10/24/2018----IAS Mains Geography Optional Paper 2 Section a 2018 (Part - 2)- Translation in Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi,

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IAS Mains Geography Optional Paper 2 Section a 2018 (Part - 2)

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(October 24, 2018)

Q. 3 a) Examine the ongoing process of agriculture diversification and its implications for food security in
India. : Doubling farmers income 2022. Diversification of agriculture in favour of non-cereals and high-value
commodities such as fruits, vegetables, milk, meat, eggs, fish etc. are emerging as a promising source of income
augmentation, employment generation, poverty alleviation and export promotion.

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IAS Mains Geography Optional 2018 Solutions: Paper 2 Section A

KUSUM scheme

(agriculture and allied sectors – Kurukshetra April 2018):

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Agriculture and Allied Sectors: Kurukshetra April 2018 Summary

(Agriculture for Prosperity – Yojana Feb 2018):

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Agriculture for Prosperity: Kurukshetra February 2018 Summary

Q. 3 b) Account for the persisting negative trade balance of India.

Adverse impact on interest rate

Impact on economic growth and stability

Job loss

As exports fall, value of currency declines

As currency devalues, price of goods in that currency becomes more expensive

Banking and foreign exchange remittance procedures, lack of intellectual property standards and a lack of
transparency

Deficit nations experience a greater degree of foreign direct investment and foreign ownership of
government debt.

In a span of ten years, the growth in trade deficit between India and China has been 319.74%

Uncovered trade gap was USD 602 millions in 1998, it increased to USD 48 billion in 2015. Trade deficit
with China narrowed only marginally to USD 51.08 billion in 2017 from USD 52.69 billion in 2016. (India’s
export basket to China is dominated by commodities like cotton, copper, cement and mineral fuels; while
China’s top exports to India include electrical items, organic chemicals, plastics and ships among others)

How to address – increase FDI, tariff and non-tariff barriers, check dumping

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Q. 3 c) Critically assess the vanishing ethnic linguistic plurality of India.

Indian multilingualism cannot be understood under a single heading of Language Families. The real essence
of Indian multilingualism can best be defined in terms of variations

Sanskrit can be written by Devanagri, Kannada, Telugu etc. This is an outcome of the pluralistic tradition of
India. But this kind of trend can be a threat for many languages like Urdu and oral languages. Urdu and
Hindi are considered same based on grammar but scripts are different as Hindi is written in Devanagri and
Urdu is written in Perso-arabic. Mostly language cannot be segregated from its script.

Plurality is at language levels and also at cultural habits, rituals, caste, religions, i. e. , in every sect of life.

Image of Plurality is at Lang. Levels & Also Cultural Habits

Like bifurcation of Telangana from Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand from Bihar, while Vidarbha from eastern
Maharashtra, and Gorkhaland and Bodoland from the North-east and separation of existing states into
newer states on grounds of differing linguistic majority

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India has 122 official, more than 780 unofficial languages and over 2000 dialects. If bifurcation goes on, it
could led to death of plurality leading to the balkanization of India.

Q. 4 a) Examine the driving forces of changing urban morphology of million-plus cities of India with suitable
examples.

Population shifts take place only when certain development is realized

As per census of India 2001, around 285 million of the total population lived in more than five thousand
urban centres reaching a 28 % level of urbanization.

The total urban population increased tenfold between 1901 and 2001. Thus, there were 35 metropolitan and
million plus cities which had large proportion of urban population

Traffic jams

Lack of infrastructure

Bureaucracy

The future projections are that by 2021 around 550 million people will be living in urban India

Urban population lives in slums, slum evictions and demolitions in the name of development

Lopsided urbanization induces growth of large cities

Non-industry based urbanization and weak economic base

Urbanization is mainly a product of demographic explosion and poverty induced rural-urban migration

Accelerated urbanization leads to haphazard growth of slums and cumulative poverty in the cities

Lacking minimum urban infrastructure and facilities in the cities

Poor quality of rural-urban migration leads to poor quality of urbanization

Q. 4 b) Discuss the emerging geo-political scenario of India Ocean realm.

The region contains 1/3 of the world’s population, 25 % of its landmass, 40 % of the world’s oil and gas
reserves.

Indian Ocean also is home to the world’s two newest nuclear weapons states, India and Pakistan, as well as
Iran, which most observers believe has a robust program to acquire nuclear weapons.

Strategic environment is volatile

Military power is looming

Protecting India’s EEZ of over 2.3 million square kilometers, securing India’s energy lifelines, promoting
overseas markets and fulfilling international commitments

Look East Policy

Littoral states are acquiring a more pronounced maritime orientation and developing closer links with one
another.

Q. 4 c) Give a critical account of region specific constraints of suitable tourism in India.

Seasonality of tourism – hilly areas (mountains)

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