 4 AT (640 A pickup)
Time-Current Curves 800/5
TIME IN SECO
53 TD = ??
10
10 kA
15 kA
M
1.21 4 kV
1 5000 hp
1.05 10
598.9 A, SF = 1
ettings
0.34 IFC 53 Relay Operating Times
Time Dial Se
0.30
3
2 Fault Current 15 kA 10 kA
0.1 15000/640 10000/640
1
0.08 Multiple of Pick-up
0.07 ½ = 23.4 = 15.6
Time Dial ½ 0.07 s 0.08 s
Time Dial 3 0.30 s 0.34 s
0.01 15.6 23.4 Time Dial 10 1.05 s 1.21 s
1 10 100
MULTIPLES OF PICK-UP SETTING
Slide 25
26
Solid-State Relays (SS)
Slide 26
27
Microprocessor-Based Relays
2000/5 52B
01-52B
41-SWGR-01B
41 SWGR 01B
13.8 kV
400/5 OCR F15B
01-F15B
52B
OC1
ANSI-Normal Inverse
Seconds
Pickup = 2.13 (0.05 – 20 xCT Sec)
Time Dial = 0.96
Inst = 20 (0.05 – 20 xCT Sec)
F15B Time Delay = 0.01 s
OC1
ANSI-Extremely Inverse
Pickup = 8 (0.05 – 20 xCT Sec)
Time Dial = 0.43
Inst = 20 (0.05 – 20 xCT Sec)
Time Delay = 0.02 s
52B – 3P
F15B – 3P
30 kA @ 13.8 kV
Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=13.8)

Slide 27
28
Power CBs
LT Pickup PWR MCB

3200 A
16-SWGR-02A
0 48 kV
0.48
PWR FCB
1600 A
LT Band
Power MCB
Cutler-Hammer RMS 520 Series
Sensor = 3200
Seconds
LT Pickup = 1 (3200 Amps)
LT Band = 4
ST Pickup = 2.5 (8000 Amps)
Power FCB ST Band = 0.3 (I^x)t = OUT
Cutler-Hammer RMS 520 Series
Sensor = 1200 ST Pickup
LT Pickup = 1 (1200 Amps)
LT Band = 2
ST Pickup = 4 (4500 Amps) ST Band
ST Band = 0.1 (I^x)t = OUT
Power MCB – 3P Power FCB – 3P

47.4 kA @ 0.48 kV 90.2 kA @ 0.48 kV

Slide 28
29
Insulated & Molded Case CB
Insulated Case MCB

1200 A
16-SWGR-02A
0.48 kV
Molded Case CB
250 A
Insulated Case MCB

Frame = 1250 Plug = 1200 A
Seconds
LT Pickup = Fixed (1200 A)
LT Band = Fixed
ST Pickup = 4 x (4000 A)
ST Band = Fixed (I^2)t = IN
Override = 14000 A
Molded Case CB
HKD
Size = 250 A
Terminal Trip = Fixed
Magnetic Trip = 10
Fault current
< Inst. Override
Insulated Case MCB

11 kA @ 0.48 kV

Slide 29
30
Insulated & Molded Case CB
Insulated Case MCB

1200 A
16-SWGR-02A
16 SWGR 02A
0.48 kV
Molded Case CB
250 A
Insulated Case MCB

Frame = 1250 Plug = 1200 A
Seconds
LT Pickup = Fixed (1200 A)
LT Band = Fixed
ST Pickup = 4 x (4000 A)
ST Band = Fixed (I^2)t = IN
Override = 14000 A
Molded Case CB
HKD
Size = 250 A
Terminal Trip = Fixed
Magnetic Trip = 10
Fault current
> Inst. Override
Insulated Case MCB

42 kA @ 0.48 kV

Slide 30
31
Power Fuses
MCC 1
4.16 kV
Mtr Fuse
Mtr Fuse
JCL (2/03)
Standard 5.08 kV
5R
Seconds
Total
T t l
Clearing
Minimum
Melting
Mtr Fuse
15 kA @
4.16 kV
Amps X 10 (Plot Ref. kV=4.16 kV)

Slide 31
C
Coordination
di ti Time
Ti Intervals
I t l (CTIs)
(CTI )
Slide 32
33
Coordination Time Intervals (CTIs)
The CTI is the amount of time allowed between a

primary device and its upstream backup.
When two such

de ices are
devices
Backup devices wait for sufficient coordinated such
time to allow operation of primary that the primary
devices. Main
device “should”
operate first at all
fault levels, they are
Primary devices sense, operate Feeder “selectively”
& clear the fault first
first. coordinated
coordinated.
Slide 33
34
Coordination Time Intervals – EM
In the good old (EM) days,

Main
What typical
Wh i l CTI wouldld we
want between the feeder and
Feeder
the main breaker relays?
30 kA
Main
Seconds
It depends.
depends Feeder
?s
30 kA
Slide 34
35
On what did it depend?
Remember the TD setting?
It is continuously adjustable
and not exact.
So how do you really

know where TD = 5?
FIELD TESTING !
(not just hand set)
Slide 35
36

Plotting the field test points.
Feeder
3x (9.6 kA), 3.3 s
Seconds
“3x” means 3 times pickup
3 * 8 = 24 A (9.6 kA primary) 5x (16 kA), 1.24 s
5 * 8 = 40 A (16 kA primary)
i ) 8x (25
(25.6
6 kA)
kA), 0
0.63
63 s
8 * 8 = 64 A (25.6 kA primary)
30 kA
Slide 36
37
So now, if test points are not

provided what should the CTI Main
b ?
be?
0.4 s Feeder
30 kA
Main w/ testing
Seconds
Main w/o testing
But, if test points are provided
what should the CTI be? Feeder
0.3 s 0.3 s 0.4 s
30 kA
Slide 37
38
Where does the 0.3 s or 0.4 s come from?

1.
1 breaker
b k operating
ti titime (F d breaker)
(Feeder b k )
2. CT, relay errors (both)
3
3. disk overtravel (Main relay only) Main
Tested Hand Set Feeder
breaker 5 cycle 0.08 s 0.08 s 30 kA
Disk over travel 0.10 s 0.10 s

CT relay
CT, l errors 0 12 s
0.12 0 22 s
0.22
TOTAL 0.30 s 0.40 s
Slide 38
39

Red Book (per Section 5.7.2.1)
Components
Obviously, CTIs can be a

subjective issue.
Buff Book (taken from Tables 15-1 & 15-2)
Components Field Tested

0.08 s 0.08 s
0.10 s 0.10 s
0.17 s 0.12 s
0.35 s 0.30 s
Slide 39
40
Coordination Time Intervals

EM & SS
So, lets move forward a few years….
For a modern (static) relay what part of the Disk overtravel

margin can be dropped?
So if one of the two relays is static, we can It depends
use 0.2 s, right?
CTI = 0.3 s CTI = 0.2 s

Main (EM) Main (SS)
(because di
(b disk
k OT iis
still in play)
Feeder (SS) Feeder (EM)
Slide 40
41
Main (EM) Main (SS)
Main (EM) Main (SS)
Seconds
Feeder (SS) Feeder EM
0.3 s
0.2 s
disk OT still applicable
Main (EM) Main (SS)

30 kA @ 13.8 kV 30 kA @ 13.8 kV
Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=13.8) Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=13.8)
Slide 41
42

EM/SS with Banded Devices
OC Relay combinations with banded devices
EM Relay disk over travel √ 0.1 s

CT, relay errors √ 0.12 s
Power
Fuse Static Trip or
Molded Case
operating time x -
CTI 0.22 s
Breaker
disk over travel x -

Static Relay
CT, relay errors √ 0.12 s
Power
Fuse Static Trip or
operating time x -
0.12 s
Molded Case
Breaker CTI
Slide 42
43
CTI – EM/SS with Banded Devices
EM-Banded EM Relay SS-Banded SS Relay
PWR MCB PWR MCB
PWR MCB EM Relay PWR MCB SS Relay
Seconds
0.22 s 0.12 s
25 kA 25 kA
Slide 43
44
CTI – Banded Devices

• Banded characteristics include
tolerances & operating times.
• There is no intentional/
additional time delay needed
between two banded devices.
Seconds
• All that is required is clear

space (CS)
(CS).
Slide 44
45
CTI – Banded Devices

• Note that areas of mis-
coordination may exist even if
the TCC looks good.
• Manufacturer of banded
devices will typically not provide
data below 0.01 sec.
Possible point of mis-coordination
Slide 45
46

Summary
Buff Book (Table 15-3 – Minimum CTIsa)
Slide 46
Eff t off F
Effect Fault
lt C
Currentt V
Variations
i ti
Slide 47
48
CTI & Fault Current Magnitude

Inverse relay characteristics imply
Main
Relay Operating
Current Time Feeder
F1 = 10 kA
Main F2 = 20 kA
Seconds
For a fault current of 10 kA the
CTI is 0.2
0 2 ss.
Feeder 0.2 s
For a fault current of 20 kA the 0.06 s
CTI is 0.06 s.
Consider a main-tie-main
F1 = 10 kA F2 = 20 kA
arrangement with a N.O. tie
b k
breaker Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=13.8)
Slide 48
49
Total Bus Fault versus Branch Currents
10 kA
15 kA
1.2 kA 0.8 kA 2 kA 1 kA
M M M
• For a typical distribution bus all feeder relays will see a slightly different
maximum fault current.
• Years back, the simple approach was to use the total bus fault current as
the basis of the CTI,
CTI including main incomer
incomer.
• Using the same current for the main led to a margin of conservatism.
Slide 49
50
Total Bus Fault versus Branch Currents
10 kA
Using
g Total Bus Using Actual
Fault Current of 15 kA Maximum Relay
15 kA Current of 10 kA
Feeder Feeder
M
Main
Main
Seconds
0.8 s
0.2 s
15 kA 10 kA 15 kA
Slide 50
51
Curve Shaping
• Most modern relays include multiple

OC El
Elements.
t
• Using a definite time characteristic

(or delayed instantaneous) can
eliminate the affect of varying fault
Seconds
current levels.
0.2 s
20 kA
15 kA
10 kA
Slide 51
52
Curve Shaping – Danger of

Independent OC Units
• Many software programs include the
facility to plot integrated overcurrent
units, usually a 50/51.
• However,, the OC units of manyy

modern relays are independent and
remain active at all fault current levels.
Seconds
• Under certain setting conditions, such
as with an extremely inverse
characteristic, the intended definite 0.2 s
time delay can be undercut and higher 0.1 s
fault levels.
40 kA
20 kA
15 kA
10 kA
Slide 52
M lti l Source
Multiple S Buses
B
Slide 53
54
Multiple Source Buses
• When a bus includes multiple sources, care must be taken to not

coordinate all source relays at the total fault current.
• y should be plotted
Source relays p onlyy to their respective
p fault
currents or their “normalized” plots.
• Plotting the source curves to the total bus fault current will lead to
much larger than actual CTIs.
Slide 54
55
Plot to Full Fault 2 3 Plot to Actual

Level 12 kA 18 kA Relay Current
2 2
1 30 kA 1 1
Seconds
1.1 s
0.2 s
12 kA 30 kA 12 kA 30 kA
Slide 55
56
Curve Shifting
• Many software packages include the facility to adjust/shift the

characteristics of the source relays to line up at the bus maximum
f lt currents.
fault t
• Shifting allows relay operation to be considered on a common current

basis (primarily the max).
• The shift factor ((SF)) is calculated using:

g
2 3
SF = Bus Fault / Relay Current
12 kA 18 kA
Source Relay SF = 30/12 = 2.5
Feeder Relay SF = 30/30 = 1.0
30 kA 1
Slide 56
57
Curve Shifting
25x
2.5
Without shift factor 2 3 With shift factor relay 2

both pickups = 3000 A. 12 kA 18 kA pickup shifts to 7500 A.
1
30 kA 1 1 2
2
0.2 s Seconds 0.2 s
12 kA 30 kA 30 kA
Slide 57
58
10 kA 10 kA 5 kA
Bus A Bus B
15 kA (Fa)
10 kA (Fb)
Fa = 25 kA Fb = 25 kA
• Different fault locations cause different flows in tie.

SF(Fa) = 25 / (10 + 5) = 1.67
SF(Fb) = 25 / 10 = 2.5
• Preparing a TCC for each unique location can confirm defining case
case.
• Cases can be done for varying sources out of service & breaker logic
used to enable different setting groups.
Slide 58
P ti l Differential
Partial Diff ti l Relaying
R l i
Slide 59
60
Partial Differential (Bus O.C.)

R l i
Relaying
• Commonly used on secondary
selective systems with normally
Source 1 51A 51B Source 2 closed
l d titie b
breakers.
k
Is1+Is2 0
Ip1 Is1 Is2
Ip2
• CT wiring automatically discriminates
between faults on Bus A and Bus B.
Is2 Is2
Bus A Bus B • CT wiring ensures that main breaker

Ip2
relay sees the same current as the
Ip1+Ip2 f lt d feeder.
faulted f d
Feeder A Feeder B • 51A trips Main A & tie; 51B trips

Main B & tie.
• Eliminates need for relay on tie

breaker & saves coordination step.
Slide 60
61
Partial Differential Relaying
• Scheme works with a source or tie

breaker open.
Source 1 51A 51B Source 2
0 Is1 0 • The relay in the open source must

Ip1 Is1 0 remain in operation.
Is1 Is1 Open

• Relay metering functions can be
Bus A Bus B misleading due to CT summation
Ip1 wiring.
Ip1
• Separate metering must be provided

Feeder A Feeder B on dedicated CTs or before the
currents are summed.
Slide 61
62
Partial Differential Relaying
• Scheme will work for any

number of sources or bus ties.
Source 1 51A Source 2 51B Source 3
Is1+Is2+Is3 Ip2 0 • A dedicated relay is needed
Ip1 Is1 Is2
Ip3
Is3
for each bus section.
IIs2+
2+ Is2+
Is3 Is3
• Partial differential schemes
Bus A Bus B
Ip2+Ip3 simplify the coordination of
Ip1+Ip2+Ip3
multiple
p source buses by y
ensuring the main relay for
each bus always see the
Feeder A Feeder B
same current as the faulted
feeder.
feeder
Slide 62
Di ti
Directional
l Overcurrent
O t Relaying
R l i
Slide 63
64
Directional Current Relaying
67 67
Bus A Bus B
• Directional overcurrent (67) relays should be used on double

double-ended
ended line-ups
line ups
with normally closed ties and buses with multiple sources.
• Protection is intended to provide more sensitive and faster detection of faults
in the upstream supply system
system.
• Directional device provides backup protection to the transformer differential
protection.
Slide 64
T
Transformer
f Overcurrent
O t Protection
P t ti
Slide 65
66
Transformer Overcurrent Protection
NEC Table 450.3(A) defines overcurrent setting requirements for primary &
secondary protection pickup settings.
Slide 66
67
• C37.91 defines the ANSI

withstand protection limits.
• Withstand curve defines thermal

& mechanical limits of a
transformer experiencing a mechanical
through-fault. withstand
• Requirement to protect for thermal

mechanical damage is based on withstand
frequency of through faults &
t
transformer
f size.
i
based on 25 x FLC
transformer Z @ 2s
• Right-hand side (thermal) used
for setting primary protection.
• Left-hand side (mechanical)

used for setting secondary
protection.
Slide 67
68
Relay pickup
Primary
FLC = 2.4 MVA/(√3 x 13.8) = 100.4 A PWR-MCB
Relay PU must be ≤ 600% FLC = 602 602.4
4A
Using a relay setting of 2.0 x CT, the relay
PU = 2 x 200 = 400 A
400 / 100.4 = 398% so okay 2.4 MVA, 5.75% Z
∆-Y
∆ Y Resistor Ground
Secondary
Seconds
FLC = 2.4 MVA / (√3 x 0.48) = 2887 A
R-Primary
MCB Trip must be ≤ 250% FLC = 7217 A 13.8 kV
optional
ti l time
ti
Breaker Trip = 3200 A per bus rating R-Primary
delay settings
3200 / 2887 = 111% (okay)
13.8/0.48 kV
2.4 MVA
Time d
Ti delay
l ddepends
d on llevell off protection
t ti 5 75%
5.75%
desired. PWR-MCB
3200 A
480 V
Slide 68
69
∆-Y Connections – Phase-To-Phase Faults
0.5 a
A
1.0 0
0.866
B b
0.5 c
C 0.866
• A phase-phase fault on the secondary

appears more severe in one phase on
the primary.
Seconds
• Setting the CTI based on a three
three- 0.3 s 0.25 s
phase fault is not as conservative as
for a phase-phase fault.
• The secondary curve could be shifted

or a slightly larger CTI used, but can
be ignored if primary/ secondary 30 x 0.867 = 26 kA 30 kA
selectivityy is not critical.
Slide 69
70
∆ Y Connections
∆-Y C ti – Phase-To-Ground
Ph T G d Faults
F lt
1.0 2.4 MVA, 5.75% Z
0.577 a
A ∆-Y Resistor Ground
0.577
0 0 0
B b 2.4 MVA, 5.75% Z
0.577 c ∆-Y Solid Ground
58%
C
R-Primary
y
PWR-MCB
• A one per unit phase-ground fault on
Seconds
the secondary appears as a 58%
((1/√3)
√ )pphase fault on the p
primary.
y 13 8 kV
13.8
• The transformer damage curve is R-Primary
shifted 58% to the left to ensure 13.8/0.48 kV

protection. 2.4 MVA
5.75%
PWR-MCB
3200 A
45 kA @ 0.48 kV
480 V

Slide 70
71
Inrush Current
PWR-MCB
• Use of 8-12 times FLC @ 0.1
0 1 s is an
empirical approach based on EM
relays.
2.4 MVA, 5.75% Z
∆-Y
• The instantaneous peak value of the
inrush current can actually be much
Seconds
higher than 12 times FLC. 13.8 kV
R-Primary
• The inrush is not over at 0.1 s, the dot
just represents a typical rms 13.8/0.48 kV
2.4 MVA 8-12 x FLC
equivalent of the inrush from 5 75%
5.75%
(typical)
energization to this point in time. PWR-MCB
3200 A
480 V 45 kA @ 0.48 kV
Slide 71
72
Setting the primary inst. protection
PWR-MCB
• The primary relay instantaneous
(50) setting should clear both the
inrush & the secondary fault current.
2.4 MVA, 5.75% Z
∆-Y
• It was common to use the
asymmetrical rms value of
Seconds
secondary fault current (1.6 x sym) 13.8 kV
t establish
to t bli h th
the iinstantaneous
t t
pickup, but most modern relays filter R-Primary
out the DC component. 13.8/0.48 kV

2.4 MVA 8-12 x FLC
5 75%
5.75%
(typical)
PWR-MCB
3200 A
Fs Fp
480 V
Slide 72
73
∆-Y Connection & Ground Faults

1.0
0.577 a
A H X
0.577 Z0
0 0 0
B b
0.577 c
C
Phase Currents Zero Sequence Network
• A secondary L-G fault is not sensed by the ground (zero sequence) devices on
the primary (∆) side.
• L
Low-resistance
i t and
d solidly-grounded
lidl d d systems
t on th
the secondary
d off a ∆-Y
Y
transformer are therefore coordinated separately from the upstream systems.
Slide 73
74
∆-Y Connection & Ground Faults
• The ground resistor size is selected to

limit the fault current while still providing
sufficient current for coordination.
• The resistor ratings include a maximum

continuous current that must be
considered.
Slide 74
M t O
Motor Overcurrentt Protection
P t ti
Slide 75
76
Motor Overcurrent Protection
• Fuse provides short-circuit GE Multilin 469
Standard O/L Curve
protection. Pickup = 1.01 X FLC
Curve Multiplier = 3
• 49 or 51 device provide motor Bussmann

overload protection. JCL Size 9R
Hot
1000 hp
• Overload pickup depends on 4 kV
650% LRC
motor FLC and service factor.
Seconds
• The time delay for the 49/51
protection is based on motor
stall time.
3 kA @
M 4.16 kV

Slide 76
77
GE Multilin 469
• In the past, instantaneous OC Standard O/L Curve
protection was avoided on contactor- Pickup = 1.01 X FLC
Curve Multiplier = 3
fed motors since the contactors could
not clear high short-circuits. Bussmann
JCL Size 9R
• With modern relays, a definite time Hot

1000 hp
unit can be used if its setting is 4 kV
650% LRC
coordinated with the contactor
Seconds
interrupting rating.
Contactor
6 kA Int.
3 kA @
M 4.16 kV

Slide 77
78
• The instantaneous or definite time GE Multilin 469
Standard O/L Curve
setting for a breaker-fed motor must Pickup = 1.01 X FLC
be set to pass the motor asymmetrical Curve Multiplier = 3
i
inrush.
h
• Can be done with a pickup over the 5000 hp

Hot
4 kV
asymmetrical current.
current 650% LRC
Seconds
• Can be done using a lower pickup and
time delay to allow the DC component
to decay out.
3 kA @ 4.16 kV
M

Slide 78
C d t O
Conductor Overcurrentt Protection
P t ti
Slide 79
80
Conductor Overcurrent Protection
LV Cables
NEC 240.4 Protection of Conductors – conductors shall be protected against
overcurrent in accordance with their ampacities
(B) Devices Rated 800 A or Less – the next higher standard device rating
shall be permitted
(C) Devices Rated over 800 A – the ampacity of the conductors shall be ≥ the
device rating
NEC 240.6
240 6 Standard Ampere Ratings
(A) Fuses & Fixed-Trip Circuit Breakers – cites all standard ratings
(B) Adjustable Trip Circuit Breakers – Rating shall be equal to maximum
setting
tti
(C) Restricted Access Adjustable-Trip Circuit Breakers – Rating can be
equal to setting if access is restricted
Slide 80
81
MV Feeders & Branch Circuits

NEC 240.101 (A) Rating or Setting of Overcurrent Protective Devices
Fuse rating ≤ 3 times conductor ampacity
Relay setting ≤ 6 times conductor ampacity
MV Motor
M t Conductors
C d t
NEC 430.224 Size of Conductors
Conductors ampacity
p y shall be g
greater than the overload setting.
g
Slide 81
82

• The insulation temperature rating
is typically used as the operating
temperature
p ((To)).
• The final temperature (Tf) depends

on the insulation type (typically
1 – 3/C 350 kcmil
150 deg. C or 250 deg. C). Copper Rubber
Seconds
To = 90 deg. C
• When calculated by hand

hand, you
only need one point and then draw
in at a -2 slope.
Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. V=600)

Slide 82
G
Generator
t Overcurrent
O t Protection
P t ti
Slide 83
84
Generator Overcurrent Protection
FLC/Xd FLC • A generator’s fault current

contribution decays over time.
• Overcurrent protection must allow

both for moderate overloads & be
GTG-101A
No Load sensitive enough to detect the steady
Constant Excitation
AC Fault Current state
t t contribution
t ib ti to
t a system
t fault.
f lt
Seconds
• Voltage controlled/ restrained relays

(51V) are commonly used
used.
Interrupting contribution
(FLC/X’d)
• The pickup at full restraint is typically
≥ 150% of Full Load Current (FLC)
(FLC).
Momentary contribution
(FLC/X”d) • The pickup at no restraint must be
< FLC/Xd.
Slide 84
85
Generator 51V Pickup

S tti Example
Setting E l
19500 kVA
903 A
Xd = 280%
Fg
1200/5 51V
12.47 kV
Fg = FLC/Xd = 903 / 2.8 = 322.5 A

51V pickup (full restraint) > 150% FLC = 1354 A
51V pickup (no restraint) < 322.5 A
Slide 85
86
Generator 51V Pickup

S tti Example
Setting E l
51V Setting > 1354/1200 = 1.13

Using 1.15, 51V pickup = 1.15 x 1200 A = 1380 A
With old EM relays,

51V pickup (no restraint) = 25% of 1380 A
= 345 A (> 322
322.5
5AA, not good)
With new relays a lower MF can be set, such that 51V

pickup
i k ((no restraint)
t i t) = 15% off 1380 A
= 207 A (< 322.5, so okay)
Slide 86
87
Generator 51V Settings on TCC

Pickup = 1.15 x
15% x Pickup CT-Sec • Limited guidance on overcurrent
decreasing protection (C37.102 Section 4.1.1)
voltage
o tage full
restraint
with respect to time delay
delay.
no
restraint
GTG-101A
No Load
• Want to avoid nuisance tripping,
Constant Excitation especially on islanded systems, so
Total Fault Current
higher TDs are better.
Seconds
30 kA

Slide 87
C
Coordinating
di ti a System
S t
Slide 88
89
Coordinating a System
• TCCs show both protection

& coordination.
• Most OC settings should be

shown/confirmed on TCCs.
• Showing too much on a

single TCC can make it
impossible to read.
Slide 89
90
• Showing a vertical
slice of the system
y
can reduce
crowding, but still
be hard to read.
• Upstream
equipment is
shown on multiple
and redundant
TCCs.
Slide 90
91
• A set of overlapping TCCs can be used to limit the amount of
information on each curve and demonstrate coordination of the
system from the bottom up.
• Protection settings should be based on equipment ratings and

available spare capacity – not simply on the present operating load
and
d iinstalled
t ll d equipment.
i t
• Typical TCCs can be used to establish settings for similar

installations.
installations
• Device settings defined on a given TCC are used as the starting

point in the next upstream TCC
TCC.
• The curves can be shown on an overall one-line of the system to

illustrate the TCC coverage (Zone Map)
Map).
Slide 91
92
Phase TCC Zone Map
TCC-6
TCC-3
TCC-2 TCC-Comp
TCC-5
TCC-1
TCC-4
TCC-307J
TCC-101J TCC-212J
Slide 92
93
Coordinating a System: TCC-1

Zone Map
Seconds
• Motor starting & protection is adequate.
• Cab
Cablee withstand
s a d protection
p o ec o is s adequa
adequate.
e
• The MCC main breaker may trip for faults
above 11 kA, but this cannot be helped.
• The switchgear feeder breaker is selective
with the MCC main breaker, although not
necessarily required
Slide 93
94

Zone Map
Seconds
• The switchgear feeder breaker settings
established on TCC-1 set the basis for this curve.
• The main breaker is set to be selective with the
feeder at all fault levels.
• A CTI marker is not required since the
characteristic curves include all margins and
breaker operating times.
• The main breaker curve is clipped at its through-
fault current instead of the total bus fault current
to allow tighter coordination of the upstream relay.
(See TCC-3)
Slide 94
95

Zone Map
Seconds
• The LV switchgear
g main breaker settings
g
established on TCC-2 set the basis for this curve.
• The transformer damage curve is based on frequent
faults and is not shifted since the transformer is
resistance grounded.
• The primary side OC relay is selective with the
secondary main and provides adequate transformer
and feeder cable protection.
• The OC relay instantaneous high enough to pass
the secondary fault current and transformer inrush
current. Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=0.48)
Slide 95
96
Coordinating a System: TCC-307J

Zone Map
Seconds
• Thi
This curve setst the
th basis
b i ffor th
the upstream
t d
devices
i
since its motor is the largest on the MCC.
• Motor starting and overload protection is
acceptable.
• Motor feeder cable protection is acceptable
• The motor relay includes a definite time unit to
provide enhanced protection.
• The definite time function is delay to allow the
asymmetrical inrush current to pass
pass.
Slide 96
97

Zone Map
Seconds
• The 307J motor relay settings established on
TCC-307J set the basis for this curve.
• The tie breaker relay curve is plotted to the total
b ffault
bus lt currentt to
t be
b conservative.
ti
• The main breaker relay curve is plotted to its
let-through current.
• A coordination step is provided between the tie
and main relay although this decision is
discretionary.
• All devices are selectively coordinated at all
fault current levels.
• The definite time functions insulate the CTIs
from minor fault current variations.
Slide 97
98

Zone Map
Seconds
• The MV MCC main breaker settings established on
TCC-4 set the basis for this curve.
• The transformer damage curve is based on frequent
faults and is not shifted since the transformer is
resistance grounded.
grounded
• The primary side OC relay is selective with the
secondary main and provides adequate transformer
and feeder cable protection.
• The OC relay instantaneous high enough to pass the
f
secondary fault f
current and transformer inrush current.
Slide 98
99
Coordinating a System: TCC-Comp

Zone Map
Seconds
• Due to the compressor size, this curve may set
the basis for the MV switchgear main breaker.
• Motor starting and overload protection is
p
acceptable.
• Short-circuit protection is provided by the
relay/breaker instead of a fuse as with the 1000
hp motor.
• The short-circuit protection is delayed 50 ms to
avoid nuisance tripping.
Slide 99
100

Zone Map
Seconds
• The feeder breaker settings established on
TCC-3, TCC-4, and TCC-Comp are shown as
the basis for this curve.
• The
Th settings
tti for
f feeder
f d 52A1 (t (to th
the 2
2.4
4 MVA)
could be omitted since it does not define any
requirements.
• A coordination step is provided between the tie
and main relay although this decision is
discretionary.
• All devices are selectively coordinated at all fault
current levels.
• The definite time functions insulate the CTIs from
minor fault current variations.
Slide 100
101
Ground TCC Zone Map
TCC-G1
TCC-G2
Slide 101
S
Supplemental
l t l Material
M t i l
Slide 102
103
103
Current Transformer Basics
51 51
50 50
51 51
50 50
Don’t let polarity marks fool you!
Slide 103
104
104
51
ia
ib
ic ia+ib+ic
51 51
50 N
Protected
Residual CT connection Bus
ia+ib+ic
Ia
Ib 51
Ic G 51
Zero sequence
q CT
Bus NOT Protected
Slide 104
105
105
Understand How CTs work!

IEEE Guide for the Application of Current
Transformers Used for Protective
Relaying Purposes - IEEE Std C37.110
Slide 105
106
106
Basic Guides for Protective

R l Settings
Relay S tti
Suggested “Rules
Rules of Thumb
Thumb” for MV Equipment
• Transformers
• Bus
• Feeders
• Motors
• Capacitors
Slide 106
107
107
Basic Guides for

P t ti Relay
Protective R l Settings
S tti
Suggested
gg “Rules of Thumb” for MV Equipment
•The intent of this section is to provide a range of “typical” settings. It is the
engineer’s responsibility to verify the application on an individual basis.
•This section does NOT apply to equipment 600 V and below.
•Care must be taken when coordinating a microprocessor TOC element with

an electromechanical relay downstream
downstream. The electromechanical relay may
respond to a fundamental phasor magnitude, true RMS, or rectified
magnitude .
Slide 107
108
Rules of Thumb…(above 600 V)

P
Power T
Transformers
f
Phase Relays
(delta – wye)
Primary – Phase Settings

•CT Ratio: 200% FLA
•Set pickup to comply with NEC 450-3, but as a rule of thumb setting
should be less than 300% of transformer self cooled rating or 150%
of transformer maximum rating.
•Try to set the time dial such that pickup time for maximum through fault
is in the neighborhood of 1.0 seconds or less. If higher, ensure that ANSI
d
damage points
i t are nott exceeded.
d d
•Set instantaneous at between 160% and 200% of maximum through fault
(assume infinite bus). Ensure that available system short circuit allows this.
•Time
Time Dial set at 1.0 to 1.5 seconds at maximum fault. Do not exceed
2.0 seconds which is the mechanical damage point.
Slide 108
109
Rules of Thumb…(above 600 V)

P
Power T
Transformers
f
Primary Ground Relay Settings
Primary – Ground Settings
•Set 50G if primary winding is delta connected
connected.
•Provide time delay (approx 20 msec) when setting digital relays with zero
sequence CTs. No time delay when using elecro-mechanical relays with
zero sequence CTs.
•CT considerations:
•Residually connected neutral. CT mismatch and residual magnetization
will not allow the most sensitive setting. Recommend to delay above inrush.
•Zero
Zero sequence CT CT. Care must be taken to ensure that cables are
properly placed and cable shields are properly terminated.
ia
ib ia+ib+ic
Ia ic Ia
i ib i
ia+ib+ic 50
Ib Ib
51 50 Ic G
Ic
50 N
Residual CT connection Zero sequence CT

Slide 109
110
Rules of Thumb…( above 600 V)

Power Transformers
Primary Fuse Phase Protection
Primary Fuse Rating of power transformer:

135% FLA < Fuse < 250% FLA
FLA. Try to stay in the range of 150%
150%.
Primary fuse rating of power transformer should be approximately 200% FLA

if transformer has a secondary main.
Generally use E-rated fuses. Note that TOC characteristics of fuses are not all
the same.
Slide 110
111

Power Transformers
Secondary Resistance Grounded
Secondary Low-Resistance Grounded

•Set pickup for 20% to 50% of maximum ground fault. Note that ground
resistors typically have a continuous rating of 25-50% of nominal. This value
can be specified when purchasing the equipment
equipment.
Example: 2000 A main breaker (2000:5 CTs), it may make sense to specify
an 400 A ground resistor with a continuous rating of 50% (200 A) such that a
2000:5 residually connected CT input can be used with a minimum pickup
(0.1 x CT = 0.5 A secondary, 200 A primary).
•Set
Set the time dial such that at the time to trip is 2.0
2 0 seconds at maximum
ground fault
•Protect
Protect resistor using I²t
I t curve.
curve Typical resistor is rated for 10 seconds at
nominal current (to be specified at time of order).
Slide 111
112

Power Transformers
Secondary Solidly Grounded
Secondary Solidly Grounded (for balanced three phase industrial loads)

•If secondary is solidly grounded and neutral relay is available (using CT on
X0 bushing),
bushing) set pickup at approximately 50% of phase element and ensure
transformer 2 second damage point is protected. Coordinate TOC with main
breaker (or partial differential) ground relay.
•Decrease the primary phase element by 58% (to account for transformer
damage curve shift). This is the equivalent current seen on the primary
(delta) for a secondary ground fault (refer to the Symmetrical Components
presentation
t ti on Oct
O t 5th,
5th 2010 bby D
Dr. KKurtt Ed
Ederhoff).
h ff)
Slide 112
113

Protection for Transformer
87T
Secondary Faults on Solidly Grounded Systems
50T It is certainly preferable to rely on the

51T
transformer primary phase overcurrent relay
for backup of transformer secondary
ground faults. However, downstream
51
NT
coordination does not always afford us that
Phase-Gnd luxury (shifting the transformer damage curve
and associated transformer primary relay
58%).
For solidly grounded transformer secondary

51 51
Main N installations, an argument can be made that
the 87T is the primary protection and 51NT is
the backup protection for a transformer
secondary ground fault. This will allow you to
set the 50T/51T relay without consideration of
the 58% shift.
Slide 113
114

Power Transformers
Primary Neutral (wye – delta)
Primary
P i Side
Sid Wye-Grounded
W G d d Transformer
T f
If primary is solidly grounded and neutral relay is available, set pickup at
approximately 50% of phase element. This must coordinate with upstream
line p
protection devices ((i.e. 21P,, 21G,, 67,, 67G …).
) If it’s at the utilityy level,,
they will review and provide settings.
For ggenerator step-up

p p transformers ((GSU),
), the HV 51NT should typically
yp y be the
last device to trip for upstream ground faults. Ensure that the GSU damage curve
and the H0 grounding conductor is protected.
Slide 114
115

Directional Overcurrent
O
50T 50T
51T 51T Consideration for transformer
secondary fault
For a fault
F f lt between
b t the
th
51B transformer and main
breaker, the partial
differential bus relays will
not detect current (other
than motor contribution).
ection
ction
Trip Dire
Trip Direc
67 N.C. 67 Both transformer primar

primary
overcurrent relays will
detect see the same
current. A directional
51B
overcurrent relay is required
to prevent tripping of both
Set 67 pickup at 40% of transformer FLA. transformers via 50T/51T.
Coordinate with time curve with 50T/51T
Slide 115
116

Directional Overcurrent
O
Consideration for transformer
50T 50T
51T 51T secondary fault
For a fault between the

transformer and main
breaker, the main and tie
breaker relays will all see
51M 51M
the same current (other
51 than motor contribution).
Tie
on
Trip Directio
The tie
Th ti breaker
b k will ill ttrip
i ffollowed
ll d
Trip Direction
n
67
N.C. 67 by the respective transformer
primary overcurrent. A directional
overcurrent relayy is required
q
to prevent loss of one bus.
Set 67 pickup at 40% of transformer FLA.
Coordinate with time curve with 51Tie
Slide 116
117

B and
Bus dFFeeders
d
Bus Relays (Main Breaker or Partial Differential):
Pickupp set between 100% and 125% FLA ((150% FLA maximum))
Set to coordinate with transformer primary protective relaying
Do not enable the instantaneous overcurrent element on main breaker relays!
Feeder Relays:
Set pickup to comply with NEC 240-100 (limited to 600% of
rated ampacity of conductor). Actually, pickup permitted by NEC is slightly higher.
Keep it down in the neighborhood of 200%. The intent is NOT to provide
overload protection. The intent is to provide short-circuit protection.
Set time dial as required to coordinate with downstream devices while protecting
conductor against damage.
Enable instantaneous element only if the load has a notable impedance (i.e.
transformer,
f motor, capacitor, etc)) or iff the load is the end off a radial circuit.
Slide 117
118

Induction Motors
Pickup set at 101% - 120% Nameplate Rating depending on Service Factor and normal
load.
Motor < 1,500 hp Set at 1.15 x FLA

Motor > 1,500 hp Set just above FLA x S.F.
Instantaneous Trip p set at 200% LRC. A higher

g p
pickup
p mayy be used depending
p g on system
y
available short circuit, however, do not lower below 160% LRC unless
you know that the relay filters/removes the DC component.
Ensure that the instantaneous trip setting will not cause a motor starter to attempt
interrupting
p g a fault beyond
y its rating.
g
Ground Overcurrent. For Zero Sequence CT (BYZ) set ground Trip at 10A primary and
Alarm at 5A primary. Set for instantaneous if using electromechanical and set at 20 msec
delayy ((minimum)) if using
g digital
g relays.
y
For solidly grounded systems, ensure that the ground trip setting will not cause a motor
starter to attempt interrupting a fault beyond its rating.
Mechanical Jam set 150% FLA at 2 sec, unless application

pp does not allow this ((i.e. g
grinder,
crusher, etc).
Slide 118
119

Capacitors
Capacitor Bank:
For individual protection, the Fuse protecting the capacitor is chosen such that its
continuous current capability is greater than or equal to 135% of rated capacitor
current. The feeder cable should be sized as such for continuous operation.
This over rating is due to 10% for allowable overvoltage conditions, 15% for
capacitor
it kVAR rating
ti tolerance
t l (this
(thi correlates
l t tot 15% percentt deviation
d i ti ffrom
nominal capacitance) and 10% for overcurrent due to harmonics.
For unbalance, set Alarm for loss of one capacitor,

p set Trip
p for overvoltage
g of
110% rated (nameplate).
For feeder protection, set Pickup at 135% of FLA, set Time Dial at 1.0,
set 50P element above maximum inrush and include a slight time delay to
coordinate with individual fuse clear time. Plot TOC to protect the capacitor
case rupture curve.
Note: Systems with high harmonic content require special attention.

Slide 119
H d O Demonstration
Hands-On D t ti
Slide 120
C
Coordination
di ti Quizzes
Q i
Slide 121
122
Coordination Quiz #1
2000/5 OCR
Main Does this TCC look okay??

SWGR-1
400/5
/ OCR
600/5 OCR • There is no need to maintain a
TR-FDR1 TR-FDR2
coordination interval between
feeder breakers.
TR-FDR2-P
Main-P • The CTI between the main and
OC1
Seconds
OC1 feeder 2 is appropriate unless all

TR-FDR1-P relays are electromechanical and
OC1 h d set.
hand t
0.3 s
0.3 s
• Fix – base the setting of the

feeder 2 relay on its downstream
Main-3P
equipment and lower the time
TR-FDR2-3P delay if possible.
TR-FDR1-3P
15 kA @ 13
13.8
8 kV

Slide 122
123
2000/5 OCR Does this TCC look okay??

Main-1
SWGR-3
SWGR 3 • The CTIs shown between main
400/5 OCR
600/5 OCR and both feeders are sufficient.
FDR-1 FDR-2
Main-P
Main P • Assuming testing EM relays, the
OC1 0.62 s CTI cannot be reduced
Seconds
since the 0.30 s CTI is at the limit.

FDR 1 P
FDR-1-P
OC1 0.62 s • The main relay time delay is
FDR-2-P 0.30 s
actually too fast since the CTI at
OC1 30 kA is less than 0.2 s.
Main-3P • Fix – raise the time delay setting

FDR-2-3P
FDR-1-3P
of the main relay.
30 kA @ 13 8 kV
13.8
Slide 123
124
2000/5 OCR
Main-3 Does this TCC look okay??

SWGR-4
400/5 OCR
600/5 OCR
• The marked CTIs are okay,
okay but….
but
FDR--1 FDR--2
• A main should never include an

instantaneous setting.
Seconds
Main-3-P
OC1 • Fix – delete the instantaneous on
FDR--1-P
0 47 s
0.47
the main relayy and raise the time
OC1
delay to maintain a 0.2s CTI at
FDR--2-P 0.33 s
50 kA.
OC1
Main-3-3P
FDR--2-3P
FDR--1-3P
13 8 kV
50 kA @ 13.8

Slide 124
125
Does this TCC look okay??
• Primary relay pickup is 525% of

transformer FLC, thus okay.
• Transformer frequent fault

protection is not provided by the
Seconds
primary relay, but this is okay –

adequate protection is provided
b th
by the secondary
d main.
i
• Cable withstand protection is

inadequate.
inadequate
• Fix – Add instantaneous setting to

relay
the primary relay.
Slide 125
126
• Selectivity between Relay14 on

the transformer primary and CB44
on the secondary is not provided,
but this can be acceptable.
Seconds
• Relay 14 is not, however,

selectively coordinated with
f d breaker
feeder b k CB46CB46.
0.08 s
• Fix – raise Relay14 time delay
setting and add CTI marker.
marker

Slide 126
127
• Crossing of feeder characteristics

is no problem.
LVMain
a • There is no need to maintain an
intentional time margin between
Seconds
two LV static trip units – clear

space is sufficient.
LVFDR2
LVFDR1
0.21 s
• Fix – lower the main breaker
short-time delay band.
LVFDR2 – 3P
LVMain – 3P LVFDR1 – 3P
30 kA @ 0.48 kV 45 kA @ 0.48 kV

Slide 127
128
10 kA 5 kA
• The source relays should not be
plotted to the full bus fault level
unless their plots are shifted
Source1 - P
based on:
OC1 SF = Total fault current / relay
Source2 - P current.
Seconds
OC1
Feeder - P
OC1 • Assuming each relay actually
sees only half of the total fault
0.3 s
current, the CTI is actually much
higher than 0.3 s.
Source1 - 3P
Source2 – 3P • Fix – plot the source relays to
Feeder – 3P their actual fault current or apply
15 kA @ 13.8 kV
SF
SF.
Slide 128
129
• There are two curves to be

concerned with for a 51V – full
restraint and zero restraint.
• Assuming the full restraint curve

51V - P
is shown, it is coordinated too
Seconds
OC1
tightly with the feeder.
FDR-5 - P
OC1
0.30 s
• Th
The 51V curve willill shift
hift lleft
ft and
d
lose selectivity with the feeder if a
close-in fault occurs and the
voltage
g drops.
p
51V – 3P
• Fix – show both 51V curves and
FDR-5 – 3P raise time delay.
15 kA @ 13.8 kV

Slide 129
R f
References
Slide 130
131
Selected References
• IEEE Std 242 – Buff Book

• IEEE Std 141 – Red Book
• IEEE Std 399 – Brown Book
• IEEE C37.90 – Relays
• IEEE C37.91 – Transformer Protection
• IEEE C37
C37.102
102 – Guide
G id ffor AC GGenerator
t Protection
P t ti
• NFPA 70 – National Electrical Code
• Applied Protective Relaying – Westinghouse
• Protective Relaying – Blackburn
• Protective Relaying Theory and Applications – ABB Power T&D Company
• Protective Relaying for Power Systems – IEEE Press
• Protective Relaying for Power Systems II – IEEE Press
• AC Motor Protection – Stanley E. Zocholl
• Industrial and Commercial Power System Applications Series – ABB
• Analyzing and Applying Current Transformers - Stanley E. Zocholl
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2010IASCoordination PDF

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Overcurrent Protection &

Coordination for Industrial

Doug Durand, P.E.

2010 Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting - Houston, TX

• Service Continuity & Selective Fault Isolation

• Faults should be quickly detected and

• Protective devices perform this

Protective devices can provide the following assortment of protection, many

Coordinating Overcurrent Devices

• Tools of the trade “in the good old days…”

Coordinating Overcurrent Devices

• Tools of the trade “in the good old days…”

Coordinating Overcurrent Devices

• Tools of the trade “in the good old days…”

Coordinating Overcurrent Devices

• Tools of the trade “in the good old days…”

Coordinating Overcurrent Devices

• Tools of the trade “in the good old days…”

Coordinating Overcurrent Devices

• Tools of the trade today…

1 • I2t withstand curves plot as

Plotting Fault Current & Scale

Overcurrent Coordination for Industrial Applications

Fault Current Options

Fault Current Options

• Symmetrical currents are most appropriate.

Electromechanical Relays (EM)

PU = (800/5) x 3 = 480 A (too low)

Very Inverse Time

Solid-State Relays (SS)

Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=13.8)

LT Pickup PWR MCB

Power MCB – 3P Power FCB – 3P

Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=0.48)

Insulated Case MCB

Insulated Case MCB

Insulated Case MCB

Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=0.48)

Insulated Case MCB

Insulated Case MCB

Insulated Case MCB

Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=0.48)

Amps X 10 (Plot Ref. kV=4.16 kV)

Coordination Time Intervals (CTIs)

The CTI is the amount of time allowed between a

When two such

Coordination Time Intervals – EM

In the good old (EM) days,

Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=13.8)

Coordination Time Intervals – EM

On what did it depend?

Remember the TD setting?

So how do you really

Coordination Time Intervals – EM

3x (9.6 kA), 3.3 s

Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=13.8)

Coordination Time Intervals – EM

So now, if test points are not

0.3 s 0.3 s 0.4 s

Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=13.8)

Coordination Time Intervals – EM

Where does the 0.3 s or 0.4 s come from?

Tested Hand Set Feeder