A Structured Etymology

for Germanic, Slavic and Romance Languages

Joannes Richter

Abstract
Standard PIE-etymologies suggest we should assume one singular common PIE-root for
etymological sources.
The most important Slavic deity is “Rod” which als a keyword may be identified in a great number
of words covering the categories “town” and “people”-, ”nature” and “family”, “parents” and
“birth”-concepts.
Some of the words for “birth” have been based on a combination “народ” (“Narod”, “people”),
which may be interpreted as a concatenation of на (“na”, “us two”) and “Rod” (“God”).
In this paper the search for similar religious cores will be extended to Germanic and Romance
languages.
The initial concept covers the categories I and We, including the role of the dual forms wat, wið, vit,
, við., “νώ/νῶϊ“, “noi”, *vě / на (“na”), muoi, måj, moai, måj∼måjå, muäna, månnoeh.
Various words (such as English “to wit”, “witness” and in Dutch “wet” [law], “weten” [to know])
seem to have been related to the Germanic pronouns' dual forms wat, wið, vit, , við.
A second concept covers the categories “God”, which includes the correlations of the personal
pronoun such as “iéu” (“I”), the conjugation “diéu” (“I say”) and the divine name “Diéu”.
Most of the existing key-words have been derived from predecessor gods respectively the
corresponding planets, which have been documented in Names of the days of the week, such as:
Mars for Tuesday, Mercury for Wednesday, Jupiter for Thursday, Venus for Friday, Saturn for
Saturday. In Germanic contexts the names may vary between: Tuw, Tiw, Ziu, Ares, Woden, Wut,
Vut, Þur, Rod and Rad.
Introduction
The analysis concentrates on the following concepts:
1. I and We, including the Germanic pronouns' dual forms wat, wið, vit, , við., “νώ/νῶϊ“,
“noi”, *vě / на (“na”), muoi, måj, moai, måj∼måjå, muäna, månnoeh. The dual forms of the
Sami-languages correlate to a number of vuoi-keys in the categories spirit (nous), brain, liver,
breathe, correct right), ahead.
2. God, which includes the correlations of the personal pronoun such as “iéu” (“I”), the
conjugation “diéu” (“I say”) and the divine name “Diéu”.
3. People, in which the word “народ” (“narod”, people) concatenates на (“na”) & “Rod”.
4. Town, in which the “Rod”- and “Rad”-entries are related to the Rod/Krodo/Saturn-deity
5. Nature, in which the Russian word природа (for “nature”) is based on “Rod”.
6. Correct (Right) in which the Germanic words such as just have been imported from Latin.
7. Spirit, in which the Germanic key “vit” or “wit” may be derived from “ƿit” (“wit”,“we 2”).
8. Parents (including “family”, “parents” And “To Be Born”), in which the Slovak word
“narodiť sa” and Ukrainian word “народитися” ([nɑrɔdɪtɪsʲɑ], “To be born”) both include
“Rod” (“God”) and “Narod” (“people”).

Some notes to the features of the Northeuralex database

The Northeuralex database is a sophisticated research tool, although some of the most important
categories (such as the dual forms for the pronouns) are missing.
NorthEuraLex is edited by Johannes Dellert and Gerhard Jäger and is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The number of concepts covers 1,016 entries and 107 languages. The online database is quite
flexible and fast enough.
Copying texts from the database may cause some problems in text-editors such as OpenOffice,
which sometimes crashes if some special texts cannot be formatted in tables.
The data attributed to the concepts are up to modern interpretation, but do not always represent the
archaic linguistic status.
Some of the words seem to have lost their original attributes and shifted their interpretation
range, which made it difficult to trace the parallels between languages.
For instance the database entries for the concept “TOWN”, which etymologically is related
to Dutch “tuin” and German “Zaun”, refer to Dutch “stad”, German Stadt, French “cité”
and Dutch “stad” (English: “city”). These new interpretations are often deviations from the
original roots. None of the “Rod”-links to the numerous Slavic words (such as the Russian
word “город” [“ɡɔˑrət”, “town”]) for the concept “TOWN” could be related to the Germanic
words. Obviously the Northeuralex database only follows today's valid, modern
etymological interconnections.
 Another problem is the historical shift of the Creator's names, which may have shifted from
Deivos to Rod:
In the earliest Slavic religion the supreme God of Heaven was called Deivos,
[2]1 but this name was soon abandoned[4]2 to be replaced by the concept of
Rod.3

Therefore the words devoted to the Slavic sky-god Rod originally may have been devoted to
Deivos (representing Ζεύς, *Tiwaz, Ziu or Tiw).
As a third feature the symbolic keys such as “na” (“we two”) and “Rod” (“God”) may be
combined to form a new keyword such as “narod”:
▪ The Slavic word “people” (“народ”) may be interpreted as “на”-sayers (“na” = “us
two”).
The word “народ” (“narod”, people) concatenates на (“na”, “us two”) & “Rod”, to be
interpreted as:
• The people who use the dual Old Slavic pronoun “на” (IPA: “na”, → “us two”).

This naming convention is equivalent to the dialect's name “Jauer” → Those who use the
ego-pronoun “jau” (English: “I”).

1 Gasparini 2013. Gasparini, Evel (2013). "Slavic religion". Encyclopædia Britannica. (Quoted in Rod)
2 Rudy 1985, p. 4. Rudy, Stephen (1985). Contributions to Comparative Mythology: Studies in Linguistics and
Philology, 1972–1982. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110855463. (Quoted in Rod)
3 Source:Rod
An overview of the concepts
The Rod- or “rad”-root is found in a great number or Slavic categories of words. The Rod-core is
considered as a divine name of a deity which is associated with Saturn. However “Rod” has been
chosen to replace a predecessor “Deivos” (representing Ζεύς, *Tiwaz, Ziu or Tiw).
This paper concentrates on similar keys in European languages and analyses 8 concepts in the
Northeuralex database. Typical topics have been listed in the following overview:

roots I & We, God people town Nature correct spirit parents
01 Slavic Rod grad priróda dux Narod
02 near-east *ʾil- ruh
03 North Frisian wat
04 Älvdalen wið
05 Faroese vit
06 Gothic  guþ
07 Icelandic við guð þjóð
08 Italian noi dio giardino
09 Romanian noi zeu
10 Catalan nosaltres déu just
11 Spanish nosotros justo
12 Greek nou(i) θεός
13 French dieu jardin juste
14 Provencal (d)iéu (d)iéu
15 Slovene midva / midve bóg
16 Lithuanian mudu / mudvi dievas tauta
17 Old Slavic на (“na”)
18 Dutch god Diets tuin gaard juist Weet
Duits ƿit
19 English god þeod town garden just Wit
ƿit
20 German gott deutsch zaun garten just Witz
diutisk ƿit
21 Latvian dievs tauta gars

Table 1 Overview of the topics in the concepts

The analysis of the “I”- and “WE”-concept
In Western Europe three Indo-European language families (IE-Germanic, IE-Italic and IE-Slavic)
may be categorized for their special linguistic symbolism.

The IE-Germanic family

The IE-Germanic family is the only category in which the dual form for the personal pronoun of the
first person survived as a substitute for the plural form in three subfamilies:
• in the Icelandic as the original dual form við (“we two”).
• in the Faroese as the original dual form við (“we two”).
• in the Älvdalen dialect as the original dual form wið (“we two”).
We may assume the other languages also had been equipped with this dual form “wit” (probably
spelled as: “wiθ” ?).

# Language Language family I-sing I(IPA) WE-plur We(IPA) We-2 We-2(IPA)

1 North Frisian Indo-Eur.-Germ ik (ik) we ʋə wat -waθ ?-
1 Älvdalen Indo-Eur.-Germ. wið wið -wiθ ?-
1 Danish Indo-Eur.-Germ. jeg ˈjɑj vi ˈvi -wit ?- -wiθ ?-
1 Dutch Indo-Eur.-Germ. ik ɪk wij ʋɛii -wit ?- -wiθ ?-
1 Dutch Indo-Eur.-Germ. ik ɪk we ʋə -wit ?- -wiθ ?-
1 English Indo-Eur.-Germ. I aɪ we wiː -wit ?- -wiθ ?-
1 Faroese Indo-Eur.-Germ. eg vit (vit) vit (vit)
1 German Indo-Eur.-Germ. ich ɪç wir viːɐi -wit ?- -wiθ ?-
1 Gothic Indo-Eur.-Germ.  (ik)  (weis)  (wit)
1 Icelandic Indo-Eur.-Germ. ég jɛɣ við vɪθ við vɪθ
1 Norwegian (Bokmål) Indo-Eur.-Germ. jeg jæj vi viː -wit ?- -wiθ ?-
1 Swedish Indo-Eur.-Germ. jag jɑːɡ vi viː -wit ?- -wiθ ?-
Table 2 The personal pronouns for “I”, “wið” and “we” in the IE-Germanic family

Various words (such as English “to wit”, “witness” and in Dutch “wet” [law], “weten” [to know])
seem to have been related to the dual forms wat, wið, vit, , við.
Most of the existing key-words have been derived from predecessor gods respectively their
corresponding planets, which have been documented in Names of the days of the week, such as:
Diana as the Moon for Monday, Mars for Tuesday, Mercury for Wednesday, Jupiter for Thursday,
Venus for Friday, Saturn for Saturday, and Apollo as the Sun for Sunday. In Germanic contexts the
names may vary between:
1. Sun (→ Apollo and Sunday)
2. Moon (→ Diana and Monday)
3. Tuw, Tiw, Ares, Ziu (→ Mars and Tuesday),
4. Wodan, Wut, Vut (→ Mercury and Wednesday),
5. Þur, Thor (→ Jupiter and Thursday),
6. Fro or Freya (→ Venus and Friday),
7. Rod, Rad or Krodo (→ Saturn and Saturday)
The IE-Italic family
The IE-Italic family has not been equipped with a dual form for the personal pronoun of the first
person. A neighboring language (the Homer version of archaic Greek) has been equipped with a
dual form “νώ/νῶϊ“ which is spelled “nou(i)”.
Two modern versions of the IE-Italic family (Italian and Romanian) use a plural form “noi“, which
correlates to “nou(i)”.
Two other modern versions of the IE-Italic family (Catalan and Spanish) have avoid the usage of
noi, but use a strange extension nosaltres respectively nosotros, which seems to be a superfluous
feature.
Are these extensions altres respectively otros references to the vanished dual form which already
had been abandoned in the master (Latin) language?
Portuguese and French may have been located at a too far distance from Latin to feel obliged to
introduce the superfluous extensions (altres respectively otros).

# Language Language family I-sing I(IPA) WE-plur We(IPA) We-2 We-2(IPA)

1 Greek IE-Graeco-Phrygian εγώ eɣo εμείς emis νώ/νῶϊ nou(i)

1 Latin Indo-Eur.-Italic ego ɛɡoː nos noːs

1 Catalan Indo-Eur.-Italic jo ʒɔ nosaltres nuzaɫtt ɾəs
1 French Indo-Eur.-Italic je ʒə nous nu
1 Italian Indo-Eur.-Italic ìo io noi noi noi noi
1 Portuguese Indo-Eur.-Italic eu ew nós nɔʃ
1 Provencal Indo-Eur.-Italic iéu
1 Dialect of Nimes Indo-Eur.-Italic yiou
1 Romanian Indo-Eur.-Italic eu jew noi noj noi noi
1 Spanish Indo-Eur.-Italic yo ʝo nosotros nosotɾos
Table 3 The personal pronouns for “I”, “noi” and “we” in the IE-Italic family

In the IE-Italic the personal pronouns of the first person iéu and yiou correlate to the corresponding
divine names Diéu respectively Dïou4.
The vowels in “iéu” (“I”) and “diéu” (“I say” and “God”) must be pronounced as individual
phonemes.
The personal pronoun “iéu” (“I”) dominates in several Provencal conjugations: diéu (“I say”), siéu
(“I am”), riéu (“I laugh”) and in viéu (“I see”).

4 “Yiou” & “Dïou” in the dialect of Nimes

The IE-Balto-Slavic family
The IE-Balto-Slavic family does not show any traces of the Germanic dual við-forms, but reveals:
• two entries midva / midve in Slovene, respectively mudu / mudvi (in Lithuanian),
• one entry на (“na”) for Old Slavic, which may be related to the archaic Greek dual pronoun
“νώ” and probably also “νῶϊ” (“we two”).
According to Jacob Grimm the ð in the Germanic dual við-forms indicates the duality, which may
also be true for the letter “d” in the midva / midve in Slovene, respectively mudu / mudvi (in
Lithuanian).
These dual forms indicate a transit region for applying the same symbolism of the dual form which
has been found in the IE-Germanic and IE-Italic languages.

We-2
# Language Language family I-sing I(IPA) WE-plur We(IPA) We-2(IPA)
nom./acc.
1 Burushaski Burushaski je ddʑʉ mi mi

1 Latvian IE-Balto-Slavic es ɛs mēs meːs

1 Croatian IE-Balto-Slavic ja jaː mi miː
1 Polish IE-Balto-Slavic ja ja my mɨ
1 Slovak IE-Balto-Slavic ja ja my mi
1 Czech IE-Balto-Slavic já jaː my mɪ
1 Belarusian IE-Balto-Slavic я ja мы mɨ
1 Russian IE-Balto-Slavic я jaˑ мы mɨˑ
1 Ukrainian IE-Balto-Slavic я jɑ ми mɪ
1 Slovene IE-Balto-Slavic jàz ja˦z mí mi˨ː midva / midve
1 Lithuanian IE-Balto-Slavic aš ɑɑʃ mes mɛɛs mudu / mudvi
1 Old Slavic IE-Balto-Slavic азъ azŭ *vě / на (“na”)
Table 4 The personal pronouns for “I”, “*vě / на (“na”) and “we” in the IE-Slavic family

The etymology of the word “народ” (“narod”, people)

The word “народ” (“narod”, people) may concatenate на (“na”) & “Rod”, to be interpreted as:
The people who use the dual Old Slavic pronoun “на” (IPA: “na”, → “us two”).

This naming convention is equivalent to the dialect's name “Jauer” → Those who use the ego-
pronoun “jau” (English: “I”).
Other languages
In the paper The Art of Designing Languages the dual forms for several Sami-languages have been
listed.
None of these dual forms indicate the “d”-letter in the Germanic dual við-forms respectively in the
midva / midve in Slovene, respectively mudu / mudvi (in Lithuanian).
These dual forms muoi, måj, moai, måj∼måjå, muäna, månnoeh indicate a transit region for
applying the same symbolism of the dual form which has been found in the IE-Germanic and IE-
Italic languages.

# Language Language family I-sing I(IPA) WE-plur We(IPA) We-2

2 Western Farsi IE-Iranian ‫من‬ mæn ‫ما‬ mɒː
2 Nanai Tungusic мӣ miː буэ buə

2 Kazakh Turkic-Kipchak мен men біз bəz

2 Bashkir Turkic-Kipchak мин min беҙ beð
2 Tatar Turkic-Kipchak мин min без bez
2 Sakha Turkic-North Siberian мин min биһиги bihiɡi
2 Northern Uzbek Turkic-Uzbek men mɛn biz biz
2 North Azerbaijani Turkic-West Oghuz mən mæn biz bɪz

2 Estonian Uralic-Finnic mina minɑ me me

2 Finnish Uralic-Finnic minä minæ me mɛ
2 Livonian Uralic-Finnic minā minɑː mēg mɛːɡ
2 Olonets Karelian Uralic-Finnic minä minæ myö mʏœ
2 Veps Uralic-Finnic minä minæ mö mœ
2 Erzya Uralic-Mordvin мон mon минь mʲiɲ
2 Moksha Uralic-Mordvin мон mon минь mʲiɲ
2 Udmurt Uralic-Permian мон mon ми mi

2 Inari Sami Uralic-Saami mun mun mij mij muoi

2 Inari Sami Uralic-Saami munnâ munːɐ
mij mij muoi
2 Kildin Sami Uralic-Saami мунн munːмыйй mɨjː
2 Lule Sami Uralic-Saami mån mɔn mij mij måj
2 Lule Sami Uralic-Saami månnå mɔnːɔ
mij mij måj
2 Northern Sami Uralic-Saami mun mʊn mii mij moai
2 Pite Sami5 Uralic-Saami mij∼mija måj∼måjå
2 Skolt Sami Uralic-Saami mon monɐ mij miʝɐ muäna
2 Southern Sami Uralic-Saami manne manːɛ mijjieh mijːiɛh månnoeh

2 Nganasan Uralic-Samoyedic мәнә mənə мыӈ mɨŋ

2 Tundra Nenets Uralic-Samoyedic мань mɑɲ маняˮ mɑɲɑʔ
Table 5 The personal pronouns for “I”, “muoi” and “we” in the Uralic-Saami family

5 A grammar of Pite Saami - Joshua Wilbur

The correlation of the dual forms in Saami-languages
• Dual forms for Inari Sami are: (1) muoi, (2) duoi, (3) suoi, in which the person-marker is
(1) m, (2) d, (3) s, and the dual-core is “uoi”.
• Dual forms for North Saami are: (1) moai, (2) doai, (3) soai, in which the person-marker is
(1) m, (2) d, (3) s, and the dual-core is “oai”.
The dual forms of the Sami-languages correlate to a number of vuoi-keys in the categories spirit
(nous), brain, liver, breathe, correct right), ahead: 6

db. entry dual plural spirit brain liver breathe correct ahead
(we 2) (we) (nous) (right)
wit (n.)
Database # - 643 218 45 48 735 560 611
1 South. Sami månn mijjieh aajmoe aajla mueksie voejngehtidh rïekte
oeh voejkene
2 Ume Sami
No entries available in the Language Inari Sami database
3 Pite Sami7 måj∼ Mij∼
måjå mija
4 Lule Sami måj mij vuojŋŋan vuojŋam librre vuojŋŋat rievtes njuolgg
a
5 North. Sami moai mii vuoigŋa vuoigŋašat vuoivvas vuoigŋat riekta njuolga
6 Skolt Sami muäna mij jiõg'g vuõivâšn vuõivâs vuõiŋŋâd vuõiǥâs vui
čuu´ddes ´jǧǧest
7 Inari Sami muoi mij vuoi'ŋâ vuoi'ŋâšeh vuoivâs vuoi'ŋâđ vuoi'gâ vuoi'gis
t
8 Kildin Sami Мыйй милл вуэййвэшна вуйвас вуййнэ вуййк вуййке
тооӆӆк сьт
9 Ter Sami No entries available in the Language Inari Sami database

Table 6: Overview of dual forms and vuoi-roots in some Sami languages

6 The Art of Designing Languages

7 A grammar of Pite Saami - Joshua Wilbur
The analysis of the “GOD”-concept
Originally the Germanic word guþ has been categorized as neuter.
The PIE-word *déiu-os, refers to the Germanic word *Tiwaz (Nordic Týr, etc., related to →
Tuesday) and Latin deus → jovial.

The words correlating to *déiu-os

The Provencal god “Diéu” correlates to the personal pronoun “iéu” (“I”) and the conjugation “diéu”
(“I say”).
In a similar way we may identify the correlation for “Yiou” & “Dïou” in the dialect of Nimes.
In the Indo-European-Italic languages the personal pronoun such as “iéu” (“I”) and the conjugation
“diéu” (“I say”) often correlate with the divine name “Diéu”:

Language Family Predecessor Orthographic IPA

1 Welsh Celtic duw dɪdʊ
1 Irish Celtic dia dʲɪə

Graeco-
1 Modern Greek εγώ → θεός θεός θeos
Phrygian

1 Lithuanian IE-Balto-Slavic aš → dievas dievas diəʋɐs

1 Latvian IE-Balto-Slavic es → dievs dievs diɛifs

1 Spanish Indo-Eur.-Italic yo → dios dios djos

1 Romanian Indo-Eur.-Italic eu → zeu zeu zew
1 Portuguese Indo-Eur.-Italic eu → deus deus dewʃ
1 Latin Indo-Eur.-Italic ego → deus deus dɛʊs
1 Italian Indo-Eur.-Italic io → dio dio dio
1 French Indo-Eur.-Italic je → dieu dieu djø
1 Provencal Indo-Eur.-Italic iéu → diéu diéu
1 Dialect of Nimes Indo-Eur.-Italic yiou → dïou dïou
1 Catalan Indo-Eur.-Italic déu dtew
Table 7 The analysis of the “GOD”-concept
The IE-Germanic words correlating to the Gothic word “guþ”
Originally the predecessor gods had been derived from *Tiwaz → Týr, Tiw, Tue, Tuw, which in a
reversed reading direction also relates to Wut, Vut → Woden → Guoden → Guþ.
The words “Wut” and “Tuw” may be identified at the initial positions of the Futhark alphabet.
The relation Tuw → Wut may have been influenced by the Futhark symbolism, which allows words
to be read in both directions (forward and backward).

Language Family Predecessor Orthographic IPA

2 Swedish Indo-Eur.-Germ. gud ɡʉːd
2 Norwegian (Bokmål) Indo-Eur.-Germ. gud ɡʉːd
2 Icelandic Indo-Eur.-Germ. guð kʏθ
2 German Indo-Eur.-Germ. gott ɡɔt
*Tiwaz → Týr, Tiw, Tue, Tuw
2 English Indo-Eur.-Germ. Tuw → Wut, Vut, Gut god ɡɒd
2 Dutch Indo-Eur.-Germ. god ɣɔt
2 Danish Indo-Eur.-Germ. gud ɡuð
2 Gothic Indo-Eur.-Germ. guþ
Table 8: The analysis of the “GOD”-concept
Other divine names
• Privative adjectives *ubogъ (“poor, miserable”) and *nebogъ (“poor, miserable”), as well as
the later derivation *bogatъ (“rich”) prove that in Slavic *bogъ was originally also an
adjective meaning "earthly wealth/well-being; fortune", with a semantic shift to "dispenser
of wealth/fortune" and finally "god". 8
• Jumala may have been derived from Proto-Finnic *jumala. Possibly a loan from Proto-Indo-
Iranian *diyumna. Compare Sanskrit द म न (dyumān, “heavenly, shiny”).
• ‫ إله‬and ‫ אל‬may have been derived from Proto-Semitic *ʾil-

Language Family Predecessor Orthographic IPA

3 Belarusian IE-Balto-Slavic *bogъ бог bɔɣ
3 Bulgarian IE-Balto-Slavic *bogъ бог bɔk
3 Croatian IE-Balto-Slavic *bogъ bog bɔɑːɡ
3 Czech IE-Balto-Slavic *bogъ bůh buːx
3 Polish IE-Balto-Slavic *bogъ bóg buk
3 Russian IE-Balto-Slavic *bogъ бог bɔˑx
3 Slovak IE-Balto-Slavic *bogъ boh bɔx
3 Slovene IE-Balto-Slavic *bogъ bóg bɔ˨ːɡ
3 Ukrainian IE-Balto-Slavic *bogъ бог bɔɦ

4 Veps Uralic-Finnic *jumala jumal jʊmɑl

4 Olonets Karelian Uralic-Finnic *jumala jumal jʊmɑl
4 North Karelian Uralic-Finnic *jumala jumala jʊmɑlɑ
4 Livonian Uralic-Finnic *jumala jumāl jumɑːl
4 Finnish Uralic-Finnic *jumala jumala jʊmɑlɑ
4 Estonian Uralic-Finnic *jumala jumal jumɑl
4 Southern Sami Uralic-Saami *jumala jupmele jʉpmɛlɛ
4 Lule Sami Uralic-Saami *jumala jubmel jʊbmɛl
4 Inari Sami Uralic-Saami *jumala immeel imːeːl

5 Modern Hebrew Afro-Asiatic Semitic *ʾil- ‫אל‬ ɛl

6 Standard Arabic Afro-Asiatic Semitic ‫إله‬ ‫إله‬ ilah

6 Lezgian Nakh-Daghestanian ‫إله‬ аллагь allah
6 Dargwa Nakh-Daghestanian ‫إله‬ аллагь allah
6 Avar Nakh-Daghestanian ‫إله‬ аллагь allah
6 Tatar Turkic-Kipchak ‫إله‬ алла alla
6 Kazakh Turkic-Kipchak ‫إله‬ алла ɑlːɑ
6 Bashkir Turkic-Kipchak ‫إله‬ алла alla
6 Northern Uzbek Turkic-Uzbek ‫إله‬ olloh ɒlːɒh
Table 9 The analysis of the “GOD”-concept

8 From Proto-Slavic *bogъ.

The analysis of the “PEOPLE”-concept
Obviously the (mostly Balto-Slavic) “Rod”-entries (marked yellow) are related to the “Diu”- and
“Dui”-cores (marked blue) of the Indo-European languages Dutch, English, German, Icelandic,
Latvian and Lithuanian.
• The “Rod”-entries are related to the Rod/Krodo/Saturn-deity, whereas
• the þeod-, Duits-, diutisk-, þjóð- are related to the sky-god “Deivos” (“Diu” or “Tuw”).

The “Rod”-based Slavic “PEOPLE”-concept

The root for “PEOPLE”-concept seem to have been chosen from two deities (Rod or Deivos):
1. “Rod” (including “Rad” and “Rov”) or
2. “Rod”'s predecessor “Deivos” (respectively “Dui”, “Tui”? or “Tuw”?) in Duits and “Diu”
in diutisk.

The etymology of the word “народ” (“narod”, people)

The word “народ” (“narod”, people) concatenates на (“na”) & “Rod”, to be interpreted as:
The people who use the dual Old Slavic pronoun “на” (IPA: “na”, → “us two”).

This naming convention is equivalent to the dialect's name “Jauer” → Those who use the ego-
pronoun“jau” (English: “I”).

Language People
## Language Root IPA generated
(& sub-)family Orthographic form
1 Chukchi Chukotko-Kamchatkan Rat варат βaɹat
1 Belarusian IE. Balto-Slavic Rod народ narɔd
1 Bulgarian IE. Balto-Slavic Rod народ narɔt
1 Croatian IE. Balto-Slavic Rod narod naːrɔd
1 Czech IE. Balto-Slavic Rod národ naːrot
1 Polish IE. Balto-Slavic Rod naród naɾut
1 Russian IE. Balto-Slavic Rod народ nɐrɔˑt
1 Slovak IE. Balto-Slavic Rod národ naːrɔt
1 Slovene IE. Balto-Slavic Rod národ na˨ːrɔd
1 Ukrainian IE. Balto-Slavic Rod народ nɑrɔd
1 Buryat Mongolic Rad арад arad
1 Nanai Tungusic Rod народ narɔd
1 Sakha Turkic Rod норуот noɾudot
1 Tundra Nenets Uralic Rod народ nɑroːd
1 Livonian Uralic - Finnic Rov ro’vz roˀvz
1 Livonian Uralic - Finnic Rov ro’v roˀv
1 Erzya Uralic - Mordvin Rod народ narod
1 Moksha Uralic - Mordvin Rod нароод naroˑd
1 Komi-Permyak Uralic - Permian Rod народ narod
Table 10 Correlating entries for the “PEOPLE”-concept in the Northeuralex database
The Tuw-based Germanic “PEOPLE”-concept
The words Duits and diutisk are derived from the Dui- or Tuw-based divine core, but it is
interpreted as “German people”.

People
Tuw-
## Language Language (& sub-)family Orthographic IPA generated
Root
form
Diets
2 Dutch Indo-European - Germanic volk vɔlk
Duits
2 English Indo-European - Germanic þeod nation ˈneɪʃn
deutsch
2 German Indo-European - Germanic volk fɔlk
diutisk
2 Icelandic Indo-European - Germanic þjóð þjóð θjouθ
2 Latvian Indo-European Balto-Slavic tauta tauta tauitɑ
2 Lithuanian Indo-European Balto-Slavic tauta tauta tɒʊiˑtɑɑ
Table 11 Correlating entries for the “PEOPLE”-concept in the Northeuralex database
The analysis of the “TOWN”-concept
Obviously the (mostly Balto-Slavic) “Rod”-entries (marked yellow) are related to the “Diu”- and
“Dui”-cores of the Indo-European languages Dutch, English, German, Icelandic, Latvian and
Lithuanian.
The “Rod”- and “Rad”-entries are related to the Rod/Krodo/Saturn-deity and the “tuin”, “town”,
“zaun”-entries are related to the “Diu” respectively “Tuw”- or “Zui”-deity.
The root for “TOWN”-concept seem to have been chosen from two deities (Rod and/or Deivos):
1. “Rod” (including “Rad” and “Red”) or
2. “Rod”'s predecessor “Deivos” (respectively “Tui” in Dutch “tuin”, respectively “Tuw” in
English “Town”.
The roots for the English “garden”, German garten (including the derivatives jardin in French and
giardino in Italian) may have been derived from “GRad”, which probably is based on a “Rad”-core9.
Officially TOWN is derived from from PIE *dhu-no- "enclosed, fortified place, hill-fort," from root
*dheue- "to close, finish, come full circle" (see town (n.) and down (n.2)). 10
## Language Language (& sub-)family Root Orthographic IPA generated
1 Chukchi Chukotko-Kamchatkan Rod город ɣoɹod
1 Itelmen Chukotko-Kamchatkan Rod город ɡorod
1 Belarusian Indo-European Balto-Slavic Rad горад ɣɔrad
1 Bulgarian Indo-European Balto-Slavic Rad град ɡrat
1 Croatian Indo-European Balto-Slavic Rad grad ɡraːd
1 Russian Indo-European Balto-Slavic Rod город ɡɔˑrət
1 Evenki Tungusic Rod город ɡorod
1 Sakha Turkic - North Siberian Turkic Rad куорат kudoɾat
1 Hungarian Uralic - Hungarian Ros város vaːroʃ
1 Hill Mari Uralic - Mari Rod города ɣoroðɑ
1 Komi-Permyak Uralic - Permian Rod город ɡorod
1 Skolt Sami Uralic - Saami Rad gåårad ɡɔːrɒd
1 Northern Yukaghir Yukaghir Rod коорот koːrot
1 Southern Yukaghir Yukaghir - Kolymic Red gōrət ɡoːrət

2 Dutch Indo-European - Germanic tuin stad stɑt

2 English Indo-European - Germanic town town taʊn
2 German Indo-European - Germanic zaun Stadt ʃtat

3 English Indo-European - Germanic garden town taʊn

3 German Indo-European - Germanic garten Stadt ʃtat
3 French Indo-European - Italic jardin ville vil
3 Italian Indo-European - Italic giardino città dtʃitːa

Table 12 Correlating entries for the “TOWN”-concept in the Northeuralex database

9 From French jardin, of Germanic origin (compare Franconian gardo, German Garten). (source: Wiktionary's entry
giardino)
10 Source: town (n.)
The analysis of the “NATURE”-concept
The Rod-based Slavic words for Nature
The Russian word for “nature” is природа (IPA(key): [prʲɪˈrodə]), which includes the “Rod”-key.
The Rod-correlation had been predicted by Aleksandra K. in the website Rod – The Slavic God of
Cosmos and Creator of The Universe (published by Aleksandra K.):
Rod was the patron of crops, birth, family. All of these nouns in all Slavic languages
have the root of the word ROD. Relative, family, birth, nature, people, and these are all
words contain ROD in their root. 11

However the “NATURE”-concept could not be found in the Northeuralex database. Only the
following few samples could be reconstructed manually:

Orthographic
## Language Language Family Root Romanized IPA-key
form
1 Russian IE.- Balto-Slavic Rod прироода priróda prʲɪˈrodə
1 Macedonian IE.- Balto-Slavic Rod природа priroda
1 Serbo-Croatian IE.- Balto-Slavic Rod прио рода priroda prǐːroda
1 Ukrainian IE.- Balto-Slavic Rod прироода pryróda
1 Czech IE.- Balto-Slavic Rod příroda příroda prr iːroda
1 Slovak IE.- Balto-Slavic Rod príroda príroda ˈpriːrɔda
Table 13 The analysis of the “nature”-concept

11 The "Rod"-Core in Slavic Etymology

The analysis of the “CORRECT”-concept
The Latin-based IU-source for Justice
The Latin word iūstus has been spread equally over the Romance and Germanic languages.
From Middle English juste, borrowed from Old French juste, from Latin iūstus (“just,
lawful, rightful, true, due, proper, moderate”), from Proto-Italic *jowestos, related to
Latin iūs (“law, right”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yew-.

Compare Scots juist (“just”), Saterland Frisian juust (“just”), West Frisian just (“just”),
Dutch juist (“just”), Low German jüst (“jüst”), German just (“just”), Danish just
(“just”), Swedish just (“just”). 12

The words seem to have been related to the divine IU-core of Jupiter. Probably the Germanic words
such as just have been imported from Latin.

juist
## Language Language family subfamily root Orthographic IPA
form
1 Scots Indo-European Germanic IU in Jupiter juist
1 Dutch Indo-European Germanic IU in Jupiter juist jœyi st
1 Swedish Indo-European Germanic IU in Jupiter just
1 German Indo-European Germanic IU in Jupiter just
1 English Indo-European Germanic IU in Jupiter just
1 Danish Indo-European Germanic IU in Jupiter just
1 Italian Indo-European Italic IU in Jupiter giusto ddʒusto
1 Catalan Indo-European Italic IU in Jupiter just ʒus
1 French Indo-European Italic IU in Jupiter juste ʒyst
1 Spanish Indo-European Italic IU in Jupiter justo xusto
1 Portuguese Indo-European Italic IU in Jupiter justo ˈʒuʃtu

Table 14 The analysis of the Correct (Right) - concept

12 Source: just - From Middle English juste, borrowed from Old French juste, from Latin iūstus (“just, lawful, rightful,
true, due, proper, moderate”),
The analysis of the “SPIRIT”-concept
The “SPIRIT”-concept is represented by:
• a Slavic key (“dux”),
• a near-east key (“ruh”) and
• the Germanic keyword “vit” or “wit”.

The Germanic “spirit”-category “vit” or “wit”

The Germanic keyword “vit” or “wit” may be derived from:
• a Latin verb “videō” (“I see”) or
• the Old English personal pronoun “ƿit”, respectively “wit” (“we two”).
In contrast to the italic subfamily languages, in which a dual form for the personal pronoun is
missing, the “SPIRIT”-concept has been based on the roots “Mind” and “Ghost”.
Maybe the Latvian word gars (“spirit”) has been derived from IPA “ɡaɪi st” → in German: “geistig”
(“spiritual”).

Root 1 Root 2 Spirit

## Language Language Family
to wit “we 2” Orthographic form
IPA
3 Swedish Indo-European - Germanic vett ƿit ande anːdə
3 Danish Indo-European - Germanic vid ƿit ånd ɔnˀ
3 Dutch Indo-European - Germanic weet ƿit geest ɣeːst
3 English Indo-European - Germanic wit ƿit Spirit / Mind / Ghost ˈspɪɹɪt
3 German Indo-European - Germanic Witz ƿit Geist ɡaɪi st

3 Spanish Indo-European - Italic veo mente mente

3 Romanian Indo-European - Italic văd minte minte

3 Latin Indo-European - Italic videō mens meːs

3 Russian Indo-European Balto-Slavic vídetʹ вио деть vídetʹ

3 Latvian Indo-European-Balto-Slavic gars ɡɑrs

4 Komi-Zyrian Uralic - Permian лов ɫov

4 Komi-Permyak Uralic - Permian лов ɫov
Table 15: The analysis of the “SPIRIT”-concept
The Slavic “Spirit”-category Dux and Dusa
The Slavic key “duša” has been derived from:
Proto-Slavic *dušà. Cognate with Bulgarian душа (duša), Macedonian душа (duša),
Russian душаа (dušá), Ukrainian душаа (dušá), Belarusian душаа (dušá), Serbo-Croatian
дуаша, dúša, Czech duše, Polabian dausă, Polish dusza, Slovene dúša, Kashubian dësza,
Upper Sorbian duša, Lower Sorbian duša, Old Church Slavonic доуша (duša). 13

## Language Language Family Root Orthographic IPA

1 Ukrainian Indo-European Balto-Slavic dux дух dux
1 Slovene Indo-European Balto-Slavic dux dúša du˨ːʃa
1 Slovak Indo-European Balto-Slavic dux duch dux
1 Russian Indo-European Balto-Slavic dux дух duˑx
1 Polish Indo-European Balto-Slavic dux duch dux
1 Lithuanian Indo-European Balto-Slavic dux dvasia dʋɐsʲɛɑ
1 Czech Indo-European Balto-Slavic dux duch dux
1 Croatian Indo-European Balto-Slavic dux duh dux
1 Bulgarian Indo-European Balto-Slavic dux дух dux
1 Belarusian Indo-European Balto-Slavic dux дух dux
1 Romanian Indo-European Italic dux duh dux
1 Hill Mari Uralic - Mari dux тух tux
Table 16 The analysis of the “SPIRIT”-concept

The Arabian “spirit”-category “rūḥ"

The word ruh (“spirit”) is derivated from Arabic ‫( وروح‬rūḥ).
## Language Language Family Root Orthographic IPA
2 Standard Arabic Afro-Asiatic - Semitic ruh ‫روح‬ ruːħ
2 Modern Hebrew Afro-Asiatic - Semitic ruh ‫רוח‬ ʁuaχ
2 Western Farsi Indo-European - Iranian ruh ‫روح‬ ɾuh
2 Northern Pashto Indo-European - Iranian ruh ‫روح‬ ruh
2 Lezgian Nakh-Daghestanian ruh руьгь ryh
2 Lak Nakh-Daghestanian ruh рухӏ ruħ
2 Dargwa Nakh-Daghestanian ruh рухӏ ruħ
2 Avar Nakh-Daghestanian ruh рухӏ-жан ruħ-ʒan
2 Bashkir Turkic - Kipchak ruh рух rux
2 Tatar Turkic - Kipchak ruh рух rux
2 Kazakh Turkic - Kipchak ruh рух ɾux
2 Northern Uzbek Turkic - Uzbek ruh ruh ruh
2 North Azerbaijani Turkic - West Oghuz ruh ruh ruh
Table 17 The analysis of the “SPIRIT”-concept

13 Source: duša (soul)

The analysis of the “PARENTS”-concept
The “Rod”-related symbolism (family, parents, birth)
The “PARENTS”-concept has been based on three key-elements: “family”, “parents” and “To be
born”, which are all “Rod”-based roots.

The “Tuis”-related symbolism (procreation, birth, creation)

In Irish a TUIS-core “tuismitheoirí14” has been found:
tuismeadh, m. (gs. -midh).

1. (Act of) begetting; procreation.

2. (Act of) bringing forth; parturition, childbirth; birth. Aimsir thuismidh, time of
parturition. Ó lá a thuismidh, from the day he was born.

3. (Act of) creating, generating, producing; creation, production. (Var:gs. ~a)

The Slovak word “narodiť sa” and Ukrainian word “народитися” ([nɑrɔdɪtɪsʲɑ], “To be born”) both
include “Rod” (“God”) and “Narod” (“people”):

IEs Language family parents To be born

IEs Croatian porodica roditelji roditi se
IEs Polish rodzina rodzice urodzić się
IEs Slovene družína stárši rodíti se
IEs Slovak rodina rodičia narodiť sa
IEs Czech rodina rodiče rodit se
IEs Bulgarian
родина народитися
IEs Ukrainian
(rɔdɪnɑ) (nɑrɔdɪtɪsʲɑ)
родители родиться
IEs Russian
(rɐdʲiˑtʲɪli) (rɐdʲiˑtʲsʲɪ)

IE Irish tuismitheoirí
Table 18 The analysis of the “PARENTS”-concept

14 Source: tuismitheoirí (procreation, birth, creation)

Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................1
Introduction..........................................................................................................................................2
Some notes to the features of the Northeuralex database ..........................................................2
An overview of the concepts................................................................................................................4
The analysis of the “I”- and “WE”-concept.....................................................................................5
The IE-Germanic family.............................................................................................................5
The IE-Italic family.....................................................................................................................6
The IE-Balto-Slavic family.........................................................................................................7
The etymology of the word “народ” (“narod”, people).........................................................7
Other languages...........................................................................................................................8
The correlation of the dual forms in Saami-languages ..............................................................9
The analysis of the “GOD”-concept..............................................................................................10
The words correlating to *déiu-os............................................................................................10
The IE-Germanic words correlating to the Gothic word “guþ”................................................11
Other divine names ..................................................................................................................12
The analysis of the “PEOPLE”-concept........................................................................................13
The “Rod”-based Slavic “PEOPLE”-concept...........................................................................13
The etymology of the word “народ” (“narod”, people)............................................................13
The Tuw-based Germanic “PEOPLE”-concept........................................................................14
The analysis of the “TOWN”-concept...........................................................................................15
The analysis of the “NATURE”-concept.......................................................................................16
The Rod-based Slavic words for Nature...................................................................................16
The analysis of the “CORRECT”-concept....................................................................................17
The Latin-based IU-source for Justice......................................................................................17
The analysis of the “SPIRIT”-concept...........................................................................................18
The Germanic “spirit”-category “vit” or “wit”.........................................................................18
The Slavic “Spirit”-category Dux and Dusa.............................................................................19
The Arabian “spirit”-category “rūḥ".........................................................................................19
The analysis of the “PARENTS”-concept.....................................................................................20
The “Rod”-related symbolism (family, parents, birth).............................................................20
The “Tuis”-related symbolism (procreation, birth, creation)...................................................20