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plasmid DNA. There are many reasons to make specific DNA alterations (insertions, deletions and
substitutions), including:
To study changes in protein activity that occur as a result of the DNA manipulation.
To select or screen for mutations (at the DNA, RNA or protein level) that have a desired property
To introduce or remove restriction endonuclease sites or tags
The ability to directly design proteins that efficiently perform predefined tasks would have a profound
impact on science and on the everyday life of human beings. Designer proteins might enable us to
dissect biological pathways and mechanisms, rapidly create and synthesize new drugs, use natural
resources efficiently, and create new agricultural products. These proteins might help explain our past