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R4
1. Use Simpson’s rule with n = 6 to approximate the integral 1 f (x)dx where a table
of values for the function f (x) is given below.
3. Which of the following is the correct expression for the arc length of the curve
y = ln(1 + x2 )
between the points (1, ln(2) and (2, ln(5))?
Solution:
1
2 SOLUTIONS TO EXAM II
dy 2x
= .
dx 1 + x2
Furthermore we need to find t0 and t1 . By inspection we see y(1) = ln(2) and y(2) =
ln(5). Therefore t0 = 1 and t1 = 2. Therefore
Z 2s
4x2
s= 1+ dx .
1 (1 + x2 )2
s
2
4x2
Z
s= 1+ dx
1 (1 + x2 )2
4. Use Euler’s method with step size 0.3 to estimate y(1.6) where y(x) is the solution to
the initial value problem
2x − y
y0 = , y(1) = 0.
3
Solution: Recall the recursions for Euler’s method:
dy
xn+1 = xn + ∆x and yn+1 = yn + ∆x ·
dx (xn ,yn )
In our case, we start with x0 = 1, y0 = 0, and step size ∆x = 0.3, so the first iteration
gives an approximation of y(1.3):
x1 = 1 + 0.3 = 1.3
2·1−0
y1 = 0 + 0.3 · = 0.2
3
The second iteration brings x2 to 1.3 + 0.3 = 1.6, which is the estimate we need:
x2 = 1.6
2 · 1.3 − 0.2 2.4
y2 = 0.2 + 0.3 · = 0.2 + = 0.44
3 10
y(1.6) ≈ 0.44
5. Which of the five alternatives below is the differential equation whose direction field
is shown in the figure?
SOLUTIONS TO EXAM II 3
y 0 = y 2 − x2
y0 = x + y
y0 = x − y
y 0 = x2 − y 2
y0 = y − x
Solution: Notice that whenever x = y or x = −y, we have a slope of zero in the
direction field. This tells us that the sign of x and y is irrelevant, so either the slope
field is given by y 2 − x2 , or by x2 − y 2 . To figure out which one is correct, observe
that if we move along a vertical line, the slope increases with the absolute value of y.
Similarly, if we move along a horizontal line, the slope decreases with the absolute value
of x. Hence y 2 should have a positive sign, and x2 should have a negative sign. Thus
the corresponding differential equation is
y 0 = y 2 − x2
h i
(−1)n−1 3n
7. Find ∞ 4
P
n=1 9n−1 + 9n−1 .
Solution:
Since
∞ ∞
(−1)n−1 3n
X
=3
X 1 3 9
9n−1 n−1
= 1 =
3 1− 3
4
n=1 n=1
and
∞ ∞
X 4 X 1 4 9
=4 = 1 =
9n−1 9n−1 1− 9
2
n=1 n=1
∞ ∞ ∞
(−1)n−1 3n (−1)n−1 3n
X 4 X X 4
+ = +
9n−1 9n−1 9n−1 9n−1
n=1 n=1 n=1
∞
X (−1)n−1 3n−1 9
=3 +
9n−1 2
n=1
∞
X −1 n−1 9
=3 +
3 2
n=1
3 9
= 1 + 2
1+ 3
9 9 27
= + =
4 2 4
27
4
Solution:
SOLUTIONS TO EXAM II 5
∞
" #
X e−(n+1) e−(n+2)
−
n+2 n+3
n=1
N
" #
X e−(n+1) e−(n+2)
= lim −
N →∞ n+2 n+3
n=1
" #
e−2 e−3 e−3 e−4 e−(N ) e−(N +1) e−(N +1) e−(N +2)
= lim − + − + ··· + − + −
N →∞ 3 4 4 5 N +1 N +2 N +2 N +3
" #
e−2 e−(N +2) e−2
= lim − =
N →∞ 3 N +3 3
e−2
3
Hence
n3 − 1
lim = lim f (x) = 0
n→∞ 3n x→∞
III) Since
ln 5
lim ln(51/n ) = lim =0
n→∞ n→∞ n
we have
1/n ) ln 5
lim 51/n = lim eln(5 == elimn→∞ n =1
n→∞ n→∞
cos(1/n)
10. The sequence given by an = arctan(n)
Solution:
cos(0) 1 2
lim an = = =
n→∞ limn→∞ arctan(n) π/2 π
6 SOLUTIONS TO EXAM II
2
π
11.
2Find the arc length of the curve y = f (x) from the point (0, 1/2) to the point
e +e−2
1, 4 , where
e2x + e−2x
f (x) = .
4
Solution:
Recall the general formula for the length of the curve y = f (x) from the point a to
the point b:
Z bp
length = 1 + (f 0 (x))2 dx.
a
In our case the endpoints are 0 and 1. The derivative is
2e2x − 2e−2x e2x − e−2x
f 0 (x) = = .
4 2
That gives us
e4 x 1 e−4x
(f 0 (x))2 = − +
4 2 4
and
e4 x 1 e−4x
1 + (f 0 (x))2 = + +
4 2 4
2x −2x
2
e +e
= .
2
Now the length is
1
1
e2x + e−2x e − e−2x e2 − e−2
Z 2x
dx = = .
0 2 4 0 4
To sum it up, the length is
e2 − e−2
4
x2 y 0 − 2y = 1,
12. Solve the initial value problem
y(1) = 2.
Solution:
Note that we can separate the variables:
x2 y 0 = 1 + 2y
dy 1 + 2y
=
dx x2
1 1
= 2
1 + 2y x
Z Z
1 1
dy = dx.
1 + 2y x2
SOLUTIONS TO EXAM II 7
13. Find the family of orthogonal trajectories to the family of curves given by
√
y = k x.
Solution: √
The coefficient k is k = √y . We differentiate y = k x with respect to x:
x
√ y
0 k x y
y = √ = √ = .
2 x 2 x 2x
y
In other words, we have a family of curves given by y 0 = 2x . The orthogonal family
satisfies the following differential equation
1 dy 2x
y 0 = − y , or =− .
2x dx y
Let us try to solve this equation. Separate the variables and integrate
ydy = −2xdx
Z Z
ydy = −2xdx
y2
= −x2 + C.
2
√
Hence the family of orthogonal trajectories to y = k x is given by
y2
= −x2 + C
2