Vaccines for Childhood

Preventable Diseases
Trey Hughes, 7th
ISM – Fall Semester 2018
Mrs. Click
 Disclaimer: Some of the
information used for this
presentation is from outside
sources.
My Mentor

• My mentor is Dr. Amir Salim M.D.

P.A. He works at his own clinic at
450 North Texas Avenue.
• Dr. Salim is general practitioner that
specializes in family medicine.
• He went to Baylor, and has been
practicing since 1998.
• My topic is the vaccination of
children, which is fairly routine at his
clinic.
Introduction to ISM

 ISM is a high school class that gives

students the ability to be mentored by a
professional in their field of interest.
 It requires 3 hours of mentorship and 2
hours of activity a week, totally 27
mentorship hours in nine weeks.
 Activity logs are required each week to
document what we have learned and
observed that week.
 Every nine weeks, we receive an
evaluation by our mentor.
 Each semester, we create a project
centering around of topic that interests us.
Project Topic

Vaccines for Childhood Preventable Diseases.

 My topic is about the science, administration, and distribution of

vaccines that prevent childhood preventable diseases.
 I chose this topic because vaccines have always been of great
interest to me, and I feel it is relevant due to the misconceptions
that have spread about vaccines.

This Photo by Unknown Author is

licensed under CC BY-NC
Key Points

• Administration of Vaccines
• How Vaccines Work
• The Anti-Vax Movement
• Statistical Analysis of the Effectiveness of Vaccines Worldwide
Research I: Immunization Efforts and History
• Easily transmitted diseases have declined in
occurrence in many developed countries due to
widespread, immunization efforts of small children and
infants.
• Annual vaccinations and immunization programs in
the United States result in the avoidance of some 20
million illnesses and 40,000 deaths.
• Vaccinations benefit the public in two ways: the
direct vaccination of a population, as well as unvaccinated their overwhelming success in quelling diseases, hiding the risks these
people having less exposure to said disease.
• Vaccinations have reduced the mortality rate of
Diphtheria, Measles, Paralytic Poliomyelitis, Rubella, and is due to the fallacies that have spread about them, including adverse
smallpox by 99.9% to 100%.
• Breakthroughs in vaccines have been continuous
since their inception in the late 1700s, including the
advent of the Hib conjugate vaccine in the 1980s,
dropping the infections associated with this disease by
99%.
• Vaccinations have schedules for when they should
be given, to ensure optimal public safety within all age
groups.
• Despite this vast benefits vaccinations have had on public
health, in recent years, rejection to vaccinations have resulted in
outbreaks of rubella, mumps, pertussis, and measles in the United
States.
• When parents do refuse to vaccinate their child, it is usually on
medical, religious, and moral grounds.
• Another reason parents may object to vaccinations is because of
diseases still have.
• A more concerning reason parents may not vaccinate their child
effects, with some people claiming that certain vaccines may cause
ADHD or autism, even though many scientific studies have debunked
this connection.
• 3 measures have been suggested by the CDC’s Task Force on
Community Prevention Services in order to keep people informed
about vaccines: teaching parents, public education, and making
vaccinations more accessible, and, in some cases, free for uninsured
patients.

Ventola, C. Lee. “Immunization in the United States: Recommendations, Barriers, and Measures to Improve Compliance.” National Center for
Biotechnology Information, 2016, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4927017/.
Research II: How Vaccines Work
• The immune system is made up of innate and learned immune responses. •
• Innate immune responses are the first reactions to a new, foreign
pathogen. The immunity this provides is biological and evolutionary,
spanning back millions of years. It is also the same among all humans.
• The innate immune system reacts very quickly to foreign pathogens,
dispatching macrophages, neutrophils, and NK or natural killer cells.
• Certain macrophages, such as antigen-presenting cells and dendritic cells,
serve a vital role in identifying and killing antigens.
• The dendritic cells stay in the tissue where the antigen was first identified •
for up to 6 hours before travelling to the closest lymph node to stimulate
helper T-cells, creating future immunity.
• Learned or acquired immune responses occur after the pathogen has been •
introduced for the first time. It is comprised of B- and T-cells that identify
and kill a recognized pathogen.
• B-cells produce antibodies that are attached to wandering pathogens in
order for phagocytes to identify and kill them.
• T-cells include helper, killer and regulatory T-cells, all of which help to
hunt down infected cells to kill them, without over-reacting. The training
of these T- and B-cells is done over about a week.
Casey, Georgina. "Vaccines--how and why they work." Kai Tiaki: Nursing New Zealand, Feb. 2016, p. 20+. Health & Wellness Resource Center,
http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A444206192/HWRC?u=j084910009&sid=HWRC&xid=f3657871. Accessed 1 Nov. 2018.
Once the danger is wiped out, both T- and B-cells reduce in
number, leaving memory cells in the occasion that the same
pathogen should invade again.
• Live-attenuated vaccines are vaccines that cripple a pathogen
before introducing it to the body. These pathogens are harmless
and generate a lasting immune response. One limitation of
live-attenuated vaccines is that they can only truly cover
pathogens that mutate slowly or that are not dormant.
There are two types of non-living vaccines; the entire organism
and pieces from a pathogen, such as sanitized toxins or certain
proteins from the pathogen’s structure.
Adjuvants are substances that improve the immune system’s
response to an antigen. The most common adjuvant in vaccines
is aluminum, which increase the number of antibodies and also
aid in causing T-cell diversification.
• Herd immunity occurs when a large percentage of the
population have become immune to a pathogen, thereby
decreasing the likelihood an unimmune person comes in
contact with the pathogen.
Research III: A Case Study on Measles

• Measles is one of leading causes of death among children • Worldwide, between 2000 and 2016,
around the world. measles deaths have dropped from 550,000
to 90,000 deaths, an 84% decrease.
• This is despite the fact that vaccines for measles are available • However, in 2016 alone, around 7 million
and effective. people were impacted by measles.
• The World Health Organization plans to eliminate measles and • Measles is still fairly common in parts of
rubella in the regions it covers by 2020. Asia and Africa, and the majority of deaths
from measles are in countries with low
• Measles is transmitted by bodily fluids, mainly saliva or mucus. incomes and poor health regulations and
The early symptoms show up about a week and a half after the infrastructure.
initial infection. • The current vaccine for measles has been
• Symptoms include high fever, bloodshot eyes, runny nose, and used since the 1960s, and is cheap, safe, and
white spots surfacing inside the mouth. A rash also develops on highly effective.
the face and neck a few days after the initial symptoms. • The World Health Organization advises that
vulnerable children should be given two
• Measles is worse for malnourished children who are in need of doses, whether it be just for measles or for
vitamin A or have compromised immune systems due to mumps and rubella.
HIV/AIDs or other weakening diseases. This can lead to
pneumonia, blindness, dehydration, and encephalitis.

“Measles.” Edited by Laragh Gollogy, World Health Organization, World Health Organization, 12 Sept. 2018,
www.who.int/immunization/diseases/measles/en/.
Current Event
The HPV Vaccine is Available for People up to 45 as of October 5th, 2018.
 On October 5th, the FDA approved the age ranges of 45 and under for the for
the Gardasil 9 vaccine.
 Previously, the age range had been much slimmer, only including 9 to
26 year-olds.
 Within the age range of 27 to 45, the vaccine was 88% effective. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

 As of now, HPV affects 40% of the American population.

 It causes the vast majority of cervical cancer cases in the U.S., killing up to 4,000 women each year, according to
the Center for Disease Control.
 Since the turn of the 20th century, cervical cancer rates have dropped 1.6%.
 This event shows the different procedures a vaccine must go through in order to be widely used, and how a
vaccine is distributed.

Ducharme, Jamie. “Adults Up to Age 45 Can Now Get the HPV Vaccine.” Time, Time, 5 Oct. 2018, time.com/5417493/hpv-vaccine-adults/.
Product

 My product is a video on the vaccine schedule

for an infant under 12 months. It also has a
demonstration of me administering a vaccine to
a mannequin baby.
Product

 Video: How to Vaccinate an Infant

Weebly Link

 https://treyhughesismportfolio.weebly.com/
Conclusion

 From this mentorship experience, I have gained

knowledge about how vaccines work and how they
have affected health care, as well as how to
administer them.
 From this project, I felt that I have learned about the
idiosyncrasies of vaccines and their place in health
care and the public in general.
Thank you

 Dr. Salim, Mrs. Click, my family

for being so supportive, and
everybody at the clinic!
Work Cited
 Ventola, C. Lee. “Immunization in the United States: Recommendations, Barriers, and Measures
to Improve Compliance.” National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2016,
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4927017/.
 Ducharme, Jamie. “Adults Up to Age 45 Can Now Get the HPV Vaccine.” Time, Time, 5 Oct.
2018, time.com/5417493/hpv-vaccine-adults/.
 Casey, Georgina. "Vaccines--how and why they work." Kai Tiaki: Nursing New Zealand, Feb.
2016, p. 20+. Health & Wellness Resource Center,
http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A444206192/HWRC?u=j084910009&sid=HWRC&xid=f3657
871. Accessed 1 Nov. 2018.
 “Measles.” Edited by Laragh Gollogy, World Health Organization, World Health Organization, 12
Sept. 2018, www.who.int/immunization/diseases/measles/en/.
 “A Method for Storing Vaccines at Room Temperature.” Phys.org - News and Articles on Science
and Technology, Phys.org, phys.org/news/2016-11-method-vaccines-room-temperature.html.
 “Coaching.” Jim Logan, jslogan.com/jim-logan/man-and-woman-help-silhouette-in-
mountains/.“Iran Among Top 10 in Vaccine Production.” Financial Tribune, 10 Jan. 2017,
financialtribune.com/articles/people/57188/iran-among-top-10-in-vaccine-production.