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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 26 2009
further explore these relations. The undeterministic sensory of fuzzy constraints represented by the membership
impacts of coffee drinks will be evaluated using a fuzzy function μ C ( a ), a ∈ A . Then the fuzzy decisions F result
approach. Based on the above premises, the present study
from the intersection of the fuzzy decision goals and fuzzy
aims to rank of the selected coffee products through sensory
constraints, i.e.
evaluation and find out the best of quality attribute using
fuzzy decision-making. It is hoped that the fuzzy approach can
be used to determine the importance of individual attributes to F =G ∩C
the overall quality of a product.
The rest of this paper will be organised as follows. For the The fuzzy decision is characterized by its membership
sake of clarity, the related definitions of fuzzy decision function
making are presented in Section 2. Ranking method using
fuzzy decision making is proposed in Section 3. An empirical μ F (a) = μ G (a) ∧ μ C (a ), a ∈ A,
study to rank the coffee products and the best quality attribute
is presented in Section 4. Finally, the paper is concluded in
Section 5.
where ∧ denotes the minimum operation.
II. DEFINITIONS
Definition 2.5
We review one basic definition of fuzzy sets by[11] and
fuzzy decision making by [12] in this section. These notions The optimal decision a* in fuzzy decision making is the
are expressed as follows. decision with the largest membership value, also called the
Definition 2.1 maximizing decision, which is defined by
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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 26 2009
membership function with the assigned numerical sample to get the highest rank. The ‘or’ in fuzzy
value of the respective linguistic term Sf. operations were applied in making the decision.
Nf = Mf × Sf (2)
IV AN EXPERIMENT
(iii) Normalized Fuzzy Membership Function
Matrix , Of Thirty residents of Kuala Terengganu City Council in
Malaysia were selected as judges on the level of preferences
Addition of the normalized fuzzy membership for three coffee products. The three products of coffee drinks
function of individual linguistic term of respective used in sensory evaluation were Nesc, Indoc and Incom.
quality attributes for each the products given for Approximately 150 ml of samples were prepared in a small
sensory evaluation formed the elements of the paper cup and presented to the judges. They were asked to
normalized fuzzy membership function matrix. Like judge the samples quickly but not hurry and take two short
this, all the element of the normalized matrix were sniffs of the samples before testing the samples and give the
form and written in the form of a matrix called score for quality attributes in the scorecard. The judges were
normalized fuzzy membership function matrix asked to give tick (√) mark in the respective fuzzy linguistic
having its row as quality attributes and the column as terms based on their own criteria and likings regarding coffee
samples number. drinks. Each judge need to choose one of the fuzzy linguistic
terms: ‘Excellent’ (EX), ‘Good’ (GD), ‘Medium’ (MD), ‘Fair’
Of = ∑ Nf for each quality attribute (3) (FR) and ‘Not satisfactory’ (NS), to show how much each
sensory attributes generally contributes to the overall
(iv) Judgment Membership Function Matrix, Xf acceptability. The quality attributes selected for the sensory
evaluation were colour, smell, taste and mouth-feel of the
After forming the normalized fuzzy membership coffee drinks. After testing the samples, they were asked to
function matrix, the column values of a sample were give marks for each of the quality attributes out of 100 based
added and the individual values of the same column on their own taste regarding coffee drinks. These marks were
were divided by the ‘Maximum’ of the added value. called as weight of each attribute. Data of the sensory
The values thus obtained formed the elements of the evaluation were collected at the parking area of a hypermarket
judgment membership function matrix. in Kuala Terengganu. The data were analyzed using a fuzzy
decision making approach to determine the ranking of the
Xf = Of / max ∑ Of (4) three coffee drinks and the best quality attribute. The data
collected from scorecard were analysed using Fuzzy Decision-
(v) Judgment Subset, Yf making. The results are presented as follows.
Fuzzy Membership function Mf and Normalized Fuzzy
Judgment subset, Yf was formed by averaging the Membership Function Nf were calculated using the
numerical weights (as fraction obtained from the Equations (1) and Equation (2). These two membership
percentage of marks given for individual quality functions led to calculation of Normalized Fuzzy Membership
attribute) given by the judges for individual quality Function Matrix Of .using Equation (3). The results are
attributes like ‘colour’, ‘smell’, ‘taste’, and ‘mouth- presented in Table 1.
feel’. Arithmetic mean method was employed to find
the weights for each quality attributes. TABLE I
N NORMALIZED FUZZY MEMBERSHIP FUNCTION NF FOR QUALITY
1
∑x
i
Yf = (5) ATTRIBUTES OF COFFEE PRODUCTS AND NORMALIZED FUZZY
N MEMBERSHIP FUNCTION MATRIX OF
i =1
(vi) Quality-ranking Subset , Zf Quality attribute Nf
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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 26 2009
TABLE II show that the sample of product Indoc was the highest rank
JUDGMENT MEMBERSHIP FUNCTION XF FOR QUALITY
followed by Nesc and Incom. For the best quality attribute, all
ATTRIBUTES OF COFFEE PRODUCTS.
the obtained quality-ranking values agreeably to the quality of
Quality attribute Xf ‘taste’. The results may not only offer a meter to consumers to
make the best selection but more importantly how
Nesc Indoc Incom
manufacturers react to these findings in an effort to meet
Colour 0.220 0.238 0.172 customers’ choice. Altogether, customers have played their
parts in making the availability of the best products in the
Smell 0.206 0. 257 0.178 market.
Taste 0.211 0.255 0.188 REFERENCES
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III. CONCLUSION
Amid stiff competition in marketing to fulfil customers’
needs, the cost of failure is so high. In an effort to avoid
market disappointment, one of the options to be considered is
probing for customer satisfaction through sensory evaluation.
In this study, the selected judges expressed their sensory
evaluation toward the three coffee products in linguistic terms
by choosing the number from provided scales. Fuzzy decision
making was adopted in the analysis of sensory evaluation data
for coffee drinks. Preference degrees for sensory attitudes of
colour, smell, taste and mouth feel have been represented in
fuzzy linguistic terms and the overall acceptability can be
inferred from them by fuzzy decision making. There were
seven steps before approaching to decide the rank of best
coffee product as well as the best quality attribute. The results
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