Power Management Strategy for a Multi-Hybrid Fuel
Cell/Energy Storage Power Generation Systems
A. Ghazanfari, M. Hamzeh, H. Mokhtari
The Center of Excellence in Power System Management & Control
Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
ghazanfari@ee.sharif.edu, m.hamzeh@ee.sharif.edu, mokhtari@sharif.edu
Abstract-This paper depicts a new configuration for modular
hybrid power conversion systems, namely, multi-hybrid
generation system (MHGS), and parallel connection at the output,
such that the converter of each unit shares the load current
equally. This is a significant step towards realizing a modular
power conversion system architecture, where smaller units can be
connected in any series/parallel grouping to realize any required
unit specifications. The supercapacitor (SC) as a complementary
source is used to compensate for the slow transient response of the
fuel cell (FC) as a main power source. It assists the Fe to meet the
grid power demand in order to achieve a better performance and
dynamic behavior. Reliable control of the proposed MHGS with
multiple units is also a challenging issue. In this paper, a simple
control method to achieve active sharing of load current among
MHGS modules is proposed. The simulation results verify the
performance of the proposed structure and control scheme.
Keywords-multi-hybrid generation system (MHGS); fuel cell
(FC); dc/dc converter; supercapacitor (SC); average load sharing
(ALS)
1. INTRODUCTION
Today, distributed generation (OG) technologies have
considerably increased around the world as an alternative
solution to enhance the power quality and reliability and reduce
the extensive transmission line [1], [2].
The FC system, which is used as a main energy source in
this paper, is clean, quiet, with zero pollution emission and
efficient [3], [4]. However, the slow dynamic related to the FC
response is still a main challenge. In order to solve this problem
and assure good performance in transient operations, it is
necessary to improve the dynamics of the system by inserting
energy storage devices [5].
Increasing efficiency, power density, and transient response
are several benefits of an energy storage module as auxiliary
devices in hybrid generation systems [6]. Among fast-response
and cost-effective energy storage systems, the SC responds in a
short time and is charged or discharged fast enough as a result
of its high power density [7]. Therefore, it seems to be an
appropriate choice for a hybrid generation system.
Up to now, various hybrid topologies and control methods
of converters have been suggested to interface an FC stack to
different loads by using energy storage devices [8]. High
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ISBN: 978-1-4673-0113-8/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE
efficiency and performance, high power density and fast
transient response, and reduction in FC system volume are
favorable characteristics of a FC hybrid power system [9].
A common dc voltage bus, which parallels different energy
sources through dc/dc converters to control the power flows,
offers many advantages, especially, superb scalability and more
flexibility for different applications and power management
capability [10], [11]. Therefore, this hybrid system can be
widely used in many applications such as in microgrids,
portable power sources, and electric vehicles [12], [13].
Hybrid systems component design follows the rules of
modularity and simplicity. A control strategy design to keep
the dc bus voltage constant and manage the power flow
between the source and energy storage module is not a trivial
task [14], [15]. A systematic approach to design an FC based
hybrid power system is illustrated in [16].
The output powers of the hybrid power systems are limited
because each hybrid power system such as an FC/SC hybrid
module generates finite amount of power. However, due to
technical issues and to increase system reliability, it is preferred
to realize unit specification with any series/parallel grouping of
smaller units, especially for high power applications. To solve
this problem, this paper proposes a MHGS configuration in
which hybrid generation systems are paralleled to provide load
power demand.
The MHGS topology has a number of advantages including
reliability, redundancy, maintainability, and modularity. In
addition, due to their paralleling characteristics, size reduction
in the volume of transformer and current stress reduction on
some components of the basic converters can also be achieved
[17].
Proper parallel operation of several hybrid generation
systems is a challenging problem that is more complex than
paralleling dc sources, since every hybrid generation system
must properly share the load while staying balanced. In theory,
if the dc bus of every hybrid generation system has the same
amplitude, the load current could equally be shared. However,
due to the physical differences among the hybrid generation
units, the load will not properly be shared. This fact will result
in a circulating current among the hybrid generation units that
can damage the units [18]. In order to avoid the circulating
current, several control strategies have been proposed which
may or may not use communication links among the units.
354
 FC ·Stack DC/DC Converter #1
r · ....,
+ +
L L.. -
. ....-9- _ _L.
... _-__-__-_- - ....
__-__-_ __ .
______________________ _
SC Modules DC/DC Converter #2
------------------------------------
r· .
L L.. .- ....�_---l
... '--_ ......
Figure I. Configuration of the FC/SC hybrid system.
Among the various techniques, average load sharing (ALS)
technique is the most suitable democratic control scheme in
which every module tracks the average current of all active
modules [19]. This control approach can be realized by using
an inner current loop and an outer voltage loop. The current
loop needs a compensator due to a narrow bandwidth of the
voltage loop and to avoid instabilities caused by using the outer
loop. The bandwidth reduction of the inner loop results in poor
current sharing during transients. To solve this problem, this
paper presents a comprehensive control strategy without the
outer voltage loop. The MHGS can realize the same dc bus,
same current sharing among the units, hot-swap operation
capability, and flexibility to increase the number of units.
This paper describes the operation of a hybrid FC/SC
system, including an FC stack as a main source, an SC as an
energy storage module and power electronic interfaces. The
proposed multi-hybrid configuration improves power
management for high power application. In addition, a control
scheme for parallel operation of hybrid generation systems,
namely, MHGS, and the trends of these systems in DG systems
are presented. The advantages of the MHGS include high
reliability, easy control strategy and high conversion efficiency.
Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed structure and control
strategy has been demonstrated using simulation studies.
II. MHPCS COMPONENTS
In this paper, a dual-converter structure is chosen as the
hybrid power structure. However, the dual-converter structure
results in higher system cost and implementation complexity,
but in comparison with other architectures, its power
management capability is more flexible. The system, which is
shown in Fig. 1, includes an FC source and an SC module
connected to a dc bus by full bridge dc/dc converters.
A. Modeling of the FC Stack
FCs are static electrochemical devices which directly
convert the chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy. In
terms of advantages, such as quick startup, low-temperature
characteristics, the PEMFC is the most popular among other
IEEE Catalog Number: CFP121IJ-ART
ISBN: 978-1-4673-0113-8/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE
isc ESR
t
Vsc EPR Cs
I
Figure 2. RC model of SC module.
choices. The model of the FC stack used in this study is on the
foundation of the dynamic proton exchange membrane FC
(PEMFC) stack model developed and validated in [20]. The FC
model is realized in PSCAD. The relationship between the FC
stack potential and current density can be determined as
follows:
where No is the cell number of the PEMFC stack. PH2,PH20'
and P02 are the hydrogen , water and oxygen partial pressure
respectively. Eo is the reversible potential for the cell, and b is
the constant parameter, Rint represents resistance that causes a
linear variation of FC cell voltage. All parameters are listed in
Table I.
Two important parameters that should be regulated
appropriately in control strategy designing for the FC stack are
hydrogen flow rate and the FC current. Fuel starvation
phenomenon is occurred as a result of high voltage drop in a
short time due to fast energy demand. Because of the fuel
starvation, performance of the FC degrades and the cell voltage
drops. This condition is obviously dangerous for the FC stack
[21]. Therefore, FC stack current slope must be limited to avoid
the fuel starvation phenomena.
The short response time of the dc/dc converter as compared
to the response time of FC reformer results in a fast system
response to the load changes.
B. Modeling of the SC
The SC as a surge module plays an effective role for proper
functionality of its corresponding FC stack. Although, the SC
module usage increases system costs, it guarantees the system
power quality and reliability particularly for sensitive loads. An
SC can withstand a very large number of charge and discharge
cycles without degradation. An equivalent model for the SC
module is shown in Fig. 2. According to the design
specifications, an SC is adopted, wherein the capacitance
equation is as follows:
(2)
355
where At is the discharging travel time, Vi and VJ are the initial of the high frequency transformer and other parameters are
voltage before discharging begins and the final voltage after listed in Table I.
discharging ends respectively. The control-to-output voltage and control-to-input current
The electrical parallel resistance (EPR) is neglected because transfer functions are derived from (4) and given in (5). It can
EPR influences the long-term SC performance which is not the be used for the controller design.
concern of this study. The average current which should be
supplied by the SC module is calculated in [22]. In practical 2 2
Va
S)
n n L
(1- -
applications, the SC are built up with modules of serial
V. (I-D) R(I-D)2 R(I-D)2
Gvd = � = -'---'---'---"----:'----'---
connected single cells packed with adjacent parallel connected
modules to acquire required capacitance and terminal voltage.
The capacitance and resistance of the SC module can be
A
d 1+
n2

(1- D)2 R
L
S+
n2

(1- D)2
()
L CS2
_

(5)
calculated as
R
.
A �(1+ C S)
Gid = !.£.= (I-D) 2

(3)
d 1+
n (�)s + (1- D)2
(1- D)2 R
2
n
2
LC S2

III. CONFIGURATION AND CONTROL STRATEGY OF MHPCS

where Csc is the capacitance of the SC cell, ESR is the
The control strategy of one of the hybrid FC/SC units is
equivalent series internal resistance of the SC, ns is the number
depicted in Fig. 3. The SC converter is driven to realize a
of SC cells connected in series, and np is the number of parallel conventional dc bus voltage regulation, and the FC converter is
series strings.
driven to sustain the dc bus power demand.
C. Modeling and Control of the dc/de Converter The SC voltage control loop is supplied by the dc bus
It is necessary to adapt the output voltage of the FC unit to voltage reference signal. The FC current control loop needs a
the desired dc-link voltage and smooth the output current. A feedback from the FC and dc bus current. In order to avoid the
boost based dc/dc converter is often utilized as an FC fuel starvation phenomenon, the FC current slope is limited. As
converter. In order to avoid the efficiency reduction of the SC shown in Fig. 3, the FC current reference is limited, and as a
module, the SC with bidirectional dc/dc converter is employed result, the safe operation of the FC stack will be guaranteed. A
to compensate the slow transient response of the FC and to PI controller is chosen for dc bus regulation, the FC hydrogen
allow bidirectional power flow. flow control, and FC current regulation. The PI controller can
For high power applications, classical boost converters eliminate the steady-state error, thus accurate power sharing
among the modules can be achieved.
cannot be used. Isolated converters must be used to support
Because of the unidirectional power flow of the FC
high power applications with an increased output to input
converter, the dynamics of the FC and SC converters are
voltage ratio. As a result, the stable and fast response dc energy
decoupled from each other. Therefore, controller design can be
can be provided through the full-bridge dc/dc converters
done separately for each converter. The FC ripple current and
considering a precise pulsewidth modulation (PWM) control the dc bus voltage are kept lower than 2% and 5% of their rated
strategy.
A block diagram of the FC/SC hybrid system is shown in
Fig. 1, where the unidirectional and bidirectional full-bridge
dc/dc converters connect the FC stack and SC modules to the
dc bus.
In order to control converters, dc/dc converters are modeled
separately by state-space averaging technique. The average
model of the full bridge converter could be defined by:

L
diL
dt
=
( )
V Ii
_ l -d
n
v.
C

C
d Vc _
dt -
( ) 1- d
n
.
1/,
_.
10
(4)

where d is the rated duty ratio of the switch, iL, io, Vc> Vg are the
input inductor current, the output current, the output voltage, Figure 3. Proposed control strategy of hybrid FC/SC power conversion
and the input voltage respectively. n indicates the winding ratio system.

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 (a)

r
40 ,-�--���------��--����--------� .-------.--4+
t
�

e!...
20 'r__....:;....;['
11111
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=::::���
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............................... ...............................
Hybrid FC/SC #n Hybrid FC/SC #1
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(b) I J I R
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m 6 0 �����""������-,,,���-o
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C) Figure 5. Proposed control strategy of hybrid FC/SC power conversion
� -20
system.
o
g; -45
"
-;
II)
- 90 1----�-r::: The different specification of hybrid system units results in
, .w1.L_..J_1 -J...lUIJJ___1 LI-lLIUI__ I-..L .LI.JUIL -1--1
circulating currents among them. The circulating current may
�
a.
-135
���:�;�eg I III I 1,1111' I 1 11111 1_..LI) LI.L11111 cause one or several modules to generate extra active power.
-180
10" 10° 10 102 10' 10' As a consequence, the dc bus voltage level increases which can
Frequency (Hz) result in damage to the dc-link capacitors or system collapse.
Figure 4. Close-loop frequency response. (a) SC converter. (b) FC converter.
The proposed control strategy for the MHGS uses ALS
technique with current sharing resistors connected to a common
values respectively.
information bus. The common current bus averages the current
The voltage-loop response of the SC converter and the
of all units. In general, the current reference for each unit can
current-loop response of the FC converter are shown in Fig.
be defined as follows:
4(a) and Fig. 4(b) respectively. As shown in Fig. 4(a), the
compensated results show that the voltage-loop bandwidth for
. 1 "n .
the SC converter is 18.1 Hz. Fig. 4(b) demonstrates that the lOu/Ref =
-;; L... j =1 1 j (6)
current-loop bandwidth for the FC converter is set at 537 Hz
which is chosen to be at least half decade higher than the 100-
Hz current ripple injected from the downstream inverter. The average current of all the units is the reference current
The proposed independent control strategy used for each for each individual one. The real democratic conception of
hybrid system senses the FC and dc bus voltage and current to ALS technique leads to a highly reliable and modular and
manage the power flows and keep the voltage constant the dc expandable control scheme. The configuration of the MHGS
link. Therefore, the complexity of designing the power control structure which is shown in Fig. 5.
management strategy is reduced.
In the FC processor, a PI controller is used to regulate the IV. SIMULATION RESULTS

hydrogen flow rate. The parameters of the PI current controller
have a crucial impact on the control of the flow rate of the
methane in the reformer. The parameters are listed in Table I.
As mentioned in previous section, the FC current and SC
voltage are regulated by the duty cycle control of full bridge
dc/dc converters.
In the MHGS structure, balanced power sharing among the
parallel hybrid systems and their subsystems (FC as a main
source and SC as an auxiliary source), is an important issue.
The simulation model of the proposed MHGS is built in
PSCAD/EMTDC environment to show the effectiveness of the
proposed control strategy. The system is tested for dynamic
load sharing and steady-state performance. For convenience of
the simulation time, the MHGS includes two parallel FC/SC
hybrid units in which each unit consists of an FC stack and an
SC module connected to the same dc bus by two dc/dc
converters.

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 (a)· DC Bus Voltage
(a): Active Power of Load
1 1 1
' 1
1
----11 ---- 1 1 1 1
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---� -
- - -:- - - - -._
L --r----i--....;.---I
. 1.1 -I- ---l- -- -1-
1

1
----- - - - ------
1 T I
1 1
�
..,
� :k,
� "
50 �t:::::����::���
"-!
�
L� � �� j g
;;�� � �� �
(b): O tp t Power of Each FC/SC Hybr id System
>

�
u u 0.9

P
� --- Out1

�
0.8
� (b)· Output Current 01 Hybrid Sytem
� 20 - 0.12 r,r--.,.--�-":--.-':":":"'':'':'�='::'
1 I
':''' ':::':-...-
:':'' ---.-..,
I I
�
1

�L-__���____�__�__�____�__�
� 0.1 � - - - - � - - - -� - - - .... - - - - r-------�
(c):
j
Power of First FC/SC Hybrid System
J ____ L ___ J ____ 1 1 ______ 1
_ , , , , ,
_____ ________ _

- -'- - - .!... _-
0.08 ,
�����;.;.;.;�' ;,;,;,;,,� , ---
P
FC1 _l
� , , ,
0.06 ----- ' ---- r --- � ----
,
1 T
, ,
----- - - - - - - - 1- - -

����ij�-��� = = � � � � �
_

---� ;�c� I- .,. +

� �: 0.04
= = =
0.02
(d): Power of Second FC/SC Hybrid System :---�3---:'3.'::-5 --4'----4...
�2!:---:2:':.5 5--5
. 5--... .....-5---1
.
� " Time(sec)
_� _ ____
I
� = = ==� = = --l---- _ __ y ____ ---
P
FC2
Figure 7. Output waveform of (a) dc bus voltage,and (b) dc bus current.
a.Ul
0 ,- _ ..J - - �- _ _ _
- -J-_.� ___ _
--- - _ ._
P
SC2

40 -
--

�
D --
� ----
� � ----
� �
-40 - - -- - - --- - - - - - -- -- -- -- - - - - - - �
� --- ---- ---- --- --

2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 (a): Hydrogen Input Flow

Timelsecl
Figure 6. Dynamic response of MHGS, (a) load active power, (b) output
�
6
-:- --- � - - - -:- - - - -: - - - - � -- -:- - --I == ::j
-

power of hybrid units, (c) FC stack and SC module power of first hybrid I ;- . T r-

: -:- - - - � - - - - � - �::�� - - - � - - - - � -
::::'(\1 4
1
-...... .
umt,and (d) FC stack and SC module power of second hybrid unit. �
cr''I. -

In this case study, a 100 kW MHGS is designed, wherein (b): Hydrogen Partial Pressure
two FC systems with a stack of 384 cells is used. These cells 1 ' , , , ,
- - - - � - -- - : ----: - - - - � - - - -:- --J = ::::1
0.03

supply a maximum output power of 50 kW at 200 V according S - -

«
0.02
: I I I

�
to the design specifications. Two SC modules are adopted with �'" , .
1: " .. , 1 1
I

� • , ,"" O .01216 ' ,

• _�
0.01
a rated capacity of 30 kW. In each hybrid system, the SC I I .J.. �" . I I I
I I I
module of Maxwell Technologies Boostcap BMOD0165-type 0.01210 .
0
SC is selected as the short-term energy storage which provides 0.1
(c): Oxygen Partial Pressure

fast dynamic response to load changes. Two strings of two SC 0.08

modules are connected in series to meet the power demand. In
order to achieve reasonable switching loss and stresses as well
I1l 0.06
I
� I

I-O.0606 . ......,#01' .......... _

L
I I
1.

+ I­
� , I ...... ,
I ..!.-- . ,
.... ,

r 0.0602 T r
....

as proper current ripple level, switching frequency is set at 5 0.02 ,

kHz. The output voltage range of the dc/dc converters is
controlled at IkV. The MHGS parameters are given in Table I
in detail. In addition, the parameters of the controllers
including the power electronic converters controller and the
reformer controller are given in Table II.
In order to evaluate the hybrid blocks power management
and load-sharing capabilities, the system are investigated under
sudden load changes. The dynamic response of the system to
the load active power steps is shown in Fig. 6. As depicted in
Fig. 6(a), the power demand of the load has a step decrease at t
= 2 s from 100 kW to 50 kW, and a step increase at t= 4 s to
100 kW.
The effectiveness of the proposed power sharing among
hybrid units is demonstrated in Fig. 6(b). The results show the
same dynamic response for each hybrid units.
Figs. 6(c) and (d) show the dynamic response of the FC
stacks and SC modules in two parallel hybrid systems under
study. Initially, the system is tested for a step decrease power
command while the power of the SC is zero. At t= 2 s, the final
FC power decreases with a limited slope of 0.025 p.u.s-1 to the
rated load demand. The power difference of the FC stacks and
the load demand charges the SC modules. When the FC output
power reaches the load power demand, the SC modules move
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Time(sec)
Figure 8. Waveforms of unit's (a) hydrogen input flow, (b) hydrogen partial
pressure,and (d) oxygen partial pressure.
to a standby state. At t= 4 s, the FC power increases with a
limited slope to a rated load demand. The SC supplies load
variation while the FC stack increases its output power at the
FC response rate. The SC modules move to a standby state
when the sum of the FC stacks power fulfills the load demand.
In fact, the proposed control strategy changes a sudden load
power increase or decrease into a sudden current increase or
decrease in the SC modules respectively.
As shown in Fig. 7(a), the controller regulates the dc bus
voltage waveform within a 10% of the dc-link voltage
reference under sudden load changes. Fig. 7(b) demonstrates
the dc bus current waveform which follows the load power
variations.
Hydrogen input flow, hydrogen partial pressure, and
oxygen partial pressure are shown in Fig. 8. The slight
variation between the waveforms is caused by the physical
differences in hybrid units. In order to have an equal power
sharing among the units, the control strategy commands the

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