SBIR 19.1 Early Draft Topics (V4)

AIR FORCE
19.1 Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)

Phase I Proposal Submission Instructions
INTRODUCTION
The Air Force (AF) proposal submission instructions are intended to clarify the Department of Defense
(DoD) instructions as they apply to AF requirements. Firms must ensure their proposal meets all
requirements of the Broad Agency Announcement currently posted on the DoD website at the time
the announcement closes.
The AF Program Manager is Mr. David Shahady. The AF SBIR/STTR Program Office can be contacted
at afsbirsttr-info@us.af.mil. For general inquiries or problems with the electronic submission, contact the
DoD SBIR/STTR Help Desk via email at sbirhelp@bytecubed.com (9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. ET, Monday
through Friday). For technical questions about the topics during the pre-announcement period (28 Nov
2018 through 7 Jan 2019), contact the Topic Authors listed for each topic on the Web site. For
information on obtaining answers to your technical questions during the formal announcement period (8
Jan 2019 through 24 Jan 2019), go to https://sbir.defensebusiness.org.
General information related to the AF Small Business Program can be found at the AF Small Business
website, http://www.airforcesmallbiz.af.mil/. The site contains information related to contracting
opportunities within the AF, as well as business information and upcoming outreach/conference events.
Other informative sites include those for the Small Business Administration (SBA), www.sba.gov, and
the Procurement Technical Assistance Centers, http://www.aptacus.us.org. These centers provide
Government contracting assistance and guidance to small businesses, generally at no cost.
(Continued on next page.)
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CHART 1: Consolidated SBIR Topic Information
Phase I Phase II
Applicable Technical Additional Award Technical Final Technical Additional Technical Initial Award
Topics Volume Info
Amount Duration Reporting Volume
Info & Amount
(Vol 5)
Period (Vol 1) Reporting
(Vol 1) (Vol 5)
Special Not to Attach a Not to 2 months 1 month Not to Attach a Typically Not to exceed
Topics exceed 5 pitch exceed exceed pitch deck 15 $750,000
pages deck $75,000 15 not to months
AF191-001
not to pages exceed 15
thru AF191-
exceed slides.
008
15 Phone/video
slides interview.
Pitch Not to Attach a Not to 4 months 1 month Not to Attach a Typically Not to exceed
DayPitch exceed 5 pitch exceed exceed pitch deck 15 $750,000
Day Topics pages deck $158,000 15 not to months
not to pages exceed 15
AF191-009
exceed slides.
thru AF191-
15 Phone/video
011
slides interview.
All Other Not to See Not to 6 months 3 Not to See Typically Not to exceed
Topics exceed 20 require exceed months exceed requirements 27 $750,000
pages ments $150,000 50 below months
below pages
AF Special Topic Information

The Air Force SBIR/STTR Program office is continuing to pilot new processes via “AF Special Topics”
(AF191-001 thru AF191-011) in order to accelerate technologies to the warfighter. The AF Special
Topics are different in several ways from the standard AF SBIR/STTR proposal, award and execution.
Special Topics have shortened technical durations, reduced reporting requirements, and varying award
amounts compared to normal SBIR Topics. There are additional unique features associated with each of
the Special Topics that are listed in the sections below. Consolidated information on all SBIR topics can
be found Chart 1.
Special Topics AF191-001, AF191-002, and AF191-003

AF191-001 thru AF191-003 are being sponsored by MD5, an innovation and entrepreneurship program
run out of the Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manufacturing and Industrial Base
Policy (MIBP).
Proposals that are selected for award under Special Topics AF191-001 thru AF191-003 will need to have
participated in a MD5 program or service, or in another technology acceleration program, prior to the
completion of the proposed Phase I SBIR project. This can be achieved by either: having previously
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participated in a MD5 program or service, or in another technology acceleration program, prior to the
commencement of the Phase I period of performance. In order to be eligible for award, companies that
have participated in a MD5 program or service, or in another technology accelerator, shall describe in
their Phase I proposal the approach to leveraging their accelerator experience to enhance the potential for
successful commercialization of products from their proposed SBIR project.
Companies that have not yet completed a MD5 program or service, or another technology accelerator,
shall describe in their Phase I proposal their approach to completing and leveraging a MD5, or another
accelerator program or service, during the course of their Phase I period of performance. In order to be
eligible for award, their approach should address how this experience will enhance the potential for
successful commercialization of products from their proposed SBIR project during the Phase I SBIR
period of performance. Learn about available opportunities via MD5’s website linked in the BAA
announcement.
Special Topics AF191-004 and AF191-005

AF191-004 and AF191-005 are sponsored by AFWERX (link in the BAA announcement) a catalyst for
agile Air Force engagement across industry, academia, and non-traditional contributors to create
transformative opportunities and foster an Air Force culture of innovation.
Special Topics AF191-006, AF191-007, and AF191-008

AF191-006 thru AF191-008 are sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory Space Vehicle
Directorate in partnership with the Air Force Space and Missile Command.
Pitch Day Special Topics (AF191-009 thru AF191-011)

The Air Force SBIR/STTR office is introducing Pitch Day Special Topics as a new SBIR Special Topic
process for topics AF191-009 thru AF191-011. Each Pitch Day Topic revolves around tying in one of
seven of the Air Force’s Program Executive Officer (PEO) offices in order to further reduce obstacles and
rapidly develop and field technology relevant to that specific PEO’s needs. Offerors should take note of
the unique technical duration, award amount and proposal submission requirements (Volume 1 and
Volume 5) for these Special Topics (see Chart 1). A unique feature for the Pitch Day Topics comes in the
2-part evaluation process explained below:
1.The first evaluation will utilize the Evaluation Criteria provided in Section 6.0 of the DoD BAA. Once
the evaluations are complete, all offerors will be notified as to whether they will be invited to the pitch
their proposal at the Air Force Pitch Day event.
2. Offerors that were selected will receive an invitation to make a live pitch to the Air Force team during
an Air Force Pitch Day event to be held in March 2019. During the Air Force Pitch Day event, the
selectees will be required to physically present the slide deck that was included in Volume 5 of their
original 19.1 proposal. This presentation will be evaluated by a panel against the Section 6.0 of the DoD
BAA.
Once the evaluations are complete, all offerors will be immediately notified as to whether they were
selected or not selected for a Phase I award. Selectees should be ready to sign and receive a contract at the
event. In order to expedite funds, selectees should also be able to accept an initial payment under the
contract through a Government Purchase Card (GPC) as part of the conditions of award. Further
information on the Air Force Pitch Daywill be made available as the event date gets closer at
https://www.afsbirsttr.af.mil/
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For all Special Topics, the Phase I proposals shall include a technical volume (uploaded in Volume 1) that
shall not exceed 5 pages and a pitch/slide deck not to exceed 15 slides (uploaded in Volume 5). The
technical volume and slide deck will be reviewed holistically and there is no set format requirements for
the two documents. It is recommended (but not required) that more detailed information is included in
the technical volume and higher level information is included in the pitch deck. The cost volume
(Volume3) for the Special Topics will cover the total effort broken down into the specified technical and
reporting periods (See Chart 1 for specific times). AF Special Topics shall follow the Phase I Work Plan
Outline as noted in the “Phase I Work Plan Outline” section below except that there is only one required
Progress report and no requirement for a Technical review due to the short technical durations. Final
reporting for Phase I awardees will take the form of a presentation (with a SF298) in accordance with the
Contract.
Majority VC ownership authority: 15 U.S.C. § 638(dd)(1) (also §5107 of the SBIR/STTR

Reauthorization Act) gives SBIR agencies the option to use a portion of their SBIR funds to make awards
to small businesses that are majority‐owned by multiple venture capital operation companies (VCOC),
hedge funds or private equity firms. The AF plans to use this authority with the AF Special Topics for a
portion of its awards under the AF Special Topics.
The AF Special Topics call for Phase II proposals shall occur shortly after Phase I award. The AF Special
Topics may use the Phase II Enhancement. Unless otherwise stated in the Special Topics paragraphs
above, all other requirements as noted below apply to the AF Special Topics. If there are any questions
with the AF Special Topics, please contact afsbirsttr-info@us.af.mil.
PHASE I PROPOSAL SUBMISSION
Read the DoD program announcement at https://www.acq.osd.mil/osbp/sbir/solicitations/index.shtml for

program requirements. When you prepare your proposal, keep in mind that Phase I should address the
feasibility of a solution to the topic. For the AF, the contract period of performance for a standard Phase I
shall be nine (9) months, and the award shall not exceed $150,000. We will accept only one Cost Volume
per Topic Proposal and it must address the entire nine-month contract period of performance (for standard
Phase I’s). The contract period of performance for awards under AF Special Topics is different.
See above section for details.
The Phase I standard topic awardees must accomplish the majority of their primary research during the
first six months of the contract with the additional three months of effort to be used for generating final
reports. Each AF organization may request Phase II proposals prior to the completion of the first six
months of the contract based upon an evaluation of the contractor’s technical progress and review by the
AF technical point of contact utilizing the criteria in section 8.0 of the DoD announcement. The last three
months of the nine-month Phase I contract (for standard topics) will provide project continuity for all
Phase II awardees so no modification to the Phase I contract should be necessary.
Limitations on Length of Proposal
The Phase I Technical Volume (for standard topics) has a 20-page-limit (excluding the Cover Sheet,
Cost Volume, Cost Volume Itemized Listing (a-j), Company Commercialization Report. The
Technical Volume must be in no type smaller than 10-point on standard 8-1/2" x 11" paper with one (1)
inch margins. Only the Technical Volume and any enclosures or attachments count toward the 20-page
limit. In the interest of equity, pages in excess of the 20-page limitation will not be considered for review
or award. The documents required for upload into Volume 5 “Other” category do not count towards the
20-page limit. The technical volume page limit for proposals against the AF Special Topics are
different. See above for details.
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NOTE: The Fraud, Waste and Abuse Certificate of Training Completion is required to be completed
prior to proposal submission. More information concerning this requirement is provided below under
“PHASE I PROPOSAL SUBMISSION CHECKLIST”.
Phase I Proposal Format
Proposal Cover Sheet: If your proposal is selected for award, the technical abstract and discussion of
anticipated benefits will be publicly released on the Internet; therefore, do not include proprietary
information in these sections.
Technical Volume: The Technical Volume should include all graphics and attachments but should not
include the Cover Sheet or Company Commercialization Report as these items are completed separately.
Most proposals will be printed out on black and white printers so make sure all graphics are
distinguishable in black and white. To verify that your proposal has been received, click on the “Check
Upload” icon to view your proposal. Typically, your uploaded file will be virus checked. If your
proposal does not appear after an hour, please contact the DoD SBIR/STTR Help Desk via email at
sbirhelp@bytecubed.com (9:00 am to 6:00 pm ET Monday through Friday).
Key Personnel: Identify in the Technical Volume all key personnel who will be involved in this project;
include information on directly related education, experience, and citizenship. A technical resume of the
principal investigator, including a list of publications, if any, must be part of that information. Concise
technical resumes for subcontractors and consultants, if any, are also useful. You must identify all U.S.
permanent residents to be involved in the project as direct employees, subcontractors, or consultants. You
must also identify all non-U.S. citizens expected to be involved in the project as direct employees,
subcontractors, or consultants. For all non-U.S. citizens, in addition to technical resumes, please provide
countries of origin, the type of visa or work permit under which they are performing and an explanation
of their anticipated level of involvement on this project, as appropriate. You may be asked to provide
additional information during negotiations in order to verify the foreign citizen’s eligibility to participate
on a contract issued as a result of this announcement.
Phase I Work Plan Outline
NOTE: THE AF USES THE WORK PLAN OUTLINE AS THE INITIAL DRAFT OF THE
PHASE I STATEMENT OF WORK (SOW). THEREFORE, DO NOT INCLUDE
PROPRIETARY INFORMATION IN THE WORK PLAN OUTLINE. TO DO SO WILL
NECESSITATE A REQUEST FOR REVISION AND MAY DELAY CONTRACT AWARD.
At the beginning of your proposal work plan section, include an outline of the work plan in the following
format:
Scope: List the major requirements and specifications of the effort.

Task Outline: Provide a brief outline of the work to be accomplished over the span of the Phase I effort.
Milestone Schedule
Deliverables
Kickoff meeting within 30 days of contract start
Progress reports (Only 1 for AF Special Topics)
Technical review within 6 months (N/A to AF Special Topics)
Final report with SF 298
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Cost Volume
Cost Volume information should be provided by completing the on-line Cost Volume and including the
Cost Volume Itemized Listing specified below. The Cost Volume detail must be adequate to enable Air
Force personnel to determine the purpose, necessity and reasonability of each cost element. For the
Special Topics, the cost volume will cover 2 or 4 months of technical effort (see Chart 1) and 1 month of
reporting. For the standard topics, the cost volume will cover a 9 month effort to include 6 months of
technical effort and 3 months of reporting. Provide sufficient information (a-j below) on how funds will
be used if the contract is awarded. The on-line Cost Volume and Itemized Cost Volume Information will
not count against the 20-page limit (or the 5 page/15 slide limit for AF Special Topics). The itemized
listing may be placed in the “Explanatory Material” section of the on-line Cost Volume (if enough room),
or may be submitted in Volume 5 under the “Other” dropdown option. (Note: Only one file can be
uploaded to the DoD Submission Site). Ensure that this file includes your complete Technical Volume
and the information below.
a. Special Tooling and Test Equipment and Material: The inclusion of equipment and materials will be
carefully reviewed relative to need and appropriateness of the work proposed. The purchase of special
tooling and test equipment must, in the opinion of the Contracting Officer, be advantageous to the
Government and relate directly to the specific effort. They may include such items as innovative
instrumentation and/or automatic test equipment.
b. Direct Cost Materials: Justify costs for materials, parts, and supplies with an itemized list containing
types, quantities, and price and where appropriate, purposes.
c. Other Direct Costs: This category of costs includes specialized services such as machining or milling,
special testing or analysis, costs incurred in obtaining temporary use of specialized equipment. Proposals,
which include leased hardware, must provide an adequate lease vs. purchase justification or rational.
d. Direct Labor: Identify key personnel by name if possible or by labor category if specific names are not
available. The number of hours, labor overhead and/or fringe benefits and actual hourly rates for each
individual are also necessary.
e. Travel: Travel costs must relate to the needs of the project. Break out travel cost by trip, with the
number of travelers, airfare, per diem, lodging, etc. The number of trips required, as well as the
destination and purpose of each trip should be reflected. Recommend budgeting at least one (1) trip to the
Air Force location managing the contract. For AF Special Topics AF191-001 thru AF191-008 greater
travel expectations will be required as noted in the topic statements and corresponding SITIS Q&A. For
Pitch Day Special Topics (AF191-009 thru AF191-011), offerors will receive financial assistance to help
travel to the Pitch Day Event mentioned in the Special Topics Section above.
f. Cost Sharing: If proposing cost share arrangements, please note each standard topic Phase I contract
total value may not exceed $150,000 total, while Phase II contracts shall have an initial Not to Exceed
value of $750,000. Please note that cost share contracts do not allow fees. NOTE: Subcontract
arrangements involving provision of Independent Research and Development (IR&D) support are
prohibited in accordance with Under Secretary of Defense (USD) memorandum “Contractor Cost Share”,
dated 16 May 2001, as implemented by SAF/AQ memorandum, same title, dated 11 July 2001.
g. Subcontracts: Involvement of university or other consultants in the planning and/or research stages of
the project may be appropriate. If the offeror intends such involvement, describe in detail and include
information in the Cost Volume. The proposed total of all consultant fees, facility leases or usage fees,
and other subcontract or purchase agreements may not exceed one-third of the total contract price or cost,
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unless otherwise approved in writing by the Contracting Officer. Support subcontract costs with copies of
the subcontract agreements. The supporting agreement documents must adequately describe the work to
be performed. At a minimum, an offeror must include a Statement of Work (SOW) with a corresponding
detailed Cost Volume for each planned subcontract.
h. Consultants: Provide a separate agreement letter for each consultant. The letter should briefly state
what service or assistance will be provided, the number of hours required and hourly rate.
i. Any exceptions to the model Phase I purchase order (P.O.) found at

http://www.afsbirsttr.af.mil/Program/Overview/ should be included in your cost proposal. Full text for the
clauses included in the P.O. may be found at http://farsite.hill.af.mil.
NOTE: If no exceptions are taken to an offeror’s proposal, the Government may award a contract without
discussions (except clarifications as described in FAR 15.306(a)). Therefore, the offeror’s initial proposal
should contain the offeror’s best terms from a cost or price and technical standpoint. If selected for award,
the award contract or P.O. document received by your firm may vary in format/content from the model
P.O. reviewed. If there are questions regarding the award document, contact the Phase I Contracting
Officer listed on the selection notification. The Government reserves the right to conduct discussions if
the Contracting Officer later determines them to be necessary.
j. DD Form 2345: For proposals submitted under export-controlled topics (either International Traffic in
Arms (ITAR) or Export Administration Regulations (EAR)), a copy of the certified DD Form 2345,
Militarily Critical Technical Data Agreement, or evidence of application submission must be included.
The form, instructions, and FAQs may be found at the United States/Canada Joint Certification Program
website,
http://www.dla.mil/HQ/InformationOperations/Offers/Products/LogisticsApplications/JCP/DD2345Instru
ctions.aspx. Approval of the DD Form 2345 will be verified if proposal is chosen for award.
NOTE: Restrictive notices notwithstanding, proposals may be handled for administrative purposes
only, by support contractors; ByteCubed, Oasis Systems, Riverside Research, Peerless Technologies
and/or Stealth Entry LLC. AF Special Topic 191-005 proposals will be reviewed but not evaluated
by The Dcode Group, Inc. as part of a commercial viability readiness review. In addition, only
Government employees and technical personnel from Federally Funded Research and Development
Centers (FFRDCs) MITRE and Aerospace Corporations working under contract to provide
technical support to AF Life Cycle Management Center and Space and Missiles Centers may
evaluate proposals. All support contractors are bound by appropriate non-disclosure agreements. If
you have concerns about any of these contractors, you should contact the AF SBIR/STTR
Contracting Officer, Michele Tritt, michele.tritt@us.af.mil.
k. The Air Force does not participate in the Discretionary Technical Assistance Program. Contractors
should not submit proposals that include Discretionary Technical Assistance.
PHASE I PROPOSAL SUBMISSION CHECKLIST
NOTE: If you are not registered in the System for Award Management, https://www.sam.gov/, you will not be
eligible for an award. Additionally verify that you are registarted to receive contracts (not just grants) and that
your address matches between your proposal and SAM.
1) The Air Force standard topic Phase I proposal shall be a nine-month effort, and the cost shall not
exceed $150,000. These parameters for proposals against the AF Special Topics are different. See
Special Topics section for details.
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2) The Air Force will accept only those proposals submitted electronically via the DoD SBIR Web site
(https://sbir.defensebusiness.org/).
3) You must submit your Company Commercialization Report electronically via the DoD SBIR Web site
(https://sbir.defensebusiness.org/).
It is mandatory that the complete proposal submission -- DoD Proposal Cover Sheet, Technical Volume
with any appendices, Cost Volume, Itemized Cost Volume Information, Fraud, Waste and Abuse
Certificate of Training Completion and the Company Commercialization Report -- be submitted
electronically through the DoD SBIR Web site at https://sbir.defensebusiness.org/. Each of these
documents is to be submitted through the Website. Please note that the Fraud, Waste and Abuse Training
must be completed prior to submission of your proposal. The Fraud, Waste and Abuse Certificate of
Training website can be found under Section 3.6 of the DoD 19.1 SBIR BAA Instructions. When the
training has been completed and certified, the DoD Submission Website will indicate this in the proposal
which will complete the Volume 6 requirement. If the training has not been completed, you will receive
an error message. Your proposal cannot be submitted until this training has been completed. Your
complete proposal must be submitted via the submissions site on or before the 8:00 pm ET, 6 February
2019 deadline. A hardcopy will not be accepted.
The AF recommends that you complete your submission early, as computer traffic gets heavy near the
announcement closing and could slow down the system. Do not wait until the last minute. The AF
will not be responsible for proposals being denied due to servers being “down” or inaccessible. Please
assure that your e-mail address listed in your proposal is current and accurate. The AF is not
responsible for ensuring notifications are received by firms changing mailing address/e-mail
address/company points of contact after proposal submission without proper notification to the
AF. Changes of this nature that occur after proposal submission or award (if selected) for Phase
I and II shall be sent to the Air Force SBIR/STTR site address, afsbirsttr-info@us.af.mil.
AIR FORCE PROPOSAL EVALUATIONS
The AF will utilize the Phase I proposal evaluation criteria in section 6.0 of the DoD announcement in
descending order of importance with technical merit being most important, followed by the qualifications
of the principal investigator (and team), followed by the potential for commercialization as detailed in the
Commercialization Plan.
The AF will utilize the Phase II proposal evaluation criteria in section 8.0 of the DoD announcement in
descending order of importance with technical merit being most important, followed by the potential for
commercialization as detailed in the Commercialization Plan, followed by the qualifications of the
principal investigator (and team).
The proposer's record of commercializing its prior SBIR and STTR projects, as shown in its Company
Commercialization Report, will be used as a portion of the Commercialization Plan evaluation. If the
"Commercialization Achievement Index (CAI)”, shown on the first page of the report, is at the 20th
percentile or below, the proposer will receive no more than half of the evaluation points available under
evaluation criterion (c) in Section 6 of the DoD 19.1 SBIR instructions. This information supersedes
Paragraph 4, Section 5.4e, of the DoD 19.1 SBIR instructions.
A Company Commercialization Report showing the proposing firm has no prior Phase II awards will not
affect the firm's ability to win an award. Such a firm's proposal will be evaluated for commercial
potential based on its commercialization strategy.
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Proposal Status and Debriefings
The Principal Investigator (PI) and Corporate Official (CO) indicated on the Proposal Cover Sheet will be
notified by e-mail regarding proposal selection or non-selection. Small Businesses will receive a
notification for each proposal submitted. Please read each notification carefully and note the Proposal
Number and Topic Number referenced. If changes occur to the company mail or email address(es) or
company points of contact after proposal submission, the information should be provided to the AF
at afsbirsttr-info@us.af.mil.
As is consistent with the DoD SBIR/STTR announcement, any debriefing requests must be submitted in
writing, received within 30 days after receipt of notification of non-selection. Written requests for debrief
must be submitted via www.afsbirsttr.af.mil through the SBIR system. . Requests for debrief should
include the company name and the telephone number/e-mail address for a specific point of contract, as
well as an alternate. Also include the topic number under which the proposal(s) was submitted, and the
proposal number(s). Debrief requests received more than 30 days after receipt of notification of non-
selection will be fulfilled at the Contracting Officers' discretion. Unsuccessful offerors are entitled to no
more than one debriefing for each proposal.
IMPORTANT: Proposals submitted to the AF are received and evaluated by different offices within the
Air Force and handled on a Topic-by-Topic basis. Each office operates within their own schedule for
proposal evaluation and selection. Updates and notification timeframes will vary by office and Topic. If
your company is contacted regarding a proposal submission, it is not necessary to contact the AF to
inquire about additional submissions. Additional notifications regarding your other submissions will be
forthcoming.
We anticipate having all the proposals evaluated and our Phase I contract decisions within approximately
three months of proposal receipt. All questions concerning the status of a proposal, or debriefing, should
be directed to the local awarding organization SBIR Program Manager.
PHASE II PROPOSAL SUBMISSIONS
Phase II is the demonstration of the technology that was found feasible in Phase I. Only Phase I awardees
are eligible to submit a Phase II proposal. All Phase I awardees will be sent a notification with the Phase
II proposal submittal date and a link to detailed Phase II proposal preparation instructions, located here:
http://www.afsbirsttr.af.mil/Program/Phase-I-and-II/. Phase II efforts are typically 27 months in duration
(24 months technical performance, with 3 additional months for final reporting), and an initial value not
to exceed $750,000. The length of the Phase II technical effort and reporting period for efforts that
were Phase I awards under the AF Special Topics are different. See above for details.
All proposals must be submitted electronically at https://sbir.defensebusiness.org/ by the date indicated

in the notification. The Technical Volume is limited to 50 pages (unless a different number is specified in
the notification; Phase II proposals on AF Special Topics will have different limitations. See above for
details). The Commercialization Report, any advocacy letters, SBIR Environment Safety and
Occupational Health (ESOH) Questionnaire, and Cost Volume Itemized Listing (a-j) will not count
against the 50-page limitation and should be placed as the last pages of the Technical Volume file that is
uploaded. (Note: For Phase II applications only one file can be uploaded to the DoD Submission Site.
Ensure that this single file includes your complete Technical Volume and the additional Cost Volume
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information.) The preferred format for submission of proposals is Portable Document Format (.pdf).
Graphics must be distinguishable in black and white. Please virus-check your submissions.
AIR FORCE SBIR PROGRAM MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENTS
The AF reserves the right to modify the Phase II submission requirements. Should the requirements
change, all Phase I awardees will be notified. The AF also reserves the right to change any administrative
procedures at any time that will improve management of the AF SBIR Program.
AIR FORCE SUBMISSION OF FINAL REPORTS
All Final Reports will be submitted to the awarding AF organization in accordance with the Contract.
Companies will not submit Final Reports directly to the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC).
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AIR FORCE SBIR 19.1 Phase I Topic Index
AF191-001 Multi-Domain Command & Control

AF191-002 Space Innovation
AF191-003 Advanced Materials for Defense
AF191-004 Open Call for Robotics, 3D Printing, and Autonomous Systems Defense-Related Dual-
Purpose Technologies/Solutions with a Clear Air Force Stakeholder Need
AF191-005 Open Call for Innovative Defense-Related Dual-Purpose Technologies/Solutions with a
Clear Air Force Stakeholder Need
AF191-006 6U CubeSat EO/IR Solutions for Operational Weather Demo
AF191-007 Rapid CubeSat Development
AF191-008 Commercial Solutions for Innovative Space Data Analytics
AF191-009 Pitch Day in Command, Control, Communications, Intelligence, and Network (C3I&N)
AF191-010 Pitch Day Investment in Battlefield Air Operations Family of Systems Technologies
AF191-011 Pitch Day Investment in Digital Technology
AF191-016 Breathing Air Manifold For Air Quality Sampling
AF191-017 Multi-Physics Modeling Software for Directed Energy Bio-effects
AF191-018 Sensor System for Real Time Observation of High Energy Laser Effects
AF191-019 Game-based Distributed, Multi-Domain Operations Teaming Environment
AF191-020 Autonomy for Supporting Strategic Reasoning about Intelligence Collection Management for
Multi-Domain Operations
AF191-021 Personal Assistant for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) Analysts
AF191-022 Improving Transparency of Object Tracking Technology for RPA Sensor Operators
AF191-023 Nonmixing, Rapid-escape Airlock
AF191-024 Extreme Cold Weather Aviation System Boots
AF191-025 Bounding Probability of Detection Using Sonic Infrared Inspection
AF191-026 Crack Sizing from Vibrothermography Nondestructive Inspection (NDI) Image
AF191-027 Field-level Aviation/Ground Fuel Trace Element (Metal) Analysis
AF191-028 Field-level Detection of Metal Deactivator Additive (MDA) in Aviation Fuels
AF191-029 Field-level Aviation Fuel Contamination Analysis via Integrated Suite of Miniaturized
Sensors including Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy
AF191-030 Hydrant Fuel System In-line Aviation Fuel Quality Monitor/Analyzer for Flushing
Operational Efficiency
AF191-031 Precision aircraft jack to jig technology
AF191-032 Dynamic Signature System Calibration Device
AF191-033 RF Reception in Highly Reflecting Environments
AF191-034 High Power Broadband MWIR Emitters
AF191-035 Data/Model Fusion for Missile Signature Modeling
AF191-036 High Energy Atomic Oxygen Generator
AF191-037 Non-Contact Sled Position Indicator
AF191-038 Diffuse Screens for Dynamic Infrared Scene Projection Systems
AF191-039 Rain Drop Measurement System
AF191-040 Development of Test Technologies and Methodologies for Advanced Focal Plane Arrays
AF191-041 Hypersonic Sled Braking Technology
AF191-042 High Speed MWIR Laser Attenuator
AF191-043 Sledborne Event Initiator
AF191-044 High Power Broadband Ultraviolet Emitters
AF191-045 Real-time Fuel Chemistry Analysis for Hypersonic Propulsion System Ground T&E
AF191-046 Energy Harvesting System
AF191-047 Non-Intrusive and Non-Invasive Fuel Flowmeter
AF191-048 Develop a Wireless Instrumentation System (WIS)
AF191-049 Cybersecurity for Standalone Airgap Systems
AF191-050 High Accuracy Air to Air Scoring
AF191-051 Micro-STT Ground-to-Air Radar
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AF191-052 Sea-Skimming Missile Tracking
AF191-053 Illuminators for applications involving coherent detection
AF191-054 Fast-framing SWIR cameras for digital-holographic detection
AF191-055 Antireflective YAG Surface Etching
AF191-056 Low-Cost, High-Bandwidth Fast Steering Mirror (FSM)
AF191-057 Low SWaP Tactical Beam Control System
AF191-058 Aero-Mechanical Force Emulator
AF191-059 FSO and RF Integrated Aerial Communications (FaRIA-C)
AF191-060 Collaboration and Interoperability for Distributed Mission Analysis
AF191-061 Bandwidth Constrained Electronic Warfare
AF191-062 Distributed Deep Learning and Sensing
AF191-063 Information Flow Control for Microkernels
AF191-064 Formal Methods for Automated Unit Testing
AF191-065 Network Sensing and Analytics for Low Bandwidth Cyber Protection Team (CPT)
Deployment Scenarios
AF191-066 Rotary Platform Windscreen Transparency for Bird Strike Protection
AF191-067 Reliable, Rapid and Cost Effective Fabrication Techniques for Larger Scale Scramjet
Engines
AF191-068 Detailed and Reduced Chemical Kinetic Model Development for Rocket Hydrocarbon
Combustion
AF191-069 Diaphragm Material Optimization for Monopropulsion Systems for Spacecraft
AF191-070 Thermal Management for High Power SmallSats
AF191-071 Flexible Solar Arrays for Small Spacecraft Buses
AF191-072 Spacecraft Fault Detection Identification & Causation Using Machine Learning
AF191-073 Optimal Network Reconstitution of Multi-Domain Assets in the Presence of Failures
AF191-074 Cryogenic Radiation-Hard Read-out Integrated Circuit Electronics Process Design Kit
AF191-075 Advanced Manufacturing and Assembly Approaches for Reduced Cost Small Satellite
Constellations
AF191-076 Advanced Power Source Technologies
AF191-077 Composite Case Technology for Penetrators/Perforators
AF191-078 Develop Innovative Circular and Domed Structure Response Models
AF191-079 Next Generation Laser Designator
AF191-080 Topology Optimization for Dynamic Weapon Events
AF191-081 Innovative Multiphase Models for Enhanced Blast Effects
AF191-082 Manufacturing methods to Enhance UHSS Casing Properties for Penetrating Munitions
AF191-083 Auto-designer Target Generator
AF191-084 Variable Bomb Ejection Pressure Cartridge
AF191-085 Novel Lightweight Sensors for Indoor Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
AF191-086 High-Speed Environment Modeling and Simulation Tool
AF191-087 Multi-Band Seeker Antennas
AF191-088 Carbon-Carbon (C-C) Composite Process Modeling for Accurate Dimensions
AF191-089 Improved C-C Coatings for Durability in High Heat Flux Environments
AF191-090 Maintenance Data Integrity Study and Logistics Linkage
AF191-091 Physics-Based Prediction of Residual Stresses for Fatigue and Fatigue Crack Growth Life
Assessment
AF191-092 AgilePod® Capability Enhancements: Wideband Multi-Function RF Sensing
AF191-093 Innovative Methods for Thermoplastic Composites on ATL/AFP
AF191-094 Thin Mat Material Foreign Object Debris (FOD) Inspection System
AF191-095 Integrated Circuit (IC) Die Extraction & Reassembly Automation
AF191-096 Low Cost Electrochemical Machining System Small Aero Components
AF191-097 Nondestructive Instrument to Determine Composite Surface Activation State in
Manufacturing Environment
AF191-098 Augmented Heating of Dissimilar Metals to Improve Joinability of Friction Welds
AF191-099 Low Cost Additive Manufacturing for Cast Tooling
AF191-100 Low Distortion Repair of Thin Superalloy Components
AF191-101 Improved Seals for Hypersonic Vehicles
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AF191-102 AgilePod® Capability Enhancements: LiDAR
AF191-103 Augmented and Facilitated Nondestructive Inspection (NDI) for Large Area Assessments
AF191-104 Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) Coating for Combat Rescue Helicopter
AF191-105 Use of Sensor Technology To Impact Corrosion Management of Combat Rescue Helicopter
AF191-106 Developing Sustainable and Adaptive Small Engine Manufacturing
AF191-107 Enhanced Precursors for Silicon-Based Ceramic Matrix Composites
AF191-108 Optimizing Manufacturing of Metallic Materials by Modeling Microstructure
AF191-109 Increasing the Manufacturing Robustness of Complex Composite Geometries by Modeling
the Process Variability due to the Human
AF191-110 Non-destructive Evaluation (NDE) Methods for Characterizing High Temperature
Composite Surfaces and Coatings to Manufacture Improved Components for High Mach
Applications
AF191-111 Non-destructive Evaluation (NDE) Techniques for Carbon-Carbon (C-C) Structures
Applicable to Hypersonic Structural Materials Production
AF191-112 Carbon Nanotube Fiber Production: Improved Performance and Reduced Cost in
Autonomous Vehicles and HPM Source Designs
AF191-113 Residual Stress Measurements to Aid Manufacturing of Aerospace Composite Materials
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AIR FORCE SBIR 19.1 Topic Descriptions
AF191-001 TITLE: Multi-Domain Command & Control
TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Information Systems
ACQUISITION PROGRAM: N/A
OBJECTIVE: This is an AF Special Topic in partnership with MD5, please see the AF Special Topic instructions
for further details specifically for requirements related to MD5 programs and services and this topic. The objective
of this topic is to find the best way to fuse multiple sources of information from the battlefield into a common
operating picture for leadership, allowing them to use data to make faster and smarter decisions. This topic will
reach companies that can complete a feasibility study and prototype validated concepts in accelerated Phase I and II
schedules. A Phase I award will be completed over 3 months with a maximum award of $75K and a Phase II may be
awarded for a maximum period of 15 months and $750K. Companies whose proposals are selected for award under
the MD5 Special Topics will need to have participated in an MD5 program or service, or in another technology
acceleration program, prior to the completion of the proposed Phase I SBIR project as noted in the AF Special Topic
instructions.
DESCRIPTION: The USAF is seeking to enhance its multi-domain command and control capabilities in order to
provide for better situational awareness, rapid decision making, and agile deployment of force in the land, sea, air,
subsurface, space, and cyber domains. Enhanced command and control will permit leaders to rapidly adapt to threats
and opportunities and create effects across domains at the time, place, and method of choosing. Key challenges for
the advancement of these capabilities include the synthetization of data from multiple sources and in multiple
formats, the development of tools to visualize multiple battlespaces and execute rapid decision-making, and
improvement of technologies to provide real time status updates on our forces and on emerging threats and
opportunities.
Proposals may address approaches to:

● Situational awareness tools, such as next generation trackers
● Portable or handheld data exchange & information network tools
● Beyond line of sight portable communication
● Signature reduction/management (including social media, and intended/unintended emissions)
PHASE I: Conduct a feasibility study to determine the effectiveness of potential or existing solution(s) for one or
more of the multi-domain command & control challenges. This feasibility study should directly address:
1. Which problem area(s) are being addressed by the solutions
2. How they will apply to the US Government’s needs
3. The breadth of applicability of the solution(s) to the US Government
4. Give examples of which government customers would likely be able to utilize the solution(s)
5. The solution(s) should also be evaluated for cost and feasibility of being integrated with current and future
complementary solutions
6. How the solution(s) will be able to address potential future changes manned-unmanned challenges
7. The potential to keep pace with technological change due to things such as other non-DoD applications and
customer bases for the solution(s)
The funds obligated on the resulting Phase I SBIR contracts are to be used for the sole purpose of conducting a
thorough feasibility study using interviews, analyses, trade studies, experiments, simulations, and/or component
testing.
PHASE II: Develop and demonstrate a prototype system determined to be the most feasible solution during the
Phase I feasibility study multi-domain command & control challenges. This demonstration should focus specifically
on:
1. A clear and specific government customer that can immediately utilize the solution
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2. How the solution differs from any existing technology or product to solve the DoD need (i.e. leverage of
new technology or a description of how existing technology has been modified)
3. How the solution can leverage continued advances in technology
4. How the demonstrated capability can be used by other DoD customers
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The contractor will pursue commercialization of the various technologies
developed in Phase II for transitioning expanded mission capability to a broad range of potential government and
civilian users and alternate mission applications.
REFERENCES:
1. Enhancing Multi-domain Command and Control...Tying It All Together.
https://www.af.mil/Portals/1/documents/csaf/letter3/Enhancing_Multi-domain_CommandControl.pdf
2. Multidomain Battle: Time for a Campaign of Joint Experimentation.

http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Publications/Article/1411615/multidomain-battle-time-for-a-campaign-of-joint-
experimentation/
3. Joint Communications System. 10 June 2015. http://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp6_0.pdf
4. Command, Control, and Communications. http://space.au.af.mil/guides/stg/stg_communications.pdf
KEYWORDS: Multi-Domain, command and control, information, situational awareness, decision, data
TPOC-1: Greg Coleman

Phone: 301-502-1609
Email: sbir@md5.net
AF191-002 TITLE: Space Innovation
TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Space Platforms
of this topic is to develop innovative systems or prototypes that address the capability to secure superiority in space.
Pursuant to the 2018 National Defense Strategy and the FY19 Posture Statement, the USAF’s current focuses in the
space domain include jam-resistant GPS satellites, improved missile warning, improved space situational awareness,
launch service solutions, improved communication capabilities, and defense of vital assets in orbit. This topic will
reach companies that can complete a feasibility study and prototype validated concepts in accelerated Phase I and II
schedules. A Phase I award will be completed over 3 months with a maximum award of $75K and a Phase II may be
awarded for a maximum period of 15 months and $750K. Companies whose proposals are selected for award under
the MD5 Special Topics will need to have participated in an MD5 program or service, or in another technology
acceleration program, prior to the completion of the proposed Phase I SBIR project as noted in the AF Special Topic
instructions.
DESCRIPTION: Often characterized as the “ultimate high ground,” superiority in the space domain is crucial for the
conduct of joint force operations. Integrated solutions in low Earth orbit (LEO) can lead to increased safety and vital
protection of assets as space becomes increasingly contested, degraded, and operationally limited. Solutions that can
be deployed in LEO are becoming more interesting as the market in LEO continues to grow and accessibility
increases. Therefore, the Air Force has prioritized the development of capabilities that can secure space superiority
and ensure freedom of operations. Such capabilities include jam-resistant GPS satellites, enhanced missile warnings,
AF - 15
improved space situational awareness, launch service solutions, improved communication capabilities and defense
of assets in space. Proposals must leverage the benefits of LEO operations and have a potential dual-use (defense
and commercial) functionality.
more of the space challenges. This feasibility study should directly address:
testing.
Phase I feasibility study on space challenges. This demonstration should focus specifically on:
REFERENCES:
1. Joint Publication 3-14: Space Operations. April 10, 2018
http://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp3_14.pdf
2. Air Force Space Command Fact Sheet,

https://www.afspc.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/249014/air-force-space-command/
3. Air Force Posture Statement. Fiscal Year 2019.

https://www.af.mil/Portals/1/documents/1/FY19_AF_POSTURE_STATEMENT_HIGH_RES.PDF
KEYWORDS: Space, space superiority, satellite, GPS, missile warning, low earth orbit, LEO.

Phone: 301-502-1609
Email: sbir@md5.net
AF191-003 TITLE: Advanced Materials for Defense
TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Materials/Processes
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of this topic is to develop innovative systems or prototypes that address the need to provide advanced materials for
the Air Force. These materials include new novel materials such as, flexible fabrics/electronics and metal powders
that can be used in variety of ways (additive manufacturing, new sensors, devices, armor, alternative power, etc.)
This topic will reach companies that can complete a feasibility study and prototype validated concepts in accelerated
Phase I and II schedules. A Phase I award will be completed over 3 months with a maximum award of $75K and a
Phase II may be awarded for a maximum period of 15 months and $750K. Companies whose proposals are selected
for award under the MD5 Special Topics will need to have participated in an MD5 program or service, or in another
technology acceleration program, prior to the completion of the proposed Phase I SBIR project as noted in the AF
Special Topic instructions.
DESCRIPTION: The development of advanced materials underpins and enables the advancement of technologies in
electronics, manufacturing, medicine, energy, robotics, and space. Utilizing fundamental research in advanced
materials is critical to making new capabilities possible or extending the utility of existing capabilities to more
extreme or austere environments. In particular, novel applications of emerging materials like graphene, metal
organic frameworks, and smart textiles has the potential to create step-changes in a range of technologies. There is
particular interest in how advanced materials can help service members survive and effectively operate in hostile or
austere combat and peacetime environments.
Proposals may address approaches to:

● Improving methods of delivering these materials at scale
● Applications of novel materials to harden/strengthen existing products
● New capabilities that develop from embedding materials in wearable products and other devices
● Increasing service member survivability and operational effectiveness in instances of physical trauma or injury
● Increasing service member survivability and operational effectiveness in extreme and/or austere environments
(desert, undersea, Arctic, etc) in both planned and unplanned (i.e., aircrew egress) circumstances
more of the advanced materials challenges. This feasibility study should directly address:
testing.
Phase I feasibility study on advanced materials challenges. This demonstration should focus specifically on:
AF - 17
REFERENCES:
1. Air Force scientists study artificial silk for body armor, parachutes. https://www.wpafb.af.mil/News/Article-
Display/Article/1592792/air-force-scientists-study-artificial-silk-for-body-armor-parachutes/.
2. AFRL Advanced Power Technology Office seeks innovative tech solutions.

https://www.wpafb.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1520731/afrl-advanced-power-technology-office-seeks-
innovative-tech-solutions/.
KEYWORDS: Advanced materials, graphene, metal organic, smart textiles, additive manufacturing.

Phone: 301-502-1609
Email: sbir@md5.net
AF191-004 TITLE: Open Call for Robotics, 3D Printing, and Autonomous Systems Defense-Related
Dual-Purpose Technologies/Solutions with a Clear Air Force Stakeholder Need
OBJECTIVE: This is an AF Special Topic in partnership with AFWERX, please see the above AF Special Topic
instructions for further details. A Phase I award will be completed over 3 months with a maximum award of $75K
and a Phase II may be awarded for a maximum period of 15 month and $750K. The objective of this topic is to
explore Robotics, 3D Printing, and Autonomous Systems that may not be specifically covered by any other specific
SBIR topic and thus to explore options for solutions that may fall outside the Air Force’s current fields of focus but
that may be useful to the US Air Force. This topic will reach companies that can complete a feasibility study and
prototype validated concepts in accelerated Phase I and II schedules.
DESCRIPTION: We are interested in exploring technological areas and solutions that have proven and
demonstrated their value and commercial potential in the non-defense commercial sector to see if they have
applications for an Air Force problem (i.e. Dual-Purpose Technologies/Solutions). As our Air Force advances in its
technological and operational capabilities, it has never been more important to continue to develop our airman using
the most effective tools and processes. This has raised the profile and importance of design maintenance and
fabrication training to keep up with the sustainment of advanced technologies, diminishing parts, or other types of
training for support personnel and general personnel development. We recognize that it is impossible to cover every
technological area with the SBIR topics, thus this topic is intended to be a call for open ideas and technologies that
cover topics that may not be currently listed but are related to Robotics, 3D Printing, and Autonomous Systems. It is
important that any potential solutions have a high probability of keeping pace with the technological change and
thus should be closely tied to commercial technologies and solutions that will help support the development of the
solution.
Solutions for this topic should be focused on the three areas listed below and should try to meet as many of these as
possible.
1. Technical feasibility – There should be minimal technical risk to the overall solution. The best solutions will have
demonstrated technical feasibility by showing the solution being used broadly by other customers, especially in the
non-defense space. If the solution has not demonstrated technical feasibility in the non-defense space, the offeror(s)
may provide alternative evidence to indicate technical feasibility such as initial lab tests, use of the product with
defense customers and other forms of evidence.
2. Financial Sustainability – The offeror(s) should demonstrate financial sustainability of the solution and the
AF - 18
offeror(s). The best solutions will demonstrate this by sales of the solution to non-defense clients and other sources
of private investment (i.e. venture capital). If the solution has not demonstrated financial sustainability by non-
defense sales or private investment, the offeror(s) may provide other evidence of financial sustainability such as
other governmental aid, sales to defense customers, and other forms of evidence that help explain the financial
sustainability.
3. Defense Need – The offeror(s) should demonstrate that they have an understanding of the fit between their
solution and defense stakeholders. The best solutions will demonstrate this with documentation (i.e. a signed memo)
from a specific, empowered stakeholder(s) in the USAF who is ready and willing to participate in the trial of the
prototype solution. Short of this, the offeror(s) may provide an indication of a defense ‘need’ by evidence of
preliminary discussions with USAF stakeholders, a clear description of potential USAF stakeholders that would
need to use the solution or other forms of evidence to help explain a clear defense need.
The best solutions will accomplish all three areas to a high level, and all solutions should attempt to meet as many of
these areas as completely as possible. In all the areas, demonstrations are sought more than explanations (i.e. show
not tell), about how the solution meets these areas.
PHASE I: Conduct a feasibility study to determine the effectiveness of existing (i.e. commercial) and upcoming (i.e.
products expected to be released soon) solution(s) for one or multiple of the Air Force problems. This feasibility
study should directly address:
6. How the solution(s) will be able to address potential future changes in the specific technology area
thorough feasibility study using scientific experiments, laboratory studies, commercial research and interviews.
Prototypes may be developed with SBIR funds during Phase I studies to better address the risks and potential
payoffs in innovative technologies.
PHASE II: Develop, install, integrate and demonstrate a prototype system determined to be the most feasible
solution during the Phase I feasibility study. This demonstration should focus specifically on:
2. How the solution differs from a commercial offering to solve the DoD need (i.e. how has it been modified)
3. How the solution can integrate with other current and potential future solutions
4. How the solution can be sustainable (i.e. supportability)
5. How the demonstration can be used by other DoD customers
REFERENCES:
1. FitzGerald, B., Sander, A., & Parziale, J. (2016). Future Foundry: A New Strategic Approach to Military-
Technical Advantage. Retrieved June 12, 2018, from https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/future-foundry
2. Blank, S. (2016). The Mission Model Canvas – An Adapted Business Model Canvas for Mission-Driven
Organizations. Retrieved June 12, 2018, from https://steveblank.com/2016/02/23/the-mission-model-canvas-an-
adapted-business-model-canvas-for-mission-drive
AF - 19
3. US Department of Defense. (2018). 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States Summary, 11. Retrieved
from https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf
KEYWORDS: Open, Other, Disruptive, Radical, Dual-Use, Commercial, Robotics, 3D Printing, Autonomous
TPOC-1: Matthew Scott

Phone: 937-985-2440
Email: matthew.scott@afwerx.af.mil
AF191-005 TITLE: Open Call for Innovative Defense-Related Dual-Purpose Technologies/Solutions

with a Clear Air Force Stakeholder Need
OBJECTIVE: This is an AF Special Topic in partnership with AFWERX, please see the above AF Special Topic
instructions for further details. A Phase I award will be completed over 3 months with a maximum award of $75K
and a Phase II may be awarded for a maximum period of 15 month and $750K. The objective of this topic is to
explore Innovative Defense-Related Dual-Purpose Technologies that may not be covered by any other specific SBIR
topic and thus to explore options for solutions that may fall outside the Air Force’s current fields of focus but that
may be useful to the US Air Force. This topic will reach companies that can complete a feasibility study and
prototype validated concepts in accelerated Phase I and II schedules. This topic is specifically aimed at later stage
development rather than earlier stage basic science and research.
NOTES:
a. Due to the large amount of expected interest in this topic, we will not be answering individual questions
through e-mail, except in rare cases. Instead we will be holding a teleconference to address all questions in an
efficient manner. This topic will be updated with the final call-in details as soon as the date is finalized. In the
meantime, feel free to use the SITIS Q&A system.
b. In order to expedite the processing of the awards, all awards for this topic will be either $50K or $25K or
$1K purchase orders. We recommend pricing your contracts with firm fixed prices to reflect this. If your price is
outside of this range, we will round down to the nearest purchase order. Quotes below $1K will not be considered.
c. We are working to move fast, please double check your CAGE codes and DUNS numbers to be sure they
line up, if they are not correct at time of selection, a Phase I award will not be issued.
d. In order to keep pace with the fast timeline, if the purchase orders are not signed and returned to the
contracting office within 5 business days of receipt, a Phase I award will not be issued.
DESCRIPTION: The Air Force is a large and complex organizations that consists of many functions that have
similar counterparts in the commercial sector. We are interested in exploring innovative technology domains that
have demonstrated clear commercial value in the non-defense sector (i.e., through existing products/solutions) in
order to see if they have similar Air Force applications (i.e. Dual-Purpose Technologies/Solutions). We recognize
that it is impossible to cover every technological area with the SBIR topics, thus this topic is intended to be a call for
open ideas and technologies that cover topics that may not be currently listed (i.e. the unknown-unknown). It is
important that any potential solutions have a high probability of keeping pace with the technological change and
thus should be closely tied to commercial technologies and solutions that will help support the development of the
solution. This topic is meant for innovative non-defense commercial solutions to be adapted in innovative ways to
meet DoD stakeholders’ needs in a short timeframe and at a low cost.
Solutions for this topic should be focused on the three areas listed below and should try to meet as many of these as
possible.
1. Technical feasibility – There should be minimal technical risk to the overall solution. The best solutions will have
AF - 20
demonstrated technical feasibility by showing the solution being used broadly by other customers, especially in the
non-defense space. If the solution has not demonstrated technical feasibility in the non-defense space, the offeror(s)
may provide alternative evidence to indicate technical feasibility such as initial lab tests, use of the product with
defense customers and other forms of evidence.
2. Financial Sustainability – The offeror(s) should demonstrate financial sustainability of the solution and the
offeror(s). The best solutions will demonstrate this by sales of the solution to non-defense clients and other sources
of private investment (i.e. venture capital). If the solution has not demonstrated financial sustainability by non-
defense sales or private investment, the offeror(s) may provide other evidence of financial sustainability such as
other governmental aid, sales to defense customers, and other forms of evidence that help explain the financial
sustainability.
3. Defense Need – The offeror(s) should demonstrate that they have an understanding of the fit between their
solution and defense stakeholders. The best solutions will demonstrate this with documentation (i.e. a signed memo)
from a specific, empowered stakeholder(s) in the USAF who is ready and willing to participate in the trial of the
prototype solution. Short of this, the offeror(s) may provide an indication of a defense ‘need’ by evidence of
preliminary discussions with USAF stakeholders, a clear description of potential USAF stakeholders that would
need to use the solution or other forms of evidence to help explain a clear defense need.
In summary - proposals for this topic should demonstrate a high probability to quickly find product-market fit
between an Air Force end user and the proposed solution through adaptation of a non-defense commercial solution.
This can be done through a proposal with a mature non-defense technical solution and a starting point to find an Air
Force customer. This can also be done through a proposal that demonstrates deep understanding of the needs of the
Air Force stakeholders (with an emphasis on the end-user) and an existing (i.e. non-’vaporware’ but can be early
stage) product that is based primarily on adaptations of non-defense commercial solutions.
PHASE I: Validate the product-market fit between the proposed solution and a potential USAF stakeholder and
define a clear and immediately actionable plan for running a trial with the proposed solution and the proposed AF
customer. This feasibility study should directly address:
1. Clearly identify who the prime potential AF end user(s) is and articulate how they would use your
solution(s) (i.e., the one who is most likely to an early adopter, first user, and initial transition partner).
2. Deeply explore the problem or benefit area(s) which are to be addressed by the solution(s) - specifically
focusing on how this solution will impact the end user of the solution.
3. Define clear objectives and measurable key results for a potential trail of the proposed solution with the
identified Air Force end user(s).
4. Clearly identify any additional specific stakeholders beyond the end user(s) who will be critical to the
success of any potential trial. This includes, but is not limited to, program offices, contracting offices, finance
offices, information security offices and environmental protection offices.
5. Describe how the solution differs from the non-defense commercial offering to solve the Air Force need -
(i.e. how has it been modified)
6. Describe the cost and feasibility of integration with current mission-specific products.
7. Describe if and how the demonstration can be used by other DoD or governmental customers
PHASE II: Develop, install, integrate and demonstrate a prototype system determined to be the most feasible
1. Evaluating the proposed solution against the objectives and measurable key results as defined in the phase I
feasibility study.
2. Describing in detail how the solution differs from the non-defense commercial offering to solve the Air
Force need and how it can be scaled to be adopted widely (i.e. how can it be modified for scale)
3. A clear transition path for the proposed solution that takes into account input from all affected stakeholders
including but not limited to: end users, engineering, sustainment, contracting, finance, legal, and cyber security.
AF - 21
4. Specific details about how the solution can integrate with other current and potential future solutions.
6. Clearly identify other specific DoD or governmental customers who want to use the solution
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: This is the main goal of this topic, we intend for many of the solutions to
go straight from Phase I to Phase III as soon as the product-market fit has been verified. The contractor will
transition the adapted non-defense commercial solution to provide expanded mission capability to a broad range of
potential government and civilian users and alternate mission applications.
REFERENCES:
1. FitzGerald, B., Sander, A., & Parziale, J. (2016). Future Foundry: A New Strategic Approach to Military-
Technical Advantage. Retrieved June 12, 2018, from https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/future-foundry
2. Blank, S. (2016). The Mission Model Canvas – An Adapted Business Model Canvas for Mission-Driven
Organizations. Retrieved June 12, 2018, from https://steveblank.com/2016/02/23/the-mission-model-canvas-an-
adapted-business-model-canvas-for-mission-drive
3. US Department of Defense. (2018). 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States Summary, 11.
Retrieved from https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf
KEYWORDS: Open, Other, Disruptive, Radical, Dual-Use, Commercial
TPOC-1: Chris Benson

Phone: 571-406-7037
Email: chris.benson@afwerx.af.mil
AF191-006 TITLE: 6U CubeSat EO/IR Solutions for Operational Weather Demo
OBJECTIVE: The Air Force is seeking to acquire solutions for an operational weather demonstration through the
rapid development of technologies that address the ability to monitor or forecast terrestrial weather with the
objective of providing improved global weather data and products for the Department of Defense, commercial, and
international missions and applications. This technology demonstration will encourage customer engagement with
the United States Air Force weather and remote sensing stakeholders in addition to industry and allied partners. The
objective of this topic is a pilot program to assess the viability of commercial satellite weather data to support
requirements of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is seeking companies who can complete a feasibility
study and deliver validated concepts and solutions via accelerated Phase I and II schedules with opportunities for a
direct Phase III award from USAF customers. Target objectives will focus on exploiting defense, commercial, and
international launch opportunities for developed solutions to reach orbit as soon as 2020 and deliver low-latency
data products to commercial and warfighter customers. Technologies should have a clear commercial model that
closes independent of military requirements with existing (i.e. commercial) and upcoming (i.e. products expected to
be released soon) solution(s) for conducting EO/IR and other terrestrial weather observations form spaced-based
platforms in the form of a 6U CubeSat. The Phase I statement of work will include participation in an Air Force
sponsored week long design collaboration with defense, international, and commercial stakeholders to address the
feasibility requirements for an operational demonstration (e.g. system design, performance objectives, calibration
and validation, etc..).
DESCRIPTION: The Department of Defense (DOD) relies on data and weather forecasting tools from military, U.S.
civil government, and international partner satellite sensors for the Air Force Weather mission. These resources
AF - 22
along with other ground and air-based hardware and software technologies provide critical weather information and
forecasts for military operations. Current solutions are being sought to advance space-based weather observations
for visual application and suitable for assimilation by numerical prediction models. Collaboration between
companies to provide an end-to-end solution is a plus. Solutions may also include demonstration of new focal plane
technologies, techniques to improve ground resolution, feature identification, and discrimination of layered
phenomenon. The end goal calls for performance near current large SWAP EO/IR sensors. It is not required that all
of these capabilities come in one product or solution, but it is necessary that any solution that solves part of the
weather forecasting problem be able to integrate well with other existing and potential solutions. Solutions for this
program should not require intensive research and development studies and should be prepared to quickly assess the
technical and operational feasibility to accelerate development and delivery of solution(s) as soon as 2020. Desired
solutions are categorized below and offerors can propose any individual or combined solutions:
1. EO/IR and other Space Based Environmental Monitoring (SBEM) sensor payloads that can be integrated into a
6U CubeSat bus with mission concepts for low earth orbit.
Special attention will be given on projects that address current and anticipated SBEM gaps as described in the
following categories presented in priority order:
a. Cloud characterization
b. Theater weather imagery
c. Ocean surface vector winds
d. Ionospheric density
e. Snow depth
f. Soil moisture
g. Equatorial ionospheric scintillation
h. Tropical cyclone density
i. Sea ice characterization
j. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) energetic charged particle characterization
k. Electric field
Payload solutions should be proposed with Bus options that may be provided in-house, or with other commercial
and government furnished equipment.
2. 6U CubeSat bus with ability to quickly integrate EO/IR and other payloads that address the listed SBEM needs
for operational capabilities in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) as soon as 2020.
3. Associated tools or techniques for exploitation of the data and integration into Air Force Weather systems and
models to be demonstrated as early as 3Q 2020.
products expected to be released soon) solution(s) for conducting EO/IR and other terrestrial weather observations
from spaced-based platforms. This feasibility study will include a week-long design sprint with defense,
international, and commercial stakeholders to address the feasibility requirements for an operational demonstration.
This feasibility study will include:
1. End-to-end system concept review to ensure ability to meet technical and schedule requirements.
2. How the solution(s) will be integrated with a government and industry team demonstrating low latency
weather data products for commercial and defense needs.
3. Which aspect(s) of the Weather problem are being addressed by the solution(s).
4. Commercial market identification for solution(s).
5. The breadth of applicability of the solution(s) to the US government.
6. Which government customers will be able to utilize the solution(s).
7. Collaboration with government customers to validate needs and solution(s) that will be most valuable
during the operational demo.
8. The solution(s) will be evaluated for cost and feasibility of being integrated with current and future
complementary solutions.
AF - 23
9. The solution(s) will be evaluated on how well it will work a constellation of companion satellites that will
be delivering data and products to government and commercial customers.
10. How the solution(s) will be able to address potential future Weather technologies and challenges.
customer bases for the solution(s).
The funds obligated on the resulting Phase I SBIR awards will be used for the sole purpose of conducting a thorough
feasibility through a collaborative design sprint with defense, international, and commercial stakeholders. The
resulting objective of the Phase I SBIR will be for government stakeholders to validate which concepts, if funded in
a subsequent phase II, will be able to successfully be a part of an aggressive schedule targeting an operational demo
in 2020.
PHASE II: Based on the Phase I effort, develop and deliver a space qualifiable LEO small satellite 6U CubeSat bus
and/or sensor payload to provide cloud cover and characterization data and other macro, meso, and microscale
phenomenon determined to be the most feasible solution for the operational weather demo with validated
commercial and military utility. Phase II efforts may also include the development of associated tools or techniques
for exploitation of the data and integration into Air Force Weather systems and models. This prototype
demonstration should focus specifically on:
1. A clear and specific government customer that can immediately utilize the solution(s) during the demonstration.
2. How the solution can integrate with other current and potential future solution(s).
3. How the solution can be sustainable (i.e. supportability).
4. How the demonstration can be used by other DoD, commercial, and allied customers.
5. Utilize standard interfaces to proposed launch vehicles and ground segment.
6. Utilize standard data and mechanical interfaces between payload and bus, if opting to deliver one or the other,
e.g., standard fastener sizes, RS-422, Ethernet, etc. Interfaces may be modified during this effort for concurrent
developments
civilian users and alternate mission applications. Direct access with end users and government customers will be
provided with opportunities to receive Phase III awards for providing the government additional research &
development, or direct procurement of products and services developed in coordination with the program.
REFERENCES:
1. USA. DoD. GAO. Analysis of Alternatives Is Useful for Certain Capabilities, but Ineffective Coordination
Limited Assessment of Two Critical Capabilities. N.p., 10 Mar. 2016. Web. GAO-16-252R
2. Price, Julie. 2015 JPSS Science Seminar Annual Digest. Rep. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Noaa.gov. Web.
KEYWORDS: CubeSat, cloud characterization, theater weather imagery, Earth environments, sensors, calibration,
data, satellite, commercial, weather
TPOC-1: Jacob Singleton

Phone: 505-853-4245
Email: jacob.singleton.3@us.af.mil
AF191-007 TITLE: Rapid CubeSat Development
AF - 24
OBJECTIVE: This is an AF Special Topic, please see the above AF Special Topic instructions for further details. A
Phase I effort will be completed over 3 months with a maximum award of $75K and a Phase II may be awarded for
a maximum period of 15 months and $750K. The objective of this topic is to provide a commercially-available bus
along with a payload integration & test process with final delivery to a launch provider in reduced timeframes every
time an order is placed.
DESCRIPTION: CubeSat development is often a constraint-driven process (i.e. performance- size, weight and
power, schedule, and cost). This topic is intended to show the art-of-the-possible when schedule is first and foremost
the driving constraint. The time it takes to go from initial concept through design, build, integrate, test and delivery
of a CubeSat is derived from a number of factors. A sampling of examples includes: scope of mission, availability
and maturity of components, frequency allocation, deployer, mission assurance approach, etc.
This topic is centered on the following scoping questions: How fast can you build a CubeSat bus, integrate a
payload, test it and send it on its way to a launch vehicle using your current knowledge and capabilities? What
designs and processes would it take to cut that time in half? By three-quarters? What kind of product could you
provide without exception in that reduced timeframe?
The intent of this topic is to define and provide what type and quality of 3U/6U/12U CubeSat can be delivered in a
reduced timeframe from idea (start)-to-launch vehicle delivery (finish). It is important that any proposed solution
identify a sustainable product / approach that is desired by both commercial and defense market sectors. Proposers
for this topic should identify in their proposal which factors in the CubeSat development process will be considered
during the Phase I feasibility study, why those factors are chosen and what approach will be taken to assess those
factors during Phase I to meet the reduced delivery timelines. Proposers need not control all aspects of satellite
development as part of the final product, but must provide convincing evidence to support the estimated
development timeline when a particular development aspect is not in the proposer’s control. Non-traditional
approaches for meeting schedule with a sound rational for proposed approach will be encouraged during Phase I
feasibility studies. Proposers will be encouraged to identify what if any constraints must be placed on potential
customers and their potential payloads in order to satisfy schedule goals.
PHASE I: Conduct a feasibility study to determine the effectiveness of existing and upcoming (i.e. products
expected to be released soon) commercial solution(s) or provide a solution if one does not currently exist. This
feasibility study should directly address:
1. Which factors impact CubeSat development timelines, current development timelines (in-house if currently
developing products, estimated if new to the development process) and the trade-space of solutions available to
reduce those timelines.
2. A customer discovery process that results in a minimum viable product, timeline and estimated cost for
both commercial and defense market product-line sustainability.
3. A CubeSat design and process-design based on the customer discovery process and available trade-space
solutions that provides evidence for and confidence in the reduced timeline.
4. The breadth of applicability of the solution(s) to commercial and US Government
5. Specific examples of which commercial and government customers would likely be able to utilize the
solution(s)
6. Evaluation for cost and feasibility of being integrated with current and future complementary solutions
7. How the solution(s) will be able to address potential future changes in the specific technology area
8. The potential to keep pace with technological change due to factors such as other non-DoD applications
and customer bases for the solution(s)
PHASE II: Demonstrate the shortened delivery capability. Proposers will identify a payload / customer who is in
keeping with the findings of the Phase I feasibility study to incorporate into their process. Should needed funding
exceed what is available in Phase II, proposers may, in coordination with and with approval from the topic TPOC,
AF - 25
demonstrate a specific aspect of the development process or arrange for additional funding to fully demonstrate the
process.
commercial users.
REFERENCES:
1. "Achieving Science with CubeSats: Thinking Inside the Box," Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, National Academies Press, 2016
2. Jasper, Lee et al. “Defining a New Mission Assurance Philosophy for Small Satellites,” 32nd Annual
AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites, 4-9 August 2018, Logan UT
KEYWORDS: CubeSat, Cube Satellite, satellite development
TPOC-1: Lauren Hunt

Phone: 505-853-4562
Email: lauren.hunt.2@us.af.mil
AF191-008 TITLE: Commercial Solutions for Innovative Space Data Analytics
OBJECTIVE: This is an AF Special Topic, please see the above AF Special Topic instructions for further details.
The objective of this topic is to develop innovative solutions for space data analytics to include data fusion, artificial
intelligence, and machine learning. The Air Force needs new innovative approaches to organize data from disparate
sources and speeding up data flow in bandwidth constrained environments. Specific areas of interest may include
technologies that address the ability for satellites to more seamlessly communicate with each other, the ability to
spread real-time computation across a constellation of satellites, the ability to produce indications and warnings
from disparate sources, and the ability to fuse seamlessly and intelligently any of these capabilities and prepare for
human consumption. This topic will reach companies that can complete a feasibility study and prototype validated
concepts in accelerated Phase I and II schedules. A Phase I award will be completed over 3 months with a maximum
award of $75K and a Phase II may be awarded for a maximum period of 15 months and $750K.
DESCRIPTION: The Department of Defense (DoD) relies on data and software capabilities as a critical enabler in
executing its mission in space. Current solutions are being sought to advance data analytics for next generation
mission concepts for defense space applications. Solutions may include the ability to fuse large scale data and
conduct intelligent decision making derived from multiple sources (homogeneous, heterogeneous, or both).
Submissions may range from large scale network-based solutions to satellite-based solutions to distributed solutions.
User agents may be humans or machines and may include systems that use, augment or facilitate automated
networks, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and robotics concepts. Solutions may involve some
combination of hardware devices, software, data products, algorithms, or services. One or a combination of the
following capabilities could include distributed networking, mesh networks, data mining & “scraping”, AI, ML,
robotics, and disparate data sources. These solutions need to demonstrate commercial viability to ensure an efficient
evolution through development to respond to rapidly evolving technologies. It is not required that all of these
capabilities come in one product or solution, but it is necessary that any solution that present space data analytics
tools be able to integrate well with other existing and potential solutions. It is also desired that any potential
solutions have a linkage to relevant commercial technologies or products that will help to advance the development
AF - 26
of products for the warfighter.
products expected to be released soon) solution(s) for space data analytics. This feasibility study will include:
testing.
PHASE II: Based upon the Phase 1 effort, develop and demonstrate a prototype system determined to be the most
feasible solution for space data analytics. This demonstration should focus specifically on:
new technology or a description of how existing technology and industry best practices has been modified and
leveraged in this development)
REFERENCES:
1. Merrie, Sanchez. AFSPC Long-Term Science and Technology Challenges, Space and Cyberspace
Innovation Summit. Aug 2016. https://defenseinnovationmarketplace.dtic.mil/wp-
content/uploads/airforce/Innovation_Summit_Phase1_Intro.pdf
2. Air Force Space Command Strategic S&T Challenges. Aug 2016.

https://defenseinnovationmarketplace.dtic.mil/wp-
content/uploads/airforce/Combined_Innovation_Summit_Charts_for_Space_Cyber.pdf
3. Erwin, Sandra. Air Force steps up efforts to merge air, cyber and space data. 27 Nov 2017.
http://spacenews.com/air-force-steps-up-efforts-to-merge-air-cyber-and-space-data/
KEYWORDS: Data Analytics, machine learning, artificial intelligence, data fusion, satellite, big data
TPOC-1: Gabriel Mounce

Phone: 505-846-6079
Email: gabriel.mounce.3@us.af.mil
AF191-009 TITLE: Pitch Day in Command, Control, Communications, Intelligence, and Network
(C3I&N)
AF - 27
OBJECTIVE: This is an Pitch DayTopic, please see the above Pitch DayTopic instructions for further details. A
Phase I award will be completed over 5 months with a maximum award of $158K and a Phase II may be awarded
for a maximum period of 15 (or 27 month) and $750K. The objective of this topic is to explore Command, Control,
Communications, Intelligence, and Network (C3I&N) solutions that may not be covered by any other specific SBIR
topic and thus to explore options for innovative solutions that may fall outside the Air Force’s current fields of focus
but that may be useful to the Air Force. This topic will reach companies that can complete a feasibility study and
DESCRIPTION: "The Air Force Program Executive Office for Command, Control, Communication, Intelligence
and Networks (C3I&N) focuses on delivering war fighter capability in cyber, terrestrial, and aerial communications
and datalinks. The Air Force wishes to stay at the cutting edge of C3I&N technologies and is looking to partner
with innovative small businesses that may have solutions to Air Force challenges including but not limited to:
1. Cyber resilient aerial communications networks & data links

2. Agile communications
3. 3D modeling and simulation of the Aerial Network
4. Data capture & analytics employing artificial intelligence and / or machine learning techniques
This is a call for open ideas and technologies that cover C3I&N solutions. The Air Force is interested in exploring
innovative technology to enable agile aerial communications and data links in a high threat environment. The AF is
focused on commercial technologies that can be adapted to enhance communications across multiple platforms in
the aerial domain. The Air Force is also interested in commercial solutions that can be used to dynamically model
and simulate the AF aerial communication capabilities. Lastly, we are interested in commercial data exploitation
techniques to extract value from data that is collected by multiple platforms and/or sensors but not routinely used
across the enterprise. This topic is meant for innovative solutions to be adapted in innovative ways to meet DoD
stakeholders’ needs in a short timeframe and at a low cost."
PHASE I: "Validate the product-market fit between the proposed solution and a potential USAF stakeholder and
6. Describe if and how the demonstration can be used by other DoD or governmental customers.
7. Describe technology related development that is required to successfully field the solution.
payoffs in innovative technologies."
PHASE II: "Develop, install, integrate and demonstrate a prototype system determined to be the most feasible
AF - 28
feasibility study.
2. Describing in detail how the solution can be scaled to be adopted widely (i.e. how can it be modified for
scale)
6. Clearly identify other specific DoD or governmental customers who want to use the solution"
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: "The Primary goal of SBIR is Phase III. The contractor will pursue
commercialization of the various technologies developed in Phase II for transitioning expanded mission capability to
a broad range of potential government and civilian users and alternate mission applications. Direct access with end
users and government customers will be provided with opportunities to receive Phase III awards for providing the
government additional research & development, or direct procurement of products and services developed in
coordination with the program.
NOTES:
b. We are working to move fast, please double check your CAGE codes and DUNS numbers to be sure they
line up, if they are not correct at time of selection, a Phase I award will not be issued."
REFERENCES:
1. “A Revolution in Acquisition and Product Support.” Air Force Life Cycle Management Center,” 2013, Retrieved
20 October from
https://www.wpafb.af.mil/Portals/60/documents/lcmc/LCMC-Revolution-in-Acquisition.pdf?ver=2016-07-01-
110338-350
2. "Air Force Life Cycle Management Center Homepage”, Retrieved October 20 from
https://www.wpafb.af.mil/aflcmc/
3. "The Heilmeier Catechism." DARPA, Retrieved October 24 from

https://www.darpa.mil/work-with-us/heilmeier-catechism
KEYWORDS: Cyber, Crypto, Aerial Networks, IT, IT Infrastructure, Command and Control, Communication,
Intelligence, Network
TPOC-1: Dave Setser

Phone: 781-640-2712
Email: david.setser@us.af.mil
AF191-010 TITLE: Pitch Day Investment in Battlefield Air Operations Family of Systems Technologies
TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Human Systems
OBJECTIVE: This is an Pitch Day Topic, please see the above Pitch DayTopic instructions for further details. A
for a maximum period of 15 (or 27 month) and $750K. The objective of this topic is to explore Innovative
Battlefield Air Operations Family of Systems Technologies that may not be covered by any other specific SBIR
topic and thus to explore options for innovative solutions that may fall outside the Air Force’s current fields of focus
but that may be useful to the US Air Force. This topic will reach companies that can complete a feasibility study and
AF - 29
DESCRIPTION: "Air Force Materiel Command is the lead MAJCOM for capabilities development and full life-
cycle acquisition management of equipment items to ensure interoperability of common use Battlefield Airmen
(BA) equipment and capitalization on opportunities for synergies across BA mission areas. The Battlefield Airmen
Branch (Program Office) has a primary mission to rapidly respond to Battlefield Airmen requirements by fielding
effective and timely solutions that ensure agile, lethal, sustainable, and interoperable capabilities to defeat any threat
to our great nation. The Air Force wishes to stay at the cutting edge of Battlefield Air Operations technologies and is
looking to partner with innovative small businesses that may have solutions to Air Force challenges in any of the
listed technology areas. For example a couple of specific capability gaps with what appear to be rapid acquisition
solutions are:
Macro Weather Sensor – The Battle Field Airmen Branch recently fielded the Micro Weather Sensor/Advanced
Micro Weather Sensor for the AFSOC Special Operations Weather Teams. It is a tactical, portable, unattended
ground-based weather sensor that provides the full suite of real time ground based weather along with cloud heights
up to 10,000 feet. The recently signed Battlefield Air Operations Family of Systems also established a requirement
for portable environmental observations that “shall replicate the automated gathering and reporting of the same
environmental data measurements and environmental parameters provided by the current AN/TMQ-53 for
autonomous, stand-alone (Service Level D) airfield support.”
First Person Manual View Drones for Expeditionary ISR – The Battlefield Air Operations Family of Systems Table
5-33 lists over 20 development thresholds for unmanned systems, most focused on unmanned air systems. The
upcoming SOCOM Technical Experiment 19-1 (5-9 November 2018) will include as many as 50 UA systems that
meet various AFSOC requirements for unmanned air systems. Multiple platforms will be required to support the
special tactics mission sets.
Hands-Free Water Desalinization – Guardian Angel has the task of world-wide recovery. Over 2/3 of the world is
covered with salt water and GA has many water jumps missions each year. The current COTS solutions require
manual pumping in order to create enough water to sustain hydration. Additionally the drinking water produced by
hand pump desalinization devices only support a small number of people. Since the number of survivors in need of
hydration cannot be known ahead of time, creating sufficient drinking water is an urgent need. Furthermore, the
requirement for a rescue team member to pump the desalinization system takes a person out of the fight.
ATAK Application / Plug-in for Air Force Special Operations – The Special Operations community uses ATAK as
an application that provides situational awareness and capability supporting all special tactics missions. The Battle
Field Airmen Branch is looking for android applications or ATAK plug-ins that support the special tactics mission
sets. (i.e. FIRES, Special Operations Weather, Para-rescue, Assault Zones, Enabling Capabilities)
The Air Force is interested in exploring innovative technology domains that may not be covered in the technological
area with other SBIR topics, thus this topic is intended to be a call for open ideas and technologies that cover other
related Battlefield Air Operations topics that may not be currently listed (i.e. the unknown-unknown). This topic is
meant for innovative solutions to be adapted in innovative ways to meet DoD stakeholders’ needs in a short
timeframe and at a low cost.
AF - 30
feasibility study.
scale)
5. How the solution can be sustainable (i.e. supportability).
6. Clearly identify other specific DoD or governmental customers who want to use the solution.
NOTES:
line up, if they are not correct at time of selection, a Phase I award will not be issued.
REFERENCES:
1. “A Revolution in Acquisition and Product Support.” Air Force Life Cycle Management Center, 2013, Retrieved
20 October from www.wpafb.af.mil/Portals/60/documents/lcmc/LCMC-Revolution-in-Acquisition.pdf?ver=2016-
07-01-110338-350.
2. "The Heilmeier Catechism." DARPA, Retrieved October 20 from https://www.darpa.mil/work-with-us/heilmeier-

catechism
3. "Air Force Life Cycle Management Center Homepage, Retrieved October 20 from
KEYWORDS: SOF, Special Operations, ISR, Battlefield Air Operations, Weather, Assault Zones, Airfield Survey,
SUAS, Unmanned Systems, FIRES, Para-rescue, Visual Augmentation
TPOC-1: Gordon Broadbent

Phone: 937-623-7107
AF - 31
Email: gordon.broadbent.1@us.af.mil
AF191-011 TITLE: Pitch Day Investment in Digital Technology
OBJECTIVE: This is an Pitch Day Topic, please see the above Pitch DayTopic instructions for further details. A
for a maximum period of 15 (or 27 month) and $750K. The objective of this topic is to explore Innovative Digital
Technologies that may not be covered by any other specific SBIR topic and thus to explore options for innovative
solutions that may fall outside the Air Force’s current fields of focus but that may be useful to the US Air Force.
This topic will reach companies that can complete a feasibility study and prototype validated concepts in accelerated
Phase I and II schedules. This topic is specifically aimed at later stage development rather than earlier stage basic
science and research.
DESCRIPTION: "The Air Force Digital Directorate is responsible for the acquisition of software and weapons
systems as well as the standardization and dissemination of agile software development processes throughout the Air
Force. The Air Force wishes to stay at the cutting edge of Digital technologies and is looking to partner with
innovative small businesses that may have solutions to Air Force challenges. The 6 areas listed below are high level
challenge areas that the Air Force is interested in novel solutions:
1. Secure, resilient operations in the Cloud

2. Maintenance of trust/resiliency for Open-Source software
3. Resilient Position/Navigation/Timing (PNT) sources for C2 and network ops
4. Automated software/cyber testing for DevOps and Cloud environments
5. Efficient tools for re-engineering and/or re-hosting legacy software
6. Automating cyber security compliance and processes
Additionally the Air Force has a number of specific challenges that require tailored solutions:
1. Container and Virtual Machine security in Cloud environments – solutions for changed/expanded cyber-
attack surfaces of Cloud-based applications
2. Sensor and NAVAID calibration using Small UAS (sUAS) – employment of sUASs rather than manned
aircraft to flight-check and/or calibrate ground-based radars and navigation aids
3. Cross-Domain solutions releasable to FMS partner nations
4. Automated user privilege provisioning and auditing across multiple Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
(LDAP) groups and Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) roles
5. Assured accelerated network transmission of large datasets
6. Robust, lightweight/deployable, multi-use (weather, surveillance, ATC, C-sUAS) radars
7. Robust, resilient long-haul communication methods to connect on- and off-premises Cloud environments
8. Autonomy and robotics for routine operations to reduce manpower requirements (e.g., aircraft PDM
operations)
9. Characterization of “normal” computer system operation and identification of anomalous behavior that that
might indicated hardware or software compromise
This topic is meant for innovative solutions to be adapted in innovative ways to meet DoD stakeholders’ needs in a
short timeframe and at a low cost."
AF - 32
payoffs in innovative technologies."
feasibility study.
scale)
6. Clearly identify other specific DoD or governmental customers who want to use the solution"
NOTES:
line up, if they are not correct at time of selection, a Phase I award will not be issued."
REFERENCES:
1. “A Revolution in Acquisition and Product Support.” Air Force Life Cycle Management Center, 2013, Retrieved
20 October from
https://www.wpafb.af.mil/Portals/60/documents/lcmc/LCMC-Revolution-in-Acquisition.pdf?ver=2016-07-01-
110338-350
2. "Air Force Life Cycle Management Center Homepage,” Retrieved October 20 from
"
AF - 33
3. "The Heilmeier Catechism." DARPA, Retrieved October 24 from
https://www.darpa.mil/work-with-us/heilmeier-catechism
KEYWORDS: Cyber security, software, development, cloud, automation, agile, Open-Source, PNT, automated,
legacy software, sUAS, radars
TPOC-1: Raquel Durst

Phone: 781-225-5167
Email: raquel.durst@us.af.mil
AF191-016 TITLE: Breathing Air Manifold For Air Quality Sampling
TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Air Platform
ACQUISITION PROGRAM: --
The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), 22 CFR
Parts 120-130, which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services, including export of
sensitive technical data, or the Export Administration Regulation (EAR), 15 CFR Parts 730-774, which controls dual
use items. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals (FNs), their country(ies) of origin, the type
of visa or work permit possessed, and the statement of work (SOW) tasks intended for accomplishment by the FN(s)
in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the Announcement and within the AF Component-specific instructions.
Offerors are advised foreign nationals proposed to perform on this topic may be restricted due to the technical data
under US Export Control Laws. Please direct ITAR specific questions to the AF SBIR/STTR Contracting Officer,
Ms. Michele Tritt, michele.tritt@us.af.mil.
OBJECTIVE: Develop a means to collect fighter aircraft OBOGS and cabin ambient air quality data as there is a
lack of any measurement data from operational systems regarding chemicals present in pilot breathing air.
DESCRIPTION: A high rate of unexplained physiological events in the fighter aircraft community has elevated a
need to both identify their causes and to develop pilot breathing air chemical exposure standards. These requests
have come from various program offices including F-35, A-10, and T-6. In order to characterize pilot breathing air
prior to take-off, technology to assess both breathing air system and ambient air in the cockpit must be developed.
Specifically, a portable system that allows for real time air quality sampling from the pilot breathing air and cockpit
ambient air during engine ground runs is required. Samples should be taken using a suite of assessment techniques
including real-time gas monitoring, ultrafine particle monitoring and sampling pumps to collect air onto media for
specific analyses. All techniques should sample simultaneously during a single engine run in a fully contained case.
Current in-house attempts in developing a prototype system to gather data supporting immediate F-35 and T-6
program office requests have been successful based on assembling COTS equipment. In fact, our system has been
successful in clearing various F-35 and T-6 aircraft from a "grounded" status. The prototype system, however, takes
a significant amount of time to build due to a lack of a legitimate manufacturing process. Also, the device itself is
rather large because it is housed within a Pelican case iM2275. This size makes it cumbersome to both build and
operate within a cockpit. Chemical accurates are still being identified through operational testing of the device. In
addition, new requests have been made by various fighter aircraft POs to have multiple systems our technology at
their bases. Due to our manning and resources, we cannot support that demand.
PHASE I: Design a concept for a breathing air manifold for fighter aircraft pilot air quality sampling that enables
both real-time and sample collection capabilities. Determine the technical feasibility of developing a device that
utilizes thermal desorption (TD) tubes as the sample collection media while incorporating tablet/iPad device that can
display/store real-time chemical sensing data. TD tubes are required as in-house labs capabilities are built around
TD tibe analysis. Chemicals of interest include O2, CO2, CO, SO2, NO, NO2 and VOC concentration in real-time
as well as temperature, relative humidity, and pressure monitoring. Make efforts to reduce the size of the device
AF - 34
from it's current shell - a Pelican case iM2275.
PHASE II: Based on Phase I design parameters, construct/demonstrate a functional prototype of a system that
adequately monitors pilot breathing air system/ambient air during jet engine run-ups. Chemicals of interest include
O2, CO2, CO, SO2, NO, NO2 and VOC concentration in real-time as well as temperature, relative humidity, and
pressure monitoring. Validate, through laboratory analysis, that the system successfully collected chemical
contaminants found in both pilot breathing air systems as well as the ambient environment. Real-time accuracy
should be within +/-25%; TD tube accuracy should be +/- 10%.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Phase III focuses on a product that can be mass produced and is easy to
use by Flight Chiefs and other maintenance personnel involved with engine run tests of fighter aircraft. The device
should be compatible with the various breathing air systems across the fighter aircraft inventory.
REFERENCES:
1. Mueller, Bill. "Trust & Know Your Oxygen System." Combat Edge, vol. 25, no. 4, Spring2017, p. 8.
2. Host, Pat. "USAF Anticipates F-35 OBOGS Testing Until End of 2017." Jane's Defense Weekly, vol. 54, no. 37,
13 Sept. 2017, p. 13.
3. Panzino, Charlsy. "A-10S Grounded After Hypoxia Incidents." Air Force Times, vol. 79, no. 2, 29 Jan. 2018, p.
13.
KEYWORDS: Unexplained Physiological Events (UPEs), pilot breathing air, fighter aircraft, F-35, T-6, A-10, F-16,
chemical exposure
TPOC-1: Dr. Christin Duran

Phone: 937-528-3790
Email: christin.duran@us.af.mil
AF191-017 TITLE: Multi-Physics Modeling Software for Directed Energy Bio-effects
TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Biomedical
OBJECTIVE: Develop a versatile multi-physics simulation platform that focuses on biological effects of directed
energy.
DESCRIPTION: Current modeling solutions for directed energy effects do not include methodologies that are
appropriate for biological applications. The majority of available enterprise-level software suites focus on simulating
mechanical deformation and/or failure such as those seen in the automotive industry or signal transmission/reception
in electromagnetic applications. On the rare occasion a software platform has a directed-energy based package, they
are not conducive to the rapidly evolving requirements that the Department of Defense (DoD), industry, and
academia have for this technology, namely those of effects on biological systems.
Developing a versatile software simulation environment for directed energy bio-effects makes a variety of research
goals common to the DoD and associated industrial and research and development (R&D) base, medical,
environmental, manufacturing, and academic facilities obtainable. The development of devices that involve directed
energy bio-effects can be refined to enable rapid evolution towards a prototype at a reduced cost when an
appropriate software model is available.
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This topic will employ publically available software libraries and/or open architectures to develop a software
environment focused on simulating directed energy bio-effects to the fullest extent of their capability before
supplementing them with original algorithms and code. The software will provide multi-physics simulations of
varied problem spaces and parameters with the end goal of producing a reliable and robust package that is suitable to
model mechanisms centric to directed energy bio-effects pertinent to the DoD, private industry, and academic
institutions. Examples of such mechanisms include but are not limited to light transport in turbid media coupled to
thermal and acoustic solutions as well as sub-surface vaporization of materials in an elastic media with the capacity
for adaptive and dynamic meshing to account for highly variable and complex geometries.
PHASE I: Develop an initial concept design for the software environment that employs open source libraries to the
fullest extent possible. The design will include the capacity to model key physical mechanisms that are fundamental
to directed energy bio-effects for a wide range of problem space geometries.
PHASE II: Based upon the results of Phase I and the Phase II development plan, the company will develop a beta-
level software package for evaluation by the Directed Energy Bio-effects Program or another program as specified
by the sponsor. The software will be evaluated to determine its capability in meeting the performance goals defined
in the Phase II development plan and the requirements outlined in this description.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The final products of this effort are a marketable plug-in for an open
architecture, a library of functions for numerical methods, or an analysis capability for a variety of studies in
biomedical optics, treatment methods, and/or general laser-material interactions in material processing.
REFERENCES:
1. Irvin, Lance J., P. D. Maseberg, Gavin D. Buffington, Robert J. Thomas, Michael L. Edwards, and Jacob
Stolarski. BTEC thermal model. FORT HAYS STATE UNIV HAYS KS, 2007.
2. Wen, Sy-Bor, Kevin Ly, Arun Bhaskar, Morgan S. Schmidt, and Robert J. Thomas. "Direct numerical simulation
of the initial stage of a thermally induced microcavitation in a water-rich biotissue triggered by a nanosecond pulsed
laser." Journal of Biomedi
3. Lya, Kevin, Sy-Bor Wen, Morgan S. Schmidtb, and Robert J. Thomasc. "Direct numerical simulation of
microcavitation processes in different bio environments." In Proc. of SPIE Vol, vol. 10062, pp. 1006209-1. 2017.
4. Thomas, Robert J., Rebecca L. Vincelette, C. D. Clark III, Jacob Stolarski, Lance J. Irvin, and Gavin D.
Buffington. Propagation effects in the assessment of laser damage thresholds to the eye and skin. AIR FORCE
RESEARCH LAB BROOKS AFB TX, 2007.
KEYWORDS: multi-physics, simulation, modeling, nonlinear, hpc, scattering, absorption, optics
TPOC-1: Andrew Wharmby

Phone: 210-539-8284
Email: andrew.wharmby@us.af.mil
AF191-018 TITLE: Sensor System for Real Time Observation of High Energy Laser Effects
OBJECTIVE: Model, design, build and install a sensor system that enables high energy laser operators to make real-
time damage and hazard assessments during combat, utility and test operations.
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DESCRIPTION: The use of high energy lasers (HEL) in military systems has several advantages, (line-of-sight
targeting, instantaneous engagement), but HEL effects are influenced by multiple factors that are not always
predictable. Depending on the conditions, a HEL procedure may take several seconds or completely fail. During
extended lasing procedures operators need feedback as to whether the procedure is having the desired effect. If so,
the operator can confidently continue the HEL employment; if not, they can make a timely switch to a more
effective course of action. In addition, the chaotic, uncontrolled battlefield environment requires military HEL
operators to make real-time risk determinations. Laser energy reflection modeling can be used to estimate hazard
distances and probability of unintended exposure if the surface characteristics of the target are known. Unfortunately
target surface characteristics and their reflection patterns (diffuse, specular collimated, specular divergent) are not
always predictable and can change dynamically while being irradiated. Imaging of reflection patterns show the
potential to assist HEL operators in estimating the hazards associated with continuing HEL operations. Providing the
operator with imagery or other sensor data to support both laser effects and hazard assessments would allow for real
time, high quality decisions about HEL use on the battlefield and other lasing scenarios including test and laser
utility operations.
PHASE I: Create imaging energy models for both HEL damage and hazard assessments. Evaluate laser wavelength,
power, divergence, lasing distance, target reflectance, ambient illumination, camera sensitivity, aperture, filtering
and other factors as potential variables. Research military HEL applications and near term programs. Design
imaging system(s) for real time assessment of HEL operations for one military application.
PHASE II: Build HEL imaging system(s), relevant to the chosen military application. Demonstrate and evaluate the
system(s) ability to image HEL performance under variety of operating conditions. Compare measured performance
against model(s) predictions. Refine the imaging models and redesign the imaging system as necessary. Design the
workstation, including the display, graphic user interface and controls, to optimize the operator’s decision making.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Integrate the HEL imaging subsystem into the military HEL system.
Evaluate the HEL operator’s ability to assess HEL effects and hazards.
REFERENCES:
1. Final Report of Defense Science Board Task Force on Directed Energy Weapon Systems and Technology
Applications, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition Technology and Logistics, December 2007
https://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/2000s/
2. Fiorino, S. et al. Effectiveness Assessment of Tactical Laser Engagement Scenarios in the Lower Atmosphere.
Journal of Aerospace Information Systems. Vol. 10, No. 1, January 2013
3. Sawatzky, C. High dynamic range imaging for laser weld monitoring. Industrial Laser Solutions for
Manufacturing 09/04/2013
4. Lilley, K. Army, Air Force helps build laser-wielding MRAP to clear bombs. Army Times. July 6, 2015
https://www.armytimes.com/story/military/tech/2015/07/06/rabdo-redstone-arsenal-air-force/29771333/
KEYWORDS: Diffuse Reflection, Specular Reflection, High Energy Laser, High Dynamic Range Video
TPOC-1: Joel Bixler

Phone: 210-539-8172
Email: joel.bixler.1@us.af.mil
AF191-019 TITLE: Game-based Distributed, Multi-Domain Operations Teaming Environment
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OBJECTIVE: Development of a game-based environment to facilitate rapid, distributed global multi- domain team
formation, planning, and operational execution.
DESCRIPTION: Today, the United States Armed Forces tend to operate in parallel, deconflicting operations to
achieve superiority in each domain. In near-peer engagements, true integration of “… combat forces working as part
of joint, interorganizational and multinational teams will [be necessary to] provide commanders the multiple options
across all domains that are required to deter and defeat highly capable peer enemies” (Gen David Perkins). The
forces and the expertise critical to operate across air, space, cyber, land, sea, and undersea will be globally
distributed. The environment will be dynamic with potential communications and asset fallout. To prevail in a
contested and degraded operational environment, multi-domain joint, interorganizational and multinational teams
must be able to rapidly form, augment, and synchronize operations. This requires capabilities that facilitate
distributed communication and global, multi-domain situation awareness and that can identify and track asset
availability and capability in real-time. There is currently no distributed multi-domain planning and execution
simulator. This simulator will support the study of enhancing distributed planning in diverse multi-team systems
critical to effective multi-domain operations.
While this remains a significant research and development challenge for the Department of Defense community,
video games have many of these capabilities today. At any given time, millions of users are online playing video
games with other gamers all over the world. Every minute, distributed teams form with players each with unique
skill sets, playing distinct roles. These teams develop strategies and work together to achieve a common goal,
prioritize objectives and distribute resources. Players fall out and others are added in dynamically with minor to no
disruption to the overall game. This effort will investigate the methodologies and capabilities leveraged by the game
developers in order to stimulate this type of agile teaming.
This effort will extend the capabilities used by the gaming industry to provide a shared operational environment for
rapid, distributed team formation and facilitation of shared, global situation awareness. The capability will leverage
the strategies employed in online multiplayer video games to produce a seamless cooperative experience and
accompanying virtual environment which supports resilient distributed, multi domain operations. The environment
should be web-based and allow for strategic-level interaction between players (e.g. individuals, teams and teams of
teams) to plan complex multi-domain missions and simulate execution. It should support multiple modalities of
communication, including text and voice chat. A scenario designer should also be developed that allows for flexible
scenario creation, custom user roles and custom measures of performance. No government furnished equipment,
materials, or facilities will be provided.
PHASE I: Investigate the strategies game developers employ to facilitate rapid, distributed global team forming,
planning, and operational execution. Design a flexible, open architecture that supports rapid multi-domain team
integration. Ensure architecture complies with Air Force data standards. Ensure that architecture has rapid
extensibility to the Joint environment ensuring the capability could enable a Joint collaborative solution. Air Force
security compliance should be considered in the proposed architecture.
PHASE II: Develop, test and demonstrate a prototype of a web-based multi-domain teaming application. Conduct
user-in-the-loop assessment of the capability and evaluate its effectiveness for improving distributed operations. The
capability should be compatible ‘National Geospatial Agency Authorization to Operate in a Day’ framework to
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facilitate rapid transition.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Identify methodology to extend the capability to improve multi-domain,
distributed team planning for use in the Air Force Air Operations Center. Begin integration activities for use in Joint
operations. Demonstrate in a Joint exercise. Explore extension for improving distributed teleworking in the
commercial industry.
REFERENCES:
1. French, A. & Kitson, Mary. NGA Defining Security Solutions in the Cloud. Accessed 4/18/2018.
https://www.nga.mil/MediaRoom/News/Pages/NGADefiningSecuritySolutionsintheCloud.aspx.
2. Kaplan, Scott, Taphanel, Sebastian, & Gle, Chris. (2017) ATO in a Day. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evcbk5-19CQ.
3. Perlia, P., Markowitz, M., Nofi, A., & Weuve, C. (2000) Gaming and Share Situation Awareness. Center for
Naval Analysis. DTIC.
4. Reilly, Jeffrey, M. (2016) Multi-Domain Operations: A Subtle but Significant Transition in Military Thought. Air
University. Volume 30(1). http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/Portals/10/ASPJ/journals/Volume-30_Issue-1/V-
Reilly.pdf.
KEYWORDS: Multi-domain, game-based, teaming, distributed operations, situation awareness
TPOC-1: Lisa Tripp

Phone: 937-255-1746
Email: lisa.tripp.1@us.af.mil
AF191-020 TITLE: Autonomy for Supporting Strategic Reasoning about Intelligence Collection
Management for Multi-Domain Operations
OBJECTIVE: Develop a software application to aid in optimization and visualization of collection management and
support strategic reasoning about collections across the multi-domain operations. It should focus on aligning,
integrating and synchronizing new and non-traditional intelligence sources and supporting rapid, agile asset
allocation.
DESCRIPTION: The Joint Services (i.e., Air Force, Army, Navy and Marines) have recognized that our near- term
focus while fighting counterinsurgency has generated a force organizationally and technologically not optimized for
readiness in near-peer conflict. The counterinsurgency conflicts over the past two decades have forced a focus on
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leveraging breadth of capability (e.g., coverage of the maximum area) versus depth (e.g., the ability to layer, fuse,
and integrate capability). Senior leaders have recognized a shift in strategy is necessary. Multi- Domain Operations
is a strategy to tackle the near-peer problem set which employs integration of air, space, cyber, land, sea, and
undersea capability to ensure superiority in contested and degraded environments.
Near-peer conflict is likely to be characterized by a dynamic operational environment in which communication

fallout, asset fallout, and rapid changes in the capability needed to address threats is common. To ensure resiliency
in our operations, the ability to quickly adapt, not only to changes in our adversaries, but also to changes in our own
capabilities is paramount.
In this fast changing operational environment, strategic collection management is critical to maintain high
operational tempo and ensure effective mission operations. Today, collection management’s role is typically to
prioritize traditional intelligence platforms (e.g., Rivet Joint, Predator, Reaper, U2 Dragon Lady) and the sensor
packages resident thereon. In a contested and degraded operational environment, we will need to look beyond
traditional platforms and bring the full range of ISR and Intelligence Community (IC) capabilities to bear
dynamically and strategically (e.g. 5th gen air platforms, cyber, space, etc.).
This effort will develop a capability to support strategic reasoning about collections across the multi-domain
operations with a focus on aligning, integrating and synchronizing new and non-traditional intelligence sources. This
includes rapid, agile asset allocation and reallocation across air, space and cyber domains from an intelligence
collection management perspective. The capability needs to go beyond our existing model of collection management
and take into account how both human and machine resources (e.g., analysts to exploit data as well as platforms and
capabilities to collect data) need to be allocated to answer key customer requests for information that provide
situation awareness for our operational forces. It will take into consideration what can be inferred from data to
minimize duplicative collections and maximize both breadth and depth of our intelligence collection. The capability
should enhance resiliency for collections by providing information about the optimized solution as well as
alternative information sources. This should support preparations for contingencies in which there exists asset fall
out and understanding of the anticipated impact of fallout. The capability should include methodology to monitor
human and machine assets in real-time (e.g., do all the capabilities work on board, how long until the human needs
crew rest) and support the determination of how much tasking the asset can handle at any given time. The
underlying architecture should also be extensible to other types of responsive workload reallocation (e.g., logistics).
This solution should significantly increase coverage of collection priorities. No government furnished equipment,
materials, or facilities will be provided.
PHASE I: Develop a flexible and open architecture to assist warfighters in strategically reasoning about joint
collections management. Explore Joint intelligence collection capabilities and develop a plan for integration and
implementation. Air Force security compliance should be considered in the design of the proposed architecture.
PHASE II: Develop, test and demonstrate a prototype of a web-based software application aligned with the Air
Operations Center’s existing collection management processes. Conduct user-in-the-loop assessment of the
capability and evaluate its effectiveness for improving the Air Force collection management mission. The capability
should be compatible ‘National Geospatial Agency Authorization to Operate in a Day’ framework to facilitate rapid
transition.
Define field test objectives and conduct limited testing.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Implement the capability for use in the Air Force Air Operations Center.
Begin integration activities for use in Joint Collection Management activities. Explore extension of the capability
beyond collection management applications (e.g., state assessment and agile task reallocation for logistic functions
in the Department of Defense and commercial industry).
REFERENCES:
1. French, A. & Kitson, Mary. NGA Defining Security Solutions in the Cloud. Accessed 4/18/2018.
https://www.nga.mil/MediaRoom/News/Pages/NGADefiningSecuritySolutionsintheCloud.aspx.
2. Gonsalves, Paul, Cunningham, R. Automated ISR Collection Management System. International Society of
Information
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Fusion. isif.org/fusion/proceedings/fusion01CD/fusion/searchengine/pdf/ThC35.pdf.
3. Kaplan, Scott, Taphanel, Sebastian, & Gle, Chris. (2017) ATO in a Day. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evcbk5-19CQ.
4. Reilly, Jeffrey, M. (2016) Multi-Domain Operations: A Subtle but Significant Transition in Military Thought. Air
University. Volume
30(1). https://www.airuniversity.af.mil/Portals/10/ASPJ/journals/Volume-30_Issue-1/V-Reilly.pdf.
KEYWORDS: Collection management, task allocation, multi-domain operations, MDC2, human machine teaming,
real-time assessment
TPOC-1: Lisa Tripp

Phone: 937-255-1746
Email: lisa.tripp.1@us.af.mil
AF191-021 TITLE: Personal Assistant for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) Analysts
OBJECTIVE: Develop and demonstrate a conversational personal assistant application for enabling ISR analysis.
DESCRIPTION: The convergence of natural language processing and machine intelligence, along with web-enabled
access to services and information have spawned a new appliance – the “conversational personal assistant”.
Exemplars include Apple’s Siri, Google Home and Amazon Alexa. These systems provide a convenient human-
machine interface through text and speech recognition, and intelligent interpretation of human language requests,
queries and directives. Through network interfaces to databases, world wide websites, and internet connected
hardware, they can act on these requests or answer these questions within the constraints of their connectivity. More
importantly, they have adaptive learning capabilities, which improves their ability to satisfy our requests, and
possibly to anticipate our needs, through passive and active feedback. Such an intelligent virtual assistant offers to
reduce our work load, simplify routine tasks, and even to learn and assist with more complex tasks over time. This
type of capability could provide great advantage to personnel in complex, task saturated, and time critical situations.
Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) analysts engage complex raw and processed data in order to
report Essential Elements of Information (EEIs) in timely and accurate ways. These warfighters utilize phone, text
and video communications/collaborations, a variety of software tools in an integrated environment, and a range of
data feeds to provide real time situational awareness with the purpose of enabling the production of decision-quality,
actionable information for the joint forces ground commander and his staff. ISR functions are performed by multiple
personnel a classified environment with defined tasks, such as analysis of signals intelligence (SIGINT), analysis of
Full Motion Video and High-Altitude imagery (GEOINT), analysis of open-source intelligence (OSINT) and the
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integration of multiple intelligence sources (Multi-INT).
A personal assistant to analysts in this environment can be envisioned to support a number of functions. The
conversational interface would allow simplified data input and output for queries, call-outs, and report generation.
The assistant could prompt and guide the user along a typical analysis flow and provide timers and alarms for
various time critical activities. The assistant could advise and assist the user in evaluating data and information to
interpret results and make assessments and recommendations on courses of action. Such an assistant could work
with automatic target recognition algorithms, pattern recognition software, and/or anomaly detection methods to
smartly query and triage data. Many of these functions can be automated, but the ability of a personal assistant to
adapt to a user or situation, and better understand the desired outcomes or intentions is expected to greatly enhance
the effectiveness of the analyst.
Successful proposals should clearly delineate what questions will be asked of the assistant, and provide some
example responses.
No government furnished materials, equipment, data, or facilities will be provided.
PHASE I: Identify the role of a conversational personal assistant for ISR analysts, in terms of enhancing the
effectiveness and efficiency of analyst task performance. Define the architecture for implementation of such a
system, including data interfaces, learning methodologies, and human-machine interfaces. Identify challenges to
implementation, and required technology development to overcome them. Analyze requirements and proposed
mitigation strategies for Accreditation and Authorization (A&A) concerns in ISR environments so that the system
may be independently useful at multiple classification levels.
PHASE II: Based on the Phase I effort, develop and deliver a functional prototype of the envisioned personal
assistant and demonstrate its application in an ISR context. The system may be trained in representative scenarios,
and the contractor shall show the capability of the system to adapt and improve its effectiveness over time. Metrics
shall be gathered to demonstrate how the system improves the efficiency of ISR analysts.
civilian users and alternate mission applications in complex environments.
REFERENCES:
1. Serban, Floarea, et al. "A survey of intelligent assistants for data analysis." ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
45.3 (2013): 31.
2. Ali, Awrad Mohammed, and Avelino J. Gonzalez. "Toward Designing a Realistic Conversational System: A
Survey." FLAIRS Conference. 2016.
3. Borras, Joan, Antonio Moreno, and Aida Valls. "Intelligent tourism recommender systems: A survey." Expert
Systems with Applications 41.16 (2014): 7370-7389.
KEYWORDS: conversational personal assistant, voice recognition, machine intelligence, natural language
processing, voice control, chatbot, human factors
TPOC-1: Holly Zelnio

Phone: 937-904-6439
Email: holly.zelnio@us.af.mil
AF191-022 TITLE: Improving Transparency of Object Tracking Technology for RPA Sensor Operators
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OBJECTIVE: Develop and evaluate prototype controls, displays, and/or decision aids that help RPA Sensor
Operators calibrate trust in object trackers and appropriately delegate full motion video monitoring to automation to
reduce visual attention demands
DESCRIPTION: A common Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) mission of Remotely Piloted
Aircraft (RPA) is collecting Full Motion Video (FMV) of areas and persons of interest. The USAF is leveraging
automation to enable a RPA pilot to transition from controlling a single aircraft to managing the flight of multiple
semi-automated RPAs. Leveraging automation could also enable a sensor operator to manage the sensor payload of
multiple RPAs. One type of automation already in use by sensor operators are optical object trackers which can
automatically detect moving objects. Sensor operators can also designate a desired object of interest and the sensor
can be slaved to maintain continuous view of the object whether moving or stationary. Object trackers can thus free
the sensor operators from manually steering a single FMV sensor to keep designated objects in view. Under certain
conditions, the sensor operator could become a supervisor of object trackers employed across two or more sensor
feeds.
In practice, however, object trackers are only selectively used by sensor operators due to their performance and
usability limitations. Object trackers are significantly challenged by low quality FMV, viewing conditions (e.g.,
lighting changes, dropped video frames, object occlusions, non-linear object motion), and sensor operator actions
(e.g., changing magnification levels, EO/IR switches, abrupt sensor slewing). Object trackers are also poorly
designed from a usability perspective. Once the sensor operator selects which object to follow a virtual box is drawn
around the object in the FMV, which can obscure the appearance of target. If the object tracker loses the object, the
box simply vanishes without any prior warning or failure diagnosis. There is also no historical record generated of
the object path or behaviors.
The intent of this topic is to improve the transparency of object tracker automation so the sensor operator better
understands the automation performance and can assess when the object tracker can be trusted and relied upon.
Successful human-autonomy teaming would reduce the attention demands on the sensor operator with the FMV.
Automation transparency can include the current intentions, the automation reasoning or logic process,
environmental constraints, self-assessment of performance (current, history, future), and level of uncertainty with
judgments. Applied to object trackers, automation transparency could include information cues the object tracker is
using to identify the designated object, machine confidence in following the correct object, and diagnoses of visual
processing problems. Future projection of object tracker performance would also help the sensor operator anticipate
when engagement with the FMV and object tracker is needed.
In addition to the content of automation transparency, the method of display is also important. The choices of simple
or complex visual, auditory, or multi-modal displays and alarms should be designed based on a deep understanding
of the automation capabilities and limitations, sensor operator tasks and functions, as well as human factors
considerations. The transparency display should inform without overwhelming the sensor operator or obscuring the
observed activity within the FMV. Effective transparency displays would equip the sensor operator to shift from a
continuous operator of a single sensor to a supervisor of several semi-automated sensors.
To scope this effort, real or simulated object tracking technology are allowable. Simulated automation should
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incorporate representative capabilities and limitations. Thus, a valid object tracker transparency display should be
based on a realistic model of object tracker performance under operational FMV viewing conditions. Any system
employed should maintain data at an unclassified level. No government furnished materials, equipment, data, or
facilities will be provided.
PHASE I: Design/evaluate displays, controls, and/or decision aids to improve sensor operator awareness of
automated object tracking capabilities and limitations while processing FMV. Generate final report describing
solution(s), evaluation results, and an experimental plan to establish usability improvements in Phase II. A
feasibility demonstration is desirable, but not required.
PHASE II: Develop a prototype and iteratively test and refine, culminating in a proof-of-concept interface that
provides increased visibility into object tracker automation performance, improving the automation delegation
decisions and attention management of a sensor operator managing two or more FMV feeds. Validate the solution in
a high-fidelity human-in-the-loop simulation or experiment. Required Phase II deliverables include final report and
software/hardware to integrate into a USAF simulation.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Sensor operators of unmanned systems are found across all DOD
services. Object tracker transparency displays may also be usefully applied to pan-tilt-zoom, multi-camera security
systems used throughout the military, government, law enforcement, and commercial sectors.
REFERENCES:
1. Turner, K., Stansifer, C., Stanard, T., Harrison, T., & Lauback, D. (2013). A Cognitive Analysis of the 27th
Special Operations Group – Cannon AFB, NM. Technical Report AFRL-RH-WP-TR-2013-0144, Wright Patterson
AFB, Ohio.
2. Aspiras, T.H., Asari, V. J., & Stanard, T. (2017). Tracker Fusion for Robust Object Tracking and Confidence
Reporting in Wide Area Motion Imagery. Proceedings of the 46th Annual IEEE Applied Imagery Pattern
Recognition Workshop.
3. Hutchins, A. R., Cummings, M. L., Draper, M., & Hughes, T. (2015). Representing autonomous systems’ self-
confidence through competency boundaries. Proceedings of the 59th Meeting of the Human Factors & Ergonomics
Society, 279-283.
4. Chen, J. Y. C., Lakhman, S. G., Stowers, K., Selkowitz, A. R., Wright, J. L. and Barnes, M. (2017). Theoretical
issues in Ergonomics Science, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2017.1315750
KEYWORDS: Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR); Sensor Operator; Object Tracker; Situation
Awareness; Human Factors; Autonomy; User Interface, Human Systems
TPOC-1: Terry Stanard

Phone: 937-255-0194
Email: terry.stanard@us.af.mil
AF191-023 TITLE: Nonmixing, Rapid-escape Airlock
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OBJECTIVE: Airlock operating at current or lower rates of effusion and passage rate equal to or faster than current
technology allows, occupies less space than current technology, and achieves equal or better decontamination.
DESCRIPTION: The principal functions of an airlock are to isolate a clean area from a surrounding contaminated
environment and, in the shortest time possible, to effect final decontamination of personnel exiting the contaminated
area into the clean zone. Current technology employs either large flush volumes or hinged casino doors that move
through dead space, so chamber volumes are large and time for air exchanges is relatively long. Opening and closing
the doors causes mixing of contaminated air from the chamber being exited into the cleaner chamber being entered.
An alternative technology called a zero-volume airlock was tested, which used an opposed pair of inflated bladders
that filled a chamber. To enter, individual personnel were to sidle through the seam between the two bladders, which
provided good clearance at a relatively low effusion rate of air from the pressurized clean area. However, sliding
resistance made passage slow and arduous, and effectively precluded carrying or wearing gear of any sort.
A second approach atomized hydrogen peroxide into a conventional airlock design and activated the vapor with a
nonthermal plasma discharge. Volunteer personnel entered in pairs through casino doors. Minimal attenuation of a
semivolatile vapor was observed throughout, and the plasma appeared to contribute nothing to activity of the
peroxide, likely because of the short lifetimes of the excited species generated. Effectiveness of decontamination of
the personnel was not tested.
This topic solicits an innovative airlock design and feasibility demonstration of a novel prototype airlock that
decreases transfer of contaminated air between chambers, that provides faster clearance rates than current
technology of vapor and particles—at the same or lower rate of air leakage from the clean area—and that allows
rapid passage of personnel from an area of chemical, microbiological or nanoparticulate contamination. The goal of
the ultimate product is to achieve sustained 99.99% removal of contaminant volatiles and/or particles for a passage
of 60 seconds or less. The prototypes and designs may occupy a footprint no larger than that of current technology.
A strong premium will attach to novelty and to decreasing the necessary rate of effusion from the clean area.
Portability will be a plus.
PHASE I: Develop a design & justify that it can be expected to meet criteria for extent of decontamination &
passage rate. Show that volunteers wearing and carrying representative protective and functional gear can transit
between chambers of a minimal two-chamber prototype safely and without extreme effort. Deliver a full-scale
design, detail the prototype tested & interpret results of the demonstration.
PHASE II: Refine phase I design, build full-scale prototype for field testing. Using volunteers as above, demonstrate
passage rate of 60 per hour from a space filled with hydrocarbon vapor or ~1 µm fluorescent particles. Determine
residence time & concentration in each chamber during passage into a space at +2 in H2O overpressure. Refine
design to improve passage rate, better accommodate personnel requirements for operating space, &/or otherwise
increase processing rate &/or efficiency of decontamination.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Develop & build production design, including all materials needed to
maximize attainable reduction of chemical and particulate contamination. Deliver production model for evaluation.
Modify design & materials as needed to fix deficiencies noted during evaluation & deliver final production model.
REFERENCES:
1. M. Pontiggia, et al, “Experimental and Numerical Study of an Air Lock Purging System,” Chemical Engineering
Transactions, 43:2473–2478 (2015)
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2. M.A. del Valle, Design and Operation of Biotechnology: Design and Operation of Biopharmaceutical Airlocks,
https://electroiq.com/2000/02/design-and-operation-of-biotechnology-design-and-operation-of-biopharmaceutical-
airlocks/
3. W. Sun, “Cleanroom Airlock Performance and Beyond,” ASHRAE Journal, 60[2]:64–71 (2018)
http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201802/index.php?startid=3#/68
KEYWORDS: aerosol, airlock, contaminant, dust, isolation, nanoparticle, vapor
TPOC-1: Joe Wander

Phone: 850-283-6240
Email: joseph.wander@us.af.mil
AF191-024 TITLE: Extreme Cold Weather Aviation System Boots
OBJECTIVE: This topic seeks means to include heat into the lining/liner of the cold weather boots, but must meet
Berry Amendment compliance. The materials shall not cause burn injury to the wearer when exposed to flash flame
incident (standard NFPA test: ASTM F 1930) 3 sec exposure.
DESCRIPTION: Current state of the art flight boots for military aircraft do not meet extreme cold weather
protection requirements due to AF required limitation to overall boot bulk (shape/size), resulting in insubstantial
insulation. The problem is driven by the restricted foot space while operating in and around aircraft. Newer
insulation materials have been developed by industry that offer increased thermal insulation with novel adaptive
phase change materials, body temperature activated, and some new sensor capabilities.
PHASE I: Develop the boot insulation liner from at least 2 material solution approaches with iterative prototyping
and integration with the whole boot design. Phase I will deliver a prototype (one minimum design configuration) or
two variants with supporting test data to demonstrate improved performances from current approved AF Cold
Weather Flight boot. Required temperatures between -20F to -49F and produced in size 10 Men's boot in order to
collect comparable thermal instrumented foot CLO value data.
PHASE II: Design selection and test samples. Produce 50 pairs of either one or two design solutions (novel material
variants) with approval upon directions by the Govt from Phase I for the Extreme cold Weather Aviation System
Boot with input from user community. The final configuration of Phase II boots shall have completed material
performance testing to included characterization: thickness, fiber and material content identification, coatings,
and/or sensing mechanism, or other technology enabling capability. The 50 pairs of one final configuration (or 25
pairs of 2 variants) must be made in most common 5 sizes to capture enough feedback from a variety of aviators.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Feedback from AF Aviation limited try on/grounded integration
assessment of the 50 pairs of Phase II samples will incorporated into PHIII design for a final improved ECW Flight
Boot, with or without heating. Phase III may incorporate additional technology from advanced developmental
nonflammable improved safer alternative Li-ion battery (pending technology readiness and acceptability of by user
representatives). Will require approval by PEO ACS/Human Systems, Chief Engineer, of design and test plan, and
further performance testing of 5 prs initial Ph III prototypes. Laboratory testing will be conducted to ensure safety
and suitability before determining any release to test in any operationally relevant environment (integration with
platforms grounded). If determined safe for testing at platforms, contractor shall deliver 50 prs of final ECW Boots
for Operational Suitability and Effectiveness Tests and Safe To Fly Approval. Dual Use Applications: Cold
Regions Firefighting and Rescue Services, HAZMAT Services, Fishing industry, Farming, Extreme CW Sports
/Professional Athletes (Olympic Footwear mfgrs), private Emergency Helicopter transport personnel.
AF - 46
REFERENCES:
1. SBIR 2017/ AFI 73-005 Title Lithium Metal or Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Battery using Nonflammable, Room
Temperature Ionic Liquid or Solid Electrolytes SBIR, Technology Area: Nuclear Technology
2. Anthony Karis, T. Rioux, PhD. Xiaojiang Xu, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine
(USARIEM), Memo to Chief Crew Systems Engineer, USAF, Material Operations/Aircrew Performance Branch,
WPAFB, dated 10 Dec 2015, subject: “Cold Weather
3. PhD. Xiaojiang Xu, T. Karis, A. Potter, T. Rioux, U. S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine
(USARIEM), Memo to D. McLean, USAF, WPAFB, , dated 16 Jan 2013, subject: “Cold Weather Ensemble Testing
and Frostbite Modeling” report
4. Kuperferman, Zelig; Audet, Norman, Navy Clothing and Textile Research Facility (NCTRF) DTIC ADA020963,
Tech report May 0-73, “Lightweight Aluminized Fabric and insulation-Liner Materials for Proximity Firefighters’
Garments” dtd 1975
KEYWORDS: Cold Weather Protection, Arctic Footwear, Flyer Boots, Textile Insulations, Heating Footwear,
Sensor Heating, Non-flammable Lithium Ion
TPOC-1: Tara Capecci

Phone: 610-746-3599
Email: tara.capecci@navy.mil
AF191-025 TITLE: Bounding Probability of Detection Using Sonic Infrared Inspection
OBJECTIVE: Develop a sound methodology for identifying groupings of parts with differing physical properties
that can use common Probability of Detection (PoD) results with a given set of parameters.
DESCRIPTION: Vibrothermography Nondestructive Inspection (NDI), also known as Sonic Infrared (IR)
inspection has been successfully demonstrated and implemented for the first time at an Air Force depot to inspect
turbine engine blades for serviceability. At present a small number of blades have been approved to be evaluated
with this new technology, and there is a desire to expand the use across all Type, Model, and Series (TMS) engines.
The few blades that have been approved went through an exhaustive Probability of Detection (POD) reliability
assessment as per MIL-HDBK-1823A. In a typical POD assessment for other NDI modalities such as Eddy Current
Inspection (ECI) or Ultrasonic Testing (UT), the POD is established on manufactured specimens which are of the
same material and processing conditions of the actual component. When there are complex geometry
considerations, for example a bolthole, these geometry considerations are manufactured into the specimen as well.
This is required since all these factors contribute to the POD for a given flaw size. The POD is usually valid over a
range of flaw sizes. Therefore, if the required detectable flaw size changes outside this range, or if the geometry is
changed, or if the material or processing of the material is changed, or if a new and improved inspection probe is
introduced, a new POD must be established for the new set of conditions. This is not ideal but is how it is done
today. For Sonic IR, the thermal signature is highly dependent on the geometry of the entire component. Therefore,
for the few blades that have been approved to be evaluated with Sonic IR, the POD was established on the blades
themselves with a given set of conditions and not on manufactured specimens. So the POD is valid for these blades.
It is possible the POD will also be valid for other similar blades or blade families, however the only way to
determine at present is to conduct an exhaustive and expensive POD assessment on every TMS blade planned for
inspection implementation. This will be extremely cost prohibitive. It is understood and accepted that additional
POD assessments will be required. The need exists for an innovative solution that can accurately classify and group
AF - 47
parts for which the minimum number of POD assessments need to be conducted, and the particular POD will be
valid for that group of parts. The AF will provide a range of components for study to include blades from the F100,
TF33, F110, F108, F101/118 engines. The developed solution will also be valuable for civil aviation since the FAA
is also seriously considering the implementation of Sonic IR inspection turbine engine parts.
PHASE I: Evaluate the provided engine blades to assess the potential of defining groupings. Establish valid
“windows” and/or transfer functions of PoD results from a set of Sonic IR inspection excitation parameters. Metrics
for success is verification through simulated Sonic IR tests at various simulated Sonic IR excitation design points.
PHASE II: Place fatigue cracks targeting a 90/95 POD in the provided engine blades. Perform Sonic IR inspection
on the blades to validate the analysis from Phase 1. Inspection testing shall include various Sonic IR excitation
design points and compared with the simulation. Metrics for success is to quantify the tolerance in the predictive
capability of the simulation tool for the given application through comparison of calculations with the experimental
data.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Fully develop, debug, and validate simulation tool. Simulation tool shall
be user friendly and have an open architecture to allow rapid accurate assessment of future components by Depot
engineers and civil aviation customers.
REFERENCES:
1. Marco Morbidini, Bubyoung Kang, Peter Cawley, Improved Reliability of Sonic Infrared Testing, Materials
Evaluation, Volume 67, Issue 10 (1 Oct 2009), the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH,
pgs. 1193 - 1202
2. J. DiMambro, D. M. Ashbaugh, C. L. Nelson, and F. W. Spencer, Sonic Infrared (IR) Imaging and Fluorescent
Penetrant Inspection Probability of Detection Comparison, American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings
Volume 894, Issue 1 (March, 2007
3. Jacob Kephart, John Chen, Hong Zhang, Characterization of Crack Propagation during Sonic IR Inspection, SPIE
Volume 5782 (March 2005), Bellingham, WA, pp 234-244
KEYWORDS: Vibrothermograph, Sonic IR, NDI, POD
TPOC-1: Michael Makowicz and Driscoll

Phone: 405-736-4401
Email: michael.makowicz@us.af.mil
AF191-026 TITLE: Crack Sizing from Vibrothermography Nondestructive Inspection (NDI) Image
OBJECTIVE: Develop, demonstrate, and validate a method to estimate the size of cracks from imaged data
generated from Vibrothermography.
DESCRIPTION: Vibrothermography Nondestructive Inspection (NDI), also known as Sonic Infrared (IR)
inspection, is beginning to be recognized as a viable whole-field method for detection of fatigue-like cracks or flaws
in metallic turbine engine components. Like Florescent Penetrant Inspection (FPI), the present method for assessing
Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) system capability by Vibrothermography is hit/miss which produce only
qualitative information as to the presence or absence of a flaw. While this is sufficient for inspection of some
turbine engine components, the Air Force (AF) wishes to expand the usefulness of Vibrothermography to fracture
AF - 48
critical life limited turbine engine components. The FAA is also presently investigating the use of
Vibrothermography for turbine engine disk inspection for civil aviation. With these components, the (AF) Depot
inspection interval is determined by the available crack propagation margin, in engine cycles, determined from a
given inspectable flaw size. Therefore the ability to accurately, reliably, and with high confidence estimate the size
of the crack is an absolute necessity. It is beyond the scope of this document to provide a primer on fracture
mechanics and the interrelationship with inspection crack size to determine crack propagation margin of fracture
critical turbine engine components. The offeror is expected to show comprehensive understanding of this topic and
this knowledge is a significant evaluation factor for any proposal submitted to this solicitation. The current state-of-
the-art production inspection methods used for detection of surface breaking cracks or flaws at the AF Depot are FPI
and Eddy Current Inspection (ECI). The capability of an FPI system is often defined to a specified crack size,
typically 0.035 inches deep by 0.070 inches long surface crack with a 90/95 probability of detection (POD). So,
while FPI cannot provide a crack size, the capability of an FPI system is such that any positive indication using the
FPI method is at least a 0.035” x 0.070” or larger. When fracture mechanics demands a smaller detectable flaw size,
ECI is the method of choice. Since ECI capability is determined from specimen data, it provides some quantitative
measure of the size of the flaw typically at a 90/50 POD. ECI starts at the FPI limit 0.035” x 0.070”, with the lower
limit being a function of many variables, with the most important being geometry. In general for simple flat
geometries, ECI can detect cracks as small as 0.005 inches deep by 0.010 inches long surface crack. Since the pass
or reject decision for fracture critical turbine engine components is based on an estimated inspected crack or flaw
size, in order for Vibrothermography to be useful as an alternate to FPI or ECI, it must also be capable to estimate
the inspected crack or flaw size. The government will not provide any materials, specimens, or components,
equipment data, or facilities during this effort. It will be the responsibility of the proposer to identify a vendor to
perform Vibrothermography testing.
PHASE I: Create low cycle fatigue (LCF) cracks in flat plate of any nickel-base superalloy of choice, crack size
approximately 0.035 inches deep by 0.070 inches long. Develop and demonstrate method to estimate size of cracks
from imaged data generated from Vibrothermography. Metrics for success is estimate within 25% of actual in
length and/or depth. Verify ground truth through destructive characterization.
PHASE II: Create low cycle fatigue (LCF) cracks in flat plate as well as a geometry resembling the leading edge of
an airfoil of any nickel-base superalloy of choice, with crack size approximately 0.020 inches deep by 0.040 inches
long. Mature the method from Phase 1 to estimate with statistical metrics of accuracy the size of cracks from
imaged data generated from Vibrothermography. Metrics for success is to estimate within 10% of actual in length
and/or depth for both geometries. Verify ground truth through destructive characterization.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Additional maturation and refinement as necessary for more complex
geometries and crack sizes with improved estimation, and validation of the method. Market tool as a standalone
package or integrate into a commercial package such as COMSOL or VibroSim. These packages are examples only.
REFERENCES:
1. Physics-based image enhancement for infrared thermography, Stephen D. Holland , Jeremy Renshaw, NDT&E
International 43 (2010) 440–445
2. Quantifying the vibrothermographic effect, Stephen D. Holland, Christopher Uhl, Zhong Ouyang, TomBantel,
Ming Li, William Q. Meeker, John Lively, Lisa Brasche, David Eisenmann, NDT&E International 44 (2011) 775–
782
KEYWORDS: Vibrothermography, Sonic IR, POD, crack sizing, NDI, NDE, imaged data
TPOC-1: Michael Makowicz and Driscoll

Phone: 405-736-4401
Email: michael.makowicz@us.af.mil
AF191-027 TITLE: Field-level Aviation/Ground Fuel Trace Element (Metal) Analysis
AF - 49
OBJECTIVE: Develop and demonstrate a portable analyzer able to provide on-site real time identification of trace
elements (metals) by element and concentration in aviation or ground fuel samples at installation level or in a field
environment outside of a laboratory facility.
DESCRIPTION: The Air Force is looking to develop a portable trace element analyzer that will employ state-of-the-
art technologies to identify and quantify trace elements in a fuel sample in the field. The Air Force currently
performs trace element analysis on aviation or ground fuel samples using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical
Emission Spectroscopy in fixed regional laboratories with the specialized equipment. Trace elemental analysis is
used to indicate the level of contamination of aviation turbine and ground fuels. Trace metals in aviation turbine
fuels cause corrosion and deposits on turbine components at elevated temperatures. Some diesel fuels have
specification limit requirements for trace metals to guard against engine deposits. Trace level copper in aviation
turbine fuel can significantly accelerate thermal instability of the fuel, leading to oxidation and production of
detrimental insoluble deposits in the engine. Metals such as dissolved copper degrade the storage stability or
thermal stability of the aviation turbine fuel by catalytic action. Copper is the worst of these materials and is
sometimes picked up during distribution from the refinery to the airport. The portable analyzer will enable personnel
to initially determine the presence and level of trace element contamination in a fuel sample within 20-30 minutes
and if the fuel is suitable for use or requires further analysis at a regional laboratory. The current process requires
samples of suspected contaminated fuel to be collected on site and then shipped to a regional laboratory with metal
analysis capability, which can take 2-10 days for results depending on site and international customs. During this
transit and analysis time, fuel inventories and fuel servicing equipment are placed in a quality hold status, preventing
the ability to support aircraft or ground vehicle generation and mission requirements. The portable trace element
analyzer shall be capable of being stored and operated in climate conditions ranging from -25 degrees F to +135
degrees F and have the ability to operate on AC rechargeable battery or a 12-DC volt source with the use of
Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) to the fullest extent possible. The analyzer will minimize hazardous waste and
limit the amount of consumables required. The analyzer shall be able to detect a broad spectrum of trace elements
(metals) associated with fuel contamination, oxidation, storage stability and thermal instability. Methods focusing
on detection of a single element (metal) or a limited group of elements (metals) are discouraged. The following
trace elements are targeted: Aluminum, Barium, Calcium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Lithium, Lead,
Magnesium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Phosphorus, Palladium, Platinum, Potassium, Sodium, Silicon,
Silver, Strontium, Tin, Titanium, Vanadium, and Zinc. Minimum lower detection limit is parts per million (ppm).
Desired lower detection limit is parts per billion (ppb). The analyzer must be able to be updated as required as new
contaminants or fuels are identified.
PHASE I: Develop an approach for the design of a trace element analyzer capable of determining the presence of
trace elements (metals) in aviation turbine and ground fuels at installation level or in the field without laboratory
capabilities and/or facilities. Conduct proof of principle experiments supporting the concept and provide evidence
of the feasibility of the approach. Methods with a large hazardous waste disposal chain are discouraged.
PHASE II: Develop, build, and evaluate two identical prototype trace element (metal) analyzers meeting the
requirements provided in the description of this SBIR topic and other requirements provided by the Air Force using
COTS to the fullest extent possible. The prototypes will be used to demonstrate and validate the technology under
laboratory and field conditions. The Phase II final report will document the results and provide transition plans
needed to implement into production capability.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Technology developed under this SBIR would have a significant
commercial potential in the aviation or ground fuel quality surveillance area. The intended transition path following
field demonstration and validation is Air Force-wide implementation at locations storing and handling aviation
turbine and ground fuels. Its purpose will be to monitor and enable early intervention with degraded fuel resulting
from elevated levels of trace elements. It also has potential expansion to other Services and Defense Logistics
Agency Energy. The development of this technology will have a 50% or greater emphasis on applications in the
AF - 50
commercial fuel storage tanks or in commercial fuel analysis.
REFERENCES:
1. Handbook of Aviation Fuel Properties www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a132106.pdf
2. Adequacy of Existing Test Methods for Aviation Jet Fuel and Additive Property Evaluation,
https://crcao.org/publications/aviation/index.html
3. Troubleshooting Guide for Jet Fuel Thermal Stability, https://crcao.org/reports/recentstudies2017/AV-24-

16/MPC%20JFTOT%20Trouble%20Shoot%20Guide%20JMS%20Edit%20to%20CRC%20Aviation%20010318.pd
f
4. Effect of metal ions on thermal oxidation stability of jet fuel,

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282971988_Effect_of_metal_ions_on_thermal_oxidation_stability_of_jet_
fuel
KEYWORDS: aviation fuel, ground fuel, thermal stability, trace elements, trace metals
TPOC-1: Gordon Walker

Phone: 937-255-8017
Email: gordon.walker@us.af.mil
AF191-028 TITLE: Field-level Detection of Metal Deactivator Additive (MDA) in Aviation Fuels
OBJECTIVE: Develop and demonstrate a portable analyzer able to provide real time determination of the presence
of and specific concentration of Metal Deactivator Additive (MDA) in an aviation turbine fuel sample at installation
level or in a field environment outside of a laboratory.
DESCRIPTION: The Air Force is looking to develop a portable analyzer that will employ state-of-the-art
technologies to identify and quantify MDA in a fuel sample in the field. The Air Force currently determines the
presence of MDA and the respective concentration in an aviation turbine fuel sample via gas chromatography/mass
spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, or Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in fixed regional
laboratories with specialized equipment. The Air Force and commercial aviation system have experienced an uptick
in jet fuels being received that are failing thermal stability, a primary fuel specification requirement. Thermally
unstable fuel has considerable impact or jet engines, and is of particular concern to the fuel system engineer. Fuel is
often used as a heat sink to cool the oil in an engine or to cool avionics and other equipment. In other parts of the
engine system, deposits and gum formation can cause a reduction in performance. Thermally unstable aviation
turbine fuels can cause corrosion and deposition on turbine components at elevated temperatures. Trace level metals
such as copper in aviation turbine fuel can significantly accelerate thermal instability of the fuel, leading to
oxidation and production of detrimental insoluble deposits in the engine. It is sometimes picked up during
distribution from the refinery to the airport or military terminal. The primary method of correcting thermally
unstable aviation turbine fuel caused by trace metals is through the addition of an approved MDA into the fuel.
MDA is allowed to be added to aviation turbine fuels per respective product specification but only with the approval
of the purchasing or receiving customer. Aviation turbine fuel specifications contain a maximum allowable limit of
MDA that can be added to the fuel which can’t be exceeded without a detrimental impact on the fuel. With the
Department of Defense conversion to the use of commercial aviation turbine fuels and the fungibility of the fuel due
to various supply chains and pipeline distribution systems, it is currently impossible to trace fuel additized with
MDA through the supply chain. The portable analyzer will enable a technician to determine the presence and level
AF - 51
of MDA in a fuel sample in 20-30 minutes. The current process requires samples of suspected thermally unstable
fuel or fuel previously doped with MDA to be collected on site and then shipped to a regional laboratory with
analysis capability, which can take 2-10 days for results depending on site and international customs. During this
transit and analysis time, fuel inventories and fuel servicing equipment are placed in a quality hold status, preventing
the ability to support aircraft or ground vehicle generation and mission requirements. The portable MDA analyzer
shall be capable of being stored and operated in hot and basic climate conditions ranging from -25 degrees F to +135
degrees F and have the ability to operate on AC, rechargeable battery or a 12-DC volt sources with the use of
Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) to the fullest extent possible. The analyzer will minimize hazardous waste and
limit the amount of consumables required. The analyzer shall provide results in mg/L, with warning if MDA
concentration is above 5.7mg/L. The analyzer shall have an interface capability to link with a mobile device
application for transmission of data to alternative site for assessment by a c in the field without laboratory facilities
for use in determining fuel suitability for use. Analyzer would be used as part of comprehensive base level
investigative analysis capability to identify root cause of fuel instability or dosage level.
PHASE I: Develop an approach for the design of or identify modification requirements for a COTS analyzer capable
of determining the presence of and concentration of MDA in an aviation turbine fuel sample at installation level or
in the field without laboratory capabilities and/or facilities. Conduct proof of principle experiments supporting the
concept and provide evidence of the feasibility of the approach. Methods with a large hazardous waste disposal
chain are also discouraged.
PHASE II: Develop, build, and evaluate two identical prototype MDA analyzers meeting the requirements provided
in the description of this SBIR topic and other requirements provided by the Air Force. The prototypes will be used
to demonstrate and validate the technology under laboratory and field conditions. The Phase II final report will
document the results and provide transition plans needed to implement into production capability.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Technology developed under this SBIR could have an impact on aviation
quality surveillance. The intended transition path following field demonstration and validation is Air Force-wide
implementation at locations storing and handling aviation turbine and ground fuels. Its purpose will be to monitor
and allow early intervention with thermally unstable fuel. It also has potential expansion to other Services and
Defense Logistics Agency Energy. The development of this technology will also have a 50% or greater emphasis
on applications in the commercial fuel storage tanks or in commercial fuel analysis.
REFERENCES:
1. Field Method for Detection of Metal Deactivator Additive in Jet Fuel,
http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a515410.pdf
2. Metal Deactivator Additive (MDA) Impacts on Thermal Stability,

https://crcao.org/publications/aviation/index.html
3. Handbook of Aviation Fuel Properties www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a132106.pdf
4. MIL-DTL-83133 Turbine Fuel, Aviation, Kerosene Type, JP-8 (NATO F-34), NATO F-35, and JP-8+100
(NATO F-37), http://quicksearch.dla.mil/qsDocDetails.aspx?ident_number=33505
KEYWORDS: Metal Deactivator Additive, Aviation Turbine Fuel, Thermal Stability

Phone: 937-255-8017
AF191-029 TITLE: Field-level Aviation Fuel Contamination Analysis via Integrated Suite of
Miniaturized Sensors including Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy
AF - 52
OBJECTIVE: Develop and demonstrate an integrated suite of miniaturized hand-held laboratory type sensors,
including a Near Infrared (NIR) Spectrometer, that shall be able to provide detailed real-time chemical and physical
property data, including NIR spectra, of a fuel or aerospace chemical (hydraulic fluid, oil, Stoddard fluid, or
coolants) sample. The sensor suite shall be integrated with an Air Force network compatible smartphone/tablet.
The integrated sensor suite shall be controlled by and use an Air Force approved software application to
communicate that data to an off-site chemist for review/analysis. The application shall provide two-way data
transmission via the information technology cloud. The system must be able to integrate future laboratory sensors
as they are developed or become available.
DESCRIPTION: The Air Force requires fuel or aerospace chemical samples that have been or potentially been
contaminated with foreign substances or chemicals, such as hydraulic fluids, coolants, oils, or other chemicals to be
collected and sent to a regional laboratory where analysis will be performed to determine the presence of and if
possible the concentration of the contaminant. This process can take 2-10 days depending on location,
transportation, international customs, and lab technician availability. During this time fuel inventories, refueling
equipment, maintenance equipment, maintenance actions, and potentially aircraft are placed on quality hold pending
results. A suite of miniaturized hand held laboratory type sensors, including a NIR spectrometer, integrated with an
Air Force network compatible smartphone/tablet and supporting software application that is able to provide detailed
real time chemical/physical property data and NIR spectra, can provide fuels laboratory technicians or depot
maintainers in the field a forensic or triage capability to assess a questionable fuel or aerospace chemical sample. A
trained chemist, via the application data, can provide a decision to either submit the sample for further analysis or
determine that the sample is suitable for use. The decision can be made in 20-30 minutes. The suite of sensors and
the Air Force network compatible smartphone/tablet shall be capable of being stored and operated in conditions
ranging from -25 degrees F to +135 degrees F and have the ability to operate on AC, rechargeable battery or a 12-
DC volt sources with the use of Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) to the fullest extent possible. The sensor suite
will not generate any hazardous waste and require minimum consumables. The integrated system must be able to
operate in a hazardous environment meeting all National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) or ATmosphere
EXplosibles (ATEX) requirements for the operating environment. The system software application shall be able to
control the sensor suite and send chemical/physical property, NIR spectra and metadata (e.g. spectrometer serial
number, time, date, sample ID, GPS location) to a Cloud-based server. The sensor suite, Air Force network
compatible smartphone/tablet, and application software must meet and be fully compatible with Department of
Defense Information Technology certification requirements including operation in a cloud environment. System
would be used as part of comprehensive base level investigative analysis capability to identify fuel contamination or
determine suitability for use or if sample must be submitted to regional laboratory for further analysis.
PHASE I: Identify potential laboratory sensors including a NIR spectrometer for integration. Develop an approach
for the integration of the suite of laboratory type sensors with an Air Force network compatible smartphone/tablet
and supporting software application capable of collecting physical/chemical properties and a NIR spectrum scan of a
fuel or aerospace chemicals sample in a deployed environment. Conduct proof of principle experiments supporting
the concept and provide evidence of the feasibility of the approach. Sensors/Air Force network compatible
smartphone or tablet/software application shall be able to control sensor suite, transmit and receive fuels and
aerospace chemical physical/chemical property data, NIR spectrum, and supporting data.
PHASE II: Build, and evaluate three prototype integrated sensor suites/Air Force network compatible smartphone or
tablet /software application able to assess fuel and aerospace chemical samples and collected data from the sample to
an off-site location for analysis by third party technical expert and other requirements provided by the Air Force.
The prototypes will be used to demonstrate and validate the technology under laboratory and field conditions. DoD
Information Technology implementation and Certificate to Operate requirements shall be identified and execution
plan documented, once the suite of sensors/Air Force network compatible smartphone or tablet /software application
is demonstrated and validated. The Phase II final report will document the results and provide transition plans
AF - 53
needed to implement into production capability.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The intended transition path being implementation initially at all Air
Force operating locations storing and handling fuels to monitor and allow on-site preliminary fuel quality analysis in
partnership with third party technical expert via Air Force network compatible smartphone or tablet/software
application. Implementation would then be expanded to depot maintenance locations for use by depot maintenance
technicians for analysis of aerospace chemicals. It also has potential expansion to other Services and Defense
Logistics Agency Energy. The development of this technology will also have a 50% or greater emphasis on
applications in the commercial fuel storage tanks or in commercial fuel or aerospace chemical analysis. Technology
developed under this SBIR could have an impact on aviation or ground fuel and aerospace chemical quality
surveillance.
REFERENCES:
1. 1. Real-time Inline Predictions of Jet Fuel Properties by NIR Spectroscopy https://www.metrohm.com/nb-
no/applikasjoner/%7BCF416CB5-7CAD-45F3-B2C6-951CED600156%7D
2. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

Instrumentation and Methodology for Field Evaluation of
Compression Fuels by the U.S. Army http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA596359
3. The Application of the B&W Tek i-Spec Visible-NIR Spectrometer to Condition Monitoring of Oils and
Lubricants: Example Hydraulic Fluids
http://bwtek.com/appnotes/the-application-of-the-bw-tek-i-spec-visible-nir-spectrometer-to-condition-monitoring-
of-
4. Using NIR Spectroscopy for Real –Time Inline Predictions of Jet Fuel Properties
https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=12539
KEYWORDS: aviation turbine fuels, ground fuels, hydraulic fluid, oil, coolants, aerospace chemicals, Near-Infrared
Spectroscopy

Phone: 937-255-8017
AF191-030 TITLE: Hydrant Fuel System In-line Aviation Fuel Quality Monitor/Analyzer for Flushing
Operational Efficiency
OBJECTIVE: Develop and demonstrate or identify a Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) sensor system with an in-
line and a quick connect design to continually monitor, analyze, and report in real-time aviation fuel cleanliness
(solids, water, and microbial) changes during aviation turbine fuel hydrant system pipeline flushing operations.
DESCRIPTION: The Air Force currently conducts fuel system flushing operations on a monthly basis to remove
unwanted solids, water, and microbial contamination in its constant pressure closed loop hydrant systems. Hydrant
systems are flushed using high-speed or turbulent flow, rotating the fuel through the various internal screens and
filter water separators to dislodge and remove the contaminants. Currently, a manual monitoring method is used to
determine fuel cleanliness changes as a result of flushing operations. This includes collecting fuel samples at
regular intervals and subjecting them to various test methods to determine solid and free water levels until
AF - 54
established fuel cleanliness standards are achieved. These actions take manpower and laboratory capabilities.
Several refueling hydrant systems continue to shed rust particles at high rates resulting in out-of-cycle filter
replacement, increased maintenance and hazardous material disposal costs. While filtration removes most particles
greater than 1 um in diameter, the amount of material being delivered to aircraft as particles less than 1 um is
unknown and in some cases may be significant. Periodic flushing at laminar flow rates is insufficient to clear
accumulated water and polar contaminants from low points. Laminar flow is characterized by near zero velocity at
pipe walls and maximum velocity at the center. Low points and dips in the hydrant loop can accumulate a mixture
of water and up to 50% Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII). This mix can become very acidic and shorten the lifetime
of the hydrant system. It is not known whether maximum flow rates are sufficient to clear these low points of
accumulated water. Water that has accumulated in pipeline low points may be colonized by microbes before the
FSII concentration becomes lethal. Anaerobic microbes isolated within a protective biofilm are known to promote
pit corrosion and are able to tolerate extreme levels of FSII without disruption. Biofilms are known to resist
disruption on fast flowing stream beds and may be equally resistant to normal flushing rates in fuel hydrant system.
Passive draining procedures for low point sumps may not provide sufficient turbulence to remove contaminants. An
in-line or a quick connect sensor system is needed to monitor and analyze in real time aviation fuel cleanliness
changes during hydrant system pipeline flushing operations. The system needs to be able to monitor/analyze
aviation fuel samples from various points during flushing operations to include at a minimum downstream of issue
filtration and prior to product return to allow for product comparison to ensure the operation is improving fuel
cleanliness and quality. System would need to monitor for solid particulate levels, water content (free), microbial
contamination, and various fuel properties. Solid contamination levels to be reported in either mg/L or ISO Codes.
Water content (free) to be reported in ppm. Microbial contamination to be reported as either present or the same
limits as current commercial microbial contamination standards. The sensor system must be able to safely operate
in a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) or ATmosphere EXplosibles (ATEX) safety environment.
PHASE I: Develop an approach or identify a COTS sensor system that can be adapted for the design of an in-line
and quick connect sensor system that can monitor and report in real time aviation fuel cleanliness during fuel
hydrant system flushing operations. System would need to monitor for solid particulate levels, water content (free),
microbial contamination, and various fuel properties. Conduct proof of principle experiments supporting the
concept and provide evidence of the feasibility of the approach.
PHASE II: Build or using a COTS sensor system, evaluate two prototypes (one an in-line prototype and the second a
quick connect prototype) able to continuously monitor and report fuel cleanliness levels during real time hydrant
system flushing operations and other requirements provided by the Air Force. The prototypes will be used to
demonstrate and validate the technology under field conditions. The Phase II final report will document the results
and provide transition plans needed to integrate and implement into Air Force fuels hydrant system infrastructure
and integration with existing control systems.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Technology fielded under this SBIR could have an impact on aviation
fuel quality surveillance and fuels infrastructure operations. The intended transition path being implementation at
all Air Force operating locations having aviation turbine constant pressure closed loop fuel hydrant system to
monitor improvements in fuel cleanliness during hydrant system flushing operations. It also has potential expansion
to other Services and Defense Logistics Agency Energy. The fielding of this technology will also have a 50% or
greater emphasis on applications in the commercial aviation fuel hydrant systems or in commercial fuel analysis.
REFERENCES:
1. Technical Order 37-1-1 General Operation and Inspection of Installed Fuel Storage and Dispensing Systems
http://www.tinker.af.mil/Home/Technical-Orders/
2. Energy Institute 1585 Guidance in the cleaning of aviation fuel hydrant systems at airports.
https://publishing.energyinst.org/topics/aviation/aviation-fuel-handling/ei-1585-guidance-in-the-cleaning-of-
aviation-fuel-hydrant-systems-at-airports
3. Energy Institute 1598 Design, function requirements and laboratory testing protocols for electronic sensors to
monitor free water and/or particulate matter in aviation fuel
AF - 55
https://publishing.energyinst.org/topics/aviation/aviation-fuel-handling/ei
4. Unified Facilities Criteria Operation and Maintenance: Maintenance of Petroleum Systems

https://www.wbdg.org/ffc/dod/unified-facilities-criteria-ufc
KEYWORDS: aviation turbine fuel, microbial contamination, sensor, hydrant system, Flushing, free water,
particulate contamination, fuel cleanliness

Phone: 937-255-8017
AF191-031 TITLE: Precision aircraft jack to jig technology
OBJECTIVE: A system that would allow precise elevation measurement (survey) of the aircraft when performing
jack to jig operations in hangar.
DESCRIPTION: A system that would allow precise elevation measurement (survey) of the aircraft when performing
jack to jig operations. The position requirement is +/- .020 inch for locating empennages, fuselage, and wings of the
aircraft to each other in hangar.
PHASE I: Feasibility Study: Develop an approach for the design of a precise elevation measurement (survey)
system for aircraft when performing jack to jig operations. This should include capabilities to accurately measure a
multitude of alignment and jacking points with heights up to 20 feet and operate within a 95 foot radius.
Government materials include the aircrafts. Conduct proof of principle experiments supporting the concept and
provide evidence of the feasibility of the approach. The proposed system shall show improvement in any or all of
the following area; Time, the system shows a reduction in the time required to jack and align an aircraft; Cost, the
prosed system shows reduction in the cost to jack an aircraft, this could be either material or most likely a labor
reduction; Quality, the proposed system has a better final alignment than the current method of jacking an aircraft in
a wide range of environmental conditions. The current method requires each support pad for the aircraft must be
level +/- .02 inch; Safety, the proposed system improves worker safety when jacking an aircraft.
PHASE II: Full Research and Development Effort: Develop, build, and evaluate a precision measurement (survey)
system meeting the requirements provided in the description of this SBIR topic and other requirements provided by
the Air Force. The Phase II final report will document the results and provide transition plans needed to implement
into production capability.
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PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Commercialize the Precision aircraft jack to jig technology for use by
commercial (i.e. airlines) and/or Government, overhaul entities, and DoD users/depot facilities.
REFERENCES:
1. Automated Positioning and Alignment Systems, White paper, Gary Williams, Edward Chalupa, and Steven
Rahhal, Advanced Integration Technology, Inc. Copyright © 2000 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
http://www.aint.com/user/file/positioning_alignment
2. AS8091 (R) Aircraft Jacking Pads Adapters and Sockets Design and Installation of, Society of Automotive
Engineers, International. Revised 2014. https://www.sae.org/standards/content/as8091a/
3. MIL-STD-809B MILITARY STANDARD, ADAPTER, AIRCRAFT, JACKING POINT DESIGN AND

INSTALLATION OF 1 December 1986, DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A,
4. TO 1C-135-2-2CL-3-1, AIRCRAFT JACKING OPERATIONS KC-135, 1 MARCH 2016, DISTRIBUTION

STATEMENT D
KEYWORDS: Aircraft alignment, weight and balance, aircraft jacking, positioning
TPOC-1: Guy Abou-Nasser

Phone: 405-582-1385
Email: guy.abou-nassar@us.af.mil
AF191-032 TITLE: Dynamic Signature System Calibration Device
OBJECTIVE: Develop a calibration device for dynamic Radar Cross Section (RCS) measurements.
DESCRIPTION: The National Radar Cross Section Test Facility (NRTF) currently performs static RCS
measurements from 60 MHz to 18 GHz and 34 GHz to 36 GHz. The NRTF needs a capability for performing
dynamic (in-flight) RCS measurements from 2 GHz to 18 GHz, and possibly Ka band. Effective calibration is a
crucial element in RCS metrology. Current dynamic calibration techniques include launching metallized calibration
spheres through the test volume, trihedral reflectors, and active repeaters. These techniques can be costly and have a
potential environmental impact. Use of a recoverable and reusable calibration device will improve reliability and
repeatability of calibration measurements, while decreasing cost and environmental impact. The NRTF, as well as
other dynamic test ranges, need recoverable and reusable calibration devices, however, other innovative calibration
options that meet the minimal needs will be considered.
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PHASE I: Perform a detailed Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) for suitable calibration devices for dynamic (in-flight)
RCS measurement ranges, taking into account NRTF’s test environment, including atmospheric conditions.
Demonstrate the feasibility of an approach that meets the stated criteria.
PHASE II: Design and develop a prototype calibration device and demonstrate the ability to use, recover and reuse
the prototype calibration device at the NRTF, or other relevant facility.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Phase III efforts should extend the capability, as needed, mature the
capability and produce units for other dynamic test ranges.
REFERENCES:
1. J. Ruoskanen, P. Eskelinen, H. Heikkila, P. Kuosmanen and T. Kiuru, "A practical millimeter-wave radar
calibration target," in IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 94-97, April 2004.
2. E. E. Martin, "Balloon Lofted Sphere as a Range Dependent Calibrated Target for Millimeter Wave Radar", Proc.
SPIE 0791, Millimeter Wave Technology IV and RF Power Sources, (24 September 1987);
KEYWORDS: Dynamic Measurement, Radar Calibration, RCS
TPOC-1: Robert Ross

Phone: 575-572-1046
Email: robert.ross.32@us.af.mil
AF191-033 TITLE: RF Reception in Highly Reflecting Environments
TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Weapons
OBJECTIVE: Develop a robust, stable, reliable, and scalable capability allowing wireless RF communication from
highly constrained transmitters in highly reflecting environments such as large metal vacuum chambers.
DESCRIPTION: A capability is needed for applying telemetry in and around large metal objects that interfere with
wireless communications. In particular, wireless communications are needed inside large metal vacuum chambers.
The vacuum chamber test facility requirements do not allow for application of traditional anechoic materials, and
application of vacuum rated anechoic materials is undesirable. The transmitters are often severely constrained in
form factor and power by their inherent requirement to be integrated into the test article. A reception and data
processing scheme is needed that can make sense of the severely noisy signals when wireless communications are
attempted in highly reflecting environments inside large vacuum chamber test facilities. The technology must be
scalable for applications to both small chambers, volumes on the order of 10 ft3, and large tanks that can be tens of
feet in diameter and several hundred feet long. A threshold capability must deliver a reliable reception capability for
transmissions from inside of enclosed metal vacuum chambers. A specific facility may be identified to tailor the
threshold solution. The capability must be scalable both in physical and spectral coverage. The capability must be
able to receive signals from multiple sources simultaneously and handle rapidly moving sources such as
instrumented projectiles or rotating fan blades. A threshold capability would preferably operate in the traditional
wireless communication range of 2-5 GHz, but other frequency bands are acceptable as part of the solution space.
The threshold system must survive and operate at the harsh conditions produced by the facilities. Facilities may
include wind tunnels, cryogenic vacuum chambers, altitude simulation cells, and other harsh environments. The
ultimate capability is to receive frequencies from UHF through C-bands, provide self-locating antennae relative to a
base station without GPS access, provide a real-time source triangulation capability, and have the ability to receive
signal from dozens of sources simultaneously.
AF - 58
PHASE I: Develop a conceptual system design based on an analysis of alternatives, identification of high-risk
technical elements, and initial risk reduction testing or modeling. Demonstrate the feasibility of the fundamental
approach.
PHASE II: Develop and demonstrate the telemetry reception capability in an AEDC test facility or other relevant
environment.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Expand the capability to meet requirements for other Air Force test
facilities and mature the technology for commercialization to all DoD facilities and the private sector.
REFERENCES:
1. Intini, A. (2014). Performance of wireless networks in highly reflective rooms with variable absorption. Thesis.
Naval Postgraduate School. Monterey, CA.
2. Murari, A & Lotto, L. (2003). Wireless communication using detectors located inside vacuum chambers.
Vacuum. 72. 149-155. 10.1016/S0042-207X(03)00113-1.
KEYWORDS: wireless, radio frequency, RF communication, vacuum, OFDM, MIMO, radio propagation
TPOC-1: Nickolas Galyen

Phone: (931) 454-5678
Email: nickolas.galyen.1@us.af.mil
AF191-034 TITLE: High Power Broadband MWIR Emitters
OBJECTIVE: Provide high power broadband MWIR emitters to enable simulation of missile signatures on an
airborne platform such as the Towed Optical Plume Simulator (TOPS).
DESCRIPTION: The Towed Optical Plume Simulator (TOPS) system currently uses quantum cascade lasers to
provide simulation of missile signatures. The TOPS projects a laser beam onto the Missile Warning System (MWS)
of an aircraft in order to test the response of the MWS and other aircraft self-protection systems. The ability of
TOPS to emulate a wide range of missile threats over a broad range of engagement parameters (principally slant
range) is limited by the power output of current emitters. High power broadband MWIR emitters are required to
broaden the range of missile threats and engagement parameters that TOPS can simulate. Additionally, the emitters
must be essentially spectrally invariant with output power. Spectral variation causes complicated control issues for
the TOPS system. The table below lists some salient requirements for the emitter performance:
Parameter Threshold Objective

Output Beam Power 2W 10 W
Power Dynamic Range 2E3 1E4
Spectral Band Width 75 cm-1 150 cm-1
Spectral Uniformity Across <20% variation <10% variation
Band (FWHM)
Maximum Allowable Beam 10 mrad 5 mrad
Divergence
Max Allowable Spectral 5 cm-1 2 cm-1
Shift Over Full Power
Dynamic Range
AF - 59
Maximum Volume 1.5 in3 1.0 in3
Maximum Weight 0.5 lbs 0.25 lb
Maximum Dimension 10 inches 5 inches
Maximum Power Consumption 200 W 500 W
Preference will be given to innovative solutions that can meet/exceed the technical threshold requirements while
providing a lightweight, low power consumption package.
PHASE I: Perform an analysis of alternatives, identify high-risk technical elements, and develop a conceptual
system design that meets/exceeds the threshold requirements. Use a breadboard system to demonstrate the
feasibility of the fundamental technique.
PHASE II: Develop a prototype emitter system that integrates with the current TOPS optical system. Support
breadboard/brassboard testing to demonstrate the performance of the emitter and the impact on the overall optical
system.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Commercialize a high power MWIR emitter suitable for a broad range of
technical applications such as free space optical (FSO) communication devices. Such devices may also find
application in scene generators used for hardware in the loop sensor testing. Improved emitters would also enhance
the performance of other missile simulators such as JMITS (Joint Mobile IRCM Testing System) and MSALTS
(Multi-spectral Sea and Land Target Simulator.)
REFERENCES:
1. J. Faist et al., "High-power continuous-wave quantum cascade lasers," in IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics,
vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 336-343, Feb 1998. doi: 10.1109/3.658728
2. A. Soibel et al., "Active mode locking of broadband quantum cascade lasers," in IEEE Journal of Quantum
Electronics, vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 844-851, July 2004. doi: 10.1109/JQE.2004.830186
KEYWORDS: quantum cascade lasers, lasers, MWIR lasers

Phone: (931) 454-5678
AF191-035 TITLE: Data/Model Fusion for Missile Signature Modeling
TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Sensors
AF - 60
OBJECTIVE: Develop the capability to fuse threat missile signature measurements with high fidelity, physics-based
computational simulations to provide multispectral, all-aspect signature predictions of threat surface to air missiles.
DESCRIPTION: To evaluate missile warning sensors and counter measure systems, the radiometric signature of
threat missiles must be known throughout the missile flight envelope at aspect angle orientations representing
probable engagement scenarios. The acquisition of signature measurements during flight tests of high-speed missiles
that includes all wavelength bands, trajectories, and aspect angles orientations is not feasible. In many cases
measurements are obtained during sea level static test conditions only. Measurements of missile signatures in flight
generally include observations at limited aspect angles. The proposed effort will focus on developing innovative
computational tools for characterizing surface to air, tactical, and strategic missile signatures in terms of the
dominant physics occurring in rocket thrust chambers and exhaust plumes, including chemical kinetic combustion,
gas dynamic wave propagation and Mach disc formation, two-phase gas/particle nonequilibrium, exhaust plume/air
mixing and afterburning kinetic chemistry, and radiative transfer mechanisms in the infrared and ultraviolet spectral
regions. This effort seeks the development of efficient, accurate and reliable computational tools that fuse measured
trajectory, attitude, and signature data in order to evaluate and characterize multi-spectral IR and UV signature data
of missile plumes in terms of their relevant physical/chemical and radiative characteristics. Innovative approaches
that utilize available signature measurements, complemented with state-of-the-art standard computational modeling
techniques are sought to identify the phenomena impacting radiative signatures as a function of the threat missiles
flight altitude, Mach number, and viewing geometry. Ease of use and extent of automation will also be considered
when evaluating proposed approaches.
PHASE I: From an examination of the current start of the art technologies, an analysis of alternatives, and
identification of high-risk technical elements, develop a conceptual system design for the computational/analysis
fusion tool. The system design should be sufficiently detailed to guide the Phase II work with a minimum of risk.
PHASE II: Develop a working prototype of the fusion tool for surface to air missiles and demonstrate operation of
the tool on existing datasets. Integrate the fusion tool with the existing AEDC infrastructure for signature data
collection, analysis, and modeling.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Extend the tool capability to include tactical and strategic missiles.
Commercialize the tool making it available to other organizations in the plume signature/intelligence community,
including the Missile and Space Intelligence Center (MSIC), and the National Air and Space Intelligence Center
(NASIC) and their support contractors. The tool would also find use in scene generators used for hardware in the
loop testing of missile warning systems.
REFERENCES:
1. Dash, S.M and Pergament, H.S., "A Computational System for the Analysis of Mixing/Chemical/Shock Processes
in Supersonic Internal and Exhaust Plume Flowfields."AIAA Paper No. 80-1255, Hartford, Conn., June 1980.
2. Simmons, M. A., "The Integration of CFD Modeling and Simulation into Plume Measurement Programs", AIAA
99-2255, Presented at the 35th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Los Angeles,
California, June 20-24, 1999.
3. Lankford, D.W., et al., "A Detailed Numerical Simulation of a Liquid-Propellant Rocket Engine Ground Test
Experiment", AIAA-92-3604, Presented at the 28th AIAA Joint Propulsion Conference, Nashville, Tennessee, July
1992. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.199
TPOC-1: Maj Virginia Trimble

Phone: 931-454-5964
Email: virginia.trimble@us.af.mil
AF191-036 TITLE: High Energy Atomic Oxygen Generator
AF - 61
OBJECTIVE: Develop an atomic oxygen source that can generate oxygen in concentrations that exists in the Earth’s
lower thermosphere (200-600 km altitude) and at velocities equivalent to maintaining satellites or space vehicles in
low Earth orbit.
DESCRIPTION: An atomic oxygen (AO) source is needed for space chamber test facilities to experimentally
evaluate the environmental effects of low Earth orbit (LEO) on spacecraft components, satellites, and space-based
sensors. Atomic oxygen is the most abundant species in LEO and is created by the dissociation of molecular oxygen
by ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The average AO number density is approximately 109 atoms/cm3 at an altitude
of approximately 300 km. The current state of the art is capable of producing atomic oxygen at the appropriate
velocities in short pulses. The intrapulse concentrations are much higher than those typically encountered in LEO.
‘Equivalent’ exposures are achieved by operating the source at very slow pulse rates. An ideal AO source will
produce a continuous beam of oxygen atoms over an adjustable velocity and AO flux range as listed in the table
below.

AO Beam Velocity/Energy 5 eV 5-12 eV
AO Beam Flux 10E15 atoms/cm2/s 10E15-10E18 atoms/cm2/s
AO Fluence 10E23 atoms/cm2
Coverage Area 0.5 m x 0.5 m 0.75 m x 0.75 m
Ion Content < 5% < 1%
For accelerated exposure testing, test articles need to be exposed to AO fluxes in excess of the natural space
environment. A high rep-rate pulse beam that emulates the natural environment more closely than the current state
of the art is an acceptable alternative. Typical space environment effects tests are conducted over a period of
multiple weeks. The prototype AO source system needs to include instrumentation and analysis methods to
thoroughly characterize the properties of the AO beam.
PHASE I: Develop and demonstrate the feasibility of an AO source technology concept capable of meeting the
requirements described.
PHASE II: Develop a prototype AO source system capable of autonomous operation that can be interfaced with a
space environments test chamber and meets the goals listed in the description. Demonstrate the prototype system in
an AEDC space environment test chamber or equivalent operational environment.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: There is a potential market for an AO source of this type, although it is
currently a small niche market.
REFERENCES:
1. T.K. Minton and D.J. Garton, in Advanced Series in Physical Chemistry Vol-11: Chemical Dynamics in Extreme
Environments, edited by R.A. Dressler (World Scientific, Singapore, 2001), pp. 420.
2. C. White, J.C. Valer, A. Chambers, and G. Roberts, “Atomic Oxygen Source Calibration Issues: A Universal
Approach,” in Protection of Materials and Structures from the Space Environment, Volume 6 of the series Space
Technology Proceedings, pp 431-441 (2
KEYWORDS: Atomic Oxygen, Atomic Oxygen Generator, Atomic Oxygen Source, Space Environments
Simulation, Low Earth Orbit
AF - 62
Phone: (931) 454-5678
AF191-037 TITLE: Non-Contact Sled Position Indicator
OBJECTIVE: Produce a sensor system capable of measuring the position of multiple sleds traveling at hypersonic
velocities as they pass the sensor’s location. The sensors must be capable of being deployed at multiple locations
along the 50,971 ft length of the Holloman High Speed Test Track.
DESCRIPTION: The Holloman High Speed Test Track (HHSTT) has a long-standing technology gap in the
inability to precisely capture the time of arrival of sleds traveling at hypersonic velocities. A sensor system is needed
for determining the positions of multiple sleds traveling at hypersonic velocities, displaced in time, as they pass the
sensor location. The positions of the sleds must be determined with an uncertainty of +/- 0.125 inches over the full
range of test velocities (10 – 10,000 ft/s). The sensor system should not make physical contact with the sleds. The
sensor system needs to be compatible with the artificial, helium environment used for hypersonic testing at the
HHSTT and successfully operate through the shock surrounding sleds moving at speeds greater than the speed of
sound. The system must be capable of autonomous resets after being triggered by a sled, becoming immediately
ready to capture the position of the next sled, produce signals capable of being transmitted long distances (i.e., up to
5 miles), and produce switch closures or TTL signals to be used as triggers for high speed digital camera equipment.
PHASE I: Develop an approach and demonstrate the feasibility of measuring the position of multiple sleds to within
+/- 0.125 in for the stated conditions.
PHASE II: Develop a prototype sensor system (hardware and software) to determine the positions of multiple sleds,
displaced in time, for the conditions specified, and demonstrate the fully operation prototype system at the HHSTT
or other relevant facility.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: A fully qualified system capable of interfacing with current HHSTT
instrumentation infrastructure. The system must be capable of being deployed at multiple locations along the length
of the track.
REFERENCES:
1. True Position Measurement with Eddy Current Technology, Scott Welsby, Sensors Magazine, Nov 1997.
2. A Real-Time Algorithm for Train Position Monitoring Using Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry, Adam Papp,
et al., 2016 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Rail Transport (ICIRT).
KEYWORDS: sled, position, position indicator, track, remote sensing, non-contact position measurement
TPOC-1: Michael Hooser

Phone: 575-679-2133
Email: michael.hooser@us.af.mil
AF191-038 TITLE: Diffuse Screens for Dynamic Infrared Scene Projection Systems
AF - 63
ACQUISITION PROGRAM: AEHF - Advanced Extremely High Frequency (AEHR) Satellite Program
OBJECTIVE: Develop transmissive and/or reflective MWIR/LWIR diffuse screens for the purpose of combining
dynamic infrared projection technologies into a hybrid system.
DESCRIPTION: Infrared diffuse screens are needed for the development of hybrid projection systems for imaging
sensor testing. They must allow for the combination of resolved and unresolved targets at a variety of wavelengths.
Objects in the field could be incident at multiple angles of incidence and numerical apertures, and thus a diffuse
screen must not only present sufficient spatial resolution (small feature sizes), but shape and direct the resultant
angular profile. Candidate technologies to accomplish this diffusion in the optical train include: diffractive devices,
microlens arrays, and ground optical elements. Innovative solutions that provide good spatial resolution, high
transmittance, good spatial uniformity, and good pupil uniformity are desired. The screens must be constructed to
minimize warping in the cryo-vacuum environment. The screens should demonstrate minimal temperature
dependence and have the potential to be thermally cycled >30 times with no impact on performance. The screens
must be resistant to moisture in the ambient environment and be low-outgassing in the cryo-vacuum environment.
PHASE I: Develop and demonstrate a diffuse (transmissive or reflective) MWIR projection screen, 5 cm x 5 cm
with 90% clear aperture; collection efficiency of off-axis (up to ±25 degrees) incident radiation: 80% or greater;
high optical throughput; pupil uniformity > 95% (1-sigma) at the sensor under test (~f/2 on-axis collimator); feature
size < 25 um; output image spatial uniformity from the screen > 95% (1-sigma); peak-to-valley WFR over clear
aperture: 0.17 waves (at 0.6328 µm).
PHASE II: Develop and demonstrate a diffuse (transmissive or reflective) LWIR projection screen, 10 cm x 10 cm
with 90 % clear aperture; collection efficiency of off-axis (up to ±25 degrees) incident radiation: 80% or greater;
high optical throughput; pupil uniformity > 95% (1-sigma) at the sensor under test (~f/2 on-axis collimator); feature
size < 25 um; output image spatial uniformity from the screen > 95% (1-sigma); peak-to-valley WFR over clear
aperture: 0.17 waves (at 0.6328 µm).
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Commercialize screens for use with optical systems for spectral military
satellites and optical systems for spectral imagery for commercial satellites, astronomical telescope and other
spectral instrumentation.
REFERENCES:
1. Shirley, L.G., and George, N., “Diffuser radiation patterns over a large dynamic range. 1: Strong diffusers,”
Applied Optics, Vol. 27, No. 9, p. 1850.
2. Boreman, G.D., et. al., “Infrared Targets for Testing and Training,” SPIE Vol. 4717 (2002), p. 86ff.
3. Soomro, S.R., and Urey, H., “Design, fabrication and characterization of transparent retro-reflective screen,”
Optics Express, Vol. 24, Issue 21, pp. 24232-24241 (2016).
KEYWORDS: diffuse, diffusive, screen, infrared, projection

Phone: (931) 454-5678
AF191-039 TITLE: Rain Drop Measurement System
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OBJECTIVE: Develop a technology that can measure individual drop characteristics in an outdoor simulated rain
environment on the Holloman High Speed Test Track.
DESCRIPTION: Weapon system developers use the Holloman High Speed Test Track (HHSTT) rainfield to test the
suitability of aerospace materials to withstand exposure to rain as the system travels at high speed through the
atmosphere. Specifically, system developers need to understand the way in which the mass, size and quantity of rain
drops may damage the materials. Hence, the simulated rain environment at the HHSTT must be characterized so
that test customers understand the rain environment to which their test item is exposed. The HHSTT requires a
system that can measure and output individual raindrop characteristics including diameter, velocity and shape
properties. Output summary data includes rain drop size distribution (DSD) in user-selected bin sizes (reported in
units of # drops/m3), liquid water content (LWC) and volumetric rain rate. The rain drop measurement system must
be capable of producing unbiased measurements across a broad range of drop diameters (0.05 – 6.0 mm) with a
resolution of ± 0.05 mm and an error rate of ≤ 10%.
It is essential to measure the rain drops in the volume of space occupied by a customer’s test item. Hence, the rain
drop measurement system must be capable of taking measurements in a physical space that is constrained in the
vertical direction by the rails and in the lateral direction by the risers that support the spray nozzles. Specifically, the
system must be capable of making measurements at a vertical distance of 4 inches above the rail without interfering
with the rail. Additionally, the system must be capable of taking measurements at least nine inches away from the
rail centerline without interfering with the risers, i.e., no part of the system may extend laterally more than 12 inches
from the center of its sensor area (the smaller the device, the better).
The rain drop measurement system must be designed to accommodate the following concept of operations
(CONOPS). First, it is expected that the system will be used to produce a detailed characterization of the simulated
rain DSD in three-dimensional space. This may involve extensive data collection at many static points within the
spray. Second, it is expected that the system will be used to make “quick look” measurements to verify the DSD
just prior to sled launch and to verify the DSD periodically as part of routine rainfield maintenance. This may
involve “swept” observations, where the system is moved dynamically on the rail at up to 10 m/s through the 6,000
ft length of the rainfield to produce an average DSD in the volume of space that would be occupied by a test item.
To support this CONOPS, the system must be capable of taking measurements in both static and dynamic
conditions, be designed for outdoor use on the rail, and it must maintain its accuracy in winds up to 10 kts without
having to be re-oriented with respect to the wind. Moreover, the time to acquire a sample large enough to estimate
the steady state DSD in the sparse sprays produced by the HHSTT rainfield should be short enough that accurate
measurements can be made within a practical timeframe (preferably < 5 min/sample).
PHASE I: Develop an approach and determine the feasibility of producing a system that can measure individual rain
drop characteristics and produce accurate DSD, LWC and volumetric rain rate measurements on the HHSTT
rainfield under the conditions specified.
PHASE II: Develop a prototype rain drop measurement system (hardware and software) capable of performing the
required functions to the levels specified.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Deliver a fully qualified system capable of interfacing with current
HHSTT infrastructure and data collection systems.
REFERENCES:
1. Kathiravelu, G., Lucke, T., Nichols, P. 2016. Rain drop measurement: A review. Water 8 (29): 1 20.
AF - 65
2. HHSTT Disdrometer Procurement: Market Research & Sole Source Justification, 12 March 2018, Technical
Report, 846th Test Squadron, Holloman AFB, NM.
KEYWORDS: disdrometer, rain, rain drop measurement, droplet

Phone: 575-349-2133
AF191-040 TITLE: Development of Test Technologies and Methodologies for Advanced Focal Plane
Arrays
OBJECTIVE: Develop test technologies and methodologies for advanced sensor technologies that include always-
integrating, digital-pixel, high dynamic range (HDR), coded access optical sensor (CAOS), and foveated FPAs.
DESCRIPTION: The speed (frame rate) of infrared projection systems used for dynamic mission simulation testing
of imaging sensors is currently inadequate to address the frame rates of evolving sensor systems. In addition,
imaging sensors are being developed that include analog-to-digital converters with independent gain control for
individual pixels. This configuration yields extremely high dynamic range (HDR) data at video (and higher) frame
rates. Another area of growth is in adaptive pixel shifting for specific regions of interest (foveated, or windowed
areas). Such agile pixelization can be used to provide higher robustness to bright source blinding in scenes of
interest. Generally, such systems with highly configurable / programmable output present a tremendous challenge to
traditional dynamic scene projection systems and techniques. Thus, new testing technologies and methodologies are
needed that combine agile hardware as well as optimal experimental design, modeling and simulation, and other
innovative piece-wise testing techniques to effectively use existing test facilities in these new and more stressful
regimes. Innovative solution concepts, including hybrid projection (photons-in) systems and sophisticated test
design, are desired to meet this need. Projection hardware must be capable with cryo-vacuum operation.
PHASE I: Develop test technology and methodology concepts for addressing the advanced sensor system need
described and anticipated future advances in imaging sensor. The concepts must address HDR sensors that provide
14-bit dynamic range over independently controlled pixels at a frame rate of 30 Hz and foveated regions of 5% of
the total format area of the focal plane array.
PHASE II: Develop test technologies and methodologies that address HDR sensors providing 16-bit dynamic range
over independently controlled pixels at a frame rate of 60 Hz and foveated regions of 10% of the total format area of
the focal plane array.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Mature and commercialize the technologies for improved military and
commercial test facility capabilities.
REFERENCES:
1. Schultz, K.I., et. al., “Digital-Pixel Focal Plane Array Technology,” Lincoln Laboratory Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2,
pp. 36-51 (2014).
2. Kavusi, S., et. al., “A 0.18µm CMOS 1000 frames/sec, 138dB Dynamic Range Readout Circuit for 3D-IC IR
Focal Plane Arrays,” Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, 2006. CICC '06. IEEE.
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3. Vergara, G., et. al., “Fast Uncooled Low Density FPA of VPD PbSe,” Proceedings Volume 7298, Infrared
Technology and Applications XXXV; 729829 (2009); doi: 10.1117/12.819092.
4. Riza, N.A., “CAOS Smart Camera Captures Targets in Extreme Contrast Scenarios,” Photonics Spectra, March
2017, pp. 51-56.
KEYWORDS: fast frame rate, focal plane arrays, imaging sensors, always-integrating, digital-pixel, high-dynamic
range (HDR), coded access optical sensor (CAOS)

Phone: (931) 454-5678
AF191-041 TITLE: Hypersonic Sled Braking Technology
OBJECTIVE: Develop a technology for non-destructive braking forces to sleds traveling at hypersonic velocities on
the Holloman High Speed Test Track facilities.
DESCRIPTION: The Holloman High Speed Test Track (HHSTT) tests articles on sleds traveling at velocities up to
10,000 ft/s. Current braking technology can only be applied to vehicles after they decelerate to velocities near 1500
ft/sec. Aerodynamic drag is the predominant force acting to decelerate the sleds. Currently, an extended amount of
time and therefore track length is required for drag to decelerate vehicles to velocities where conventional braking
techniques are applicable. To minimize the length of track required to perform recoverable sled tests, the HHSTT
needs a system capable of applying non-destructive braking forces, and the associated decelerations (up to 10g) to
sleds weighing up to 1000 lb that are traveling at velocities up to 4000 ft/sec. In addition, the system must be
applied to multiple sleds during a single test; each deployed so as to not interfere with any of the other vehicles in
the sled train.
Currently, various methods of stationary (not on-board the sled) braking are used at the lower velocities. On-board
and off-board concepts or combinations of both should be explored.
The concept must be capable of being utilized in the outdoor environment of the HHSTT, must be applied with a
reasonable amount of specialized equipment and labor, must not be environmentally toxic, and must not leave
unmanageable amounts of residue after the test mission.
PHASE I: Develop an approach and determine the feasibility of producing a system that can apply non-destructive
braking forces to hypersonic vehicles at velocities above 1500 ft/s.
PHASE II: Develop a prototype sensor system (hardware and software) capable of performing the required function
to the levels specified and demonstrate the fully operation system at the HHSTT or other relevant facility.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Commercialize a fully qualified system capable of interfacing with
current HHSTT infrastructure. The system must be capable of being deployed at multiple locations along the length
of the track.
REFERENCES:
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1. Selected pages taken from 846 Test Squadron Manual 99-03, Holloman High Speed Test Track Design Manual.
2. Review of selected Hydrodynamic Braking Techniques for Monorail Sleds on the Holloman Test Track, Hans J.
Rasmussen, MDC-TR-66-117, Dec 1966. Holloman High Speed Test Track Library Reference Number D-082.
3. Survey of Braking Techniques for High Speed Track Vehicles, Hans Rasmussen, September 1976. Holloman
High Speed Test Track Library Reference Number D-63.
4. Rail Top and Rail Side Braking Techniques for Rocket Sleds, Capt James Edwards and 1Lt Kenneth Shawcroft,
WP-TKS-73-1, 21 March 1973. Holloman High Speed Test Track Library Reference Number D-32.
KEYWORDS: High speed braking, deployable braking material

Phone: 575-679-2133
AF191-042 TITLE: High Speed MWIR Laser Attenuator
OBJECTIVE: Develop a technology to rapidly modulate the intensity of an MWIR laser beam to enable simulation
of missile signatures on an airborne platform such as the Towed Optical Plume Simulator.
DESCRIPTION: The Towed Optical Plume Simulator (TOPS) system currently uses quantum cascade lasers to
provide simulation of missile signatures. The TOPS projects a laser beam onto the Missile Warning System (MWS)
of an aircraft in order to test the response of the MWS and other aircraft self-protection systems. Current technology
attenuators (such as motor-driven polarizers) cannot provide sufficiently rapid or temporally accurate control of the
laser intensity at the required laser power. Fast, accurate, high dynamic range, lightweight, low power consumption
attenuators capable of withstanding operational beam energies are required to enable accurate representation of
missile signatures. The table below lists some salient requirements for the attenuator performance:

Minimum Beam Size 1-inch diameter 3-inch diameter
Dynamic Range 1E4 (0 – 4 ND) 1E6 (0 – 6 ND)
Frequency Response for 1 kHz 2 kHz
Full Dynamic Range
Operational Waveband 3 – 5 microns 2 – 5 microns
Laser Power Damage 50 W/cm2 200 W/cm2
Threshold
Maximum Volume 30 in3 20 in3
Maximum Weight 2 lbs 1 lb
Maximum Power 10 W 5W
Consumption
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PHASE I: Provide an analysis of alternatives, identification of high-risk technical elements, and generation of a
conceptual system design that meets/exceeds the threshold requirements. Develop a breadboard system to
demonstrate the feasibility of the fundamental concept.
PHASE II: Develop a prototype system that demonstrates the high-risk technical elements and that interfaces with
the current TOPS optical system. Integrate the attenuator with the TOPS optical system and support
breadboard/brassboard testing to demonstrate the performance of the attenuator and the impact on the overall optical
system.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Develop a commercialized high speed variable laser attenuator suitable
for a broad range of technical applications such as free space optical (FSO) communication devices. Such devices
may also find application in scene generators used for hardware in the loop sensor testing. Improved attenuators
would also enhance the performance of other missile simulators such as JMITS (Joint Mobile IRCM Testing
System) and MSALTS (Multi-spectral Sea and Land Target Simulator.)
REFERENCES:
1. M. J. Mughal and N. A. Riza, "Compact acoustooptic high-speed variable attenuator for high-power
applications," in IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 510-512, April 2002. doi:
10.1109/68.992594
2. N. A. Riza and Z. Yaqoob, "Submicrosecond speed variable optical attenuator using acoustooptics," in IEEE
Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 693-695, July 2001. doi: 10.1109/68.930417
KEYWORDS: variable optical attenuator, lasers, polarizers

Phone: (931) 454-5678
AF191-043 TITLE: Sledborne Event Initiator
OBJECTIVE: Develop a system that measures sled test track vehicle Knots Equivalent Air Speed (KEAS) and
downtrack acceleration at the Holloman High Speed Test Track Facility and initiates an egress test event if the sled
velocity and acceleration values are within prescribed limits.
DESCRIPTION: The Holloman High Speed Test Track (HHSTT) is used to test articles on sleds traveling at
velocities of 10 – 10,000 ft/s. The HHSTT facility currently does not have the capability to prevent egress system
initiation during sled test operations if the customer’s required airspeed and acceleration requirements have not been
met. The airspeed requirement can range from 0 to 660 Knots Equivalent Air Speed (KEAS) while the acceleration
requirement can range from -1 to +1 g.
The existing track system, known as the “velocity window,” controls the egress system initiation based on
groundspeed only. Groundspeed is calculated using breakwires installed on the test track rails and trackside
instrumentation. KEAS is calculated post-test using groundspeed and meteorological measurements (temperature,
pressure altitude, downtrack wind). Likewise, the downtrack acceleration (low-frequency, <10 Hz) at the time of
the egress system initiation is also evaluated post-test from various data sources, both trackside and sledborne.
Therefore, the customer faces potential increased costs and needless consumption of expensive test assets due to the
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test facility’s inability to fully evaluate the test environment and provide the needed decision logic to fully support
successful test operation.
The proposed system would be required to interface with existing trackside systems which provide high-voltage
signals to the sled as it reaches the area of the track where the egress event is to occur (i.e., the “egress event area”).
The system should be compatible with range timing systems currently in use at HHSTT.
PHASE I: Demonstrate the feasibility of producing a system that provides real-time decision logic based upon sled
wind speed and downtrack acceleration as measured by the system. The system should be capable of providing a
record of the data it collected during the event.
PHASE II: Develop a prototype system capable of performing the required functions to the levels specified.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Mature and commercialize a fully qualified system capable of
interfacing with the current HHSTT instrumentation infrastructure. The system must be capable of being deployed
at multiple locations along the length of the track.
REFERENCES:
1. MIL-E-9426F, Military Specification for Escape Systems, May 1974.
2. MIL-STD-846C, Military Standard for Ground, Track, and Flight Testing of Escape Systems, January 1974.
3. SAE-J211, Instrumentation for Impact Test, March 1995.
4. http://www.wsmr.army.mil/RCCsite/Documents/200-16_IRIG_Serial_Time_Code_Formats/200-
16_IRIG_Serial_Time_Code_Formats.pdf
KEYWORDS: Real-time test event control, test parameter measurement

Phone: 575-679-2133
AF191-044 TITLE: High Power Broadband Ultraviolet Emitters
OBJECTIVE: Develop high power broadband ultraviolet (UV) emitters to enable simulation of missile signatures on
an airborne platform such as the Towed Optical Plume Simulator.
DESCRIPTION: The Towed Optical Plume Simulator (TOPS) system currently uses LEDs to provide simulation of
missile signatures in the solar blind ultraviolet (UV) spectral region (~250-290 nm). The TOPS projects the LED
beam onto the Missile Warning System of an aircraft in order to test the response of the MWS and other aircraft
self-protection systems. The ability of TOPS to emulate a wide range of missile threats over a broad range of
engagement parameters (principally slant range) is limited by the power output of current UV emitters. High power
broadband UV emitters are required to broaden the range of missile threats and engagement parameters that TOPS
can simulate. Additionally, the emitters must be essentially spectrally invariant with output power. Spectral
variation causes complicated control issues for the TOPS system. The table below lists some salient requirements
for the emitter performance. The specifications are given for the required total output. These specifications could
be met by a single large emitter or an array of smaller emitters.
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Output Beam Power 0.5 W 1.0 W
Peak Wavelength 260 – 290 nm 260 – 290 nm
Band Width (FWHM) 20 nm 20 nm
Maximum Allowable Beam 3 degrees 1 degree
Divergence
Instantaneous Dynamic Range 1E4 1E7
Spectral Variation Over Invariant Invariant
Dynamic Range
Total Dynamic Range 1E7 1E7
Temporal Bandwidth 200 Hz 200 Hz
Emitter Lifetime ≥ 1000 hours ≥ 5000 hours
Maximum Volume 12 in3 10 in3
Maximum Weight 5 lbs 3 lb
Maximum Power Consumption 60 W 120 W
PHASE I: Provide an analysis of alternatives, identification of high-risk technical elements, and generation of a
conceptual system design that meets/exceeds the threshold requirements. Develop a breadboard system to
demonstrate the feasibility of the fundamental technique. The system design should be detailed enough to guide the
Phase II work with a minimum of risk.
PHASE II: Develop a prototype system that demonstrates the high-risk technical elements and that interfaces with
the current TOPS optical system. Integrate the emitter with the TOPS optical system and support
breadboard/brassboard testing to demonstrate the performance of the emitter and the impact on the overall optical
system.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Develop a commercialized high power UV emitter suitable for a broad
range of technical applications such as free space optical (FSO) communication devices. Such devices may also
find application in scene generators used for hardware in the loop sensor testing. Improved emitters would also
enhance the performance of other missile simulators such as JMITS (Joint Mobile IRCM Testing System) and
MSALTS (Multi-spectral Sea and Land Target Simulator.)
REFERENCES:
1. M. R. Krames et al., "Status and Future of High-Power Light-Emitting Diodes for Solid-State Lighting," in
Journal of Display Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 160-175, June 2007. doi: 10.1109/JDT.2007.895339.
2. Gang Chen et al., " Experimental evaluation of LED-based solar blind NLOS communication links," 15
September 2008 / Vol. 16, No. 19 / OPTICS EXPRESS.
KEYWORDS: solar blind ultraviolet, LED, lasers, ultraviolet lasers

Phone: (931) 454-5678
AF191-045 TITLE: Real-time Fuel Chemistry Analysis for Hypersonic Propulsion System Ground T&E
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OBJECTIVE: Develop a compact system to analyze high temperature / high pressure hydrocarbon fuels used in
scramjet propulsion systems to determine the level of chemical decomposition (i.e., ‘cracking’) and quantity of
species present.
DESCRIPTION: Typical ground testing of scramjet propulsion systems early in the development cycle often
requires test facilities to provide pre-heated fuel to simulate the effect of the vehicle heat exchanger in flight. The
fuel conditioning requirements are usually provided in terms of mass flow rate, pressure, and temperature. However,
the design of the vehicle heat exchanger itself is a critical factor in determining the chemical state of the fuel once it
reaches the injection point. To better simulate the effects of specific heat exchangers, real-time information is
needed on the state of the conditioned fuel supplied by the facility. The current approach to determining the level of
fuel decomposition (i.e., ‘cracking’) is via a sample extraction system that is activated at some point during a test to
capture a small fuel sample in a removable section of tubing. The sample is analyzed post-test to determine the
chemical makeup of the high temperature fuel. This approach only captures fuel during a small portion of the test
and can produce misleading results since the chemistry of the sample can change, having cooled to produce both
liquid and gas constituents by the time the analysis is performed.
A fuel chemistry analysis system is needed to perform chemical analysis in real time without extracting samples for
off-site lab analysis. The analysis needs to be performed while the fuel is in its supercritical state (i.e., without
allowing a pressure or temperature drop). Analysis is to be performed as the fuel is sent to the scramjet, and not
retained by the chemical analysis system. The desired system response rate is one sample per second. The minimum
threshold requirement is one sample every 20 seconds. The system must operate in an industrial setting (high
acoustic noise), and be capable of functioning for fuel conditions up to 1300 °F and 1200 psia. The system should
include provisions for calibration (NIST-traceable is desired), and the measurement uncertainty for the cracked
hydrocarbon species should be minimized (objective: +/- 1% on overall level of cracking).
PHASE I: Develop a compact fuel chemistry analyzer for the requirements specified and demonstrate the technique
feasibility. The demonstration can use a pre-mixed surrogate fluid that simulates the expected constitutes of various
levels of a cracked hydrocarbon fuel.
PHASE II: Develop a prototype real-time fuel chemistry analysis system meeting the stated criteria, and
demonstrate the instrument in AEDC APTU facility or other relevant facilities with access to a scramjet fuel heater.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The instrument can be marketed for use by government and DoD
contractor scramjet test facilities and potentially the petroleum refinement industry.
REFERENCES:
1. Tim Edwards, Matthew DeWitt, L. Shafer, D. Brooks, He Huang, Sean Bagley, Jorge Ona, and Judy Wornat,
"Fuel Composition Influence on Deposition from Endothermic Fuels", 14th AIAA/AHI Space Planes and
Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference, Inte
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2. Kevin Holst, Doug Garrard, and Alan Milhoan, "Activation and Calibration Plans for the Aerodynamic and
Propulsion Test Unit Heated Fuel System (Invited)", 19th AIAA International Space Planes and Hypersonic
Systems and Technologies Conference, AIAA AVI
3. Neal R. Herring, James M. Donohue, and He Huang, “Improved Endothermic Fuel System for Hypersonic
Testing”, June 2010, AEDC-TR-10-T-18.
KEYWORDS: hypersonic, endothermic fuel, hydrocarbon cracking, scramjet
TPOC-1: Sean Smith

Phone: 931-454-5943
Email: sean.smith.25@us.af.mil
AF191-046 TITLE: Energy Harvesting System
OBJECTIVE: Research and develop an on-board, aircraft energy harvesting system.
DESCRIPTION: Current methods for installing instrumentation systems on flight-test aircraft may involve
significant modification and aircraft down-time, requiring long distances of power and signal cabling along with a
multitude of electrical connections and terminations. Ongoing efforts to develop wireless sensor networks will
eliminate long home-run signal cables from numerous aircraft sensors to a central data acquisition unit; however, the
design of these wireless sensor networks currently rely on aircraft power, which would notionally come from
various locations throughout the aircraft. The purpose of energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks is to
minimize down-time during the modification process by eliminating power cable routing from available sources to
each wireless sensor network (node) during installation.
Any solutions must have the following:

1. Phase I must provide excitation power within a range of 25-210 mW to a single sensor for 4 hours continuously,
given the following assumptions:
a. 5VDC excitation voltage.
b. 120Ω -1kΩ load.
2. Phase II must provide system supply power within a 150-200W to a single wireless sensor network (node) for 4
hours continuously, given the following assumptions:
a. 28VDC supply voltage.
b. Multiple node components, i.e. data recorder, data recorder distribution box, timing unit, wireless transceiver, etc.
3. Capable of harvesting and providing necessary power under all ambient lighting conditions.
4. Recharge on-board electrical storage devices within wireless sensor networks.
No software, hardware, test equipment or tools will be provided.
PHASE I: 1) Research should focus on understanding the requirements, development of hardware and software
solutions that use innovative, leading edge technologies. Deliverables includes: 1) Technical report supporting
choice of technical solution to include configuration management plans, life cycle support plans, and cyber security
plans; 2) A multimedia presentation describing the choice of technical solution; 3) Developmental demonstration of
feasibility. Phase I should demonstrate the capability to provide excitation voltage to a single aircraft
instrumentation sensor as described in (1) of the description above.
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PHASE II: 1) Phase II should also see the development of the system architecture based on the solution documented
in Phase I. Research should be focused on developing the approved solution to meet all requirements listed and
determined during Phase I. Phase II should demonstrate, through prototyping, the capability to prover supply power
to a single wireless sensor network (node) as described in (2) of the description above.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Military Application: Energy harvesting system that provides a remote
power source for wireless sensor network nodes.
Commercial Application: Green solutions will reduce the carbon footprint and be ecologically friendly.
REFERENCES:
1. Samson, D.; Energy Harvesting for Autonomous Wireless Sensor Nodes in Aircraft. Procedia Engineering, Sept
2010
2. Seah, W.; Wireless Sensor Networks Powered by Ambient Energy Harvesting (WSN-HEAP) – Survey and
Challenges. Institute for Infocomm Research, May 2009
KEYWORDS: Energy harvesting system, instrumentation system, system prototype, wireless sensor network
TPOC-1: Robert Ellington

Phone: 661-277-8283
Email: robert.ellington@us.af.mil
AF191-047 TITLE: Non-Intrusive and Non-Invasive Fuel Flowmeter
OBJECTIVE: Research and develop an airborne Non-Intrusive and Non-Invasive Fuel Flowmeter.
DESCRIPTION: Current methods for gathering fuel flow measurements during military flight test events involve
the installation of highly precise, highly accurate and commercially-available turbine-type flow meters in-line with
fuel supply lines. This invasive process results in significant down-times to accommodate these in-line fuel
flowmeters through substantial re-engineering and modification of OEM (Original equipment manufacture) fuel
supply lines. The primary purpose of the non-invasive and non-intrusive fuel flow meter is to allow for rapid
installation and removal of fuel flow instrumentation components from the system under test, while retaining the
accuracy, linearity and repeatability of legacy turbine-type flowmeters required by data collection and analyzing
activities.
Any solutions must conform to the following:
1) Be easily and quickly, attached, calibrated and removed when needed.

2) Be non-intrusive and non-invasive to the flow of fuel, i.e. mounted on the exterior of the fuel supply line.
3) Operate with excitation voltage supplied by standard aircraft power (28VDC).
4) Provide flow measurements with an accuracy ≤ 0.5% on any straight-pipe length, including non-ideal locations.
5) Provide fuel flow measurements on various aircraft fuels (JP-8, JP-5, Jet-A, Jet-A-1, AVGAS) up to 20,000
lbs/hr.
6) Compensate for changes in fuel temperature and density.
7) Provide output in RS232 engineering units for mass flow, raw data (uncompensated), and temperature.
8) Able to withstand aircraft flight envelopes, to include enclosure within aircraft engine housings and nacelles.
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No software, hardware, test equipment or tools will be provided.
PHASE I: Research should focus on understanding the requirements, development of hardware and software
choice of technical solution to include configuration management plans, life cycle support plans, and cyber security
plans; 2) A multimedia presentation describing the choice of technical solution; 3) Demonstration of feasibility.
PHASE II: Phase II should also see the development of the system architecture based on the solution documented in
Phase I. Research should be focused on developing the approved solution to meet all requirements listed and
determined during Phase I. Prototype testing on aircraft or under simulated conditions.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Military Application: Non-Intrusive and Non-Invasive fuel flowmeter
that reduces aircraft modification times to more efficiently perform the mission.
Commercial Application: Develop system for efficient fuel mileage in commercial and private aircraft.
REFERENCES:
1. “Ultrasonic Mass Flowmeter for Army Aircraft Engine Diagnostics”, Lawrence C. Lynnworth, Panametrics
Incorporated, www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/758462.pdf
2. “Turbine Flowmeter Fuel Flow Calculations, ARP4990”, SAE
KEYWORDS: Non-Intrusive, Non-invasive, Flowmeter, Fuels

Phone: 661-277-8283
AF191-048 TITLE: Develop a Wireless Instrumentation System (WIS)
OBJECTIVE: Design a method to wirelessly pass data from point A to point B without line of sight within a metal
aircraft fuselage over a distance of 50’.
DESCRIPTION: Existing instrumentation data system passes data over wires/cables that bend and stretch over
lengths up to 50’.
Any solutions must have the following:

Capability to transmit 2 signals wirelessly around impediments of various size, shapes and locations with the
following figures of merit:
1. BER < 10^-6
2. Time correlation per IEEE 1588 Version 2
3. 1 Sensor/Signal
4. Bit Rate of 1 KHz
5. Time tagged to an accuracy of 1usec
The government will provide drawings/sketches of a scale model test fixture.
PHASE I: Research should focus on understanding the requirements, development of hardware and software
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choice of technical solution; 2) A multimedia presentation describing the choice of technical solution; 3)
Developmental demonstration of viability.
PHASE II: Phase II should also see the development of the system architecture based on the solution documented in
Phase I. Research should be focused on developing the approved solution to meet all requirements listed and
determined during Phase I. Develop configuration management plans, life cycle support plans, and cyber security
plans.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Military Application: Provide wireless instrumentation communications
to reduce times for modifications.
Commercial Application: Solutions will be equally useful for customers who develop and manufacture aircraft as it
will save funding for installation costs.
REFERENCES:
1. Torres, O, et.al.; Enabling Wireless Avionics Intra-Communications; NASA Langley, December 2016
2. Collins, D.; Wireless data Acquisition in Flight Test Networks; Curtiss-Wright, May 2016
3. Yedavalli, R; Application of Wireless Sensor Networks to Aircraft Control and Health Management Systems;
Ohio State University; October 2010
KEYWORDS: Wireless instrumentation system, without line-of-sight, wireless signal transmission.

Phone: 661-277-8283
AF191-049 TITLE: Cybersecurity for Standalone Airgap Systems
OBJECTIVE: Develop technologies to provide “mode switchable forensic bridges” in multiple form factors.
DESCRIPTION: Standalone computer enclaves while secure from network based attacks still require data and
software to be brought in. Standalone computer enclaves commonly utilize air-gapped computers that are isolated
from all other systems for malware / virus detection and prevention prior to software installation or data usage on the
enclave.
The protection of the air-gapped malware scanning computer is essential to the protection of the enclave behind it;
currently COTS forensic bridges are able to provide the security of the host OS in the malware / virus scanning
system but this requires the physical removal of HDD wiring to implement trusted updates to the malware
definitions, and requires extensive modifications of host scanning system to implement.
The solution addressed here is to provide a purpose built “forensic bridge” that provides the hardware support of
write protection with the ability to enable writing for trusted updates and then re-secure to write protect mode and
develop this to fit desktop, laptop (via swappable drive space), and rack mount systems for a wider implementation
base and with a user interface that does not require any specialized skills to utilize.
PHASE I: Identify form factors to develop bridges for desktop, laptop, and rackmount systems and technically
achievable user interfaces for bridges that permit desired operation with no special user required skills, determine
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the technical feasibility of the concepts, and design a follow-on test program for the most promising concepts.
Required deliverables will include reports and briefings documenting the analysis and the results.
PHASE II: Complete design and fabrication of prototype mode selectable forensic bridge using the most promising
concepts developed in Phase 1. Perform experiments verifying the write protection mode, write-mode, and user
interfacing. Required deliverables will include reports and briefings on the results of the experiments.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Military Applications: All Military and DoD standalone enclaves can
benefit from implementation of dedicated forensically bridge protected malware / virus scanning systems prior to
introduction of software or data into the enclave. Commercial Applications: Companies worried about the loss of
proprietary data will use a stand alone enclave. Financial sectors.
REFERENCES:
1. Singer, Peter W. Friedman, Allan. “Cybersecurity and Cyberwar”, 23 January 2014.
2. Security ifo Center. "Understanding Cybersecurity and Its Relationship with Physical Security To Reduce Risk",
19 September 18.
KEYWORDS: Forensic, Bridge, Host, Operating System, OS, Malware, Virus, Write, Protection, Selectable,
Standalone, Enclave, Software, Data, Hardware, IT, Information, Technology.
TPOC-1: Jacques Perry

Phone: 850-882-3336
Email: jacques.perry@us.af.mil
AF191-050 TITLE: High Accuracy Air to Air Scoring
OBJECTIVE: Develop technologies to improve accuracy of missile scoring in an open air test environment.
DESCRIPTION: This SBIR topic seeks to identify and demonstrate technologies that can improve the
instrumentation and scoring algorithms required to improve missile scoring accuracies. This improvements are
intended for the open air test and evaluation environment. Scoring systems used in open air test environment need
to improve to from 1 meter accuracy to approximately 2 cm of accuracy. This will all testing of high accuracy
weapons.
PHASE I: Identify factors that limit accuracy, define concepts that may increase the accuracy, determine the
technical feasibility of the concepts, and design a follow-on test program for the most promising concepts. Required
deliverables will include reports and briefings documenting the analysis and the results.
PHASE II: Complete design and fabricate small prototype scoring system using the most promising concepts
developed in Phase 1. Perform experiments quantifying the performance of the scoring system. Required
deliverables will include reports and briefings on the results of the experiments.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Military Applications: DT&E of weapons and self-protection equipment
in and air to air environment. Commercial Applications: DT&E air to air weapons and self-protection equipment.
REFERENCES:
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1. Sweeney, Nicholas, “Air-to-Air Missile Vector Scoring." Thesis, Air Force Institute of Technology, 2012.
2. Thompson, Thomas, Demonstration of a Precision Missile Intercept Measurement Technique.” John Hopkins
APL Technical Digest, Vol 19, No. 4, 1998.
KEYWORDS: Open Air Test, Missile Scoring, Vector Scoring, Scoring.
TPOC-1: Rachel Waddell

Phone: 850-882-3126
Email: rachel.waddell.1@us.af.mil
AF191-051 TITLE: Micro-STT Ground-to-Air Radar
OBJECTIVE: Develop technologies to improve target tracking over water ranges that utilize unmanned surface
vehicles.
DESCRIPTION: Testing on water ranges is currently limited by the inability of land-based and barge-based radars
to track over-the-horizon. However, full use of the Gulf of Mexico is required for test missions requiring system
under test (SUT) tracking. The development of a micro-single target track (STT) ground to air radar system for use
on an unmanned surface vehicle would significantly increase target tracking coverage over water.
The system would need to be optimized for an unmanned surface vehicle that is approximately 10 feet long and 2
feet wide. The system must weigh less than 100 pounds and fit within a 6 inch by 12 inch by 12 inch payload box.
PHASE I: Identify radar system components that limit scalability. Determine hardware requirements for micro-radar
system as well as tracking algorithm, antenna type, and stabilization methods. Determine the technical feasibility of
the concepts, and design a follow-on test program for the most promising concepts. Required deliverables will
include reports and briefings documenting the analysis and the results.
PHASE II: Complete design and fabricate prototype micro-STT radar system using the most promising concepts
developed in Phase 1. Perform characterization experiments quantifying the performance of the tracking system.
Required deliverables will include reports and briefings on the results of the experiments.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Military Applications: DT&E of weapons and aircraft over water ranges.
Commercial Applications: DT&E of weapons and aircraft over water ranges.
REFERENCES:
1. Howard, Dean D. “Tracking Radar.” Radar Handbook, Second Edition, 1990.
2. Wei, Hao, et al. “Review of the Algorithms for Radar Single Target Tracking.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science, Vol. 69, 2017.
3. Cook, Brandon, et al. “Real-Time Radar-Based Tracking and State Estimation of Multiple Non-Conformant
Aircraft.” AIAA SciTech Forum, 2017.
KEYWORDS: Radar, STT, Ground-to-Air, Tracking, Unmanned Surface Vehicle, USV, Water Range.
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Phone: 850-882-3126
AF191-052 TITLE: Sea-Skimming Missile Tracking
OBJECTIVE: Develop technologies to detect and track low radar cross section, high speed, low altitude weapons
with unmanned surface vehicles over a large area of water.
DESCRIPTION: This SBIR topic seeks to identify and demonstrate technologies that can detect and track low radar
cross section, high speed, low altitude weapons over a large area of water. Tracking on water ranges is limited by the
inability of conventional radars to track over-the-horizon. This SBIR would address that limitation by utilizing
unmanned surface vehicles. The system would need to be optimized for an unmanned surface vehicle that is
approximately 10 feet long and 2 feet wide. The system must weigh less than 100 pounds and fit within a 6 inch by
12 inch by 12 inch payload box.
PHASE I: Determine hardware requirements for the tracking system as well as tracking algorithm, antenna type, and
stabilization methods. Determine the technical feasibility of the concepts, and design a follow-on test program for
the most promising concepts. Required deliverables will include reports and briefings documenting the analysis and
the results.
PHASE II: Complete design and fabricate prototype tracking system using the most promising concepts developed
in Phase 1. Perform characterization experiments quantifying the performance of the tracking system. Required
deliverables will include reports and briefings on the results of the experiments.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Military Applications: DT&E of weapons over water ranges.
Commercial Applications: DT&E of weapons over water ranges.
REFERENCES:
1. Ong, Hwa-Tung. “Tracking Anti-Ship Missiles Using Radar and Infra-Red Search and Track: Track Error
Performance.” Defense Science and Technology Organization, Australian Department of Defence, 2006.
2. Ozkara, Ali. “Methods for Improving Low-Angle, Low-Altitude Radar Tracking Accuracy.” Master’s Thesis,
Naval Postgraduate School, 1993.
KEYWORDS: Tracking, Unmanned Surface Vehicle, USV, Water Range, Sea-Skimming, Missile Tracking, Radar.

Phone: 850-882-3126
AF191-053 TITLE: Illuminators for applications involving coherent detection
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OBJECTIVE: Develop illuminators that enable coherent detection (aka digital holography and spatial heterodyne)
[1-4]. Maintain performance given applications such as 3D imaging & vibration imaging. 3D imaging requires
agile-frequency pulses, where the bandwidth can be tailored in real time using optical single-sideband modulation.
Vibration imaging requires doublet pulses, where two laser pulses can be separated in time enabling multiplexed
digital-holography data.
DESCRIPTION: Develop illuminators that maintain performance given agile-frequency and doublet pulses with the
following specification objectives.
- Wavelength: SWIR, eye-safe encouraged, even 2 μm.
- Pulse repetition frequency (prf): 10-40 kHz.
- Pulsewidth: less than 300 nsec.
- Energy per pulse: greater than 1 mJ/pulse (average power greater than 10 W).
- Coherence length: transform-limited pulses.
- Beam Quality: less than 1.5 M-squared.
The end goal of this SBIR topic is to design (Phase I and II) and demonstrate (Phase III) a prototype illuminator for
coherent detection that maintains performance given agile-frequency and doublet pulses. As such, during a Phase I
effort, a detailed theoretical and numerical analysis shall be performed to explore the trade space. A Phase II effort
shall then develop experiments that verify the calculations, and a Phase III effort could then build and demonstrate
the prototype illuminator. Such experiments and demonstrations shall ensure commercialization of the developed
prototype.
PHASE I: To achieve the identified Phase II objectives, a Phase I effort shall focus on the following deliverables.
• Perform theoretical and numerical calculations that explore the trade space. These calculations shall
identify scalability and lead to calibrated scaled-laboratory experiments which verify the analysis. This step shall
ensure that the developed approach is ready for a Phase II effort.
PHASE II: To achieve the identified Phase III objectives, a Phase II effort shall focus on the following deliverables.
• Finish the calibrated scaled-laboratory experiments which verify the Phase I analysis. Design a prototype
illuminator that can achieve the identified testing objectives. This step shall ensure that the developed approach is
ready for a Phase III effort.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Military application: Build and demonstrate a prototype illuminator for
integration with a government-specified architecture including fast-framing cameras and image-processing
hardware/software.
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Commercial Application: The successfully demonstrated prototype illuminator shall translate into a novel solution
that is available to the DoD.
REFERENCES:
1. M. F. Spencer, “Spatial Heterodyne,” Encyclopedia of Modern Optics II Volume 4, 369-400 (2018).
2. P. Gatt et al., “Phased Array Science and Engineering Research (PHASER) Program Final Report,” TR CDRL-
A001-01, Lockheed Martin Coherent Technologies (2015) [Dist. C, Export Controlled].
3. J. W. Stafford, B. D. Duncan, and D. J. Rabb, “Phase gradient algorithm method for three-dimensional
holographic ladar imaging,” App. Opt. 55(17), 4611-4620 (2016).
4. S. T. Thurman and A. Bratcher, “Multiplexed synthetic-aperture digital holography,” App. Opt. 54(3), 559-568
(2015).
KEYWORDS: digital holography, spatial heterodyne, coherent detection, LIDAR, lasers, illuminators
TPOC-1: Matthew Cooper

Phone: 505-846-0202
Email: matthew.cooper.17@us.af.mil
AF191-054 TITLE: Fast-framing SWIR cameras for digital-holographic detection
OBJECTIVE: Develop fast-framing SWIR cameras for digital-holographic detection (aka coherent and spatial-
heterodyne detection) [1-4]. Tradeoff large pixel-well depths with high read-noise variances to enable enhanced
performance for multiple applications. Assume a strong reference to boost the incoming signal above the read-noise
floor of the camera. Identify the achievable framerates with this new paradigm. Maintain performance given large
pixel-well depths and high read-noise variances.
DESCRIPTION: Develop fast-framing cameras that maintain performance given large pixel-well depths and high
read-noise variances with the following specification objectives.
- Responsivity: SWIR, interested in 2 μm as well.
- Framerates: greater than 5 kHz given a 256x256 focal plane array (FPA) region of interest (ROI), greater than 40
kHz given a 32x32 FPA ROI.
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- Read-noise variance: less than 4 times the pixel-well depth.
- Pixel-well depth: greater than 4 times the read-noise variance.
- Integration times: amenable to approximately 300 nsec pulses.
- Dark current: amenable to approximately 300 nsec pulses.
The end goal of this SBIR topic is to design (Phase I and II) and demonstrate (Phase III) a prototype camera for
digital-holographic detection that maintains performance given large pixel-well depths and high read-noise
variances. As such, during a Phase I effort, a detailed theoretical and numerical analysis shall be performed to
explore the trade space. A Phase II effort shall then develop experiments that verify the calculations, and a Phase III
effort could then build and demonstrate the prototype camera. Such experiments and demonstrations shall ensure
commercialization of the developed prototype.
PHASE I: To achieve the identified Phase II objectives, a Phase I effort shall focus on the following deliverables.
• Perform theoretical and numerical calculations that explore the trade space. These calculations shall
identify scalability and lead to calibrated scaled-laboratory experiments which verify the analysis. This step shall
ensure that the developed approach is ready for a Phase II effort.
PHASE II: To achieve the identified Phase III objectives, a Phase II effort shall focus on the following deliverables.
• Finish the calibrated scaled-laboratory experiments which verify the Phase I analysis. Design a prototype
camera that can achieve the identified testing objectives. This step shall ensure that the developed approach is ready
for a Phase III effort.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Military application: Build and demonstrate a prototype camera for
integration with a government-specified architecture including illumination sources and image-processing
hardware/software.
Commercial Application: The successfully demonstrated prototype camera shall translate into a novel solution that
is available to the DoD.
REFERENCES:
1. M. F. Spencer, “Spatial Heterodyne,” Encyclopedia of Modern Optics II Volume 4, 369-400 (2018).
2. P. Gatt et al., “Phased Array Science and Engineering Research (PHASER) Program Final Report,” TR CDRL-
A001-01, Lockheed Martin Coherent Technologies (2015) [Dist. C, Export Controlled].
3. J. W. Stafford, B. D. Duncan, and D. J. Rabb, “Phase gradient algorithm method for three-dimensional
holographic ladar imaging,” App. Opt. 55(17), 4611-4620 (2016).
4. S. T. Thurman and A. Bratcher, “Multiplexed synthetic-aperture digital holography,” App. Opt. 54(3), 559-568
(2015).
KEYWORDS: digital holography, spatial heterodyne, coherent detection, LIDAR, cameras, focal plane arrays
TPOC-1: Mark Spencer

Phone: 505-853-1607
Email: mark.spencer.6@us.af.mil
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AF191-055 TITLE: Antireflective YAG Surface Etching
OBJECTIVE: Develop an industry base to produce high damage threshold high-efficiency antireflective etching
techniques with high bandwidth on YAG to be used in NIR. The industry is lacking in the capability of performing
antireflective surface etching on large surface area bulk materials, specifically on YAG.
DESCRIPTION: Current power limitations for pulsed laser systems are brought on by the damage thresholds of
their optics. The damage threshold of many optics today is associated with the antireflective coating applied to the
surface of the optics. These coatings are fragile to atmospheric and environmental conditions, which introduce
defects into the coating, reducing an optics damage threshold even more.
Etching microstructures into optic bulk materials provide several advantages over antireflective coatings. The etched
antireflective bulk material allows for a greater optical bandwidth and high damage thresholds, environmental
stability. Currently, however, the processes to produce these microstructures are less commercially available on
large bulk material and materials other than silica. This SBIR aims to change that with the following specifications.
Produce Antireflective Surface Etched YAG with:
- Diameter: 4mm to 75 mm
- Reflectivity: <0.01%
- Defects: limit defects introduced into the material during the etching process
- Incident Angle: 0 (normal) to 35 deg
- Wavelength: 960 nm to 1040 nm
- Damage Threshold: >50% bulk material damage threshold
PHASE I: The technical objective of Phase I of this SBIR is to study the antireflective surface etching process,
exploring the achievable reflection performance and repeatability. Phase I will result in the delivery of data on
performance metrics and repeatability of etching results.
PHASE II: Phase II's goal is to further develop the reflective performance, repeatability and evaluate resultant
damage threshold of the etched surface when compared to the bulk material. The result of Phase II will be to build
and deliver two to three functioning prototypes for testing and further study.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Phase III goal is to test and demonstrate the functioning prototypes for
the military and commercial
REFERENCES:
1. Lynda E. Busse, Jesse A. Frantz, Darryl A. Boyd, Woohong (Rick) Kim, Brandon Shaw, Ishwar D. Aggarwal, Jas
S. Sanghera, "Laser damage testing of silica windows with hydrophobic antireflective surfaces (Conference
Presentation)", Proc. SPIE 10513, Compo
2. Wilson, C. R., Potter, M. G., Busse, L. R., Frantz, J. A., Shaw, B., Sanghera, J. S., . . . Poutous, M. K. (2017).
Laser damage of optical windows with random antireflective surface structures on both interfaces. SPIE
Proceedings, 10447. doi:10.1117/12
3. Lynda E. Busse, Jesse A. Frantz, L. Brandon Shaw, Ishwar D. Aggarwal, and Jasbinder S. Sanghera, "Review of
antireflective surface structures on laser optics and windows," Appl. Opt. 54, F303-F310 (2015)
4. Lynda E. Busse, Catalin M. Florea, L. Brandon Shaw, Jesse Frantz, Shyam Bayya, Menelaos K. Poutous,
Rajendra Joshi, Ishwar D. Aggarwal, Jas S. Sanghera, "Antireflective surface structures on optics for high energy
lasers," Proc. SPIE 8959, Solid State
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KEYWORDS: anti-reflectic microstructures, high energy lasers, damage threshold, "moth eye" surface structures,
laser optics
TPOC-1: Nathan Gaul

Phone: 505-853-2922
Email: nathan.gaul.2@us.af.mil
AF191-056 TITLE: Low-Cost, High-Bandwidth Fast Steering Mirror (FSM)
OBJECTIVE: Develop a high-bandwidth Fast-Steering Mirror (FSM), capable of operating at full performance in
the airborne environment (e.g. insensitive to linear acceleration).
Significantly reduce the per-unit cost associated with this class of fast-steering mirror.
DESCRIPTION: Fast-Steering Mirrors (FSMs) are used to stabilize the line-of-sight of an optical system in a highly
dynamic environment. The task of pointing a laser-beam from a moving aircraft to a far-away target, requires very
fast, high-precision beam steering using FSMs. The airborne environment, unlike a typical optics laboratory, can
subject FSMs to significant unsteady linear and angular accelerations which may adversely affect the FSMs
performance. Current solutions to this problem have proven to be too expensive for many development programs.
This project seeks to develop an affordable Fast-Steering Mirror for near IR High-Energy Lasers capable of
maintaining performance under broadband disturbances (up to 2.5 g’s) from 25 to 1kHz.
The desired performance objectives are:

>500 Hz -3dB disturbance rejection
< 1μrad residual noise (jitter)
46mm x 70mm minimum clear aperture
λ/4 surface wavefront error
The goal will be to design a FSM to perform in the airborne environment and with a price tag of $15k (objective) to
$30k (threshold).
PHASE I: Develop a preliminary design for a prototype FSM based on Government specifications, applicable to
relevant flight environments.
PHASE II: Design, build and demonstrate performance of the prototype FSM, under relevant dynamic loading, in
AFRL’s Environmental Laser Test Facility. The prototype demonstration may use a low-power laser. Risk-
reduction for high-power testing and manufacture should be completed in Phase II.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Design and manufacture multiple engineering units for integration into
high-energy-laser beam-control testbeds (laboratory or field environment). Demonstrate operation with a high-
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energy-laser under relevant conditions.
REFERENCES:
1. http://www.opticsinmotion.net/fast_steering_mirrors.html
2. http://www.atacorp.com/fast_steering_mirror.html
3. Merritt P. and Spencer, M., "Beam Control for Laser Systems, Second Edition", Directed Energy Professional
Society, deps.org, 2018.
KEYWORDS: beam control, fast steering mirror, line-of-sight control, laser, pointing, line-of-sight stabilization
TPOC-1: Donald Wittich

Phone: 505-846-5071
Email: donald.wittich.1@us.af.mil
AF191-057 TITLE: Low SWaP Tactical Beam Control System
OBJECTIVE: Develop a preliminary design for a tactical beam control system, which is optimized based on the
following conditions;
- Low SWaP
- Precision Pointing / LOS (line-of-sight) stabilization
- High BW (bandwidth) tracking
- Can accommodate an HEL (high energy laser)
- Compatible with AO (adaptive optics)
With an emphasis on LOS stabilization, modeling and simulation results must show that this beam control system
can operate and optimally perform in an aero-dynamic flight environment
DESCRIPTION: A tactical beam control system is almost always designed and built by a prime contractor. Many of
the components are available from small businesses. For instance, fast steering mirrors, stabilized alignment sources,
turrets, deformable mirrors and optical sensors often come from small businesses. In this SBIR solicitation we
would like to focus on the line-of-sight (LOS) stabilization function and low SWaP. Optical train jitter is often the
performance limiting factor for airborne systems. The line of sight stabilization system is limited by turret
stabilization, FSM bandwidth, optical train LOS sensing noise including none common path jitter and image
processing errors. When a prime contractor makes trades in designing a LOS stabilization system, component
selection is weighted in terms of cost, size, performance (bandwidth, noise)—often in that order. This SBIR would
put these trades in the hands of the component designers. Interfaces to other control functions like fine
tracking/aimpoint maintenance and adaptive optics have to be considered. Disturbance data representing an airborne
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environment will be provided by AFRL at the beginning of phase I.
PHASE I: 1) Develop a design concept which optimizes the conditions mentioned within the objective section;
- Low SWaP
- Precision Pointing / LOS (line-of-sight) stabilization
- High BW (bandwidth) tracking
- Can accommodate an HEL (high energy laser)
- Compatible with AO (adaptive optics)
2) Credible analysis of LOS stabilization against airborne disturbance must be provided. AFRL will provide
disturbance data such as aircraft base motion and aero-mechanical vibration
3) Develop requirements for a prototype tactical beam control system based on 1) and include in report; SRR-level
report as a deliverable
PHASE II: 1) Develop a preliminary design for a low SWaP tactical beam control system to meet requirements
established during phase I
2) Develop a detailed software model using industry standard software such as Simulink, Nastran and Zemax, and
predict/quantify LOS stabilization performance based on preliminary design established by 1) . Numerical results
must be included in report; PDR-level report as a deliverable
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: 1) Develop a detailed design (CDR-level)

2) Build prototype tactical beam control system
3) Test/Demonstrate at AFRL's environmental laser test facility (ELTF)
REFERENCES:
1. Perram, G. P., Cusumano, S. J., Hengehold R. L., and Fiorino, S. T., [Introduction to Laser Weapon Systems],
Directed Energy Professional Society, 264-268 (2010).
2. Merritt, P., [Beam Control for Laser Systems], Directed Energy Professional Society, 153-170 (2012).
KEYWORDS: Beam Control, Directed Energy, Airborne Laser System
TPOC-1: Edwin Ahn

Phone: 505-846-6345
Email: edwin.ahn.1@us.af.mil
AF191-058 TITLE: Aero-Mechanical Force Emulator
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OBJECTIVE: Add realistic aero-mechanical forcing to laser system environmental testing.

Develop a method and apparatus to apply realistic aerodynamic loads to a laser beam director without requiring the
flow of air over it.
Convert flight or CFD-generated disturbances to a spatially-and-temporally representative set of mechanical forces
which can be imparted (mechanically) to actual beam director or flight hardware.
DESCRIPTION: Designed to apply external forces to a beam director which is mounted, at its base, to a shaker
table.
Capable of applying forces to a generic beam director between 30 cm and 1 m in diameter.
Threshold: In-phase, 3-DOF linear forcing of the beam-director external surface.
Objective: In-phase, 3-DOF linear forcing plus 3-DOF shear (torque) forcing of the beam-director external surface
(TBD) lbf/in^2 rms at 30 Hz, (TBD) lbf/in^2 rms at 1KHz Hz.
PHASE I: Develop a conceptual design for an aero-mechanical force emulator to meet Government specifications,
including replication of specific flight disturbances and compatibility with existing test infrastructure (i.e. ELTF).
PHASE II: Design, build and demonstrate a prototype emulator using a surrogate beam director in AFRL’s
Environmental Laser Test Facility.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Design and deliver a production emulator for use with multiple beam
director types in AFRL’s Environmental Laser Test Facility.
REFERENCES:
1. Marko Bacic and Monte MacDiarmid. "Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation of Aerodynamic Objects", AIAA
Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference and Exhibit, Guidance, Navigation, and Control and Co-located
Conferences; https://doi-org.kirtland.idm.oclc
2. https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/639713main_Vibration_Testing_FTI.pdf
KEYWORDS: vibration testing, hardware-in-the-loop, shaker table, environmental testing, force emulator,
aerodynamic
TPOC-1: Donald Wittich

Phone: 505-846-5071
Email: donald.wittich.1@us.af.mil
AF191-059 TITLE: FSO and RF Integrated Aerial Communications (FaRIA-C)
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OBJECTIVE: Provide means to simultaneously utilize both free-space optics (FSO) (e.g., laser comms) and high-
speed RF communications (e.g., Common Data Link [CDL]), to provide dependable, resilient communication links
depending on flight environmental conditions.
DESCRIPTION: FaRIA-C is an integrated hybrid free-space optics (FSO) and RF communications system.
Currently, today’s airborne communications technology can typically only support FSO or RF communication at a
single time. FaRIA-C will allow for both FSO and RF to be integrated for simultaneous communications, ideally, or
switch to the best available channel as conditions dictate. To provide a resilient communication link, mitigation
strategies will be identified to overcome environmental effects such as atmospheric attenuation and scintillation.
Measures of effectiveness for a resilient link potentially include low (i.e. 10^-6) bit-error rates (BER) and low
retransmission rates. The advantage of the simultaneous hybrid link is that during time of RF denied environment,
the FSO communications link will be the main means of communication, offering an LPI/LPD channel. When
terrain or weather obscuration blocks the line of sight for the FSO communication, the RF link can take over and
provide the required communications links at slightly lower data rates. Research into available modem products will
be conducted to provide different configuration that will support operational use. FaRIA-C will utilize a RF
compatible universal modem which allows 10 Gbs+ FSO and 2 Gbs+ RF to a standard IP connection. Different
modes of bi-directional data transmission shall be conducted to verify connection. Furthermore, FaRIA-C will
encompass the operationally-relevant use of the resilient communication links during field environments employing
recognized Battle Management Command-Control (BMC2) applications. Ultimately, FaRIA-C will maintain a
resilient hybrid (FSO and HF) communication link with low bit error rates.
PHASE I: Identify available modem products for potential use and provide design for operational use, or design a
new modem with the required attributes; demonstrate in a lab an RF-compatible universal modem to accommodate
up to 10 Gbs+ FSO and 2 Gbs+ RF to standard IP connection with low (i.e. 10^-6) bit-error rates (BER) terminating
with end-user device (EUD), such as a tablet. Demonstrate different modes of data (e.g., video streaming, text,
VoIP, file xfer) in both directions.
PHASE II: Demonstrate operationally-relevant use of FARIA-C in lab and field environments employing
recognized Battle Management Command-Control (BMC2) applications, ideally ATAK/WinTAK. (This does not
require flight testing, just operational relevance.) Provide quantitative measures to demonstrate low BER, signal
quality and strength (e.g., loss) from the FSO and RF terminals through the modem to the EUD.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Provide flight demonstration with technical measurement of quality of
service using government/contractor determined FSO and RF terminals and flight geometries, measuring both ends
of the FSO and RF links, in addition to the EUD/Multi-Function Display (MFD) for the aircrew's use.
REFERENCES:
1. DARPA, Analysis of link performance for the FOENEX laser communications system (link:
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8380E...6J)
2. F. Nadeem, V. Kvicera, M. S. Awan, E. Leitgeb and S. S. K. Muhammad, "Weather Effects on Hybrid FSO/RF
Communication Link," IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 27, pp. 1687-
1697, 2009.
3. Ghassemlooy Z. and Popoola W. O. (2010). Terrestrial Free-Space Optical Communications, Mobile and
Wireless Communications Network Layer and Circuit Level Design, Salma Ait Fares and Fumiyuki Adachi
(Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-042-1, InTech, Available from:
4. Y. Tang, M. Brandt-Pearce and S. G. Wilson, "Link Adaptation for Throughput Optimization of Parallel Channels
with Application to Hybrid FSO/RF Systems," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 60, no. 9,
pp. 2723-2732, 2012.
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KEYWORDS: Free Space Optics, FSO, RF, Hybrid, Aerial, Communications, Resilient, quality of service, QOS,
line of sight, RF denied environment
TPOC-1: John Malowicki

Phone: 315-330-3634
Email: john.malowicki@us.af.mil
AF191-060 TITLE: Collaboration and Interoperability for Distributed Mission Analysis
OBJECTIVE: Develop the standard characterizations and distributed analysis mechanisms necessary to enable
independently designed information platforms to automate information interconnections, integrate pools of
analytical provenance, and effectively adapt their distributed, shared mission analysis tasks for disadvantaged,
intermittent, and low-bandwidth (DIL) environments.
DESCRIPTION: Modern mission information systems are evolving to effectively connect, share, reason, and
collaborate between multi-integrator cloud computing systems within DIL environments, but lack the ability to
seamlessly integrate and collaborate across platforms with unique connection requirements that are supporting
distinct analysis technologies. Modern information systems integrate by developing static gateways to act as
transforms between static platforms, but this can add layers of complexity to information integration, and doesn’t
address key combat cloud challenges, such as multi-integrator system interoperability and automated connectivity
and adaptive integration of future information platforms. Additionally, current information analysis approaches are
not designed to handle the complexities of modern distributed and dynamic mission environments. Analytical
technologies generally lack common, shared representations of their models, metadata attributes, and provenance
about their processes that would support collaborative tasking. Efforts at interoperably representing information
have resulted in a multitude of schemas, commercial and DoD format specifications, and standards-based models,
but similar efforts for analytical representations have been much more limited, non-portable, or obscured behind
proprietary commercial technologies such as Azure or AWS. Those proprietary analytical technologies generally do
not behave resiliently or predictably when transitioned from enterprise environments, with high connectivity and
resources, to those with intermittent connectivity, fluctuating bandwidth, and diverse information platforms. The
seamless and collaborative multi-integrator information system the Air Force is developing will require
interoperable awareness of both mission information and analysis, resilient and adaptive connection mechanisms,
and distributed analysis technologies.
These critical capabilities will require mission-oriented technologies that stitch together distributed information
platforms into an integrated fabric of collaborative users, platforms, and analysis. To continuously operate during
both network isolation/reintegration phases, the underlying infrastructures that enable collaborative analysis requires
advancements in characterization, interoperability, de-centralization, and resiliency. Some of the foundational
technical capabilities enabling these capabilities are focuses of this SBIR:
1. Prototype representations of analytical models and provenance metadata that will support shared analysis tasks,
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portable tasking between multi-integrator information environments, and avoid transference of large datasets. This
would entail a pre-requisite of identifying and defining the current DIL environment attributes that are current
obstacles to distributed analysis.
2. Prototype representations of multiple information platforms and their connection requirements and information
handling profiles that will inform connectivity, support seamless information sharing, and automated integration of
single-integrator platforms into a collaborative multi-integrator information environment. This entails a pre-requisite
for expanding upon combat cloud functional requirements into criteria-based metrics for platform and information
interoperability.
3. The enabling of distributed information and mission analysis tools (e.g. HadoopFS, Memcache, Azure, AWS,
etc.) to share and cross-leverage analytical provenance for mission situational awareness reasoning and platform
sharing decisions.
4. Proof-of-concept of a collaborative mission decision-making mechanism that can execute distributed analytical
tasks over pools of separate but interoperable representations of analytics, situational awareness, and platform
connectivity profiles.
The expected results of this effort include resilient, integrated, and enhanced mission awareness, auditable insights
into the understanding of that awareness generation, and enhanced information interoperability, platform
interoperability, and collaborative mission analysis within distributed, DIL, environments.
PHASE I: Identify requirements for, and develop draft representations referenced within, technical capability goals
1 and 2 above. Develop innovative and intelligent strategies for technical capability goals 3 &4 above, culminating
in a cohesive initial system design that integrates the analytics and connectivity components and leverages the
planned representations.
PHASE II: Development of a prototype system that implements the Phase I design, integrates connectivity and
analysis mechanisms, matures phase I draft representations to developed and tested prototypes, and validates
functional capabilities and performance requirements are met through experimentation.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The resulting system will support mission decision making, advanced
Situational Awareness, and mission-integrated analytics, which have facets of both commercial and military
applications.
REFERENCES:
1. Missier P. (2016) The Lifecycle of Provenance Metadata and Its Associated Challenges and Opportunities. In:
Lemieux V. (eds) Building Trust in Information. Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics. Springer, Cham.
2. Bunn, JJ; (2016) Mind the explanatory gap: Quality from quantity. In: (Proceedings) 2016 IEEE International
Conference on Big Data (ICBDA). IEEE (In press).
3. Xu, Kai & Attfield, Simon & Jankun-Kelly, T.J. & Wheat, Ashley & Nguyen, Phong & Selvaraj, Nallini. (2015).
Analytic Provenance for Sensemaking: A Research Agenda. Computer Graphics and Applications, IEEE. 35. 56-64.
10.1109/MCG.2015.50.
4. Bryant, Jason & Hasseler, Gregory & Lebo, Timothy & Paulini, Matthew. (2015). Enhancing Information
Awareness Through Directed Qualification of Semantic Relevancy Scoring Operations. IEEE International
Conference on Semantic Computing February, 2015.
KEYWORDS: situational awareness, mission intelligence, distributed metadata, provenance, analytics and mission
decision making provenance, decision quality, trusted mission processes, sensemaking of distributed analytics
TPOC-1: Jason Bryant

Phone: 315-330-7670
Email: jason.bryant.8@us.af.mil
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AF191-061 TITLE: Bandwidth Constrained Electronic Warfare
OBJECTIVE: To research and develop techniques permitting low bandwidth, distributed, multi-sensor Radio
Frequency (RF) signal exploitation for Detection, Classification, and Localization (DCL) in a multi-target
environment. The goal of the project is to dynamically allocate bandwidth to signals of interest (SOI) in a
distributed manner as necessary to refine the precision of estimated target state and type.
DESCRIPTION: Electronic Warfare (EW) Systems capture a wide bandwidth of signals propagating through the
environment for multiple purposes. Of interest to this topic is the exploitation of these signals to permit Detecting a
specific target, Classifying the type of target emanating the signal, and then Locating/Tracking that object uniquely
when contrasted against other superimposed signals in the environment. This DCL process employs multiple
sensors which pass time series representations of the SOI to a central location. In this central location signal
processing techniques are employed to refine the precision of the estimated quantities defining the target’s state and
type. These data products are then used by multiple downstream consuming processes and work flow for
intelligence and operational uses.
Fundamental to the signal processing taking place at a central location is the full bandwidth of the signals of interest.
To enhance operational utility of the system, a means to provide a flexible bandwidth allocation to the distributed
sensors based in a manner controlled by the central processing system is needed for effective reasoning about the
signal type and location. This topic seeks a more flexible approach whereby the resolution and quality of the
parameters reduced from the signal can be traded off against the bandwidth demands.
A responsive proposal will produce a generalized approach for controlling the SIGINT system’s performance in a
manner that balances the demand for precision in terms of the location and classification of individual targets of
interest with a broader awareness of the target and clutter environment. Here the objective is to develop an
innovative approach that constrains/allocates bandwidth based on the information demands of the central processing
systems requirements for precision versus tacit awareness. This approach will investigate the use of an efficient
combination of centralized and distributed processing that manages the awareness of the emitters in the Field of
Regard (FoR), the information they encode, and the means to push compressed sufficient statistic generation further
to the edge. It is envisioned that the central controller manages emitter precision requirements along with meta-data
about the character of the emitter(s) and shares that information with intelligence sensor nodes. This decomposition
approach allows the system to operate under a “minimally” sufficient model. Results from [1]-[3] indicate this is
potentially feasible while other innovative approaches are encouraged. As successful approaches are expected to
permit situational surveillance quality tracking and classification of contacts using only 1/10th to 1/50th of the
inherent bandwidth of signals and as tactical precision is required gracefully increase bandwidth allocation to targets
of interest. During this allocation of resources the system should also gracefully adapt to the change managing and
updating all situational awareness appropriately.
PHASE I: Phase I will focus on the theoretic and algorithmic aspect of the hybrid system for the central processing,
remote sensor node processing, and multiple objective functions used to manage area coverage, precision, and
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bandwidth. A successful Phase I effort will demonstrate through simulation the operating principles of this
approach and an approach to scale this to a limited objectives experiment operating on terrestrial RF collection
sensors.
PHASE II: Phase II will focus on a small scale implementation of the system developed in Phase I. Results shall be
demonstrated on an FCC compliant experiment where multiple emitters are monitored from multiple ground stations
and the system demonstrates a means to manage the bandwidth from these nodes back to a central processor to track
and identify specific emitters to varied precision and classification. Transition planning and design will be
completed for target programs of interest identified as potential Phase III partners.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The technology developed for this effort shall be demonstrated on
weapons systems or appropriate surrogate systems using sensor hardware capable of making the required inter-agent
measurements or partner with a company that has an existing solution toward transitioning the technology to
appropriate cooperative munition program(s). Dynamic bandwidth management during emergency and crisis
management is a frequent problem for disaster and humanitarian relief efforts. Similar in scenarios such as forest
fire suppression communication resources are scarce and there is a need to manage the network to support mission
critical information flow.
REFERENCES:
1. S. Kay, “Embedded exponential families: new approaches to model order estimation,” IEEE Trans. Aerosp.
Electron. Syst., vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 333-345, Jan. 2005.
2. S. Kay, Q. Ding, Q., and M. Rangaswamy, “Sensor integration by joint PDF construction using the exponential
family,” IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 580-593, Jan. 2013.
3. S. Kay, Q. Ding, B. Tang, and H. He, “Probability density function estimation using the EEF with application to
subset/feature selection,” IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 641-651, Feb. 2016.
KEYWORDS: SIGINT, EW, Compressive Sensing, Sparse Reconstruction
TPOC-1: Dan Stevens

Phone: 315-330-2416
Email: daniel.stevens.7@us.af.mil
AF191-062 TITLE: Distributed Deep Learning and Sensing
OBJECTIVE: Develop advanced distributed sensing techniques employing deep learning networks that span
disparate sensors (e.g. radar, EO/IR, and SIGINT) and widely separated platforms to improve detection of
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unanticipated events and targets.
DESCRIPTION: Deep learning techniques have enjoyed an impressive string of recent successes in areas including
speech recognition and credit card fraud detection. Similarly, upstream multiple-platform, multi-INT processing
techniques that exploit raw sensor data to provide advanced sensing and sensor fusion techniques have demonstrated
successes in the past several years including recent DoD-sponsor R&D efforts [1]. This effort will apply deep
learning techniques [2] to multi-INT sensor data to achieve the same or better fusion performance than that achieved
by previous techniques, such as the standard practice of fusing data at the output of a number of “stove-piped”
sensor processing chains [3]. Correlations in the raw data can be exploited using deep learning techniques to provide
a number of key benefits to the Air Force including 1) detection of unanticipated events and targets, 2) better
detection of targets employing deception and denial tactics, and 3) reduced human operator workload. The first two
benefits directly target the gains achievable when the correlations between different sensors are exploited. The
automation of these techniques provides the benefits of less human interaction and workload. The techniques
developed will be applied to a distributed sensing network to provide real-time, on-the-fly, learning and subsequent
generation of fused intelligence data products that can adapt to changing operating environments and adversary
tactics. Employing deep learning techniques across widely separated platforms and sensor types with limited inter-
platform communication bandwidth is a key focus of this research. This includes on-board data preprocessing and
compression techniques that will minimize the bandwidth requirements.
PHASE I: During Phase I the baseline sensing CONOPS including sensor types (EO/IR, radar, SIGINT, etc.),
platform (airborne, ground based, etc.) and target geometries will be selected. Novel deep learning architectures
targeted to the distributed sensing network will be developed and tested via analysis and simulations. Performance
gains over traditional post-detection data fusion techniques will be demonstrated in the areas of target and activity
detection, especially against novel and concealed targets and unanticipated activities. These performance gains will
be quantified versus system parameters such as inter-platform communications bandwidth, sensor resolution, and
target type. Feasibility of the approach will be established by comparing performance with sensing networks
employing traditional signal processing techniques.
PHASE II: Develop an engineering software toolbox that implements the techniques identified in the Phase I effort.
The performance gains of these techniques over traditional sensor fusion techniques will be quantified using
contractor provided high-fidelity simulations as well as off-line processing of experimental data as appropriate. The
contractor will work with the Government to identify applicable data sets for testing. Develop a test plan for Phase
III real-time experiments and algorithm implementation.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The technology has wide applicability within the DoD and Intelligence
Communities. The sensing technology also has applications in law enforcement as well as environmental sensing
and discovery.
REFERENCES:
1. R. Niu, et al., “Joint sparsity based heterogeneous data-level fusion for target detection and estimation,” Proc.
SPIE 10196, Sensors and Systems for Space Applications X, 5 May 2017.
2. J. Ngiam, et al., "Multimodal deep learning", Proc. 28th Int. Conf. Mach. Learn., pp. 689-696, 2011.
3. B. Khaleghi, et al., "Multisensor data fusion: A review of the state-of-the-art", Inf. Fusion, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 28-
44, 2013.
KEYWORDS: Multi-INT, Deep Learning, Autonomous Systems, Cognitive Systems, Sensors, Electronics,
Modeling and Simulation
TPOC-1: Dan Stevens

Phone: 315-330-2416
Email: daniel.stevens.7@us.af.mil
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AF191-063 TITLE: Information Flow Control for Microkernels
OBJECTIVE: Develop a formally verifiable operating system microkernel that can enforce information flow control
policies over user space processes.
DESCRIPTION: Certifying software for use, such as through DO-178C, is expensive and time consuming. One way
to tackle this problem is to rely on microkernels, which are simpler to understand, analyze, and certify. They also
provide separation guarantees for unprivileged user space programs, so the unprivileged programs can be analyzed
separately and independently. Recent advances in microkernel design has not only led to high performance designs
such as the L4 microkernel, but also designs that are amenable for formal verification. seL4 is the world’s first
formally verified microkernel – it has been proven to be free from common bugs and vulnerabilities [1, 2]. It
achieved this by adapting the design goals of the original L4 microkernel [3] to achieve efficient performance, and
introducing a capability system for security. In seL4, the verification/certification artifacts are provided as explicitly
described assumptions and mathematical proofs that cover all possible executions and states rather than simply the
states covered through testing. As another example, CertiKOS adopts a compositional approach for building
certified concurrent OS kernels. The researchers have successfully developed a practical concurrent OS kernel and
verified its functional correctness using the formal proof management tool Coq (https://coq.inria.fr/). These
examples demonstrate that formally verified microkernels are feasible and provide a strong foundation for security
solutions in embedded systems and other military and commercial devices.
One key issue is how to leverage the verified microkernel to construct a general purpose platform for developing
secure computer systems that comprehensively extend security guarantees down to user space programs without
sacrificing kernel performance. For example, the seL4 microkernel uses a capability system to control access to
kernel objects. However, these artifacts and access controls do not extend to user-space objects, processes, and
applications. Unverified user-space programs will also create their own objects with their own security
requirements. A common security requirement is to prevent unauthorized leakage and/or modification of resources
via information flow control, both within programs and across systems. Without careful development practice and
complete security mediation, it is possible for such user-space programs to leak sensitive data or improperly enforce
access control, which undermines the security properties of the holistic system.
While systems that enforce information flow control were developed using verified kernels in the past [4, 5], they
often had to trust vast amounts of unverified software. This leads to excessive implicit trust (i.e., a large trusted
computing base) and weakens the security guarantees. Information flow control methods were also applied to
compilers to validate information flow control in programs [6], but such methods were found to be difficult to apply
to legacy programs and only apply to type-safe programming languages not typically employed in embedded
systems software.
This topic seeks innovative technologies that provide efficient information control flow solutions to increase the
foundational basis of trust for a microkernel-based system. A highly competitive solution should include techniques
to reduce the trusted computing base (e.g., number of lines of code that must be assumed trustworthy and correct)
and enable validation of information flow control for system software. The anticipated capabilities should consider
the end-to-end workflow, at both the kernel and user levels, and how such new capabilities can be integrated with
current microkernels as well as transitioned into the microkernel ecosystem for wider usage in the community.
PHASE I: Investigate the design space for information flow based security for microkernels. Define metrics for
measuring trusted computing base reductions as well as formal verification difficulty. Develop an information flow
based security model that can be used to describe how critical information flows between user space programs as
well as through the microkernel. Develop initial formal arguments and/or validation case on how the new
information flow model can be integrated into existing or upcoming formally verified microkernels without
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violating their verified integrity. Prepare for Phase II implementation.
PHASE II: Fully develop the technology and demonstrate the security gains and performance degradation using the
metrics defined during Phase I. Demonstrate the capability using an exemplar user space application such as secure
messaging where the secret key material must be tightly controlled. Provide formal arguments on how information
flow control for the secret key material (as an example) remains protected.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Create the verification artifacts and demonstrate the information flow
control capabilities against representative malicious processes in a relevant environment with realistic concept of
operations.
REFERENCES:
1. G. Klein, K. Elphinstone, G. Heiser, J. Andronick, D. Cock, P. Derrin, D. Elkaduwe, K. Engelhardt, R. Kolanski,
M. Norrish, T. Sewell, H. Tuch, and S.Winwood. sel4: Formal verification of an os kernel. In Proceedings of ACM
Symposium on Operating Syste
2. R. Gu, Z. Shao, H. Chen, X. Wu, J. Kim, V. Sjöberg, and D. Costanzo. CertiKOS: An Extensible Architecture for
Building Certified Concurrent OS Kernels In Proc. 2016 USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and
Implementation (OSDI'16), GA, pages 65
3. K. Elphinstone and G. Heiser. From L3 to seL4: What have we learnt in 20 years of L4 microkernels? In
Proceedings of the 24th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, pages 133–150, 2013.
4. S. A. Ames, M. Gasser, and R. R. Schell. Security Kernel Design and Implementation: An Introduction. IEEE
Computer, 16(7):14–22, 1983.
KEYWORDS: information flow control, microkernels, operating systems, formal verification.
TPOC-1: Dr. Lok Yan

Phone: 315-330-2756
Email: lok.yan@us.af.mil
AF191-064 TITLE: Formal Methods for Automated Unit Testing
OBJECTIVE: Investigate the ability to replace unit testing with formal methods based testing. Develop an
Integrated Development Environment (IDE) where developers can specify unit tests as formal requirements, the
requirements are automatically verified and/or tested, and the results presented back to the developer.
DESCRIPTION: Recent advances in formal methods have demonstrated that they scale to the size of microkernels
[1, 2], however the formal proof systems still require significant training and expertise to operate. The toolsets are
not yet ready for wide adoption by the vast majority of software developers with little to no formal background.
However, the situation is expected to improve as research continues. This is especially true for research in
satisfiability based formal verification where open source Z3 [3] Theorem Prover (https://github.com/Z3Prover/z3)
has just recently received IEEE 754 floating point support.
This topic seeks innovative technologies that can integrate the current breed of formal methods tools to
automatically perform software testing for software developers. In an effort to focus innovation on ensuring that the
final Phase III tool will be useful for normal everyday developers rather than more advanced formal methods tools,
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this topic includes three main focus areas.
First, the resulting solution must be capable of automatically translating source code blocks (e.g., C) into a formal
specification (e.g., an SMT formula) so that the everyday developer does not need to understand the formal
specification language.
Second, the solution should allow the developer to write formal specifications (such as those for unit tests) in a
natural way.
Third, the solution should automatically verify whether the code block satisfies the specification or whether the
specification holds true. Results are presented back to the everyday developer in a familiar way. For example, this
process can be seen as being similar to compilation.
PHASE I: Discuss the design space and trade-off decisions. Identify the target source language as well as formal
specification language. Develop an IDE mockup and develop a proof of concept IDE. The proof of concept should
focus on the second focus area and demonstrate that unit tests can be written in a natural way and then automatically
converted into the chosen formal specification language. Demonstrate that the automatically converted specification
can be integrated with and verified using a sample source code block that was hand-translated into the specification
language. In other words, the first and third focus areas can be completed manually.
PHASE II: Fully develop the technology and demonstrate the ability to perform automated unit testing using formal
methods based approaches. This will include fully automating the first and third focus areas as well as improving the
sophistication of the automatic specification translation tool. Integrate the new automated testing capability with
Continuous Integration/Continuous Testing frameworks.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Integrate with interested USAF developers.
DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The resulting toolsets are suitable for use by everyday developers in both
government and commercial industry.
REFERENCES:
1. G. Klein, K. Elphinstone, G. Heiser, J. Andronick, D. Cock, P. Derrin, D. Elkaduwe, K. Engelhardt, R. Kolanski,
M. Norrish, T. Sewell, H. Tuch, and S.Winwood. sel4: Formal verification of an os kernel. In Proceedings of ACM
Symposium on Operating Syste
2. R. Gu, Z. Shao, H. Chen, X. Wu, J. Kim, V. Sjöberg, and D. Costanzo. CertiKOS: An Extensible Architecture for
Building Certified Concurrent OS Kernels In Proc. 2016 USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and
Implementation (OSDI'16), GA, pages 65
3. L. De Moura and N. Bjørner. Z3: An efficient SMT solver. In International conference on Tools and Algorithms
for the Construction and Analysis of Systems. Springer, 337–340, 2008.
KEYWORDS: formal verification, software development, software testing, automated testing
TPOC-1: Dr. Lok Yan

Phone: 315-330-2756
Email: lok.yan@us.af.mil
AF191-065 TITLE: Network Sensing and Analytics for Low Bandwidth Cyber Protection Team (CPT)
Deployment Scenarios
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OBJECTIVE: Develop novel network sensing and analytics systems for low bandwidth cyber protection team (CPT)
DESCRIPTION: The modern military utilizes a fragile communications infrastructure. Much of this infrastructure
relies on the Internet as the medium through which various military entities communicate. The security and defense
of these systems is the responsibility of Cyber Protection Teams, part of USCYBERCOM [1]. Cyber protection
teams are charged with “hunt[ing] for adversaries”[2] in these networks. These teams currently deploy with several
kits of hardware to enable their mission. This poses logistical and technical challenges with respect to deployment,
data collection, data aggregation, and data retention (during and after the mission). Deployment to low bandwidth
locations further exacerbates this issue. Currently, Cyber Protection Teams are considered “high-demand/low-
density” assets, so the ability to rapidly deploy and conduct missions is critical [3]. There is currently research being
done to increase the efficacy of CPTs in their mission but these efforts require increasing computational power,
storage, and network bandwidth.
This project focuses on designing network sensing and analytics systems, that do not increase - and possibly
decreases - the amount of computational power, storage, and network bandwidth required. Research and
development activities are expected to be primarily in software based sensing and analysis components that are
specially tailored for low size, weight, and power (SwaP) in low bandwidth and high latency environments. Strong
technical approaches may consider distributing processing that places high processing requirement techniques at a
fixed site that communicate with deployed systems. Additionally, multiple sensor and analysis systems may support
a single mission.
Our ideal design will enable CPTs to quickly and fully identify an adversary’s presence within a network and to take
actions to deny, disrupt, degrade, and deceive adversaries once they are detected. It should not rely on external
network connectivity or external databases during CPT missions as bandwidth may be limited. Systems that provide
a clear mechanism for continuous post-mortem analysis and the ability to consider historical CPT mission data are
preferred. The system will be assessed using the following parameters: size, weight, storage requirements,
computational power, energy use, maintenance of system, upgradability of system, open architectures, false positive
rate, and cost. While all factors are important, size and weight is the most critical factor, followed by all others. A
combination of these criteria will be used to evaluate the ability of the proposed system to accommodate the CPT’s
needs. More specific descriptions of the criteria are provided below:
● The size and weight of the system should enable an individual CPT member to carry it on international
commercial air travel, and it must conform to network industry standards.
● The storage requirements refer to the amount of data the system requires and also the amount of data the system
generates for post-deployment forensics (i.e. a function of the length of time the system can gather information
before overflowing). A two week mission on a 200 node network should be considered for planning purposes.
● The computational power is a measure of the processing power with respect to network infrastructure metrics (i.e.
NetFlow processed, Layer 7 protocols processed, etc.).
● The energy use is the measure of the power consumed through various IDS utilization scenarios.
● As the system will be transported from deployment to deployment, it needs to have clearly defined maintenance
specifications including repair scenarios.
● The upgradability of the system refers to the ability of a CPT member to upgrade both hardware components and
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software components between deployments and during deployments. For upgrades during deployments there is a
preference for minimizing network utilization and system downtime.
● An open architecture refers to the ability for external developers, both government and private sector, to develop
tools, analytics suites, and other technologies that will integrate with this system.
PHASE I: Deliver a clearly defined approach to the problem; at a minimum including architecture design and basic
implementation details. The approach should explore the complexities of deploying a network sensing and analysis
system, how CPTs operate, and how the approach will minimize the challenges faced by CPTs. The approach
should communicate how this solution differs from others and why this approach is preferable. A comparison of
existing commercial options and a clear description of how your solution is novel are expected. The Phase I will
include the initial design specifications and capabilities description to build a prototype solution in Phase II. Develop
a Phase II plan.
PHASE II: Based on the results of Phase I and the Phase II Statement of Work (SOW), develop and deliver a
prototype system and validate it with respect to the objective stated above. Provide the prototype to the
Government for testing upon completion of Phase II.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Produce a final product technology that is mature and usable in the
context of its proposed application. The technology must meet critical CPT needs by supporting the cybersecurity
effort throughout the entire acquisition process. Testing in this phase would include hands-on and hands-off
deployment of the system with a CPT in a low-bandwidth network contested environment.
REFERENCES:
1. https://www.c4isrnet.com/show-reporter/ausa/2017/10/12/a-peek-inside-army-cyber-protection-teams/
2.http://www.secnav.navy.mil/innovation/Documents/2017/10/CyberStrategicFramework.pdf
KEYWORDS: Network sensors, software-based sensing, software-based analysis, computational power, post-
mortem analysis
TPOC-1: Anthony Macera

Phone: 315-330-4480
Email: anthony.macara.1@us.af.mil
AF191-066 TITLE: Rotary Platform Windscreen Transparency for Bird Strike Protection
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OBJECTIVE: Develop transparent material to strengthen rotary platform windscreen so it can meet MIL-HDBK-
516C specifications.
DESCRIPTION: Todays windscreens on H-60 rotary platforms cannot meet the MIL-HDBK-516C, Section 9:
Transparency System Requirements for bird strike protection. There is one catastrophic bird strike related to
inadequate transparencies on an H-60; however, there were multiple birds in excess of four pounds involved. There
has been another H-60 transparency penetration by a much smaller bird that was not catastrophic. Helicopters have
an increased risk for bird strike since they primarily operate within the same altitudes where birds fly and most
landing and takeoff zones are in remote areas where it is improbable to account for the bird population. As the large
bird (4 plus pounds?) populations in the U.S. continues to increase, the probability of additional bird strikes
increases and pose a serious risk to pilots and crew. Improved protection of aircraft windscreens from bird strikes
would enhance the survivability of rotary platforms.
Reducing weight is critical on rotary systems so a transparency material with the required strength that does not
increase the thickness/weight and maintains visual acuity is needed. The transparency shall provide strength to meet
the Airworthiness standards in in MIL-HDBK-516C, Section 9. The transparency should meet the guidance
described in JSSG-2010-14. The transparent windscreen panels shall be shatterproof and withstand air loads
imposed in all flight regimes. The windscreen(s) shall provide and maintain 100 percent Defrosting, Deicing, and
Defogging. The transparency shall allow for cleaning and clearing of pilot and copilot windscreen exterior(s) and
shall provide adequate. Transparencies shall not interfere with any occupant’s unaided- or aided-vision.
In addition, the windscreen shall perform in all climatic and environmental conditions as specified: adverse
weather conditions, moderate icing (defined as the rate of ice accumulation is such that even short encounters
become potentially hazardous and use of deicing/anti-icing equipment or flight diversion is necessary), moderate
turbulence (defined as turbulence that momentarily causes erratic changes in altitude and/or attitude (pitch, roll,
yaw), but the aircraft remains in positive control at all times; usually causes variations in indicated airspeed), and
wind speeds of 45 knots from any direction relative to the aircraft’s centerline. The windscreen shall be protected
from the detrimental effects of sand and dust particles from 74 μm to 500 μm in diameter at concentrations of
approximately 2.19 grams per cubic meter in multidirectional winds of 65 knots at climatic conditions approximate
to sea level PA, 24 degrees C (75 degrees F), and 30 percent relative humidity IAW MIL-STD-810G, Part 3,
Paragraph 5.7.b. The windscreen shall be protected from the detrimental effects of ice accretion of 0.5 inches with a
specific gravity of 0.9 and operable in moderate icing (see 6.3) conditions IAW MIL-STD-810G Part 3, Paragraph
5.4.1.
PHASE I: Characterize current helicopter windscreen capabilities and limitations. Perform research into structural
design, materials and processes that can be used on rotary platform windscreen transparencies for bird strike
protection. Select and evaluate protective materials and/or coatings. Conduct artificial or real bird testing up to 4 lbs.
on selected materials. Develop processes to apply the material/coating. Material/coating selection should be based
on the requirements identified in the Description. Evaluate materials/coatings to determine specific improvement in
bird strike protection resulting from protective material/coating application.
PHASE II: Further evaluate the best protective materials/coatings from Phase I assessment to determine
manufacturing processes and to develop data on actual transparencies and windscreens. Scale up the
application/manufacturing processes to meet current requirements for fabrication of helicopter windscreens. The
processes of application of a coating or film should be capable of covering the entire outer surface and be
compatible with current manufacturing methods. Compare the data to what was characterized during Phase I to
determine improvements in performance. Make an assessment of the impact of this protective coating/material on
the overall operation of the transparency system. Conduct bird-strike testing on up to 10 panels to quantify
improvements.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Scale up the protective material and application process to meet
production requirements for helicopter transparencies. Investigate and develop secondary applications of the
material in protecting windows and transparencies for commercial aircraft, automobiles and other vehicles.
REFERENCES:
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1. Leonhard, T., Cleary, T., Moore, M., Seyler, S., et al., “Novel Lightweight Laminate Concept with Ultrathin
Chemically Strengthened Glass for Automotive Windshields,” SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars – Mech. Syst. 8(1):2015,
doi:10.4271/2015-01-1376.
2. Rosales-Sosa, G. A., Masuno, A., Higo, Y., Inoue, H., et al., "High Elastic Moduli of a 54AI2O3 – 46Ta2O5
Glass Fabricated via Containerless Processing,” Scientific Reports. 5: 15233, doi: 10.1038/srep15233.
3. Researchers finding applications for tough spinel ceramic" https://phys.org/news/2015-04-applications-tough-

spinel-ceramic.html.
4. Ramisetty, M., Sastri, S., Kashalikar, U., Goldman, L.M., Nag, N., “Transparent Polycrystalline Cubic Spinels
Protect and Defend,” American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2.
KEYWORDS: Transparency, windscreen, bird strike, rotary platforms, helicopters, survivability
TPOC-1: Michael G. Gran

Phone: 937-656-8823
Email: michael.gran@us.af.mil
AF191-067 TITLE: Reliable, Rapid and Cost Effective Fabrication Techniques for Larger Scale Scramjet
Engines
OBJECTIVE: Develop a reliable, rapid, low risk, cost-effective method, technique or approach (additive
manufacturing / welding / machining, etc.) for fabrication of large-scale, liquid-cooled structures applicable to high-
speed air-breathing propulsion systems.
DESCRIPTION: The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) has been engaged in fundamental and advanced
research and development of hypersonic technologies for hydrocarbon supersonic combustion ramjet (scramjet)
engines. AFRL has continued to develop the technologies for larger scale engines for missile and platform vehicles.
These larger-scale engines are expected to have intricate designs with intrusive devices that allow fueling of the
entire large diameter combustor. Civilian application of these devices include high temperature heat exchangers and
other liquid cooled structures.
Thus far, the fabrication of such engines has proven to be slow, prohibitively expensive, not repeatable, and
unreliable with a high risk of part rejection, especially structures with relatively small passages for cooling and
fueling. The government seeks suitable techniques of fabrication that would ensure the elimination of clogging of
passages during fabrication and reduce the unacceptable high part rejection rate. Reducing the weight of the heat
exchanger and the time to manufacture are also factors to be considered. Smooth fluid passages are highly desirable
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to keep the heat transfer coefficient high and the fluid pressure drop low. Keeping the cost of fabrication low is
always desired.
In order to successfully perform the work described in this topic area, offerors may request to utilize unique facilities
/ equipment in the possession of the US Government located at Wright Patterson Air Force Base during the Phase-I
and II efforts. Accordingly, the following items of Base Support may be provided: facilities in research cells 18, 19,
or 22. Hardware set-up and actual testing will be performed by government personnel. Offeror may attend on site
simply for supervision and support.
PHASE I: Fabricate coupons of various materials and welds and a 5”x15” water-cooled panel with passages
appropriately sized to handle temperatures (~3500F) and pressures (100psia) encountered in scramjet engine
combustors and heat exchangers. Panel design will be coordinated and approved by AFRL. The panel will be
submitted to AFRL for evaluation by testing in hypersonic test facilities located at Wright Patterson Air Force Base.
Offeror will perform post-test analysis and report results.
PHASE II: Improve, optimize and demonstrate the technique by fabricating a water-cooled 1X scale round scramjet
combustor, to include the injection powerhead section with either struts or center body. Combustor design
features/drawings to be coordinated and approved by the government. The fabrication technique will be validated by
subjecting the hardware to testing in a relevant environment of temperature and pressure, i.e., at AFRL/RQH test
facilities. Testing to be performed by the government. The hardware should also have the capability to be tested in
contractor/university facilities. Offeror to perform post-test analysis and report all findings and results.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Implement technique for fabricating leak tight complicated designs for
large structures subjected to extreme temperatures/pressures. Improved design and manufacturing of hypersonic
structures is of high interest to the government. No known repeatable, quick, low cost and reliable manufacturing
technique is currently available.
REFERENCES:
1. Edward T. Curran, "Scramjet Engines: The First Forty Years", Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 17, No. 6
(2001), pp. 1138-1148.
2. J. Philip Drummond, Marc Bouchez and Charles R. McClinton, "Overview of NATO Background on Scramjet
Technology", Chapter 1, (2006).
KEYWORDS: hypersonic structures, high temperature materials, hydrocarbon scramjet manufacturing, fuel & water
cooled passages, joining of dissimilar materials, additive manufacturing, welding techniques
TPOC-1: Dr. Charbel Raffoul

Phone: 937-255-7317
Email: charbel.raffoul@us.af.mil
AF191-068 TITLE: Detailed and Reduced Chemical Kinetic Model Development for Rocket
Hydrocarbon Combustion
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OBJECTIVE: Develop an approach to construct simplified, validated chemical kinetic reaction models for liquid
hydrocarbon rocket fuels in realistic combustion regimes.
DESCRIPTION: The cost of liquid rocket engine (LRE) component and system testing necessitates extensive
application of physics-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models in order to reduce development expense
and time and to improve design space. Currently, both pre-test and post-test predictions of combustion system
performance have become an industry standard in an effort to simultaneously screen potential design concepts and
validate and/or improve the design tools. Improved numerical modeling of combustion processes in oxygen/liquid
hydrocarbon (LOX/LHC) LRE requires an accurate representation of combustion chemistry. The quality of
predictions of combustion characteristics such as pressure rise, ignition delay time, flame speed, flame blowout,
emissions, and combustion efficiency in LOX/LHC LRE is dependent on the kinetic mechanism used to model
hydrocarbon rocket fuels such as RP-1, RP-2, and CH4/LNG. The wide variation in operating conditions
encountered in practical combustion devices (temperature, equivalence ratio) exacerbates the challenge.
The direct use of detailed kinetic mechanisms containing large numbers of species and reactions in CFD simulations
of multi-dimensional fluid flow problems is computationally cost-prohibitive, particularly when combining these
mechanisms with accurate closures for other processes, notably turbulence-chemistry interaction. For this reason,
reduced or simplified reaction models that provide an overall description of the combustion process are often
employed. The ability of simplified mechanisms to capture practical combustion phenomena in Air Force propulsion
devices depends not only on the suitability and verified accuracy of the initial detailed mechanism but also on the
simplification method, intended application and/or target combustion characteristics, and criteria used to assess the
accuracy of the reduced mechanism. As an alternative to direct application, tabulated chemistry has also experienced
widespread use in the simulation of premixed, diffusion, and multi-regime applications.
Regardless of the method used to include chemical reactivity in high-fidelity simulations, a key issue rests with the
intended domain of applicability. The complexity necessary to describe phenomena such as pressure rise, (auto-)
ignition, ignition delay, combustion dynamics, and emissions (pertinent to plume signature issues) varies
significantly. Local temperature and equivalence ratio and conditions expected or encountered in the target
environment should be considered during mechanism reduction. The number of chemical species and reactions
should minimize computational time while capturing relevant chemical pathways in the combustor environment.
Finally, identifying and acquiring reliable chemical kinetic data that underpin detailed mechanisms is necessary
since these mechanisms serve as a starting point for the development of simplified reaction schemes and tabulated
chemistry alike.
The primary objective of this SBIR is, therefore, to develop a methodology by which to systematically construct
simplified reaction mechanisms (practical limits are 8-15 chemical species and 10-20 reactions) and/or tabulated
chemistry for hydrocarbon fuels of interest to the Air Force, and to implement this approach in a way that
accommodates user selectivity in combustion conditions (temperature, equivalence ratio, pressure), intended
regimes (premixed or diffusion flames), and target phenomena (pressure rise, flame speed, etc.).
PHASE I: Develop the framework for a versatile approach that delivers simplified chemical kinetic mechanisms
and/or tabulated chemistry for hydrocarbon fuels of interest to Air Force rocket propulsion systems. Utilizing
existing experimental data along with detailed and reduced chemical kinetic mechanisms, quantify the uncertainty
associated with detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms over against simplifications and assumptions used in
reduction method(s). Assess the validity of mechanism reduction and/or tabulated chemistry, as appropriate, for
predicting combustion phenomena in turbulent, non-premixed flow fields that occur in LOX/LHC LRE. Select
candidate detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms and identify approaches for obtaining necessary chemical kinetic
and/or combustion and flame validation experiments for Phase II.
PHASE II: Phase II focus will depend on Phase I progress, but the following general activities are expected.
Continue the development and/or refinement of the Phase I detailed and reduced reaction mechanisms. Conduct
subscale tests to obtain combustion and/or kinetic data for mechanism validation. Complete development of a
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suitably versatile tool for obtaining reduced reaction model(s) or tabulated chemistry; verify performance and
accuracy of this methodology by benchmarking it against both the detailed model and data for combustion processes
relevant to propulsion systems.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Dual Use Applications:

Military Application: A versatile tool for deriving simplified combustion models that has been validated in relevant
combustion environments will improve M&S capabilities for a wide range of Air Force programs and platforms,
including liquid rocket engines, scramjet engines, and gas turbine combustors.
Commercial Application: The experience gained and the approaches developed under this effort are expected to
greatly enhance combustion simulation fidelity for ground based power generation turbines and industrial furnaces
and boilers using kerosene and diesel-based fuels to better model the combustion process, efficiency, and pollutant
emissions.
REFERENCES:
1. Fiorina, B., Veynante, D., and Candel, S., “Modeling Combustion Chemistry in Large Eddy Simulation of
Turbulent Flames,” Flow, Turbulence, and Combustion, Vol. 94 (1), pp. 3 – 42, 2015.
2. Lacaze, G., and Oefelein, J., “A Non-premixed Combustion Model based on Flame Structure Analysis at
Supercritical Pressures,” Combustion and Flame, Vol. 159, pp. 2087 – 2103, 2012.
3. You, X., Egolfopoulos, F., and Wang, H., “Detailed and Simplified Kinetic Models of n-Dodecane Oxidation:
The Role of Fuel Cracking in Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Combustion,” Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol.
32, pp. 403 – 410, 2009.
4. Wang, T.-S., “Thermophysics Characterization of Kerosene Combustion,” AIAA Journal of Thermophysics and
Heat Transfer, Vol. 15 (2), pp. 140 – 147, 2001.
KEYWORDS: Liquid Rocket Engines, Chemical Kinetics, Reduced Mechanisms, Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels,
Computational Fluid Dynamics, Modeling & Simulation
TPOC-1: Matthew Billingsley

Phone: 661-275-5885
Email: matthew.billingsley.1@us.af.mil
AF191-069 TITLE: Diaphragm Material Optimization for Monopropulsion Systems for Spacecraft
OBJECTIVE: Develop and optimize an elastomeric diaphragm or diaphragm for a propellant expulsion device for
use in positive expulsion flight propulsion tanks which is compatible with USAF developed monopropellants
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DESCRIPTION: Elastomeric diaphragm materials are being sought for long term exposure to advanced USAF
developed high performance hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN)-based monopropellants. State-of-the-art propellant
expulsion systems for hydrazine (N2H4) incorporating elastomeric diaphragm materials for propellant expulsion
within flight vehicle propellant tanks have been optimized for hydrazine. USAF developed HAN based
monopropellants can be corrosive over long-term exposure, thus introducing contaminants into the propellant and
deteriorating performance. The state of the art materials used for N2H4 include AFE-E332 and SIFA-35 elastomeric
materials. Repeatable, reliable propellant delivery, and sloshing under a variety of conditions from launch, high-g,
zero-g and orbital temperature environments are to be considered. Typical feed pressures to be considered range
from 1.3 to 13.8 MPa (200 to 2,000 psi). Additionally, service lifetimes up to 20 years are desired.
Manufacturability and maintainability are to be considered, as these are the largest impacts to an overall system cost.
Novel exploitation is sought of elastomeric material composition and manufacturing methods to reduce to common
practice a long term compatible material for storage and expulsion of USAF developed high performance HAN
based monopropellants in rocket propulsion systems
PHASE I: Demonstrate a feasibility concept that can potentially be scaled to flight weight applications in
atmospheric static ground exposure and expulsion tests. The effort should clearly address and estimate propulsion
system inert weight impact as well as overall flight system impacts.
PHASE II: Demonstrate proof of concept with flight scaled components in flight condition environment. Propulsion
system inert weight and flight system impacts shall be optimized from those estimated in Phase I.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The Offeror shall develop viable
demonstration cases in collaboration with the government or the private sector. Follow-on activities are to be sought
aggressively throughout all mission applications within DoD, NASA, and commercial space platforms by Offeror.
REFERENCES:
1. Hawkins, T.W., Brand, A.J., McKay, M.B., and Ismail, I.M.K., “Characterization of Reduced Toxicity, High
Performance Monopropellants at the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory”, Fourth International Conference on
Green Propellants for Space Propulsion,
2. Jankovsky, R.S., “HAN-Based Monopropellant Assessment for Spacecraft”, AIAA 96-2863, pp 1-7, 32nd
AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, July 1-3, 1996.
3. Ballinger, I.A., Lay, W.D., and Tam, W.H., “Review and History of PSI Elastomeric Diaphragm Tanks”, AIAA
95-2534, 31st AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, San Diego, CA, July 10-12, 1995
4. Reed, B.D. “On-Board Chemical Propulsion Technology”, NASA/TM-2004-212698, 10th International

Workshop on Combustion and Propulsion sponsored by the Solid Propulsion Laboratory of Politecnico di Milano
La Spezia, Italy, September 21-25, 2003.
KEYWORDS: positive expulsion, diaphragm, surface tension, decomposition, injection, pressurization,

monopropellant
TPOC-1: Adam Brand

Phone: 661-275-5787
Email: adam.brand@us.af.mil
AF191-070 TITLE: Thermal Management for High Power SmallSats
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OBJECTIVE: Develop thermal management technologies to enable high power (up to 1000 Watt) SmallSat
missions, while minimizing size, weight, and power (SWaP).
DESCRIPTION: Changing political and economic environments have resulted in a market for high performance
SmallSats. Current thermal management technologies and architectures are optimized for large spacecraft, and are
not well suited to supporting the requirements of high performance SmallSats. The goal of this effort is to develop
and test a thermal management system capable of rejecting up to 1000 Watts from CubeSat to ESPA-class satellites.
The thermal management subsystem should consume as little size, weight, and power (SWaP) as possible. Thermal
control systems implementing thermal switching, energy storage, and/or other advanced concepts to accommodate
both low and high-duty cycle, high-power missions are desired. It is envisioned that such a thermal control system
could accommodate both a 1000 Watt peak power satellite communication mission (high-duty cycle) as well as a
1000 Watt peak power synthetic aperture radar (SAR) mission (low-duty cycle).
The proposed solution shall be compatible with all Earth orbits and the harsh space environment (vacuum, radiation,
free-fall, etc.). The thermal control system shall meet performance over an operating temperature range of 0°C to
80°C and must survive a temperature range of -60°C to 150°C. Passive (i.e. no input/control power) devices that can
be tested in any orientation on Earth are preferred, but not required.
Proposers are highly encouraged to team with systems integrators and payload providers to ensure applicability of
their efforts and to provide a clear transition path.
PHASE I: Develop conceptual design of the hardware based on preliminary analysis. Demonstrate by analysis
and/or test the feasibility of such concepts to meet all requirements.
PHASE II: Demonstrate the technology developed in Phase I. Tasks shall include, but are not limited to, a
demonstration of key technical parameters that can be accomplished and a detailed performance analysis of the
technology. The culmination of the Phase II effort shall include the hardware delivery of at least one prototype
thermal management solution.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Develop and produce at least one fully flight qualified high performance
SmallSat bus and thermal management subsystem using the technology demonstrated during Phase II. Flight
qualification testing includes vibration, thermal vacuum, and other relevant testing for the proposed technology.
REFERENCES:
1. Gilmore, D. G., Spacecraft Thermal Control Handbook Volume I: Fundamental Technologies, 2nd Ed, The
Aerospace Press, El Segundo, CA, 2002.
2. Kemble, K., “AFRL Small Satellite Portfolio,” Ground System Architectures Workshop, Los Angeles, CA, 2015
3. McNaul, E., “HaWK (High Watts per Kilogram Series of Solar Arrays,” Proceedings of AIAA/USU Small
Satellite Conference 2015, The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Utah State University, Aug.
2015.
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4. Hengeveld, D.W., Wilson, M.R., Moulton, J.A., Taft, B.S., Kwas, A.M., “Thermal Design Considerations for
Future High-Power Small Satellites,” 48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Albuquerque, New
Mexico, 2018.
KEYWORDS: Thermal Management, SmallSat, Thermal Control
TPOC-1: Brent Taft

Phone: 505-853-1509
Email: brenton.taft@us.af.mil
AF191-071 TITLE: Flexible Solar Arrays for Small Spacecraft Buses
OBJECTIVE: Develop mission-capable space solar arrays for small spacecraft in support of the AF space
architecture.
DESCRIPTION: Small spacecraft are anticipated to play a dominant role in the Space Warfighting Construct
(SWC). As the Air Force shifts towards proliferation of smaller assets that augment capability of traditional systems,
novel spacecraft bus technologies to provide enhanced capabilities on small scales are required. For this solicitation,
the focus is on development of advanced solar arrays that are suitable to provide 1-3 kW total power levels on small
spacecraft (~100-500 kg, NOT targeting CubeSats). This may be achieved through one or more wings (body
mounted panels are unlikely to be sufficient). These arrays should be “flexible,” in the sense that they are easily
scaled from smaller to larger sized arrays, dependent on specific mission need. This may entail the use of non-rigid
(i.e., physically flexible) panels, but it does not exclude use of rigid panels, assuming the proposed array can meet
the performance goals stated below. Additional consideration should be given as to how the proposed array will
integrate and stow with the spacecraft (standard rectangular bus shapes can be assumed). Options that allow for
tighter integration of multiple spacecraft within the rocket’s payload fairing are desirable. Minimum performance
goals are specific power of 200 W/kg and stowed volume of 30 kW/m3. Cost projections should be significantly
lower than standard rigid panel alternatives currently used today (~$1000/W). The solar array should be capable of
operation in LEO, MEO, or GEO orbits for up to 5 years, after storage on the ground for up to 5 years.
PHASE I: Perform preliminary analysis and conduct trade studies to validate concepts for the small- to mid-sized
satellite solar array. Key aspects must be demonstrated during Phase I, through modeling and prototype fabrication,
to warrant Phase II selection. Identify key technical challenges for Phase II.
PHASE II: Using the lessons learned from fabricating and testing of prototype in Phase I, design and fabricate a
second-generation prototype concept clearly traceable to spacecraft integration and able to be integrated for a flight
experiment.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Flight demonstration of the developed technology for an operational
system.
REFERENCES:
1. "Robust, Highly Scalable Solar Array System", William H. Francis, Bruce Davis, Mark Lake, 3rd AIAA
Spacecraft Structures Conference, 2016, 10.2514/6.2016-1951 (AIAA 2016-1951)
2. "Rapid Parametric Analysis and Design of Space-Based Solar Arrays," Cory Rupp, Laura Schweizer, David M.
Murphy, 3rd AIAA Spacecraft Structures Conference, 2016, 10.2514/6.2016-1702 (AIAA 2016-1702)
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3. "Telescoping Solar Array Concept for Achieving High Packaging Efficiency," Martin M. Mikulas, Richard S.
Pappa, Jay Warren, Geoff Rose, 2nd AIAA Spacecraft Structures Conference, 2015, 10.2514/6.2015-1398(AIAA
2015-1398)
KEYWORDS: space solar array, smallsat, space power, space warfighting construct
TPOC-1: Kyle Montgomery

Phone: 505-853-1941
Email: kyle.montgomery@us.af.mil
AF191-072 TITLE: Spacecraft Fault Detection Identification & Causation Using Machine Learning
OBJECTIVE: Developing the ability for a spacecraft to self-diagnose the root causes of anomalies, along with
potential mitigation. This algorithm will use data mining and machine learning based logic to build the response
library and reduce system degradation.
DESCRIPTION: Current satellites move quickly into “safe mode” when experiencing an on-board anomaly. During
the next few days, the operators on the ground try to find the root cause of the problem using the information that the
spacecraft managed to download before/during the event. This process takes time out of the satellites availability
violating mission criteria.
The Air Force is interested in investigating the use of data mining and machine learning to process telemetry &
anomaly messages on-board a satellite in real time, determine root causes of anomalies, and select appropriate
courses of action to mitigate system degradation without defaulting to a “safe mode” response that terminates
mission performance. Building off of the previous work [1-3], the algorithms would start with an a priori
knowledge base from spacecraft designers. Then use supervised learning (from operator input) during flight to
expand and enhance the ability to both identify problems as well as conjecture root causes, and recommend further
diagnostic or remediation actions. Additional operator input on the proposed courses of action would refine the
system, and once system behavior is suitably robust, control of the remediation can be given to the satellite. The
algorithms could also provide insight towards understanding what additional (but unavailable) telemetry and/or on-
board sensing that would have been advantageous help isolate the cause of the behavior, influencing future design
modifications. As the software matures the correct fault detection rate should on average be above 80%.
The final task, a part of phase III, in this research will focus on developing an integrated flight capability that will
run on a separate space flight ready processor. This separate processor will take in information from the on board
computer and will then inform the ground operators or the on board computer the correct response to mitigate the
anomaly seen.
PHASE I: A final report identifying the needed data set to support the data mining and machine learning process.
These data sets would be from a publically available database limited by the information that the system needs. This
report should also include a development and implementation plan for the new software.
PHASE II: Design and build a working software implementation based on the Phase I effort. This software should
take into account possible data and sensor limitations. The finished code should be able to be run in the current
hardware in the loop testbed located at AFRL/RV.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Reducing the processing needs of the software delivered in Phase II
allowing for it to be run on the appropriate on-board processor. The end goal of this effort would be to test this
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software on an integrated flight experiment.
REFERENCES:
1. Haith, G., Bowman, C., "Data Driven Performance Assessment and Process management for Space Situational
Awareness", AIAA InfoTech Aerospace Conference at Atlanta, GA., 2010
2. Bowman, C., Tschan, C., “Data-Driven & Goal-Driven Computational Intelligence for Autonomy and
Affordability”, AIAA InfoTech Aerospace Conference, Garden Grove, CA., June 2012
3. Bowman, C., “Abnormal Orbital Event Detection, Characterization, and Prediction”, InfoTech at Orlando, FL.,
Jan 5-9, 2015
KEYWORDS: Space, autonomy, machine learning, data mining, fault detection, satellite
TPOC-1: Michelle Simon

Phone: 505-846-5557
Email: michelle.simon.1@us.af.mil
AF191-073 TITLE: Optimal Network Reconstitution of Multi-Domain Assets in the Presence of Failures
OBJECTIVE: Develop autonomous robust and resilient algorithms that continuously maintain and adapt the
network structure in real-time to complete the mission in the presence of disruption, damage or disconnections due
to failure, and changes in the environment.
DESCRIPTION: Swarms of satellites have flown on various missions to conduct scientific surveys or carry out
specific missions. As small satellites become more popular due to their low weight and cost, and their potential to
perform complex missions, it is important to optimize performance based on individual capabilities of each asset and
makeup of the swarm.
Recognizing the advantages and flexibility of satellite constellations to enhance the current space infrastructure, a
number of commercial entities have launched (or plan to launch) large constellations (100s of satellites) in LEO to
provide imaging and communication services.
The Air Force is interested in developing and enabling an intelligence platform for effective teaming of multi-
domain systems, where interconnected agents, connected over an information exchange network, can coordinate to
accomplish system-level tasks and missions by cooperatively collecting, and disseminating information.
Specifically, this solicitation is interested in leveraging capabilities of heterogeneous systems to increase robustness
and resiliency in the naturally time-varying network of autonomous systems that need to adapt to a degraded status
caused by adverse external actions, and restructure itself to maintain/maximize mission capability. A working
system has to be able to performed in real-time based on the environment, mission objective, and unexpected
interactions with manmade or natural events.
As the affordability of rideshare launches increases and the space environment becomes increasingly contested,
constant network connectivity will be difficult to maintain throughout the lifetime of the mission. The research can
assume that there will be natural and manmade events that will disrupt the network connectivity periodically,
intermittently, and/or randomly. The network of connected systems can be assumed to be subjected to disturbance
obstacles. A damaged network can affect performance and the ability to accomplish the mission objectives, and the
subgroups of the network can be disconnected for a periodic or intermittent amount of time, however, the metrics
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and/or mission objectives or parts of it must still be optimized within reasonable constraints.
PHASE I: Develop the theoretical framework for multi-agent systems with the capability to adapt itself in the
presence of disconnection and/or network damage. Demonstrate the proof-of-principle through extensive modelling
analysis and simulated environment. Demonstrate applicability to networked spacecraft systems.
PHASE II: Based on the effort from Phase I, code of the autonomous algorithms and software with analysis tool is
integrated into flight-like hardware. Demonstrate the scalability of the algorithm. Demonstrate performance under
various constraints and demands. Determine the algorithm limitations, such as processing time and computational
power requirement. Perform a hardware ground-based demonstration of the feasibility of the algorithm.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Several commercial entities are already exploring using large
constellations in LEO orbit for communication and imaging services. The technology developed under this effort
will be the key to allow performance of more complex mission under the presence of uncertainty challenges in the
space domain.
REFERENCES:
1. Nacher, Jose C., and Tatsuya Akutsu. "Structurally robust control of complex networks." Physical Review E 91.1
(2015): 012826.
2. Pu, Cun-Lai, Wen-Jiang Pei, and Andrew Michaelson. "Robustness analysis of network controllability." Physica
A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 391.18 (2012): 4420-4425.
3. Wang, Xiao Fan, and Guanrong Chen. "Synchronization in scale-free dynamical networks: robustness and
fragility." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications 49.1 (2002): 54-62.
4. Liu, Yang-Yu, Jean-Jacques Slotine, and Albert-László Barabási. "Control centrality and hierarchical structure in
complex networks." Plos one 7.9 (2012): e44459.
KEYWORDS: swarm, multi-agent, robust network, consensus, autonomous, adaptive network, resilient network
TPOC-1: Chau Ton

Phone: 505-853-6954
Email: chau.ton@us.af.mil
AF191-074 TITLE: Cryogenic Radiation-Hard Read-out Integrated Circuit Electronics Process Design
Kit
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OBJECTIVE: Develop a process design kit (PDK) for radiation-hardened electronics that must be operated at
cryogenic temperatures down to 40 K, such as read-out integrated circuits (ROIC) for infrared detector arrays.
DESCRIPTION: Designers of silicon integrated circuits to operate in space at varying low temperatures do not have
a well validated PDK available with proven radiation-hard design rules. As a result, the circuits are susceptible to
heavy-ion induced single event effects (SEE, including upsets and latch-up) when exposed to radiation. To reduce
the time and cost to produce radiation hardened by design (RHBD) silicon integrated circuit elements for space
electronics, including infrared focal plane array (FPA) read-out integrated circuits (ROIC), a PDK needs to be
developed for silicon processes of interest to the Air Force and used by the FPA community. These wafer foundry
processes include, but are not limited to, the OnSemi and Jazz 180 nm, Jazz 130 nm bulk/SOI, and the Skywater 90
nm nodes. The radiation hardened-tailored PDK needs to be based on experimental radiation testing results on test
structures specifically designed using a parametric approach. The PDK will be made available to all domestic
developers in the space electronics community upon completion.
PHASE I: Design test chips with varying design parameter spacings for 1.8 V and 3.3 V devices to characterize total
ionizing dose and single event effects from 45 K to room temperature. Deliver test chip design and design of
experiments matrix specifying design rules to be obtained.
PHASE II: Fabricate test chips from Phase I in processes of interest and characterize total ionizing dose (TID)
effects through a TID of 300 kRad (Si) and heavy-ion induced single event effects (SEE) through a minimum LET
of 75 from 45 K to room temperature. Deliver the test chips to the Air Force and the compiled PDK results that can
be shared with all DoD contractors.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Apply PDK development methodology to other process fabrication
methods of interest for space electronics.
REFERENCES:
1. On-chip measurement of single-event transients in a 45 nm silicon-on-insulator technology, T.D. Loveless, et al.,
IEEE Trans. Nuclear Science 59(6), 2748 (2012).
2. Single-Event Transients in Readout Circuitries at Low Temperature Down to 50K, A. Al Youssef, et al., IEEE
Trans. Nuclear Science 65(1), 119 (2018).
3. On-Chip Relative Single-Event Transient/Single Event Upset Susceptibility Test Circuit for Integrated Circuits
Working in Real Time, P. Hao, et al., IEEE Trans. Nuclear Science 65(1), 376 (2018).
KEYWORDS: radiation hardened

cryogenic
electronics
TPOC-1: Dr. Elizabeth Steenbergen

Phone: 505-853-2680
Email: elizabeth.steenbergen.1@us.af.mil
AF191-075 TITLE: Advanced Manufacturing and Assembly Approaches for Reduced Cost Small
Satellite Constellations
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OBJECTIVE: Develop new methods of producing highly integrated subcomponents with integrated functionality
necessary to support thermal, RF, data, power, structural, etc. needs of a spacecraft bus and possible ways of
autonomous assembly to aid in the spacecraft assembly.
DESCRIPTION: AFRL is exploring new ways to assemble small spacecraft that may be part of larger constellations
in the range of 10s-100s of units. Industry is moving towards lower orbits, more replaceable systems and
constellations for better global coverage. Small satellites in LEO offer numerous advantages over GEO systems for
technology insertion and resilient architectures but the cost of a satellite can be prohibitive and need to trend toward
$1M/system. Advanced manufacturing approaches can bring these costs down significantly and reduce the non-
recurring rngineering and schedule associated with new builds requiring modification (i.e. a panel with new
power/data routing requirements). In achieving this, new methods are required for producing and assembling
components of the spacecraft in a lower cost fashion. Satellite panels for example offer multiple interfaces for
multiple functions. The structure carries load and provides thermal mass and basic shielding, heat pipes and
spreaders are used to increase conductivity, wire harnesses route data and power across one or many panels,
coating/tapes/blankets tailor the external emissivity properties, etc. As of now, even these multiple pieces require
specialized technicians multiple days to weeks to assemble and validate interfaces. What is needed is a new way to
produce satellites like modular building blocks where the base components have the necessary functionality already
integrated into them prior to assembly. Additive manufacturing may be one approach where a panel can be
monolithically constructed layer by layer with necessary materials integrated during the production process to
perform different functions. This has been demonstrated in limited capability by industry in mixing conductive
materials like inks or wires into polymer substrates. However, many of these technologies are limited in the
complexity they can print with respect to mixed material classes or pausing a build for inserts or even fluid filing of
cavities. Additionally, much work is still needed in developing appropriate interfaces (mechanical, electrical,
thermal, etc.). AFRL is seeking proposals that introduce new printing technologies, materials, and autonomous
robotic systems that can create such structures as described before or other relevant assemblies for spacecraft.
Similar interest exists for supporting technologies needed to enable rapid and robust assembly of these components
such that automated processes can inteligently assemble and ensure proper interface mates have been made for the
multiple functional elements. Processess of interest are limited to methods that support space appropriate materials.
Attention to detail here is encouraged as the industry has now moved well past ABS plastics into higher temperature
materials with better properties. Focus should be given to systems between 6U cubesats and ESPA class satellites.
Details should also be provided on system cost given a particular approach and assumptions used. Proposers are
encouraged to identify relevant systems, potentially through transitionable connections, as an example to identify
schedule and cost savings.
PHASE I: Coupon samples of porposed structures incorporating multiple functionalities including but not limited to:
structure, thermal management, data/power, radiation shielding, sensing, RF, mechanicals/electrical connections,
etc. that can be used for evaluation and environmental testing at AFRL. For assembly approaches, detailed analysis
of production process, rates, demonstration of autonomous functions and cost impact analysis.
PHASE II: 30cm x 30cm scale up, or larger, panel of phase I coupon with refinements to process documented in
report and consideration for transfering functional elements between parts and assesing interfaces. For assembly
focused efforts, demonstrated system showing process and robustnuss of approach.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Work with relevant SMC contacts to identify flight opportunity of
interest for demonstrating concept and evaluating performance metrics of functional elements over time in space.
REFERENCES:
1. Adams, D., "Cosmonauts launch 3D-printed satellite from the International Space Station," Emerging Tech,
https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/3d-printed-satellite-iss/
2. Department of Defense Additive Manufacturing Roadmap, Final Report, Nov 2016, available online at
https://www.americamakes.us/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/05/Final-Report-DoDRoadmapping-
FINAL120216.pdf
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KEYWORDS: additive manufacturing, multifunctional materials, functionalized materials
TPOC-1: Derek Doyle

Phone: 505-846-5333
Email: derek.doyle@us.af.mil
AF191-076 TITLE: Advanced Power Source Technologies
OBJECTIVE: Develop and demonstrate advanced power source technologies capable of meeting air launched
weapon requirements with specific energy and power equal to or greater than current thermal battery technologies.
DESCRIPTION: Power source performance in terms of power and energy density is the major objective with
affordability, safety, and reliability secondary objectives of Air Force Armament Directorate programs for advanced
power sources for weapon systems. Current thermal battery technology is at risk of becoming obsolete due to
increasing specific power and specific energy requirements, while other battery technologies with similar or greater
specific energy suffer from multiple failure modes, have limited storage life, or have not been tailored to meet the
unique requirements for Air Force weapon programs. An advanced power source lasting 20+ years without the need
for maintenance or significant energy loss while in storage, is reliable, and is inherently safe; e.g. is not susceptible
to thermal runaway, is required. Air launched weapons have storage lifetimes of 20+ years; and must maintain
reliable operation at any point within this time period without the power source being inadvertently activated. When
the power source is activated it must rise to full voltage within 600 ms and have an activated life of 10+ minutes.
The power source must be able to survive shock, vibration, and temperatures (MIL-HDBK-310 1% Hot/ 10% Cold
Days) associated with external and internal carriage, high speed free flight, and storage environments. The power
source will be required to provide power for weapon avionics, guidance, and ordnance initiation events for the entire
flight profile. The load on the power source must be capable of periods of pulse power with an average 2 kW/kg
minimum and a goal to exceed 10 kW/kg load. The goal of this technology development is to design, develop, and
test an advanced design for a power source capable of 20+ years of storage, 10+ minutes of activated life, with a
specific energy at a minimum of 750 Wh/kg and a goal to exceed 2,000 Wh/kg. The power source must be
inherently safe during its entire lifetime. Due to the safety issues associated with lithium battery technologies and
the process to receive certification through the Naval Ordnance Security and Safety Activity (NOSSA) for use on an
ordnance system, lithium battery technologies will need to demonstrate no venting under NAVSEA S9310-AQ-
SAF-010 test conditions.
PHASE I: Develop a proof-of-concept solution; identify candidate materials, technologies and designs. Conduct a
feasibility assessment for the proposed solution showing advancements over current state-of-the-art technologies
and designs. Conduct physical testing to demonstrate proof of concept of a Phase II 5kW power source. At the
completion of Phase I the design and assessment will be documented for Phase II. The deliverables for this phase
include: 1) Assessment of power source technology safety 2) Estimate of power source performance characteristics
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3) Proof of concept power source characterization 4) Preliminary power source design concept
PHASE II: Expand on Phase I results by fabricating prototype system and conducting performance testing to
establish system performance characteristics (Wh/kg, Wh/L, temperature range, power capability) and safety. The
deliverables for this phase consist of: 1) Prototype power source delivering 5 kW for 10 minutes. 2) Performance
characterization through testing to include: a. Wh/kg, b. Wh/L, c. power capability, d. temperature range, e. safety
characterization. 3) A manufacturing assessment of a concept design 5kW power source.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Assemble a sufficient quantity of full scale prototype power sources to
characterize performance in relevant environments. Performance characterization should include but not be limited
to: 1) Wh/Kg 2) Wh/L 3) Startup profile into a representative load 4) Discharge profile into Assemble a sufficient
quantity of full scale prototype power sources to characterize performance in relevant environments. Performance
characterization should include but not be limited to: 1) Wh/Kg 2) Wh/L 3) Startup profile into a representative load
4) Discharge profile into representative load 5) Performance under Thermal environment (Hot/Cold) 6) Vibration
performance (during captive carry) 7) Safety performance characterization (battery shorted, cell puncture, Thermal
etc.) Inherently safe power source technologies with the calendar life required for Air Force Weapons Systems
Programs that are developed under this topic will be applicable to many military weapon programs. In addition, this
safe power source technology is applicable to the automotive, airline and ship industries where human safety is of
paramount importance.
REFERENCES:
1. “Navy Lithium Battery Safety Program: Responsibilities and Procedures”. NAVSEA S9310-AQ-SAF-010. Naval
Ordnance Safety and Security Activity (NOSSA).
http://www.public.navy.mil/NAVSAFECEN/Documents/afloat/Surface/CS/Lithium_Batteries_Info/LithBattSafe
2. “Department of Defense Handbook: Global Climatic Data for Developing Military Products”. MIL-HDBK-310
KEYWORDS: Weapons Power Source, Battery, Reserve Battery, Thermal Battery, Reserve Power Source,
Electrochemical Power Source, Efficiency.
TPOC-1: Geremy Kleiser, PhD

Phone: 850-882-7986
Email: geremy.kleiser@us.af.mil
AF191-077 TITLE: Composite Case Technology for Penetrators/Perforators
TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Nuclear Technology
OBJECTIVE: Develop a strong and tough composite warhead case with the penetration/perforation performance
and survivability of a high-strength steel alloy case, but with reduced case mass and increased internal volume for
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energetic fills.
DESCRIPTION: The goals are to reduce the warhead’s mass-to-charge ratio, increase its blast performance, and
maintain (or increase) its survivability. Penetrating/perforating warheads are typically thick-walled, high-strength,
high-toughness steel alloy cases designed to survive high shocks and stresses experienced in penetration or
perforation of concrete targets. These warheads have high mass-to-charge ratios – i.e., most of the warhead’s mass
budget goes to survivability (strength from the case mass) rather than lethality (blast from the explosive charge
mass). This is an acute scaling issue in small penetrators; small diameters and thick walls means there is limited
internal volume for the high explosive fill. Case volume (or case thickness) as well as case mass should be
considered. Ideally, the composite case should have the same outer diameter as the steel alloy case, but be lighter
(to allow more high explosive mass) and thinner (to allow more high explosive volume). Together these constraints
may be unrealistic since they imply that this ideal material has the strength of steel with a higher density, or that it
has a higher strength at an equivalent density. Since neither is likely, the contractor may have to focus on either
mass or volume constraints, or propose a novel case configuration [Reference 1] than uses less material than a
conventional thick-walled penetrator, or propose a dual-use material that is both structural and energetic [Reference
2].
The contractor may also choose either to focus on perforating designs versus penetrating designs (or a combined
design), and low-cost, limited performance technologies versus higher-cost, high performance technologies. All of
these options are of interest.
The current alternative to a steel case is a carbon fiber composite case [References 3-5]. These meet the requirement
for reduced mass, but not increased internal volume (i.e., reduced case thickness) for the high explosive fill. This
suggests that there needs to be some consideration of strength-to-density ratio (to decrease case thickness) as well as
the more commonly-cited strength-to-mass metric (to decrease case mass). This trade-off between strength-to-
density versus strength-to-mass may become more important as the scale (i.e., diameter) of the warhead decreases.
The term “composite case” is not meant to be synonymous with wound carbon fiber cases. Layered and multi-
material composites are acceptable approaches. A combination of composites and steel alloys may be used (e.g.,
steel nose, steel base plate, composite body), or the warhead could be multiple metals (e.g., steel and aluminum).
The Air Force is looking for technologies that can meet strength and survivability requirements with reduced mass
and volume, and with consideration for manufacturability and affordability.
PHASE I: In Phase I, the contractor will develop penetrator/perforator designs and demonstrate proof-of-concept
through modeling -- e.g., EPIC hydrocode simulations to show survivability during penetration/perforation events.
Small-scale ballistic testing is encouraged to (a) demonstrate survivability, (b) validate the models, and (c)
demonstrate fabrication and manufacturing techniques. Failure of these tests is not disqualifying; their primary
purpose is to identify critical issues early in the program and to show the contractor's capability to execute the Phase
II program.
PHASE II: In Phase II, the contractor will refine the designs, develop additional modeling capability as needed,
develop fabrication and manufacturing processes, and demonstrate survivability in a mid-scale ballistic tests (~127
mm gun). Targets of interest are concrete slabs (to show perforation) and monolithic concrete targets (to show
penetration).
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: In Phase III, the contractor will develop a full-scale prototype,
demonstrate survivability in sled track tests, and characterize blast and fragmentation in arena tests.
REFERENCES:
1. William T. Graves, David Liu, and Anthony N. Palazotto, "Topology Optimization of a Penetrating Warhead,"
57th AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, AIAA SciTech Forum,
AIAA 2016-1509, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.20
2. F. Zhang, "Some issues for blast from a structural reactive material solid," Shock Waves, DOI 10.1007/s00193-
018-0815-3.
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3. Cassandra C. Mitchell, “Composite case development for weapons applications and testing,” Naval Postgraduate
School, Monterey, California, Thesis 2015-03, March 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/45228
4. “A New Generation of Munitions,” Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, S&TR, July/August 2003.
https://str.llnl.gov/str/JulAug03/pdfs/07_03.3.pdf.
KEYWORDS: Warhead, weapon, composite, penetrator, perforator
TPOC-1: Donald Littrell

Phone: 850-882-6802
Email: donald.littrell@us.af.mil
AF191-078 TITLE: Develop Innovative Circular and Domed Structure Response Models
OBJECTIVE: Develop Fast-running models (FRM) for simulating the effects of air-delivered weapons on non-
rectangular structures.
DESCRIPTION: Current fast-running engineering models do not cover non-rectangular structures. Examples
include towers, domed structures, arched structures, and structures constructed with mass concrete (missile silos).
Many non-rectangular structures exhibit unique designs, are physically large, and do not lend themselves to being
modeled as a series of structural components. Innovative fast-running model (FRM) methodologies are needed to
support lethality/vulnerability analysis of these structures for weapon/target interaction. The methodology must be
capable of predicting the structural response and residual damage/capacity induced by a variety of munitions and
attack modes (including multiple munitions). The methodology must be accurate and fast-running and be integrated
into existing lethality/vulnerability code architectures. Innovative methods are needed to parameterize these
unlimited variations in types and configurations to manageable input parameters. The FRMs should be able to
predict results with an 80% accuracy.
PHASE I: Demonstrate the feasibility of using high-fidelity physics-based (HPFB) or analytical approaches to
develop FRMs for the range of construction types cited in the description.
1. Identify and categorize the major types of construction variations employed in towers, domed structures, arched
structures, and silo structures. A generalized set of parameters should be developed for each of the different
construction types and material characteristics, covering a majority of those currently in use.
2. Develop prototype FRMs for domed structures. The FRM should be capable of predicting the structural response
and failure modes. Appropriate response metrics should be developed as part of the effort with considerations for
validation requirements.
3. Prepare a Phase II plan to develop FRMs for the remainder of the structure types identified in bullet item 1
above, including uncertainty quantification to quantify the accuracy of the FRMs.
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PHASE II: Develop and validate FRMs for all the remaining structure types identified in Phase I, using available
test data. Recommend additional tests as needed to complete the validation. Quantify the predictive accuracy of the
FRMs and demonstrate that they meet the prescribed accuracy criteria. Implement the FRMs into AFRL’s Endgame
Framework.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Enhance FRMs to look at effects of loadings directly on connections.
Propose and conduct validation experiments. The experiments should provide data for areas of the problem space
where test data does not already exist. The validation experiments should be planned provide data that can be used
directly in validating the FRMs.
REFERENCES:
1. Crawford, J.E., and H.J. Choi, "Development of Methods and Tools Pertaining to Reducing the Risks of Building
Collapse," Proceedings of the International Workshop on Structures Response to Impact and Blast, November 2009,
Haifa, Israel.
2. Lloyd, G.L., T. Hasselman, and J.M. Magallanes, "Fast Running Model for the Residual Capacity of Bomb-
Damaged Steel Columns," Proceedings of the 80th DDESB Explosives Safety Seminar, Palm Springs, CA, August
12-14th, 2008.
3. Anderson, Mark C., W. Gan, and T. K. Hasselman, "Statistical Analysis of Modeling Uncertainty and Predictive
Accuracy for Nonlinear Finite Element Models," Proceedings of the 69th S & V Symposium, Minneapolis/St. Paul,
Minnesota, October 12-16, 1998.
KEYWORDS: structural response, secondary debris, collateral damage, fragmentation
TPOC-1: Bryan Bewick

Phone: 850-882-5767
Email: bryan.bewick.1@us.af.mil
AF191-079 TITLE: Next Generation Laser Designator
OBJECTIVE: Develop next generation laser designator technologies. Technologies shall provide improved man-in-
the-loop designation and enable improved system performance by increasing acquisition range and enhancing end-
game aimpoint selection on stationary or moving targets.
DESCRIPTION: Current SAL designator technologies have been matured with marginal gains for many decades.
Budget constraints and backward compatibility requirements to currently fielded systems have limited conceptual
development. This topic seeks to remove the hard compatibility requirement to see if significant gains can be made
in acquisition range, capabilities, and end-game aimpoint selection. Designators may be ground based or airborne.
New designator concepts should explore the laser wavelength (the traditional 1.06/1.55 microns and others), pulse
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repetition frequency (100s of Hz to 10s of kHz), pulse widths and methods of lasing the target (stationary or
optimized scan patterns). Concepts resulting in increased pulse energy and/or pulse repetition frequency beyond
current standards should be emphasized. Cost should be a consideration, but not a key driver at this point.
PHASE I: Design innovative Next Gen Designator concepts for development and testing. Conceptual designs shall
be analyzed/modeled both optically and radiometrically to identify the performance and limitations of the
technologies. Identify any assumptions or requirements regarding sensor/detector configuration or any additional
optics required for operation.
PHASE II: Produce a system design and prototype of the Phase I concepts. Prototypes will be laboratory and field
tested at AFRL. Analysis and models shall be updated to reflect design improvement or changes from Phase I. ROM
cost estimates will be refined.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Development of the technologies described above will have immediate
application to laser communications in both military and commercial sectors. The technology should find ready
applications in laboratory applications.
REFERENCES:
1. J. Barth, A. Fendt, R. Florian, et al., "Dual-mode seeker with imaging sensor and semi-active laser
detector," Proceedings of the SPIE Volume 6542<br>(2007)
2. English, R. White, "Semi-active laser (SAL) last pulse logic infrared imaging seeker," Proceedings of
the SPIE Volume 4372 (2001).
3. V. Corcoran, “Advantages of CO2 laser rangefinders and designators”, Proceedings from SPIE Volume 227 CO2
Laser Devices and Applications (1980).
KEYWORDS: Semiactive laser guidance, human-in-the-loop, laser designated
TPOC-1: Shawn Goodrich

Phone: 850-882-4244
Email: shawn.goodrich@us.af.mil
AF191-080 TITLE: Topology Optimization for Dynamic Weapon Events
OBJECTIVE: The objective is to integrate topology optimization software with a time-resolved, finite element (FE)
solver, and use this methodology to optimize the structure of a perforating weapon.
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DESCRIPTION: The current approach to topology optimization (TO) is to collapse the time history of an aperiodic,
dynamic event into a single description of body forces – i.e., a simplified static representation of a dynamic event.
The objective of this topic is to integrate the topology optimization software with a time-resolved, finite element
(FE) solver – thus incorporating a structure’s force-time history into the topology optimization process. Although
this methodology may have application to a broad spectrum of transient events, the Air Force has developed a
sample problem: optimize the topology of a warhead case during perforation of concrete slabs. During perforation
of a slab, the case will experience at least three critical sub-events: (1) high decelerations and shock loading on the
nose upon impact; (2) body rotation and sliding frictional contact with the slab during perforation; and (3) tail slap
when exiting the slab. The current approach is to perform a high-fidelity numerical simulation of the munition
perforating a concrete slab, choose three points in time at which decelerations and forces are highest globally (within
the entire warhead) or locally (in the nose, mid-body, and tail), and combine the loading descriptions into a single
force profile for topology optimization. The assumption that the timing of successive events has no significant
effect on the final TO-derived geometries is convenient but likely oversimplifies the intrinsic physical response,
since the nose, mid-body, and tail are coupled. This project would show whether the current static TO process is a
reasonable cost-effective approach, or whether a more computationally-intensive, time-resolved, TO process
provides a more optimized structure. Furthermore, the project will investigate the relative performance tradeoffs
between 2D and 3D implementations of TO for dynamic events. The pay-off of an optimized perforator would be
less mass necessary for case structure (i.e., survivability) and more mass devoted to high explosive (i.e., blast and
lethality). TO-designed munitions would be more efficient, enabling the replacement of larger munitions with
smaller munitions.
PHASE I: Phase I will include an evaluation of methods and implementation plan for dynamic topology
optimization (TO). Benchmark problems will be used to evaluate relevant dynamic TO methods as well 2D and 3D
implementations. Benchmark solutions may be verified computationally and through sub-scale experimental
methods.
PHASE II: Phase II will continue to develop and mature the design concepts and processes identified in Phase I. If
possible, full-scale warhead tests (ballistic impact and/or blast) will be used to validate computational designs and
results. Otherwise, sub-scale experiments will be used for validation of structural survivability and lethality
performance.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Phase III will expand the implementation of the developed topology
optimization (TO) methods and tools (i.e. software) to relevant DoD, DOE, and/or commercially-available
engineering design software. This includes modeling and visualization tools.
REFERENCES:
1. William T. Graves, David Liu, and Anthony N. Palazotto. 2017. “Impact of an Additively Manufactured
Projectile”. Journal of Dynamic Behavior of Materials, 3, 362-376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40870-017-0102-x
2. Zachariah A. Provchy. 2017. “Topology Optimized Perforator for Multi-Layered Target”. Air Force Institute of
Technology, Thesis.
3. William T. Graves, David Liu, and Anthony N. Palazotto. 2016. “Topology Optimization of a Penetrating
Warhead". 57th AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, AIAA SciTech
Forum, (AIAA 2016-1509) https://doi.org/10.
KEYWORDS: Topology optimization, modeling, simulation, finite element analysis, weapon, penetrator,
penetration, perforation, concrete
TPOC-1: Philip Flater

Phone: 850-882-6836
Email: philip.flater@us.af.mil
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AF191-081 TITLE: Innovative Multiphase Models for Enhanced Blast Effects
OBJECTIVE: Develop physics-based multiphase flow models to enable physically accurate numerical simulations
of engineered multiphase blasts
DESCRIPTION: Dense refractory metals or combustible/pyrophoric metals, embedded within or surrounding a high
explosive charge can produce effects not possible using high explosives alone. For example, high explosives loaded
with steel or tungsten particles can produce higher impulses than explosives by themselves. Reactive metal powders
pressed and formed into various shapes can also produce unique effects.
Improved physics-based models are required to address current modeling deficiencies for multiphase blast. The
tasks in this project are defined as: (1) develop multiphase models that are numerically robust for highly compacted
particulates (e.g., at solid volume fractions approaching one) under intense shock loads produced by a high
explosive detonation; (2) develop Eulerian multiphase models that allow interpenetration of multiple condensed
phases (e.g., a layer of reactive material through a dense surrounding layer of inert material); and (3) develop
Eulerian multiphase models that can represent a distribution of particle sizes in a computationally scalable and
physically sensible manner. Models developed for this topic should be suitable for compressible flows, highly
compacted particulates, intra- and inter-phase heat and mass transfer, and chemical reactions in extreme, highly-
dynamic environments. The goal of this topic is to develop validated, physics-based models for multiphase blast
and implement them in simulation codes suitable for use on DOD HPC systems.
PHASE I: Develop a multiphase modeling strategy that addresses the tasks identified in the topic description, a plan
for implementation in a numerical simulation code, and a plan for validation of the simulation code against
experimental data. Demonstrate proof of concept of the modeling strategy on simplified test problems.
PHASE II: Implement the multiphase model in a numerical simulation code. Demonstrate the code on
representative test problems and validate with experimental data. Validation data may be generated through
experiments conducted as part of this effort. Deliver source code, documentation, executables for DOD HPC
systems, and instruction for building and running the simulation code on DOD HPC systems.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Explore the feasibility of implementing the multiphase model in
government-owned codes. Further development to prepare the code for commercialization, including performance /
scalability improvements, improved physical models, and/or streamlined deployment. Demonstrate and validate the
completed code on integrated test problems that exercise all aspects of the multiphase model. Deliver source code,
comprehensive documentation, test cases, executables for DOD HPC systems, and instructions for building and
running the code on DOD HPC systems.
REFERENCES:
1. K. Balakrishnan, A. Kuhl, J. Bell, and V. Beckner. An empirical model for the ignition of explosively dispersed
aluminum particle clouds. Shock Waves, 22, 2012, pp. 591-603.
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2. R. Houim and E. Oran. A multiphase model for compressible granular-gaseous flows: formulation and initial
tests. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 789, 2016, pp. 166-220.
3. D. Marchisio and R. Fox. Computational Models for Polydisperse Particulate and Multiphase Systems.
Cambridge University Press, 2012.
KEYWORDS: Multiphase, Blast, reactive material, numerical simulation, Combustion.
TPOC-1: Brian D Taylor

Phone: 850-875-2637
Email: brian.taylor.56@us.af.mil
AF191-082 TITLE: Manufacturing methods to Enhance UHSS Casing Properties for Penetrating
Munitions
OBJECTIVE: The objective is to develop an affordable in-line manufacturing methods for modifying the dynamic
properties of UHSS case materials using tailored Thermo-Mechanical Treatments.
DESCRIPTION: Ultra-High Strength Steels (UHSS) have long incorporated in the USAF weapons systems (e.g.,
4340M in BLU-109, HP-9-4-20 in MOP, ES-1 in CSOP, and AF-9628 in BLU-137), offering enhanced strength
(i.e., typically yield strengths in excess of 1380 MPa) with reasonable ductility (e.g., elongations at failure greater
than 10%). Generally, these items are manufactured in the same manner as wrought tubing, following standard
AMS and ASTM specifications calling for heat treatment at high normalizing temperatures, which lead to
undesirable grain growth and reduction in mechanical properties (e.g., toughness and yield strength). Methods need
to be developed to eliminate this artifact of processing, in order to improve lethality and survivability without
resorting to substitution of more costly alloys for the same weapon application. There are many processing options
available that can mitigate and/or reverse the observed grain growth, but often lead to undesired reductions in cross
sectional area, significantly reduced the ductility, introduce anisotropies, and lead to item failure. Severe plastic
deformation (SPD) and high temperature ausforming are two examples of Thermo-Mechanical treatments that have
proven successful in refining the microstructure in many steel alloys while improving underlining properties, but are
challenging to upscale. This work requires the development and demonstration of microstructural refinement
techniques for wrought cylindrical or tube UHSS steel used in conventional munitions (e.g. 4340M, ES-1 and
AF9628) that can be potentially up scaled to 16” OD and 1” wall thickness as part of the manufacturing process.
Such processes cannot significantly alter the surface roughness of the munition case or reduce any of the current
benchmarked UHSS properties (e.g., yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, toughness, or elongation) and must be
amenable to low cost scale-up for high volume manufacture. Generate mechanical (static and fatigue) property data
for dynamic modeling of on-wing munitions structural durability analyses of treated cases and for penetration
simulations. Create and execute a design of experiments experimental/modeling test protocol. Demonstrate an
optimized Thermo-Mechanical processing solution via subscale penetration experiments. Evaluate and document
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work required (plan) to apply microstructural refinement technique to SDB and BLU-137 form factors as well as
estimate associated processing costs. Scale-up process to full-up munition form factor and be applied in a high
volume production environment. Exercise process in simulated production environment and refine production cost
estimate. Treat one entire SDB weapon case for Air Force range testing.
PHASE I: Delivered products anticipated to include: A) Material and Processes report identifying microstructural
refinement solution, metallurgical results, associated mechanical properties, and any deformation modeling
performed, B) Design of experiments test plan detailing all anticipated variables, levels, test specimen preparation,
and range test plan.
PHASE II: Delivered products anticipated to include: A) Subscale penetration test report, B) Deformation model, C)
Optimized TMT, D) Processing technique scale-up requirements/plan.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Delivered products anticipated include: A) pilot production scale refined
production cost estimate and B) treated SDB and BLU-137 weapons case for Air Force testing.
REFERENCES:
1. T. Philip and T. McCaffrey, ASM Handbook, Volume 1: Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-
Performance Alloys, vol. 1, ASM Handbook Committee, 1990, pp. 430-448.
2. S. Kim, S. Lee and B. Lee, "Effects of grain size on fracture toughness in transition temperature region of Mn--
Mo--Ni low-alloy steels," Materials Science and Engineering, vol. A359, pp. 198-209, 2003.
3. O. Saray, G. Purcek, I. Karaman, T. Neindorf and H. Maier, "Equal-channel angular sheet extrusion of interstitial-
free (IF) steel: Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties," Materials Science and Engineering A, vol.
528, pp. 6573-6583, 2011.
4. M. Song, C. Sun, J. Jang, C. Han, T. Kim, K. Hartwig and X. Zhang, "Microstructure refinement and
strengthening mechanisms of a 12Cr ODS steel processed by equal channel angular extrusion," Journal of Alloys
and Compounds, vol. 577, pp. 247-256, 2013.
KEYWORDS: Steel Manufacturing, Thermo-Mechanical Treatment, Severe Plastic Deformation, Ausforming,

UHSS
TPOC-1: Dr. Sean Gibbons

Phone: 850-882-7998
Email: sean.gibbons.5@us.af.mil
AF191-083 TITLE: Auto-designer Target Generator
ACQUISITION PROGRAM: JDAM - Joint Direct Attack Munition
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OBJECTIVE: Develop an approach for auto-designing target structures to be used in weaponeering analyses.
DESCRIPTION: Target structures are required to be generated to be used in weapon targeting analyses. Currently,
targets are generated automatically using a set of rule bases to determine sizing of target structures and their
components. However, there are many instances where structure configurations need to be modified which leaves
the resulting structural elements not sized appropriately. The addition of components, utilities, lobbies, or other
alterations to a base structure could also change the load path and the sizing of the structural elements. For these
reasons, there is a need for an auto-designer tool that to can be applied to verify the target structure accurately
resembles real world construction and engineering practices. The target structure would still be generated using rule
bases. The approach desired would allow for the auto-designer tool to apply structural engineering calculations to
verify that structural components are appropriately sized. Any alterations to the structure size, column spacing, wall
span, etc. would result in a change to the structural component sizing. The result of the effort would be a software
tool that is tied into AFRL’s Endgame Framework, which allows it to be used by weaponeering software tools.
PHASE I: Demonstrate the feasibility of applying an auto-designer approach to generating and modifying structural
targets.
1. Identify and categorize the major types of construction types currently covered in target generation
approaches. A generalized set of design parameters should be identified by structure type.
2. Develop an auto-design methodology for a single type of structure. The auto-design approach should be
capable of sizing structural components based on distributed design loads from building characteristics or
modifications.
3. Prepare a Phase II plan to develop auto-designer approaches for the remainder of the construction types
identified in bullet item 1 above.
PHASE II: Develop and validate auto-design approaches for the remaining structure types identified in Phase I,
using existing structures as data. Implement the auto-design tool into AFRL’s Endgame Framework.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Contractor will further validate the auto-design tool and refine
optimization algorithms to ensure that the appropriate component sizes are calculated. Enhance the auto-design
approaches to account for seismic and hurricane/tornado zone considerations. The tool should also have an option
for hardened urban structures that have been enhanced for physical security reasons.
REFERENCES:
1. Verner, D., and R. Dukes. “Automating ground-fixed target modeling with the smart target model generator.”
Modeling and Simulation for Military Operations II. Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 6564, article id. 656401
(2007).
2. Foley, C., and D. Schinler. “Automated Design of Steel Frames using Advanced Analysis and Object-Oriented
Evolutionary Computation.” J. of Structural Engineering, Volume 129, Issue 5, May 2003.
KEYWORDS: structural response, structural analysis, design
TPOC-1: Bryan Bewick

Phone: 850-882-5767
Email: bryan.bewick.1@us.af.mil
AF191-084 TITLE: Variable Bomb Ejection Pressure Cartridge
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OBJECTIVE: Develop a variable output bomb ejection pressure cartridge for on demand variations in ejection
force and pitch control for GBU-X or similar class munitions in the 250-500 pound weight range.
DESCRIPTION: Ejector bomb racks utilize gas pressure to operate an ejection actuator that accelerates the bomb or
missile away from the carrier aircraft. Piston offset from the center of gravity of the munition can induce a pitching
moment to rotate the nose downward into the airstream. This ejection acceleration and pitch rate are critical to safely
and successfully separate munitions from high speed aircraft. The force and pitch rate required can vary depending
upon the conditions of release such as weapon mass, weapon aerodynamics, and aircraft velocity.
Modern, fifth generation aircraft often utilize bomb bays for low observability which increases the variability of safe
weapons separation. New flexible weapons such as GBU-X have variable mass and inertial properties depending
upon mission parameters and desired performance outcomes. These increasing boundaries of potential bomb or
missile release operations creates the need for the ability to adjust the output and performance of the bomb release
ejector based on the mission flight conditions and munition parameters on demand. This can be achieved with
energy release conservation techniques, controlled or variable output pressure cartridges and other possible methods.
PHASE I: Identification and development of variable output pressure cartridge designs will be formulated and
evaluated for feasibility. Energy management techniques need to demonstrate safe release of pressure and energy
during all phases of operation. Variable pressure cartridge designs should be stable throughout the expected fifth
generation aircraft flight regime, including bay environments. Evaluation will take place via analysis,
experimentation and/or other applied engineering practice. Concept evaluation will select a candidate cartridge
design for preliminary design. Analysis should show that the design concept can successfully provide the ejection
acceleration for full range of GBU-X candidate munition sizes and inertial properties, 250 to 500 pounds. The
minimum deliverables shall be a full preliminary concept design and analysis package. Simple proof-of-concept
laboratory experiments are strongly advised but not required.
PHASE II: During the Phase II program the concept design from Phase I will be refined, prototyped and tested to
demonstrate capability to provide necessary energy for the successful separation of the full range of GBU-X
candidate munition weight and inertias. Demonstration testing should be integrated as closely as possible into
representative release and ejection systems and at as close to flight conditions as possible. Full variable operating
range should also be demonstrated during this testing. Upon test demonstrations of the concept, the variable output
pressure cartridge design will be updated and finalized with a design review held at the contractor site. A fully
functional cartridge design is required and a preliminary design of this variable output cartridge integrated into a
representative release ejection system. This integrated variable output release system will be tested for proof-of-
concept demonstrating variable release velocity and pitch rates in ground testing with simulated weapon simulants.
These proof-of-concept tests shall show full range of possible operations and at expected flight conditions.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Follow on activities are expected to be pursued by the offeror to
transition the prototype design into GBU-X or other next generation aircraft release and ejection systems. This could
also include unmanned combat aircraft systems, long range strike weapon sub munition systems ejection systems or
larger long range bomber systems.
REFERENCES:
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1. https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/equip/bru-36.htm
2. https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/equip/bru-46.htm
3. http://www.cobham.com/mission-systems/weapons-carriage-and-release/air-to-ground-weapons-carriage-and-
release-systems/air-to-ground-bomb-racks/
KEYWORDS: Cartridge, carriage, release, ejector, rack
TPOC-1: Jerry Provenza

Phone: 850-883-2532
Email: jerry.provenza@us.af.mil
AF191-085 TITLE: Novel Lightweight Sensors for Indoor Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
OBJECTIVE: Enable autonomous vehicles to explore and map unknown environments while identifying obstacles,
such as windows or small wires, that traditional sensors may not detect. Novel sensors that are both light weight and
low power are required.
DESCRIPTION: Laser scanners can provide detailed information about a space but cannot detect all obstacles
present, such as glass, and measurements may be obscured by dust, rain, or other contaminates. Ultrasonic sensors
have problems with accurate ranges especially when attached to multirotor vehicles. This topic seeks to investigate
novel technology for lightweight, low-power, and low-weight sensors suitable for autonomous vehicle exploration
that function in a variety of environmental conditions and provide accurate and spatially robust measurements.
PHASE I: Phase I focuses on the design of the innovative sensor. Activities include performance analysis, technical
feasibility, design maturation, and a deployment plan. Testing is encouraged on various types of structures and
environmental conditions to guide hardware and software development. This phase should culminate in a functional
prototype which will be further developed and tested in Phase II.
PHASE II: Phase II focuses on continued hardware and software development working toward a more mature
prototype. Additional features not included in Phase I should be implemented. Validation of the hardware and
software should be conducted through experimentation. Multiple demonstrations are encouraged in different
environments and structures to characterize the robustness and applicability. In this phase the innovative research
and transition options should be captured in a detailed design report.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: This Phase focuses on additional feature refinement and implementing
lessons learned through Phase II testing into an updated prototype. Additionally, commercialization through
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licensing opportunities or transition to a program of record should be conducted.
REFERENCES:
1. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/10/171017092428.htm
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3673098/
3. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/icp.jsp?arnumber=7335473
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Dusty Environments, Lidar, dust, low-power, radar, depth map, light field camera
TPOC-1: Ryan Sherrill

Phone: 850-883-1914
Email: ryan.sherrill@us.af.mil
AF191-086 TITLE: High-Speed Environment Modeling and Simulation Tool
OBJECTIVE: Prove out and obtain a robust modeling and simulation tool for high-speed seeker technology.
DESCRIPTION: As adversaries become more advanced the need for high-speed technology grows. Of particular
interest are high-speed munitions. A critical aspect of these proposed high-speed munitions is the seeker. The
complex, harsh nature of the high-speed environment, coupled with the cost of testing, makes research of electro-
optic (EO), infrared (IR), and radio frequency (RF) seeker solutions difficult. This makes accurate modeling and
simulation imperative. Currently, the Air Force does not have a robust, reliable modeling and simulation tool to
predict how different EO/IR/RF technologies will be affected by the high speed environment. The purpose of this
SBIR effort is to fill this capability gap. A final solution will need to be an end-to-end (atmospheric transmission
from target through processing), broadband (visible-to-LWIR minimum, up to visible-to-MMW) sensor model that
can be updated as new materials and sensors are made available. The code should also be non-engineering code (i.e.
user-friendly). Options for continuing maintenance are acceptable.
PHASE I: Prove out the modeling and simulation tool using a user-generated scene, provided material
characteristics, and a defined high-speed environment.
PHASE II: As required/desired, edit the code to include additional bands with the visible-to-MMW spectrum, make
the modeling and simulation tool user-friendly, generate a user manual, train users on how to operate the tool, and
establish any ongoing maintenance.
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PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Partner with Prime DoD Contractors to expand usage of and integrate
the tool to multiple end-users to create a common, trusted network of high-speed M&S evaluators. Users will be
able to evalute novel aperture/radome materials, optics, relay hardware, antennas, waveforms, sensors, and all other
back-end hardware and software for high-speed applications.
REFERENCES:
1. Crow, D., Coker, C., and Keen, W. Fast Line-of-sight Imagery for Target and Exhaust-plume Signatures
(FLITES) scene generation program. Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 6208, 2006.
2. Wright, M., White, T., Mangini, N. Data Parallel Line Relaxation Code (DPLR) Software Package User’s
Manual Acadia Version 4.01.1. NASA, Moffett Field, CA. 2009, NASA/TM-2009-215388.
KEYWORDS: High-Speed; Modeling and Simulation
TPOC-1: Steven Owens

Phone: 850-882-1955
Email: steven.owens.21@us.af.mil
AF191-087 TITLE: Multi-Band Seeker Antennas
OBJECTIVE: Research and develop multi-band radar seeker technology for application to air-delivered weapon
systems
DESCRIPTION: The Air Force Research Laboratory Munitions Directorate has been developing small, low-cost
multi-mode radar active seekers for engagement of targets in highly cluttered environments. Traditionally, these
seekers perform all modes of operation (high resolution search/detection, target discrimination, acquisition,
multi/single target tracking) at a single frequency band. The selected frequency is the result of system performance
tradeoffs, is dependent on the mission and platform but it is not necessarily optimized for all modes.
It is the intent of this solicitation to develop concepts for a multi-band antenna subsystem capable of covering
several frequency bands. Of primary interest are designs and architectures that are optimized for two primary radar
modes: (1) long range, high resolution, large area, ground mobile target search and acquisition (notionally greater
than 25 Km range, 6 inch resolution goal), and (2) very accurate end-game close loop tracking angular performance
(<5 mrads). The concepts should not only address the antenna aperture but rather consider a front end subsystem
(antenna, feed network, transmitter and receiver as applicable) capable of supporting optimum RF frequencies for
each mode and be compatible with a pulsed-doppler radar with at least three receive channels for monopulse
functionality. Under main consideration are nose-mounted antenna subsystems operating at optimal frequencies
selected from X-band to W-band with a common phase center. For the subsystem investigation, the offeror should
address the impact on beamwidth, gain, sidelobe levels, polarization, efficiency, VSWR, power handling capability,
interference/coupling effects, RF losses, integration, manufacturability, and adverse weather performance while
staying within the profile of a notional small supersonic missile frame (<6 inch diameter, cylindrical) and the power
and size limitations of a radar seeker (e.g. for radar SWAP: Volume< 150in3, Weight < 25lbs, Prime power <
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500W). The proposed multi-band antenna should also be suitable for mechanical and electronic beam steering to
allow for an appropriate field of regard. Of added interest are antenna designs and topologies that can ultimately be
extended to multi-function system operation where the radar seeker operation is complemented with other RF
functions such as communications, navigation aiding, or electronic measures.
PHASE I: The phase I effort shall refine the system concept, and analysis for frequency down selection, and develop
an RF front end subsystem concept. This effort should include modeling of antenna architectures to achieve multi-
band performance for the notional small weapon. This phase should result in a suitable antenna design and RF front
end subsystem concept.
PHASE II: The phase II effort should develop a breadboard subsystem and demonstrate functionality of the article.
The electrical performance of the antenna shall be quantified (gain, radiation patterns, coupling, etc.) and the RF
subsystem performance verified in the laboratory. This phase shall also show a mechanical/structural design
approach suitable for the application.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: A brassboard subsystem prototype shall be developed and tested as an
integral part of a breadboard radar. Multiband operation shall be demonstrated for the three primary modes listed in
the solicitation.
REFERENCES:
1. R. J. Mailloux, Phased Array Antenna Handbook, Boston: Artech House, 1994
2. C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, Wiley, 1997
3. L. Blake, M. Long, Antennas - Fundamentals, Design, Measurement, SciTech, 2009
KEYWORDS: Multiband antenna, radar antenna, seeker antenna, multimode radar, phase array antenna
TPOC-1: Victor Torres

Phone: 850-882-1722
Email: victor.torrespagan@us.af.mil
AF191-088 TITLE: Carbon-Carbon (C-C) Composite Process Modeling for Accurate Dimensions
ACQUISITION PROGRAM: Supports Prototype effort and potential future ACAT 1 program
OBJECTIVE: Develop a flexible modeling tool that accurately predicts final dimensions of complex-shaped C-C
articles at the completion of manufacturing. Use state-of-the-art commercial modeling software package(s) for
maximum transition to the defense industry.
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DESCRIPTION: The US Air Force needs improved understanding and modeling of dimensional changes during the
manufacture of structural carbon-carbon (C-C) materials. C-C has the capability to withstand very high temperatures
while maintaining structural integrity, and is ideal for application to hypersonic air vehicles and space vehicles.
While C-C has been used for decades, efficient ways to develop and manufacture C-C components are now required
as applications become more demanding and budget-driven. One area that has not been adequately addressed is
accurately predicting dimensional changes during processing, including spring-in/out, cure shrinkage, and other
dimensional variations such as twist or thickness changes. This results in an iterative cycle of designing and
purchasing tooling, making components which are out of tolerance, redesigning and repurchasing tooling, etc.,
causing lost production time and low yield. Improved understanding of dimensional changes during manufacture of
C-C composites will allow components to be manufactured to the correct dimensions the first time, thus reducing
time and cost in both qualification and manufacturing.
Structural C-C composites are made using several different processes, but almost all of them begin with a polymeric
phenolic prepreg lay-up, usually by hand. It is anticipated that the dimensions resulting from the initial phenolic cure
and carbonization processes are critical for achieving the final required dimensions. It is also at this early stage that a
part can be inspected and, if unacceptable, scrapped to avoid the high costs of the subsequent densification steps.
Therefore, focusing on accurate predictions at this stage will be key. In addition, the prediction of dimensional
changes from this point through the final densification steps will be important to allow the use of the model to
design tooling that will result in final densified parts which have the correct dimensions. Consequently, a successful
model will be able to predict dimensional changes due to initial cure/initial carbonization, and through at least one
type of densification process (i.e. further infiltration with phenolic resin, chemical vapor infiltration, etc.) to the final
desired properties.
The model/modeling architecture should be flexible enough to incorporate additional process models in the future.
Geometry and other relevant information should be easily imported into the model, and results should be exportable
to existing design and analysis software (i.e. FEM software) commonly used in the aerospace industry. The model
should run in a reasonable period of time. Adaptation of existing commercial process modeling software is highly
encouraged. In Phase I, the model should focus on a simple curved geometry which will experience spring-in/out. In
Phase II, the model should demonstrate that it can accurately predict the dimensions of a complex geometry
component with variations in cross section and which will experience spring-in/out as well as other dimensional
variations. The contractor will perform validation and verification (V&V) of the model. Actual C-C dimensional
data from a manufacturer will be required. In Phase II, the contractor should demonstrate the ability to use the model
to define tool geometry, and use that tool to manufacture a demonstration C-C component to final dimensions within
standard industry tolerances.
To aid in model transition to industry, it is anticipated that the model may be offered in the future as a module or
add-on to currently available commercial-of-the-shelf (COTS) modeling software. The contractor should keep
technology transition in mind as the model is created to help ensure successful transition.
PHASE I: Select demonstration case(s) for prediction of simple curvature spring-in/out. Evaluate software
compatibility requirements. Evaluate commercial software that could be adapted for this model. For one complete
C-C processing method, create an initial model and demonstrate ability to predict spring-in/out of simply curved C-
C component. Perform initial V&V and determine areas for improvement.
PHASE II: Select demonstration case(s). Create a model with improved capabilities that meets DoD quality
requirements. Predict multiple types of dimensional changes in realistic, complex shaped component(s). Ensure and
demonstrate compatibility with analysis and design software commonly used in the defense industry. Perform final
model V&V. Build demonstration tool and component. Initiate transition to industry for use in design of C-C
composite tooling and components.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Finalize model refinement & validation. Finalize appropriate technology
transition strategies that focus on commercialization of the developed modeling tool. Develop a business strategy
that ensures the software can continue to be upgraded as new information and modeling techniques become
available.
REFERENCES:
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1. Shimazu, Denise and Martinez, Luis F., “Dimensions on Day One,” Proceedings of the International SAMPE
Technical Conference, Long Beach 2016 Conference and Exhibition, May 23-26, 2016.
2. Koon, Bob, et al., “Integrated computational methods for composite materials (ICM2): Process and
micromechanics modeling for airframe applications,” Proceedings of the International SAMPE Technical
Conference, Long Beach 2016 Conference and Exhibition
3. Sreekantamurthy, T., “Composite cure process modeling and simulations using compro® and validation of
residual strains using fiber optics sensors,” Proceedings of the American Society for Composites - 31st Technical
Conference, ASC 2016.
4. Ravikumar, N.L. et al., “Numerical simulation of the degradation behavior of the phenolic resin matrix during the
production of carbon/carbon composites,” Fullerenes Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures, v 19, n 5, p353-372,
July 2011.
KEYWORDS: Carbon-Carbon Composites; process modeling; dimensional modeling
TPOC-1: Karla L. Strong

Phone: 937-904-4598
Email: karla.strong.1@us.af.mil
AF191-089 TITLE: Improved C-C Coatings for Durability in High Heat Flux Environments
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this topic is to develop, characterize, and demonstrate high temperature oxidation-
resistant coatings for carbon-carbon (C-C) materials and components.
DESCRIPTION: C-C has long been considered as a material for high heat flux environments; particularly in
aerostructure applications. Despite its attributes, C-C is vulnerable to oxidation above 750F. Past efforts have
developed coating and inhibition systems that extend the temperature range and lifetimes of the underlying
C-C. Silicon carbide (SiC) has been established as a preferred oxidation protection coating for C/C. When exposed
to oxygen- containing atmospheres, SiC forms a stable surface oxide layer of silicon dioxide (SiO2), which has a
low oxygen diffusion rate, thus protecting the SiC material from further oxidation up to temperatures of
approximately 1600C. To extend this operating temperature range for applications that experience the highest heat
fluxes, coatings have been developed using combinations of refractory oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, and
borides utilizing various methods such as plasma spray, slurry deposition, chemical vapor deposition, and others.
Many of these formulations have been developed by small businesses and research institutes with limited funding
and as such have achieved initial testing and TRL levels of 1-3. However, minimal effort has been applied to fully
understand the characteristics of the coating such as processing variability and physical attributes including
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composition, microstructure, thermal transport, emissivity, etc. and how these properties impact coating durability in
a high heat flux environment. Combining material development with fundamental material understanding can help
ensure that as the coatings are progressed along the TRL scale, their response to high heat flux environments can be
predicted.
Innovative methods of preparing coating systems for C-C materials and components are sought. These processes
should be investigated and evaluated based on their high temperature oxidation performance, ease of deposition,
commercial scale-up capability, and likelihood for technology transfer. A successful coating system will provide
oxidation protection to the C-C and behave in a predictable manner under thermal and mechanical loads. Efforts are
necessary to both understand processing controls to produce repeatable coatings and to fundamentally understand
the physical properties of the coatings that are prepared both prior to and after high heat flux exposures. In addition
to aerothermal heating, coatings must also be resistant to environmental exposure to prevent degradation to the
underlying composite.
Criteria for consideration include the processing time and cost of the coating system; the durability of the coating
system during handling and integration of the C-C parts; the variability of the coating in surface roughness or
composition; and the physical characteristics of the coating and how they impact coating durability.
To aid in the transition of the coating system, it is anticipated that the contractor will interact with C-C suppliers
and/or system integrators with legacies of developing hypersonic vehicles.
PHASE I: The objective of Phase I will be to develop or expand a current processing method to provide an
oxidation-resistant coating for C-C. The specific criteria required to evaluate the system for durability and
survivability will be determined. Trials will be conducted on the coatings process to asses coating variability and
characterize physical properties of the coating such as composition, microstructure, thermal transport and emissivity.
PHASE II: Further development of the coating process will be conducted to prepare coated panels of C-C
representative of structural components. Evaluation of coated panels will be performed to determine durability of the
coating system under thermal and mechanical loading. Evaluation of coatings under thermal and mechanical loading
should include analysis of oxidation protection and adhesion of the coating. Proof tests to show durability and
reparability will also be conducted.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Finalize coatings processing and evaluation. Through interactions with
C-C suppliers and/or system integrators with legacies of developing hypersonic vehicles, develop appropriate
technology transition strategies that focus on commercialization of the developed product. Develop a business
strategy that ensures the property data is available to the hypersonics community for design purposes.
REFERENCES:
1. Glass, D., Dirling, R., Croop, H, Fry, T., and Frank, G. “Materials development for hypersonic flight vehicles”’ In
14th AIAA/AHI Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference (2006) p. 8122.
2. Zmij, V.I., Rudenkyi, S.G.,and Shepelev, A.G. “Complex Protective Coatings for Graphite and Carbon-Carbon
Composite Materials“ Materials Sciences and Applications 6 (2015) pp. 879-888
3. Bacos, M. “Carbon-carbon composites: oxidation behavior and coatings protection”’ Journal de Physique IV
Colloque 03 (1993) pp.C7-1895-C7-1903.
KEYWORDS: C/C Coating; Coating Evaluation; Coating Development; Oxidation Resistance
TPOC-1: Carmen Carney

Phone: 937-255-9154
Email: carmen.carney.1@us.af.mil
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AF191-090 TITLE: Maintenance Data Integrity Study and Logistics Linkage
ACQUISITION PROGRAM: GCSS
OBJECTIVE: The objective is to verify the integrity of the maintenance databases’ data (GCSS – business objects,
REMIS, and LIMS-EV) and link it to logistics supply data to determine the amount of spares usage. Currently, no
data or database effectively links the Work Unit Code (WUC’s) to the National Item Identification Number (NIIN).
The aim of this study would be to find the connection between the maintenance WUC’s and the supply/logistics
(sparing) NIIN’s. This will provide a more accurate picture for the support of the air force’s weapons systems via
LCOM modeling and other futures studies and provides an enormous cross-cutting opportunity for all who rely on
this data.
DESCRIPTION: Maintenance and logistics and supply chain data plays a critical and increasing role in analysis,
determination, and verification of requirements for system capabilities and readiness not only during initial
acquisition phases, but also throughout modernization and sustainment. A thorough, structured, and well-vetted
database that is applicable across the enterprise and can address the spectrum of sustainment issues is therefore
critical to inform and support investment decisions throughout the entire life cycle.
Reporting of system availability, reliability, and cost have been mandated as key performance parameters (KPPs)
and system attributes (KSAs) by the Office of Secretary of Defense (OSD). Current simulation tools such as the
Logistics Composite Modeling (LCOM) tool now offer the capability to analyze required KPP and KSA metrics.
LCOM combines the required detail for credible results and integrates a thorough capability to model multiple
processes and factors including unit maintenance (scheduled and unscheduled), supply chain management, depot
operations, management and planning (including scheduling), resource constraints (spares, manpower, support
equipment, facilities), and system reliability, maintainability, availability, and supportability (RAMS). LCOM
enables a robust and repeatable capability to ensure that technology, system, and process initiatives are evaluated,
analyzed, and optimized with an integrated strategy to provide the greatest return for budgets under ever increasing
scrutiny and pressure for downsizing. It also provides capability to support analysis and initiatives such as supply
chain studies and sparing analysis.
However, as good as all of this analysis is, it is only as effective as the data that it’s built on. The old adage of
‘garbage-in, garbage-out’ is nowhere more prevalent than in simulations and mathematical models. Therefore, more
research into the validity of the maintenance data and how it links to logistics data is needed.
PHASE I: Define and document the feasibility of a new or novel approach to integrate logistics data with simulation
models to identify opportunities to significantly reduce system support costs. A Phase I final report will provide the
research or results to support how the technology can meet or has met the requirements and address the broader
scope capability for a Phase II effort. Identify user requirements and risks for adopting the technology. Baseline the
costs that the technology is targeting for reduction to be validated in future phase.
The researcher will identify the various maintenance and logistics data repositories and become familiar with how to
use them and how analysts use them to draw and adjudicate data. Also helpful would be an understanding of how
the maintainers and logisticians enter data into these systems and where the two should interface. Then, an initial
plan of how to map NIIN’s to WUC’s could be constructed. Finally, the researcher will develop a proof of concept
demonstration of feasibility of their initial plan.
PHASE II: The researcher will further design, develop, document, and demonstrate a structured plan to either
modify an existing database(s) or create a new one for the purposes of linking the WUC to the NIIN. The researcher
shall develop and provide a demonstration of the proposed plan implementation. The researcher will develop a plan
for potential Phase III efforts.
M&S can support program improvement efforts by analyzing the impact of proposed continuous process
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improvements and budget alternatives on the sustainment metrics as well as mission effectiveness. It can be used in
assessing the alternatives affecting the design and deployment of both the end item and its support system. For
example, sustainment analyses can focus on such areas as spares requirements, level of repair, supply chain
optimization, and unit maintenance manpower requirements.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The Phase III product will be a robust, off-the-shelf, collaborative and
integrated capability for use in determining maintenance demands on the supply system including demands on base,
depot, and DLA supply. It will also include a linkage of the maintenance records (WUC based) with the supply
records (NIIN or NIIN-like based). Although the Phase I and II efforts are focused on linking Air Force
maintenance and supply data, a Phase III effort to link similar types of data for other DOD services would be
beneficial to both the small business and the government. This Phase could also develop a tool for auto-creating data
formatted in such a way that maintenance modeling software such as the Logistics Composite Model can use it
directly.
REFERENCES:
1. Department of Defense Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, and Cost Rationale Report (The RAM-C
Manual)
2. Rand Corp review of Logistics Composite Model

https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_memoranda/2008/RM5544.pdf
KEYWORDS: reliability, availability, maintainability, supportability, sustainment, cost, depot, maintenance,

modeling, simulation, logistics, supply chain, spares, sparing, NIIN, WUC
TPOC-1: Alan Taylor

Phone: 937-904-4593
Email: alan.taylor.3@us.af.mil
AF191-091 TITLE: Physics-Based Prediction of Residual Stresses for Fatigue and Fatigue Crack Growth
Life Assessment
OBJECTIVE: Develop physics-based models for prediction of positive and negative outcomes of surface residual
stress treatments for critical engine components. Integrate predicted residual stress and damage states into
component life and risk assessment tools.
DESCRIPTION: For many years, turbine engine designers and operators have taken advantage of residual stress
(RS) surface treatments such as laser shock processing (LSP), low plasticity burnishing (LPB), and shot peening
(SP) to enhance the capability of, or reduce weight in, components vulnerable to damage modes such as high cycle
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fatigue, fretting fatigue, or foreign object damage (FOD) [1]. The promise of high magnitude and deep compressive
RS fields superimposed on regions of high applied stress or extrinsic damage mitigated the need for frequent and
expensive inspections or reductions in component life limits. Along with the obvious benefits, however, experience
has shown a potential for unforeseen damage states or process quality effects that could impact the risk of
accelerated fatigue damage or fatigue crack growth behavior. This topic will address the mechanisms that drive
those risks so that they can be accounted for in component life and risk assessments.
It is understood that processes such as LSP and LPB have the capacity to induce localized damage into a part if the
process parameters as well as component material and geometry are not carefully considered when engineering the
process application. Internal spallation is one such damage mode that is associated with LSP [2]. Likewise, any
application of a compressive RS treatment must induce regions of tensile RS to satisfy equilibrium. The
mechanisms that drive the magnitude and location of potential damage states and tensile RS fields are driven by the
processing parameters, component geometry, and the local material properties and are also driven by the variability
in each.
Tools are sought to support the prediction of local damage and RS states through explicit modeling of the RS
process in representative component geometries. This work should focus on one RS process in Phase I and possibly
more than one RS process in Phase II and should focus on RS processes commonly used on turbine engine
components such as LSP, LPB, or SP. Effects due to the local geometry, local material microstructure and
properties, and process parameters as well as the variability in each of these quantities should be considered in the
approach. Sensitivity analyses should be performed to determine the relative importance of each process and
material variable. A successful Phase I will demonstrate prediction of RS and damage state sensitivity to one (or
more) process and material variables within 70% confidence of available literature data and lab coupon tests. A
successful Phase II will predict a damage mechanism threshold and compressive & tensile RS dependent on all
important geometry, process, and material parameters with an accuracy within 85% confidence of the validation
data. The Air Force will provide test materials and recommended specimen geometries as needed for both Phase I
and II, however, the AF will not provide RS measurement capabilities. Approaches for integration of these tools
with stress analysis as well as fatigue and fatigue crack growth predictive tools should be considered. The inclusion
of an OEM partner in military and/or commercial turbine engines is strongly recommended in all phases.
PHASE I: Develop an approach based on explicit process modeling to predict residual stress state and localized
damage modes based on variability in process variables, material properties, and geometry. Demonstrate feasibility
of integration of the modeling results into a life assessment.
PHASE II: Demonstrate, verify, and validate prediction of residual stress states and damage modes in a relevant test
material and geometry using explicit process models developed in phase I. Develop efficient approaches for
integration of predicted residual stress variability and occurrences of damage into component life and risk
assessment tools.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Offeror should pursue follow-on activities to transition the developed
capabilities into the software tools and life management practices of military or commercial original equipment
manufacturers.
REFERENCES:
1. R John, JM Larsen, DJ Buchanan, NE Ashbaugh, “Incorporating Residual Stresses in Life Prediction of Turbine
Engine Disks,” RTO AVT Symposium on Aging Mechanisms and Control, October 2001,
www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/p014133.pdf.
2. CS Montross, T Wei, L Ye, G Clark, YW Mai, “Laser Shock Processing and its Effects on Microstructure and
Properties of Metal Alloys: A Review,” Int J Fatigue, vol 24, 2002, pp 1021-1036.
KEYWORDS: Residual stress surface treatments, process models, life prediction, fatigue, crack growth
TPOC-1: Patrick Golden

Phone: 937-255-5438
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Email: patrick.golden@us.af.mil
AF191-092 TITLE: AgilePod® Capability Enhancements: Wideband Multi-Function RF Sensing
ACQUISITION PROGRAM: Airborne Sensors for ISR (ASI)
OBJECTIVE: Design and deliver advanced Wideband Multi-Function RF AgilePod® module.
DESCRIPTION: AgilePod® was developed to be a low cost, reconfigurable, multi-intelligence (multi-INT), open
architecture pod system. Both the original pod and Technical Data Package (TDP) were delivered in December of
2016. The pod capability was demonstrated in flight on a contractor-owned and operated DC-3 aircraft in June
2017. This flight demonstration highlighted the value of having a wholly Government-owned, open architecture pod
giving the warfighter the capability to rapidly tailor payloads in a flight-line environment as evolving mission needs
dictate.
AgilePod® is a modular pod system consisting of a center module, optional side modules, a nose cone, and tail
cone. The center modules, with BRU mounts, come in lengths of 28”, 33”, 45” and 60”. The optional side modules
are either 28” or 33”. New AgilePod® systems are under development in order to expand the AgilePod® family of
products. The complete TDP for AgilePod® and all of its modular components is readily available to commercial
and Department of Defense (DoD) vendors.
AgilePod® has been demonstrated for existing ISR missions. The proposed effort will address future mission
applications of ISR sensors and further the state of the art in open systems architectures leveraging the AgilePod®
TDP while developing a path for integration into multiple Air Force platforms. One of the goals of this effort is to
mature and demonstrate wideband multi-function RF sensing as one of the selected modes for Airborne Sensors for
ISR. While the goal of this effort is not to develop new RF sensors, novel architectures/designs can be explored.
The overall goal is to develop an AgilePod® module that can accommodate state-of-the-art multi-function RF
systems. Multi-functionality could include multiple RADAR modes (Passive Sensing, Direction Finding, GMTI,
AMTI, SAR, etc.), EW modes, and communications capability.
This effort seeks to improve and expand the AgilePod® portfolio. Providing a wideband multi-function RF
AgilePod® module will greatly enhance the versatility of the AgilePod® system. The AgilePod® TDP has been,
and will continue to be, openly shared with commercial and Department of Defense (DoD) vendors, while
protecting corporate intellectual property, in order to foster innovation and to enable the rapid fielding of new ISR
capabilities. The goal of this effort is to build an AgilePod® module, not to develop a new sensor. While novel RF
system architectures and technologies may be explored that is not the thrust of this effort.
PHASE I: Leveraging the complete TDP, design an AgilePod® module that can house a wideband multi-function
RF system capable of multiple RADAR modes, Electronic Warfare capabilities and secure RF communications.
Integrate existing phased array technology and wideband digital backend components. RF performance should
assume a minimum operational bandwidth of 18 GHz and an instantaneous bandwidth of 500 MHz per channel in a
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channelized system. RF system architecture should incorporate a plug-n-play, open architecture approach enabling
the switching out of apertures and module skins as needed in order to ensure that functionality can be tailored to the
mission requirements. Trade-off performance vs size, weight, power, and cost compatible with AgilePod®
components. Study should include mechanical and thermal analysis while also looking at the various size modules
that make up the AgilePod® family of components. Design for Manufacturing including agile manufacturing
should be addressed while including RF transparent skin(s).
PHASE II: The Phase II effort will build upon the Phase I effort by building, testing, and delivering the module
designed during Phase I. RF performance of module skins will be demonstrated and non-functional mockups of RF
system parts will be used to mechanically validate the module. The design will be will be captured in a complete
TDP conforming to MIL-STD 31000 (ISO 10303-242). The TDP shall include the specific input parameters,
models utilized, and all other model variables that enable the Government and/or an independent third party to
perform the system engineering analysis to determine the effects of heat and vibration loads on sensor/pod
configurations, mechanical stress, center of gravity, flutter, and vibration analysis based on specified flight loads.
The TDP shall also include the outputs and supporting analysis of those same items. The goal is to ensure that
airworthiness certification can be gained by an AgilePod® configuration incorporating the RF system. The TDP
shall contain all data to enable the Government or an independent party to manufacture, modify, upgrade, support,
and maintain the pod.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Phase III will further build upon previous phases by utilizing the TDP to
manufacture an application specific AgilePod® wideband multi-function RF module suitable for testing and flight
demonstration.
REFERENCES:
1. Russell G. Shirey, Luke A. Borntrager, Andrew T. Soine, David M. Green, "Blue Guardian: open architecture
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) demonstrations", Proc. SPIE 10205, Open Architecture/Open
Business Model Net-Centric Systems
2. Mark DiPadua and George Dalton, "Agile manufacturing in Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
(ISR)", Proc. SPIE 9849, Open Architecture/Open Business Model Net-Centric Systems and Defense
Transformation 2016, 984904 (May 12, 2016)
3. Charles P. Collier ; Ilya Lipkin ; Steven A. Davidson and Jason Dirner, "Sensor Open System Architecture
(SOSA)", Proc. SPIE 9849, Open Architecture/Open Business Model Net-Centric Systems and Defense
4. Marisa Alia-Novobilski, “AgilePod ‘reconfiguring’ ISR mission”, http://www.wpafb.af.mil/News/Article-

Display/Article/1038723/agilepod-reconfiguring-isr-mission, (Dec 28, 2016)
KEYWORDS: AgilePod, Passive Sensing, Direction Finding, GMTI, AMTI, SAR, open mission systems (OMS),
Sensor Open Systems Architecture (SOSA), open architecture
TPOC-1: Andrew Soine

Phone: 937-904-4294
Email: andrew.soine.1@us.af.mil
AF191-093 TITLE: Innovative Methods for Thermoplastic Composites on ATL/AFP
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OBJECTIVE: Develop and demonstrate innovative methods to reduce the cost and cycle time associated with the
production of thermoplastic composites on automated fiber placement (AFP) and automated tape layup (ATL)
machines for the aerospace components.
DESCRIPTION: The United States Air Force is interested in ways to bring down the cost, improve the quality and
reduce the cycle time of processing thermoplastic composites utilizing AFP or ATL. There are many reasons to use
thermoplastic composites over the industry standard aerospace thermoset composites. Some of these advantages
include toughness of the material, ability to melt and remelt thermoplastics, recyclability, and elimination of freezer
storage or requirement to manage out-time of the material. The need to debulk, bag, and cure thermoset composites
in an autoclave creates an even greater case for thermoplastic composites.
However, there are disadvantages associated with utilizing thermoplastic composites especially in the AFP or ATL
process. These disadvantages include cost of the resin compared to similar strength thermosets, cycle time to fully
consolidate the composite, and quality relative to autoclave cured thermosets.
The Air Force is interested in ways to increase number of thermoplastic composite aerospace parts made using AFP
or ATL processes. Transition will likely occur when the cost and cycle time reductions make the materials
extremely attractive relative to thermosets and the quality is equivalent or better. These improvements could come
through modeling to improve manufacturability and quality, methods to improve consolidation, lower cost materials,
methods to reduce the cycle time of the current process, and lower cost fabrication methods for layup tools. The
government will not provide data, equipment or materials on this effort.
PHASE I: Develop and characterize thermoplastic AFP or ATL methods that achieve properties similar to thermoset
parts that have been autoclave cured and build a small part (2.5' in length) with curvature (representative of leading
edge) for Air Force evaluation. Document the MRL and establish a strategy to mature the method.
PHASE II: Mature methods that reduce cost and cycle time of thermoplastic AFP or ATL. Demonstrate maturity by
developing and delivering a relevant part (5' in length) for Air Force assessment. Demonstrate the quality of the
consolidation and ability to meet dimensions and tolerances specified in the drawing. Document the MRL and
establish a strategy to commercialize the approach. Working with an ATL/AFP machine supplier is desired in this
phase.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Demonstrate scalability by producing and delivering a relevant part (8' in
length) with two additional replicates. Demonstrate the quality of the consolidation and ability to meet dimensions
and tolerances specified in the drawing. Process parameters should be documented. Cycle time, cost, and quality
(ie. Porosity and conformance to specified dimensions and tolerances) should be documented. Document the MRL.
Multiple customers should be identified and plan to transition technology should be in place. Potential transition
could be via next generation tanker fleet or attritable systems.
REFERENCES:
1. Recent Developments In Automated Fiber Placement Of Thermoplastic Composites
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/411a/f6ac6cc3f7306fc1c75aef3e03eedec491c4.pdf
2. Thermoplastics riding into automotive, aerospace

https://www.compositesworld.com/articles/thermoplastics-riding-into-automotive-aerospace
3. https://www.compositesworld.com/columns/thermoplastic-composites-in-aerospace-past-present-and-future
KEYWORDS: Automated fiber placement, automated tape layup, thermoplastic materials
TPOC-1: Andrea Helbach

Phone: 937-255-0083
Email: andrea.helbach@us.af.mil
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AF191-094 TITLE: Thin Mat Material Foreign Object Debris (FOD) Inspection System
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the proposed program is to investigate and design an optimized nondestructive
evaluation (NDE) system that can quickly and accurately detect and identify foreign object debris (FOD) in thin mat
materials early in the production environment.
DESCRIPTION: No nondestructive evaluation technique is currently used to inspect for FOD in the manufacture of
thin mat material. An inspection technique is required to eliminate the possibility of incorporating contaminated
material into aircraft parts and components during production or depot/field maintenance. Material buy-off and
acceptance criteria needs to be improved and validated with quality assurance inspection data. Currently, due to the
limited nature of FOD inspection, the possibility exists that material may be accepted and integrated into high value
USAF aircraft components that may eventually fail performance and specification testing due to contaminated FOD
material.
The time to inspect and identify contaminated material is early in the manufacturing process before FOD becomes
integrated into the aircraft components through initial aircraft production or depot/field repairs and maintenance.
Finding FOD contaminants after it has been integrated into aircraft parts results in significant cost and schedule
delays to identify and fix the problem. The proposed technology will be used in the early stages of thin mat material
production to find and eliminate FOD in these materials BEFORE they are incorporated into aircraft parts and
components.
Potential technology approaches include the integration of near field sensors that can detect small visual or non-
visual FOD defects that get incorporated into the mat material unknowingly. The optimized sensor package must be
capable of inspecting the entire web of the material as it is being produced. The number of sensors, sensor
configuration, standoff distance, frequency of operation, speed of data collection, and other critical engineering
factors shall be investigated. The S&T involved in this requirement include a sensor suite, sensor integration into a
suitable inspection system for the manufacturing environment, easy to use graphical user interface, software
processing techniques to rapidly and accurately identify and detect defects, and development of a suitable output
system to enable near real time information assessment. The required capability must meet stringent inspection
criteria and yet be mobile and portable with the ability to be used on multiple materials on different thin mat
production equipment. In addition to the prototype system there will be a comprehensive final report, engineering
test data on various thin mat materials, and recommendations for full implementation to solve the problem.
PHASE I: Demonstrate the feasibility of sensor system technology to non-destructively inspect thin mat material up
to 54” in width in a laboratory environment on a set of commercially available materials. The thin mat material is
being produced at a rate of up to 13’ per minute so the proposed prototype system must be capable of inspecting the
entire web during the production process. Demonstrate the basic operation including the defect detection and
software algorithms in a laboratory setting on representative thin mat materials. Any prototype sensor system must
meet production and safety environment requirements. The existing thin mat material production equipment may
accommodate an inspection system with width dimension of no more than 40” to be integrated into the production
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process to inspect real-time for FOD material. The initial prototype system may be a "brass-board" prototype with
developmental software.
PHASE II: Design and build an advanced prototype system based upon what was demonstrated in Phase I.
Demonstrate the prototype's ability to measure 100% of the thin mat web material surface during the production
process. Document the results in a detailed report. Develop a manufacturing plan for a fully optimized system with
the capability to inspect for FOD. Rigorous technology demonstrations using commercially available materials in a
representative manufacturing environment shall be performed. To that end, extensive test and evaluations of the
novel prototype capability shall be carried out to include an optimized hardware and software system solution.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Develop and execute a transition plan to military and commercial
customers based on requirements. Because the nondestructive evaluation system is a tool, the main transition task
will be to educate production workers how to operate the tool.
REFERENCES:
1. "Non-destructive evaluation of aerospace materials with lock-in thermography,” Engineering Failure Analysis,
Vol. 13, Issue 3, April 2006, pages 380-388, Carosena Meola, Giovanni Maria Carlomagno, Antonio Squillance, and
Antonoi Vitiello.
2. “Microwave and millimeter wave nondestructive testing and evaluation - Overview and recent advances,” IEEE
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, Volume: 10, Issue: 2, April 2007, pages 26-38, Sergey Kharkovsky and
Reza Zoughi
KEYWORDS: nondestructive evaluation, thin mat inspection, foreign object debris, defect detection
TPOC-1: Juan Calzada

Phone: 937-255-9761
Email: juan.calzada@us.af.mil
AF191-095 TITLE: Integrated Circuit (IC) Die Extraction & Reassembly Automation
ACQUISITION PROGRAM: F-16, F-15, C-130, EA-6, A-10
OBJECTIVE: Develop and assess tools/techniques to evaluate automated manufacturing associated with a variety of
die extraction techniques, which increase volume capability while maximizing reliability and decreasing overall
cost. Die Extraction and Re-Packaging (DER) processes, which increase performance, lifetime, and safety of
integrated circuits, is a priority for suppliers to the DoD in order to certify and qualify parts. This proposal has high-
reliability commercial applications that can maximize a return on DoD investment.
DESCRIPTION: DoD and extreme-condition commercial applications face diminishing manufacturing sources and
material shortages for obsolete electronics. As the number of known integrated circuits (ICs) in the appropriate
package become obsolete, there are fewer solutions: new manufacturing of the existing IC (if the design is available
and foundry has capability - usually neither is available), reverse engineering the IC function and emulate the IC
with a current IC (rare, if possible), or, fabricate a redesigned IC. Other options include board redesign and, LRU
(Line Replacement Unit) or complete system redesign. Redesigns usually take years and can cost several million
dollars.
Another option has emerged if an IC is available, but not in the required package footprint. This process is called
DER. In many cases, the desired IC can be found in a variety of package options, despite the fact that finding the IC
of interest in the desired package is not an option. The DER process can then take an equivalent obsolete die from an
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undesirable package and repackage the die into the necessary package. The oil and gas drilling industry’s
requirements for high-reliability, high-temperature electronics, drove early business and technology development of
the DER process. The intended objective was to utilize lower cost plastic packaged ICs, which were originally
developed for systems with benign operating conditions and environments, and repackage them for increased harsh
environment requirements. DoD has similar standards, and the technology has been qualified on a product-by-
product basis.
Up to this point the DER contractors used manual processes and that was sufficient for small quantities. We are
beginning to see that Die Extraction is being rejected, not because the process would not work on an individual
integrated circuit but because a medium volume (several hundreds to several thousands) could not be produced
quick enough to meet the need. The medium volumes would be applicable to crypto systems, missile systems, and
the larger legacy aircraft fleets (like the F-16). Commercially automated and optimized extraction DER processes
(e.g. with chemical, mechanical and laser ablation) need to be explored along with the automation of high-reliability
connections between the die and die pads. A fully automated process should be addressed with a robotic, automated
platform.
Furthermore, the tools, techniques and knowledge need to be addressed to continue to certify and optimize DER
solutions. Innovations are sought to develop tools and techniques that will eventually lead to DoD automated,
certified processes, similar to MIL-STD-883. Innovations are sought to develop the necessary understanding to
determine the operating and environmental limits for automated DER ICs in ground, air, and/or space applications.
There will be no government-furnished equipment.
PHASE I: Feasibility study of DER automation for ICs meeting DoD requirements use & corresponding T&E for
certification. Address operating use, environment, & complexity for analog & digital high performance stability &
long-term reliability. Statistical accuracy & limitations of the developed techniques should be addressed.
PHASE II: Development and demonstration of the tools, techniques and knowledge identified in Phase I. Lifetimes
of pre-DER ICs will be assessed and compared to lifetimes of DER ICs for both Mil-grade and commercial ICs
when available. Part performance stability and reliability will be assessed stressing parts for military use.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Air Force plans to install automated DER ICs in some non-flight critical
LRUs on some F-16 aircraft to assess their performance and long-term reliability. If successful, the DER process
could transition to rest of DoD for use. Processes will be documented for IC community to leverage. This project
leverages on previous programs that have transitioned simpler DER ICs to the field.
REFERENCES:
1. Electronic Circuits-Preserving Technique for Decapsulating Plastic Packages, IBM Technical Disclosure
Bulletin, vol. 30, Nov.6, Nov. 1987, pp.446-447
2. Die Extraction Strategy Solves DMSMS Challenges Global Circuit Innovations (Colorado Springs, CO)
http://www.cotsjournalonline.com/articles/view/102446
3. Patented DPEM Process for Die Removal DPA Components International (Simi Valley, CA)
http://www.dpaci.com/patented-dpem-process-for-die-removal.html.
4. Global Circuit Innovations (Colorado Springs, CO) Website: https://www.gci-global.com/
KEYWORDS: diminishing manufacturing sources, DMS, automated die extraction and reassembly, integrated
circuit, IC, microcircuit, reliability, MIL-STD-883
TPOC-1: Alan Taylor

Phone: 937-904-4593
Email: alan.taylor.3@us.af.mil
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AF191-096 TITLE: Low Cost Electrochemical Machining System Small Aero Components
OBJECTIVE: Develop and demonstrate technologies to reduce capital and/or operating costs for Electrochemical
Machining (ECM) with a focus of difficult-to-machine aerospace materials including nickel superalloy and titanium.
DESCRIPTION: Advanced aerospace materials such as Ti alloys (6-4, 6-2-4-2) and Ni alloys (alloys 718 and 625)
are used extensively in military and commercial aircraft to meet the needs of and aircraft engine components.
Demand for low-cost aircraft systems is growing within the Air Force, thus requiring improved manufacturing
processes. These aerospace alloys present machining challenges like higher cutting forces and lower material
removal rates (MRR). High cutting forces can be detrimental to aerospace components requiring proper fixturing
and special cutting tools to achieve the desired surface finishes and part tolerances. Cutting tool longevity can still
be unfavorably low. Consequently, machining is often a large percentage of the manufacturing cost associated with
producing aircraft engine components of various sizes (i.e. RPA, small engines).
Non-conventional machining processes, such as Electrochemical Machining (ECM), promise many benefits over
conventional machining. High metal removal rates on hard to machine materials including titanium and nickel
alloys, such as those used in compressor and turbine rotors, are possible with ECM, with no thermal or mechanical
stresses being transferred to the part. Mirror surface finishes can be achieved and ECM is often used for deburring
final conventional machining processes. However, this process has unique challenges that need to be addressed in
order for greater adoption in AF sustainment centers and the DoD industrial base. One barrier to ECM adoption is
the large investment to implement on the shop floor. Many industrial organizations can’t manage the infrastructure
requirements for large-scale electrolyte handling systems, high up-front tooling design and development costs, or the
high cost and complexity of sophisticated ECM machines.
A successful project will demonstrate new or novel low cost technologies that focus on reducing capital equipment
and/or operating costs for ECM and demonstrate ECM’s ability to reduce conventional machining costs. Topics to
reduce costs include, but not limited to, lower cost and/or rapid tooling development especially through additive
tooling and/or modeling & simulation, increasing MRR, reduce or minimize post-machining processes (such as
deburring), and increase tool life. Targets for this project are 25% reduction in capital equipment costs, 50%
reduction in tooling cost and development time, and 25% reduction in cycle time.
PHASE I: Define, develop and demonstrate the feasibility of a new or novel technology with potential to
significantly reduce cost of ECM process while addressing notional requirements on representative aerospace
component geometries. A Phase I final report will provide the research or results to support how the technology can
meet or has met the requirements and address the broader scope capability for a Phase II effort. Identify user
requirements and risks for adopting the technology. Baseline the costs that the technology is targeting for reduction
to be validated in future phase. Develop a business case and development plan supporting further investment and
transition.
PHASE II: Demonstrate new or novel process technology from Phase I on representative aerospace components,
develop and validate cost models, and develop an implementation strategy for the technology developed in Phase I.
Quantify the expected cost savings that the technology is expected to achieve. The ECM technology must be shown
to be robust, accurate and practical from a user standpoint. Develop and document technology to MRL 5-6 maturity
as defined at www.dodmrl.com.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Continue process refinement of the developed technology to meet end
user requirements, demonstrate the business case, and mature MRL to level 8, as defined at www.dodmrl.com.
Validate the cost savings.
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REFERENCES:
1. F. Klocke, M. Zeis, A. Klink, D. Veselovac, “Experimental research on the electrochemical machining of modern
titanium- and nickel-based alloys for aero engine components”, The Seventeenth CIRP Conference on Electro
Physical and Chemical Machining (ISE
2. Raja, K., Ravikumar R, “A Review on Electrochemical Machining Processes”, International Journal of Applied
Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 4 (2016) pp 2354-2355
KEYWORDS: machining, manufacturing, electrochemical, engines, propulsion, small engines, aircraft parts
TPOC-1: Rob Wittman
Email: robert.wittman.2@us.af.mil
AF191-097 TITLE: Nondestructive Instrument to Determine Composite Surface Activation State in

Manufacturing Environment
OBJECTIVE: The objective is to develop and demonstrate a nondestructive quality control instrument in a
manufacturing environment capable of measuring the activation state of a thermoplastic or thermoset composite,
without touching it with liquids or other chemicals that may inactivate the surface.
DESCRIPTION: The use of adhesively bonded joints as an alternative to mechanical joints provide many
advantages over conventional mechanical fasteners. Advantages include lower structural weight, lower fabrication
cost, and improved damage tolerance. Bond surfaces are typically go through plasma or laser treatment prior to
bonding. However, there are currently no instruments available that can reliably assess the suitability of a surface
for subsequent bonding in a manufacturing environment (i.e. process control). The instrument should be capable of
measuring a property of the surface that is correlated to the strength of subsequently bonded parts, as characterized
by double cantilever beam (DCB) tests.
PHASE I: Identify a nondestructive technique to determine whether a composite surface has been adequately
prepared by a plasma or laser treatment. Generate data from DCB testing to show correlated to the strength of the
final bonded parts. The expectation is that this data would be generated for one type of surface (i.e. Thermoplastic).
Develop a lab scale prototype of the device and determine ways the prototype could be that the instrument can
measure a property of the surface matured for a manufacturing environment. The government will not be providing
data, materials or equipment.
PHASE II: The second phase involves generating data from multiple types of surfaces and surface treatments. The
data should show that the device can determine activation across a variety of surfaces and is correlated to the
strength of the final bonded parts. The prototype device shall be matured such that the device can be demonstrated
in a production relevant environment. Partnering with OEMs in the second phase is desired for requirements
generation and manufacturing technician feedback on the device operation and usability.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Device should be further matured to MRL 7 for suitability in the
manufacturing or repair environment. Potential transition will be via bonded composite repairs to legacy and next
generation tanker fleet metallic structure suffering from damage, fatigue cracking, and/or corrosion problems. The
bonded composite patch repairs offer equivalent stiffness but are lighter weight and corrosion resistant. The device
should be demonstrated in an OEM or depot facility on a relevant component with testing to validate the strength
and durability of the bonded joint. The repair procedures and materials and processes to include the surface
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preparation and nondestructive technique should be documented in the platform-specific Technical Order (T.O.). A
commercialization plan for the nondestructive quality control instrument should be researched and documented.
REFERENCES:
1. Kutscha, E.O., Vahey, P.G., Belcher, M.A., VanVoast, P.J., Grace, W.B., Blohowiak, K.Y., Palmieri, F.L.,
Connell, “Contamination and Surface Preparation Effects on Composite Bonding," SAMPE Proceedings, Seattle,
WA, May 2017.
2. Schultz, K.A., and A.C. Davis, “Surface Preparation Techniques for Adhesion to Aerospace Thermoplastic
Composites," SAMPE Proceedings, Seattle, WA, May 2017.
KEYWORDS: Non-destructive measurement, composite bonding, surface activation, manufacturing, repair
TPOC-1: Andrea Helbach

Phone: 937-255-0083
Email: andrea.helbach@us.af.mil
AF191-098 TITLE: Augmented Heating of Dissimilar Metals to Improve Joinability of Friction Welds
OBJECTIVE: The effort will bring to industrial practice a preheated linear friction weld process for difficult to join
dissimilar titanium alloys utilizing fully-validated process modeling to provide optimized weld parameters.
DESCRIPTION: Targeting future development of dissimilar titanium couples for integrally bladed disk (IBD) to
significantly reduce cost, increase performance and reparability of current State of the Art one piece forging, this
effort will experimentally develop the process of local preheating to improve weldability, reduce propensity to
crack, and reduce residual stress of difficult to join titanium alloy couples during linear (translational) friction
welding. This effort will involve the exploration of experimental welding trials coupled with process modeling to
produce an industrially viable welding practice with optimized weld parameters. Partnerships with turbine engine
Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) would be beneficial.
PHASE I: Process exploration and down-selection (to include titanium alloys, friction welding process, preheating
methodology, experimental plan and process modeling approach). This includes baseline feasibility of weld process
coupled with material selection and process modeling. It is envisioned that once feasibility has been demonstrated
that an experimental, scale-up, qualification and modeling plan will be developed for Phase II.
PHASE II: Fully develop weld and preheat process utilizing a fully-validated process modeling capability. This
includes selection of relevant geometry for weld experimentation, development of guidelines for preheat process
(temperature, process and time), prediction of heat distribution during welding and impact on cooling rate, and final
selection of friction weld process parameters. Provide successful demonstrations of weld process with appropriate
quality and inspection data and compare model data.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Further development and implementation with a military aerospace
OEM supplier on an industrially relevant component. Extension of the modeling and experimental methodology to a
second alloy class (i.e. Ni-base superalloys).
REFERENCES:
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1. Senkov, Mahaffey, Semiatin, (2016) Effect of Preheating on the Inertia Friction Welding of the Dissimilar
Superalloys Mar-M247 and LSHR. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 47A, 6121-6137.
2. Heated Friction Stir Welding: An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation into How Preheating Influences
Process Forces. Paul C. Sinclair , William R. Longhurst , Chase D. Cox , David H. Lammlein, Alvin M. Strauss &
George E. Cook, Pages 1283-1291
3. Yaduwanshi, DK (Yaduwanshi, Deepak Kumar); Bag, S (Bag, Swarup); Pal, S (Pal, Sukhomay) Edited by:
Narayanan, RG (Narayanan, RG); Dixit, US (Dixit, US) Title: Hybrid Friction Stir Welding of Similar and
Dissimilar Materials, Source: ADVANCES IN MATERIALS
KEYWORDS: Friction weld preheat, preheat, linear friction weld, dissimilar nickel superalloy welding, linear
friction weld modeling and simulation
TPOC-1: Rob Wittman
AF191-099 TITLE: Low Cost Additive Manufacturing for Cast Tooling
OBJECTIVE: Develop low cost tooling methods for low volume investment casting
DESCRIPTION: Recent interest inside DoD and Air Force in small and medium size turbine engines for
consumable/attritable applications has opened new development opportunities for low cost metallic components.
Since these applications are largely cost driven, there is clear interest in re-evaluating low cost, net-shape processing
techniques that would normally be cost prohibitive due to non-recurring tooling cost. Unfortunately, economies of
scale are not likely to bring substantial cost savings because of expected low quantities of aircraft envisaged for
future Concept of Operations (CONOPS). Cost savings must come from reductions in processing steps, reductions
in inspections, and reductions in non-recurring tooling.
Low cost tooling for investment castings has been a recurring theme every few years as new technologies come to
market. Few truly low cost techniques have been adopted in the high volume investment casting arena. While
prototype pattern technologies have made advancements, moving from stereolithography (common for the past 20
years) to more recently detailed printed wax patterns (such as Voxel Jet), techniques for creating low cost tooling
have never sufficiently materialized.
Given the potential market for consumable/attritable applications will be in the low thousands of parts purchased
over the course of a decade, this puts the need for investment cast tooling directly in a no-man’s-land of
affordability. For example, small turbine components are unlikely to require exquisitely complex designs which
make Additive Manufacturing (AM) a necessity, nor are the quantities low enough to justify printing every piece.
More mature manufacturing technologies have the clear edge in volume. Meanwhile, volume is not high enough to
amortize the cost of standard investment cast tooling. Standard tooling techniques rely on hardened steel or
aluminum, fully machined, polished, and often coated to reduce wear. While AM components may be cost effective
for small quantity prototype parts it will rarely be cost effective compared to the relatively simplistic, but moderate
volume components envisioned in small turbines. A more feasible approach would be to develop a tooling
technology which is good for a very limited lifetime, but which can hold reasonable tolerances throughout that
lifetime.
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Significant effort by commercial and government interests have shown quite clearly that AM can be used
immediately, without need for complex qualification, physics based modeling, or inspection procedures, as a process
aid for other, more mature technologies. In fact, with the proliferation of AM equipment and expertise, development
of techniques to produce process aids, such as patterns or patterns to produce patterns, via AM would have great
benefit across the industry. Currently, a significant proportion of advanced tooling technology rests with the few
very high volume investment cast manufacturers. Opposing this fact is the significant market share for small turbine
engine components is still well below what the large market players would consider without significant markup,
thereby defeating the objective of low cost attritable components. This effort is focused on techniques to create
tooling additively using novel concepts where the tool can be produced at a small fraction of the cost of traditional
techniques, but have a finite life. Concepts of interest include (but are not limited to) affordable tool masters,
disposable but thermally and dimensionally controlled tools, improved surface finish AM and low cost tool
materials. Therefore opportunity exists to develop low cost tooling technologies, available to small casting vendors
where the sweet spot of affordability may be found for small turbine engine components.
PHASE I: Evaluate potential low cost tooling manufacturing methods, including but not limited to Additive
Manufacturing techniques, for capability and cost effectiveness. Build metrics for unbiased measurements against
goals. Produce tooling for one or more components representative of small turbine engine components, especially
high temperature (titanium, nickel, cobalt) alloys. Assess prototype tooling for compatibility in the investment
casting process. Perform a business case analysis to support low cost tooling goals. Proposer should be teamed with
a casting vendor in this task.
PHASE II: Develop low cost tooling methodologies, incorporating best practices to achieve reproducible geometric
results. A knowledge base and design guide should be produced in order to describe and define tooling best
practices. Tooling should be produced and exercised in order to understand the tolerances which may be produced
and held over a number of trials. Demonstration parts should be cast to fully validate the tooling concept has no
adverse impact on the final component. Proposer must be teamed with one or more casting vendors to accomplish
this task.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Demonstrate and validate the final methodologies developed in Phases I
& II. Produce tooling and make castings to specification, including NDI and geometric inspection of small turbine
component representative geometries. Assess the efficacy of the processes to produce tooling, and therefore
castings, at the goal costs. Validate the cost models built and exercised in previous tasks. Proposer should be
teamed with both a casting vendor and small engine producer to accomplish this task.
REFERENCES:
1. S. Rahmati, M.R. Rezaei, J. Akbari, “Design and Manufacture of a Wax Injection Tool for Investment Casting
Using Rapid Tooling,” TSINGHUA Science and Technology, Vol. 14, No. SI, June 2009, pp108-115.
2. Final report, “The Air Force Low-Cost, Limited-Life Propulsion Technical Interchange Meeting”, R.J. Wittman
Jr, AFRL/RXMS, 30 November 2017, DTIC.
KEYWORDS: small engine, investment casting, low-cost tooling
TPOC-1: David Lee

Phone: 937-904-4957
Email: david.lee.96@us.af.mil
AF191-100 TITLE: Low Distortion Repair of Thin Superalloy Components
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OBJECTIVE: Develop a process, parameters, and/or process model for solid state welding or other joining process
used for repairing cracks in thin rolled sheet sections of solid solution strengthened nickel superalloy materials.
DESCRIPTION: The Air Force has a number of thin-sectioned jet components in high temperature areas that, due to
unequal heating and cooling in operation, often crack and subject to repair. Air Force material of interest is Nickel
625 with sheet thickness from 0.060” to 0.200”. The standard repair process for these components is hand welding,
which, in turn, requires expensive heat treating to minimize residual stresses and further cracking. Manual welding
also generally adds substantial additional material which must be ground off or simply accepted as additional weight
to the aircraft. Target for this project is a 30% cost reduction for repair resulting from minimizing post processing
including post weld heat treat, weld and heat affected zone rework due to warping, residual stress and post
machining.
PHASE I: Define, develop and demonstrate the feasibility of a process used for joining in repair of cracks for nickel
superalloy sheet that minimizes or eliminates post processing. Plan a series of experiments to verify such repairs
would be effective in a turbine engine exhaust path environment. Baseline the costs that the technology is targeting
for reduction to be validated in future phase.
PHASE II: Demonstrate the process on surrogate sheet in a lab environment. Execute the experiments, characterize
the metallurgy, quantify the quality and perform necessary mechanical tests to validate the repair concept. Perform
repairs in a laboratory environment on actual hardware. Quantify the cost savings that the technology is expected to
achieve. Develop and validate process models if used. The process/equipment must be shown to be robust, accurate
and practical from a user standpoint. Develop and document technology to MRL 5-6 maturity as defined at
<http://www.dodmrl.com>.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Demonstrate process by performing repairs in a depot environment on
actual flight hardware. Continue process refinement of the developed technology to meet end user requirements,
demonstrate the business case, and mature MRL to level 8, as defined at <http://www.dodmrl.com>. Validate the
cost savings.
REFERENCES:
1. R.S. Mishra, P.S. De, N. Kumar, “Friction stir welding and processing,” Springer, Science and
Engineering, 2014; ISBN: 978-3-319-07042-1.
2. M. B. Henderson, D. Arrell, R. Larsson, M. Heobel & G. Marchant, “Nickel based superalloy welding practices
for industrial gas turbine applications” Science and Technology of Welding and Joining Vol. 9, Iss. 1, 2004.
3. Chamanfar, Ahmad; Jahazi, Mohammad; Cormier, Jonathan, “A Review on Inertia and Linear Friction Welding
of Ni-Based Superalloys”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, A;
New York Vol. 46, Iss. 4, (Apr 201
KEYWORDS: Thin sheet nickel superalloy welding, Friction Stir welding, nickel superalloy weld repair, nickel
superalloy solid state joining, low distortion repair
TPOC-1: Robert Wittman

Phone: 937-255-8058
AF191-101 TITLE: Improved Seals for Hypersonic Vehicles
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OBJECTIVE: Develop and demonstrate advanced high temperature seals for hypersonic vehicles.
DESCRIPTION: Hypersonic vehicles and propulsion systems pose an extraordinary challenge for structures and
materials. In particular, such systems require seals capable of enduring the extreme conditions of hypersonic flight.
Seals are used in control surfaces such as rudders, flaps, and elevens; vehicle thermal protection or aeroshell
components; between components in the engine flow-path, and in any location where penetration is made through
the aeroshell such as access panels and sensor windows. These seals are expected to provide a thermal and physical
barrier to the interior of the vehicle, and mitigate electromagnetic interference (EMI) while handling high-
temperatures, thermal gradients, aero-thermal loads, steady-state and transient localized heating from shock,
fluctuating pressure loads, vibration, and acoustic loading. Seals must be able to withstand these aspects of
hypersonic flight while maintaining acceptable levels of degradation (ablation, oxidation, changes in mechanical and
physical properties) without compromising mission success.
The product of this activity should develop a novel seal material or multi-material (composite or hybrid) joint, and
perform relevant testing of the same. The scope of this activity will consider maturation of seals for single-use
applications with life not to exceed 60 minutes as described by three categories: (1) seals between components of
dissimilar materials on the vehicle outer mold line (OML); (2) seals between actuated components on the OML; and
(3) seals between stationary and actuated components in the propulsion flow-path. In order to scope operating
conditions, teaming with a hypersonic systems integrator, or material/component supplier is highly encouraged. A
description of the anticipated performance against a SOTA baseline is also highly encouraged.
Seals must be designed to limit degradation during use thereby lowering the risks associated with the ingress of hot
gasses from the OML or propulsion flow-path of the vehicle. Seals on the OML must be able to withstand high
temperature oxidative environments while seals in the flow-path must be chemically stable with respect to both
unburned fuel and the combustion products of the burned fuel at use temperatures. The characterization of these
attributes before and after exposure testing should be described. The ability of the seals to maintain resiliency and
flexibility ensures that gaps remain sealed on repeated actuation of the components or flexing of the components due
to thermal/mechanical loading; appropriate mechanical testing/verification should be discussed. Measurement of
EM shielding characteristics at ambient and use temperatures is desired and should be described.
PHASE I: Develop an improved or alternate sealing material and/or method feasible of sealing gaps between
components representative of a hypersonic vehicle. Conduct screening tests of mechanical loading, electromagnetic
shielding, and/or environmental exposure testing to validate improved properties and capability over baseline.
PHASE II: Define the processing of the seal design developed in Phase I. Conduct mechanical, environment, and
EM shielding testing of the seal design in relevant environments and relevant configurations/sealing conditions,
including a seal between two representative components with mechanical and thermal loading. Work with integrator
to define and meet transition requirements.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Finalize seal design processing and evaluation. Complete integrator
transition requirements. Potentially broaden commercialization strategies of the developed product. Scale-up
production process.
REFERENCES:
1. DeMange, Jeffrey J., Dunlap, Patrick H. Jr., Steinetz, Bruce M, 2006, “Improved Seals for High Temperature
Airframe Applications.” Paper Number: AIAA-2006-4935, TM 2006-214465, Presented at the 2006
AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, Sacra
2. Cai, Zhong; Mutharasan, Rajakkannu; Ko, Frank.; Steinetz, Bruce M.: 1994, “Development of Braided Fiber
Engine Seals”, J. of Advanced Materials, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 29-35.
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3. Patrick H. Dunlap, Jr. and Bruce M. Steinetz: 2003, "Toward an Improved Hypersonic Engine Seal,"
NASA/TM—2003-212531.
4. MIL-STD-461G, “Requirements for the Control of Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics of Subsystems

and Equipment,” 11 December 2015.
KEYWORDS: Hypersonic Vehicle; Seals, Evaluation; Material Development; Ceramics
TPOC-1: Garth Wilks

Phone: 937-255-5007
Email: garth.wilks.1@us.af.mil
AF191-102 TITLE: AgilePod® Capability Enhancements: LiDAR
ACQUISITION PROGRAM: Airborne Sensors for ISR (ASI)
OBJECTIVE: Develop an optimal, integrated LiDAR component for AgilePod® based on survey of state-of-the-art
LiDAR technologies and research and development of AgilePod® materials and components. Build an AgilePod®
prototype LiDAR component utilizing agile manufacturing and preserving open systems.
DESCRIPTION: Affordability and operational flexibility of next generation intelligence, surveillance, and
reconnaissance (ISR) systems are critical to successful fielding of warfighting ISR capabilities. However, currently
fielded systems are expensive to produce and maintain, are often linked to a specific platform, and are dependent
upon vertical supply chains that take too long to field new technologies.
The intent of the AgilePod® program is to develop a platform agnostic, low cost, reconfigurable, multi-intelligence
(multi-INT), open architecture pod system incorporating agile manufacturing and supporting government owned
technical data. The original pod and Technical Data Package (TDP) was delivered in December of 2016 and was
demonstrated on an AFSOC MQ-9 in March of 2018. These flight demonstrations highlighted the value of having a
wholly Government-owned, open architecture pod giving the warfighter the capability to rapidly tailor payloads in a
flight-line environment as evolving mission needs dictate.
The proposed effort will conduct research and analysis on the mission applications of state-of-the-art covert LiDAR
and enabling technologies (that is, non-visible eye-safe wavelengths) as a potential modality for Airborne Sensors
for ISR (ASI) while furthering open systems architectures through leveraging the AgilePod® TDP and developing a
path for integration into multiple Air Force platforms. While previous AgilePod® demonstrations have been based
upon mature ISR technologies, there is a knowledge gap in how quickly the AgilePod® architecture and
accompanying TDP can integrate emergent technologies in order to support evolving user needs and new concepts
of operations. It is a primary goal to jointly optimize the LiDAR system and the AgilePod(R) component while
maintaining AgilePod® compatibility by leveraging the available TDP. While the goal of this effort is not to
develop a new LiDAR sensor, novel architectures/designs can be explored to maximize mission flexibility and
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remain aircraft agnostic. LiDAR modes can include direct detection and/or coherent detection, providing 1-D, 2-D,
and/or 3-D sensing modalities. For this effort it is assumed the LiDAR will operate as a cued sensor, pointed to
objects of interest or locations of interest in order to collect data for purposes of combat identification. The
integrated LiDAR/AgilePod® component design shall address operating altitude, laser link budget, transmit
aperture, receive aperture, field of regard, spatial and temporal resolution, and processing latency. Laser
requirements include wavelength(s), transmit power, PRF, pulse energy, pulse width, thermal, and electrical power.
Receiver requirements include detector efficiency, front end bandwidth, array format, frame rate, and modes of
operation. LiDAR system requirements include determining pointing error, scanning requirements, scan rate, target
prosecution rate, cooling-SWaP, pod internal environmental conditions, and concepts of operation with co-located
sensors of different modalities.
The AgilePod® TDP has been, and will continue to be, openly shared with commercial and Department of Defense
(DoD) vendors in order to foster innovation and to enable the rapid fielding of new ISR capabilities.
PHASE I: Perform survey of state of the art LiDAR systems suitable for group IV and V RPAs. Conduct research
on optical windows (type, size, location, etc.) and materials that can be manufactured into detachable skins of an
AgilePod® component or module. Explore and develop novel concepts with the goal of determining the feasibility
of incorporating an open systems, plug and play LiDAR capability using agile manufacturing concepts into the
AgilePod® 30-inch cross sectional variant to be flown on a MQ-9 or surrogate aircraft. Conduct analysis addressing
environmental factors, maintaining thermal and vibration control, and address any onboard processing requirements.
Identify critical technical challenges pertaining to the manufacturability of LiDAR capabilities for the AgilePod®.
PHASE II: Building upon the Phase I effort, develop a LiDAR prototype system design along with a complete TDP
conforming to MIL-STD 31000 (ISO 10303-242) which can be integrated into the AgilePod®. The TDP shall
include the specific input parameters, models utilized and all other model variables to enable the Government and/or
independent third party to perform the same modeling based system engineering analysis as the Contractor for
determining the effects of heat and vibration loads on sensor/pod configurations, mechanical stress, center of
gravity, flutter, and vibration analysis based on specified flight loads. The TDP shall also include the outputs and
supporting analysis of those same items. The TDP shall contain all data to enable the Government or an
independent party to manufacture, modify, upgrade, support and maintain the pod.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Manufacture an AgilePod® LiDAR module suitable for testing and
ultimately flight demonstration if funding is available. Participate in testing and document results. Produce
manufacturing and logistics plan and cost estimates.
REFERENCES:
1. Russell G. Shirey, Luke A. Borntrager, Andrew T. Soine, David M. Green, "Blue Guardian: open architecture
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) demonstrations", Proc. SPIE 10205, Open Architecture/Open
Business Model Net-Centric Systems
2. Mark DiPadua and George Dalton, "Agile manufacturing in Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
(ISR)", Proc. SPIE 9849, Open Architecture/Open Business Model Net-Centric Systems and Defense
3. Charles P. Collier ; Ilya Lipkin ; Steven A. Davidson and Jason Dirner, "Sensor Open System Architecture
(SOSA)", Proc. SPIE 9849, Open Architecture/Open Business Model Net-Centric Systems and Defense
4. Marisa Alia-Novobilski, “AgilePod ‘reconfiguring’ ISR mission”, http://www.wpafb.af.mil/News/Article-

Display/Article/1038723/agilepod-reconfiguring-isr-mission, (Dec 28, 2016)
KEYWORDS: AgilePod, hyperspectral, target detection, identification, open mission systems (OMS), Sensor Open
Systems Architecture (SOSA), open architecture
TPOC-1: Andrew Soine
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Phone: 937-904-4294
Email: andrew.soine.1@us.af.mil
AF191-103 TITLE: Augmented and Facilitated Nondestructive Inspection (NDI) for Large Area
Assessments
OBJECTIVE: Develop new method(s) to augment and facilitate the NDI of upper wing skins that minimize
inspector workload, especially after initial set-up, and accelerates inspection process to detect corrosion in wing
skins that are attached to aircraft.
DESCRIPTION: Pervasive hidden corrosion issues on upper wing surfaces of select larger US Air Force aircraft
generates the need to nondestructively inspect large areas while the wing skin is in place. The areas of greatest
interest include fastener rows and faying surfaces of the wing skins when there is a second layer underneath the skin,
such as a stringer flange. The corrosion types of predominant interest are exfoliation and general thinning, though
other corrosion types, such as intergranular, are also present. Current inspection capability is based on a using
portable scanning systems that require a sequential process of scanning the areas of interest, typically with multiple
set-ups and placements of the portable scanning system, followed by integration of the images from the scans,
evaluation of the scans, and reporting of the inspection results. Current inspection time is approximately 400 square
inches per hour. Current inspection criteria is commonly to detect 10% thickness loss of skin thickness values that
range from 0.125” to 0.625”. The skin material is commonly aerospace aluminum alloys.
The desired capability for a new inspection process is to decrease the current inspection time as much as possible,
with desired metrics being by a reduction by a factor of 10 as a threshold and a factor of 20 as an objective.
Innovative solutions are sought to enable accelerated scanning time, image integration, evaluation, and/or reporting,
including parallelization these processes. Decreased human interaction with the inspection process by increased
autonomy must consider both the variability of the structural areas of interest in terms of thickness, fastener location,
and/or configuration of any structure underneath the wing skin that is attached to the skin. This includes addressing
any possible variations in the detection capability due to irregular geometric features and changing in the boundary
condition at the faying surfaces, e.g. intimate contact to enable coupling between the layers to no contact between
the layers. Variations in fastener fit-up stresses need to be considered. In addition, these methods must include
requisite safety measures to protect mechanics and not create additional safety hazards. Another consideration is
that these methods should not induce damage to the aircraft. The threshold for corrosion detection is 10% of the
total skin thickness loss for general thinning and exfoliation for the current typical wing skin thickness values which
range from 0.125” to 0.625”. The objective for the detection is thickness loss of 5%. The approach should show a
path to adapt it to other aircraft structure, such as fuselage skis and lap joints, where the thickness of the pristine skin
ranges from 0.04” to 0.2”. In addition, the approach should show a path to detect other types of corrosion, such as
intergranular, pitting, and fretting corrosion.
PHASE I: Develop accelerated nondestructive inspection method to detect the corrosion types of interest that meets
the performance specifications provided in the topic description. Show feasibility of the capability in a laboratory
environment for representative corrosion and not for flat bottom holes or similar machined material loss with regular
geometry features.
PHASE II: Demonstrate accelerated NDI method to meet the performance specifications provided in the description
in a representative operational environment, such as an Air Force Depot. Ensure demonstration includes safety
parameters that need to be addressed when in the operational environment. Demonstrate sensitivity meets desired
detection metrics for representative corrosion, not machined test samples. Illustrate potential to extend capability to
fuselage structures and other corrosion types.
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PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Validate capability by a statistically significant testing process.
Establish all design and testing criteria for implementation in an US Air Force Depot environment. Define all
support infrastructure and training materials required for implementation of the new capability, including anticipated
life cycle costs to sustain the inspection capability.
REFERENCES:
1. Corrosion in the Aerospace Industry, Samuel Benavides, ed., CRC Press, Washington, DC 2009,
ISBN: 978-1-4200-7965-4
2. Corrosion Detection Technologies, Sector Study Final Report, Prepared by BDM Federal, Inc., Prepared for:
North American Technology and Industrial Base Organization
Available at: www.acq.osd.mil/mibp/natibo/docs/cdt_ss.pdf
3. Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Proceedings Vol. 1 through 38, inclusive (1981 -
2017), D.O. Thompson and D.E. Chementi, eds., or L.J. Bond and D.E. Chementi, eds., Plenum Press or AIP
TPOC-1: Eric Lindgren

Phone: 937-255-6994
Email: eric.lindgren@us.af.mil
AF191-104 TITLE: Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) Coating for Combat Rescue Helicopter
ACQUISITION PROGRAM: Combat Rescue Helicopter (CRH) Program
OBJECTIVE: Develop, test, demonstrate, and qualify alternative coatings to replace MIL-PRF-8625 Type III hard
chromium plating that meet HH-60G/W performance requirements. Alternatives should perform as well as current
coatings and must not use materials found on OSD's Action or Watch lists.
DESCRIPTION: Hard chrome plating requires use of banned HAZMAT hexavalent chromium. Exposure limits of
hexavalent chromium are becoming more and more restrictive.
Currently, multiple components on the HH-60G/W combat rescue helicopter are protected with hard hexavalent
chrome plating which the Air Force is seeking to eliminate due to the presence of carcinogenic hexavalent
chromium. The Air Force is seeking an environmentally benign alternative through the use of PEO coatings. The
new coatings shall not employ any materials currently identified on the Office of the Secretary of Defense’s (OSDs)
Emerging Contaminant’s WATCH and/or ACTION lists. Innovative and novel materials are being sought.
Furthermore, the new PEO coatings must meet performance requirements of the HH-60 G/W, particularly corrosion
resistance and wear resistance. These requirements of corrosion prevention and control require the contractor to
develop, implement and maintain a corrosion control and prevention concept plan in accordance with DoDD 5000.1,
DODI 5000.02, DODI 5000.67, DoDD 4151.18, AFI 20-114, and MIL-STD-1568C.
Qualify non-line of sight PEO anti-wear/corrosion coatings on variable-sized H-60 common components. Parts
which may benefit are Primary Aircrew Cabin Seat tracks, Collective stick tube assembly, gun mount pintle, tail
landing gear piston and rescue hoist drum. Due to the desire for specific part applications, these government
materials will be provided for developmental testing following successful coupon testing.
The thickness and hardness generally associated with PEO coatings may solve sustainment issues regarding material
wear but innovation is necessary to maintain this property while also serving as a corrosion barrier. The PEO coating
must maintain wear and corrosion resistance for all components which may require incorporation of particle addition
to the oxidation bath. The wear and corrosion requirements laid out in MIL-A-8625 for anodic coatings for
aluminum must be met. This requires qualification for wear resistance according to ASTM G133 and for corrosion
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resistance according to ASTM B117. The maximum wear index must be 3.5 mg/1000 cycles. Following a salt-fog
test, five or more test pieces consisting of 150 square inches total must have no more than 15 isolated pits with 0.031
inch diameter. Similarly, one or more test pieces consisting of 30 square inches total must have no more than 5
isolated pits with 0.031 inch diameter. Excellent adhesion of the PEO coating is also desired and should be qualified
according to ASTM B905. Validation according to the baselines of MIL-A-8625 is desired by the Air Force so that
the PEO coating performance can be readily compared to the current chrome coating performance. Not only will
development of a novel, non-hazardous PEO coating formulation benefit the United States Air Force, a successful
coating with the desired properties stated above will be viable across multiple DoD platforms including NAVAIR
applications and also non-military wear/corrosion prone equipment.
PHASE I: Proof of Concept Feasibility and cost benefit analysis study. 6 month effort.
Task 1: Develop a PEO system formulation
Task 2: Develop a laboratory test plan
Task 3: conduct and Provide initial laboratory data/results to prove wear and corrosion resistance.
PHASE II: Perform additional coating formulation and deposition optimization.

Task 1: Perform coupon testing and follow on developmental testing on HH-60 parts.
Task 2: Study influence of parameters on process to better optimize and produce coatings with enhanced properties
Task 3: Identify new requirements and conduct testing on HH-60 parts.
Phase 2 will include an Airworthiness assessment and initial waste stream characterization.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Demonstrate the PEO coating system properties through field evaluation
testing on installed components (i.e. landing gear or collective stick).
Task 1: Apply coatings to HH-60 parts and install components on operational aircraft
Task 2: monitor coating performance and develop measurable and reportable metrics
Task 3: Develop an implementation plan
Task 4: Develop a final report deliverable
REFERENCES:
1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.03.127
2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2010.04.022
3. Advanced plasma electrolytic oxidation treatment for protection of lightweight materials and structures in a space
environment, S. Shrestha and B.D. Dunn, Surface World, November 2007.
4. Surface Modification of Aluminum Alloys by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation, Vahid Dehnavi, September 2014,
University of Western Ontario, Graduate Program in Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Electronic Thesis and
Dissertation Repository.
KEYWORDS: COATINGS, Hard chrome plating removal, plasma electrolytic oxidation, corrosion barrier
TPOC-1: Thaddeus Williams

Phone: 937-255-4113
Email: thaddeus.williams.4@us.af.mil
AF191-105 TITLE: Use of Sensor Technology To Impact Corrosion Management of Combat Rescue
Helicopter
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OBJECTIVE: Develop/demonstrate a light weight, low-power sensor system capable of detecting, monitoring, and
analyzing corrosion environments to quantitatively affect maintenance intervals. Sensors must operate in corrosion-
prone AND limited-access areas.
DESCRIPTION: The mission profile of the HH-60W Combat Rescue Helicopter requires operating in a variety of
harsh environments while maintaining a high aircraft availability. These operating environments are known to
subject military equipment to environments that readily induce corrosion in unprotected metallic structures.
Corrosion can be in many forms, such as pitting, crevice, intergranular, and general thinning which can affect the
structural integrity of the affected component. Corrosion that is not mitigated can lead to structural degradation and
possibly increase the safety risk as the aircraft ages while decreasing the asset availability as corrosion is detected
and repaired to maintain airworthiness.
The USAF Helicopter Program Office anticipates locations will be on the aircraft that are expected to be highly
prone to corrosion based on historical data, mission profile, and ease-of-access or inspectability. The objective of
this solicitation is to develop analytical methods to correlate data from corrosion environment sensor systems to the
presence of corrosion to enable maintenance guidance for hard-to-access areas as a function of environmental
exposure. The desired accuracy of the ability to quantitatively project the anticipated magnitude (area, depth, and
material loss) shall be compared to actual material loss for both coated and uncoated test samples is a threshold of
20% and an objective of 5%.
The sensor package should be accessible and interpretable to the maintainer with minimal disassembly to the aircraft
and shall conform to Program Office weight and power allocations, cyber security and program protection
requirements, and NAS 411-1 based hazardous material restrictions with minimal impact. Additionally, the sensor
package must conform to unique substrate and structural contours and shall under no circumstances impede safety of
flight or otherwise impair the ability of the Combat Rescue Helicopter to operate in its operational environment. Use
of corrosion environment sensors must comply with MIL-STD-15030D, Aircraft Structural Integrity Program
(ASIP), 13 Oct 2016.
PHASE I: Demonstrate feasibility of the approach, including materials testing in a laboratory environment. This
should include initial correlation of sensor system data to the presence of detected and quantified corrosion.
Analytical methods to quantify this correlation should be demonstrated. Qualification criteria for installation on the
CRH need to be identified with actions to realize USAF Helicopter Program Office Cyber Security certification
defined.
PHASE II: Verifies the approach in a relevant environment. This includes use of representative components with
typical USAF coatings, various material systems, and refinement/documentation of analytical methods to correlate
system outputs to quantified magnitude of corrosion. Identify gaps to meet USAF T1 Modification following the
USAF1067 process and steps required to fil the gaps. Develop installation / maintenance processes, including initial
/ recurring training program, for use on USAF aircraft.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Validate capability by a statistically significant testing process.
Establish all design and testing criteria for installation on aircraft. Perform a cost benefit analysis of the sensor
system vs. current practice that includes the full life cycle costs for the projected aircraft life.
REFERENCES:
1. He, Y. L., Shona McLaughlin, Jason SH Lo, Chao Shi, Jared Lenos, and Andrew Vincelli. "Radio frequency
identification (RFID) based corrosion monitoring sensors Part 2–Application and testing of coating materials."
Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 49, no. 8 (2014): 695-704.
2. Wilson, Alan, Peter Vincent, Phillip McMahon, Richard Muscat, Jason Hayes, Matthew Solomon, Richard
Barber, and Andrew McConnell. "A small, low-power, networked corrosion sensor suite." In 2nd Asia-Pacific
Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring: Corrosion, Melbourne. 2008.
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3. Ludmila't Hoen-Velterop, "Assessing the Corrosion Environment Severity Helicopters Encounter Using
Environmental Sensors", 2017 Department of Defense - Allied Nations Technical Corrosion Conference, Paper No.
2017-400177.
KEYWORDS: low-power sensor system, corrosion detector and quantifier
TPOC-1: Matthew Hartshorne

Phone: 937-255-4108
Email: matthew.hartshorne@us.af.mil
AF191-106 TITLE: Developing Sustainable and Adaptive Small Engine Manufacturing
OBJECTIVE: Develop and demonstrate the viability of an open source business model for the manufacturing of
non-man-rated small military gas turbines.
DESCRIPTION: The traditional business model of manufacturing small military engines involves development of
tooling and processes to set up a traditional production line at a single company/site. While such an approach is
economical for sustained manufacturing, many military systems have intermittent production requirements. In
addition, the ability to rapidly adapt and evolve engines to varying missions is not traditionally supported with
conventional production lines. Alternative business models are solicited which utilize modern machining and
manufacturing methodologies to produce small engines for less than $100 per pound of thrust in low quantities with
Air Force supplied engine designs. Identified approaches should not require specialized tooling and production
techniques but leverage the nation’s prolific CNC machining and rapid manufacturing capability to develop robust
and adaptable production approaches.
To assess and demonstrate a viable small military engine manufacturing business model, the costs associated with
the raw materials and manufacturing costs of all parts, all COTS parts, engine assembly, engine qualification, and
part/engine traceability must be accounted for and compared to traditional methods. Many of the justifications for
the traditional business model, e.g. exotic/proprietary materials, precision tolerances, large scale parts (small
manufacturing base), are not present for low-cost small engines. Conversely, small batch manufacturing tends to be
more expensive. To develop an accurate business model, an understanding is necessary of the breakdown of the part
costs from raw materials, non-recurring costs (e.g. tool cut path development), machining costs, and secondary
processes (e.g. heat treating) as well as what design features impact them. Assessment of the manufacturing base
capable of production should also be included as well as an assessment of the required certifications/qualifications
of the technicians and the associated costs during assembly. While traditional engine qualifying processes have
often required significantly more demonstration life than mission life, often using limited engines to fulfill all
propulsion qualification requirements, low-cost engine manufacturing capability may enable single-thermal cycle
approaches to propulsion qualification – using numerous engines to affordably qualify a system. Conversely,
maybe a rigorous qualification process is required for the original design, and a minimal qualification is required for
the manufactured parts and a demonstration of operation. Evaluation of part/engine traceability requirements and
their associated costs and potential ways to reduce those costs needs to be explored.
The intent of this topic is to produce robust, readily adaptable, and sustainable manufacturing approaches to small
engine propulsion and power technology which can deliver low-cost engines with intermittent production
requirements. The Phase I effort will focus on assessing the many facets of the business model and manufacturing
techniques and developing a viable approach while the Phase II will be a demonstration of the approach by
fabricating a small batch of small turbines.
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A full 3D CAD model of all required components will be provided by AFRL to baseline the manufacturing costs
and cost model.
PHASE I: Develop and assess a value stream analysis and business model for low-cost small military gas turbines to
be manufactured with Air Force supplied design. Assessment should include evaluation of all costs associated with
delivering a non-man-rated military system ready use. Identify cost constraints, challenges and standard work in
typical aerospace manufacturing where elimination will result in maximum cost savings for a non-man-rated
vehicle. Reliability vs. cost is a trade space. Identify remaining challenges, e.g. unmet requirements, restrictive
existing regulations.
PHASE II: Validate and refine the Phase I model by producing a small number of low-cost engines and
demonstrating their manufactured accuracy yields performance which meets design targets through a series of
component or preferably engine tests. During execution, a detailed accounting of costs directly associated with the
manufacture/production should be tracked and used to project both component and engine costs based on batch size.
Identify and document manufacturing/production issues and/or business model modifications required to further
reduce costs.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: If a viable business model for the procurement of low-cost small military
gas turbine is demonstrated, they would be in a position to supply future engines to the Air Force, other DoD
components, and small engine users as this new model is adopted.
REFERENCES:
1. https://www.advancecnc.com/high-speed-4-5-axis-columbus-oh?_rdr
2. D.I. Wimpenny, P.M. Pandey, L.J. Kumar, Advances in 3D Printing & Additive Manufacturing Technologies,
Springer Science+Business Media, Singapore 2017.
3. www.jetcat.de
KEYWORDS: Small turbines, manufacturing
TPOC-1: David Lee

Phone: 312-674-4957
Email: david.lee.96@us.af.mil
AF191-107 TITLE: Enhanced Precursors for Silicon-Based Ceramic Matrix Composites
OBJECTIVE: Modify commercially available pre-ceramic polymers to increase the efficiency or decrease the costs
of associated polymer infiltration and pyrolysis composite fabrication methods.
DESCRIPTION: Pre-ceramic polymer (PCP) processes have strong potential to expand the manufacturing trade
space for producing a broad spectrum of ceramic-based composite materials with tailorable properties. Their most
important aerospace application is the fabrication of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), which are crucial for areas
such as turbine engines and hypersonic vehicles. Of primary concern is the cost associated with the numerous re-
infiltration cycles during polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) processing of CMCs, and the high temperatures
required for the densification and crystallization of the resulting matrix. The first issue stems from the inherent
shrinkage characteristic to all pre-ceramic polymers undergoing thermal treatment, while the second from the nature
of the amorphous ceramic produced upon pyrolysis.
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There are two ways to address these concerns. The most obvious is to develop a new category of polymers with
improved properties. While technically feasible, and probably desired for entirely different chemistries and ceramic
properties, polymer development, and more importantly the scale up to industrially significant quantities, is an
extremely expensive and slow process. It took about 40 years to get to the current commercial state-of-the-art
precursors, and even assuming a greatly accelerated development cycle, a decade-long time frame for new PCPs
seems a reasonable expectation. A more realistic approach, offering a shorter adoption path, is the targeted
modification of already existing, and widely utilized PCPs. This will save time and resources in terms of
development and implementation, and if smartly directed, can have significant influence on future fabrication costs
and component performance. Consequently, there is strong interest in establishing a capability to modify currently
available pre-ceramic polymers, in order to address the previously mentioned cost drivers – large number of re-
infiltration cycles and high processing temperatures, without drastically altering the polymer’s original properties.
The goal of this topic is to demonstrate an ability to modify the composition and/or structure of a current
commercially available pre-ceramic polymer, so that the relevant PIP fabrication method becomes more efficient or
less expensive. Of particular interest are decreasing the volumetric shrinkage of the pyrolized polymer, as well as
decreasing the densification and crystallization temperatures of the resulting ceramic. Examples of strategies
include, but are not limited to, molecular-level compositional modifications of the polymer to increase yield and
enhance crystallization/densification mechanisms, evaluating the effect of catalysts on the amount of volatilized and
decomposed polymer, or the addition of non-traditional (i.e. photo-initiative) curing mechanisms in combination
with more established thermal ones. Solids/filler loading is not considered a viable approach. Enhancement targets
will depend on the system selected, however approximate goals to be used as a guide are a decrease of 200°C or
more of the crystallization temperature, and 25% or more improvement of the volumetric yield of the polymer (both
properties vs. non-modified state). The listed references provide more details on sample relevant PCPs, and some of
their properties as possible modification targets.
One or more of the commercially available polymers currently utilized on industrial scale can be selected. However,
because of their importance to Air Force applications, PCPs yielding SiC or Si3N4 are prime modification targets.
The polymer should remain processable via the PIP method, the alteration should not add to the processing cost, and
should not have a detrimental effect on the stoichiometry of the resulting ceramic product. Criteria for consideration
include selection of a relevant pre-ceramic polymer, the knowledge and capability of producing an array of modified
chemistries to the parent polymer, and the proposed methods to evaluate the modified properties of the PCP, the
fabrication process, and the resulting ceramic. A standard suite of polymer/ceramic characterization techniques is
expected, with thermogravimetric analysis, calorimetry, rheometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation
chromatography, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction being among the recommended techniques.
Environmental and cost factors will also be taken into account. To ensure relevance of the proposed idea, teaming
with a CMC manufacturer is highly encouraged. Collaboration with a US-based PCP producer would also
strengthen a proposal submission.
PHASE I: Select the polymer and state the properties to be enhanced. Define the method and goal of the planned
modification, and how they are improving the current SoA. Establish the initial state of these properties
(literature/prior experience). Modify and process the selected polymer, while using screening techniques to map out
its evolution. Describe the processing steps and characterize the product, so that the beneficial effect of the
modifications is obvious in a lowered crystallization temperature and/or improved volumetric yield of the resulting
ceramic.
PHASE II: Implement the demonstrated modifications on large enough scale to allow the processing of a test
sample, while maintaining uniformity of the results. After scale-up capability has been demonstrated (~300 mL),
fabricate two composite samples (sub-component-scale dimensions and thickness) using identical processing
regimes, one with the original polymer, the other with the modified one. Comparatively characterize the
microstructures of the two, to clearly illustrate the advantages of the modification in terms of improved matrix
density and crystallinity.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Further scale up the polymer modification and develop processing
techniques to reduce variability. Assess relevance to other aerospace and commercial applications. Develop
technology transition strategies that focus on commercialization of the modified polymer. Create a business strategy
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that ensures the availability of the modified polymer.
REFERENCES:
1. T. Key, G. B. Wilks, T. A. Parthasarathy, D. S. King, Z. D. Apostolov, and M. K. Cinibulk, “Process modelling
of the low-temperature evolution and yield of polycarbosilanes for ceramic matrix composites,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc,
101 (7), 2809-2818 (2018).
2. D. King, Z. Apostolov, C. Carney and M. Cinibulk, “Novel processing approach to polymer-derived ceramic
matrix composites”, Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Tech, 15(2), 399-408 (2017).
3. R. D’Elia, G. Dusserre, S. Del Confetto, N. Eberling-Fux, C. Descamps, and T. Cutard, “Cure kinetics of a
polysilazane system: Experimental characterization and numerical modelling”, Eur. Polym. J, 76, 40-52 (2016).
4. S. Trassl, H-J Jleebe, H. Störmer, G. Motz, E. Rössler and G. Ziegler, “ Characterization of the free-carbon phase
in Si-C-N ceramics: Part II, comparison of different polysilazane precursors”, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 85(5), 1268-1274
(2002)
KEYWORDS: polymer-derived ceramics, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis, ceramic matrix composites, polymer
precursors, enhanced ceramic yield
TPOC-1: Zlatomir Apostolov

Phone: 937-255-9030
Email: zlatomir.apostolov.1@us.af.mil
AF191-108 TITLE: Optimizing Manufacturing of Metallic Materials by Modeling Microstructure
OBJECTIVE: This topic aims to develop the formalism and infrastructure to support the widespread use of fast-
acting materials models into subroutines for finite element simulations. The primary objective is to build an open
architecture tool that serves as the foundation for contributions from academia, industry, and other government
laboratories. This approach was previously successfully demonstrated by AFRL with the Digital Representation
Environment for the Analysis of Microstructure in 3D (DREAM.3D) software that was subsequently
commercialized by Blue Quartz Software.
DESCRIPTION: Metallic material performance in service is often controlled by the amounts, sizes, and
arrangements of microscopic features and defects. Metals retain a “memory” of prior processing history through
these features, which vary with the times, temperatures, and deformation processes applied to the materials when
producing components. While predictions of the continuum scale temperature, stress, and strain levels in the
material can be accomplished to a reasonable accuracy using commercial finite element software, a gap remains in
connecting these predictions with the microstructures that result from processing steps. Models are routinely
developed in academia, but relatively little effort has been made to formalize these models and implement them into
a pragmatic framework that can be used in a production environment. Significant improvements in material
performance could be realized downstream by assessing fast-acting microstructure evolution models into process
development and process optimization schemes. In many cases, closed-form analytical models of microstructure
evolution exist in the open literature, however, most companies do not afford their technical staff time to develop
code as part of their regular duties. Hence, this non-technical barrier stymies the application of models where they
could provide real value. The primary purpose of this topic is to build an extensible platform to model dynamic
microstructure evolution phenomena. The platform shall allow combinations of models of concurrent, competing
microstructure evolution processes and at minimum must contain modules for static recrystallization, dynamic
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recrystallization, metadynamic recrystallization, grain coarsening, grain coarsening with Zener pinning, secondary
phase particle coarsening, secondary phase precipitation, and secondary phase dissolution. The combinations of sub-
models within the software shall enable prediction of local microstructure evolution during a finite element
simulation of thermomechanical processing. At least one model for each of the aforementioned phenomena shall be
included. The microstructure evolution platform should employ an open architecture accepting as inputs internal
state variables along with typical finite element simulation output values such as temperature, stress, and strain, for a
user-defined timestep interval. The software should be able to interact with two or more finite element packages that
allow the user to modify internal state variables, returning new values of internal state variables and updating the
local flow stress accordingly. Microstructure evolution sub-models within the software should be modular, such that
they can be swapped with other sub-models without requiring re-compiling the entire software package. The
inclusion of an OEM or other aerospace metals supply chain partner is strongly recommended in all phases.
PHASE I: Survey of interface and subroutine capabilities and requirements of commercial and open source finite
element software packages. Identify fast-acting candidate models for microstructure evolution. Outline software
architecture and workflow, including expected input and output parameters for individual microstructure evolution
sub-models and modules. Demonstrate basic interfacing capability for one sub-model (e.g. grain coarsening) with at
least two finite element packages. Develop detailed plans for interfacing between other sub-models/modules and
with at least two finite element packages. Solicitors are encouraged to engage with finite element package
developers to optimize interfacing and ensure compatibility between microstructure evolution platform and finite
element solver.
PHASE II: Develop prototype software platform interfacing between finite element package(s), clustering of nodes
with similar internal state variables and time-temperature-stress-strain profiles, and microstructure evolution
model(s). Validate and verify microstructure model subroutines. Demonstrate variation in predicted microstructure
to changes in process such as temperature variation and strain rate during deformation. Demonstrate variation in
predicted flow stresses through model-predicted microstructure evolution to changes in processing parameters such
as deformation temperature and strain rate. Demonstrate applicability to production scale processing of at least two
alloys relevant to the aerospace supply chain. Solicitors are encouraged to partner with industry to apply the
software to relevant structure-property relationship challenges in aerospace component processing.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Analogous to DREAM.3D, the product developed in Phase II would
form the foundation for a continuously evolving software package maintained by the developer and supported by
contributions from a user community consisting of aerospace industry partners, academia, and government.
REFERENCES:
1. F.J. Humphreys, G.S. Rohrer, A.D. Rollett. Recrystallization and Related Annealing Phenomena, Third Edition.
Amsterdam: Elsevier (2018).
2. M.A. Groeber and M.A. Jackson. “DREAM.3D: A Digital Representation Environment for the Analysis of
Microstructure in 3D” Integrating Materials and Manufacturing Innovation, vol. 3, no. 5, 2014.
3. J.W. Martin, R.D. Doherty, and B. Cantor. Stability of Microstructure in Metallic Systems: 2nd ed., Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
4. E. J. Payton, "Characterization and Modeling of Grain Coarsening in Powder Metallurgical Nickel-Based

Superalloys." PhD Dissertation. The Ohio State University, 2009.
http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250265477
KEYWORDS: Processing, microstructure, manufacturing, modeling
TPOC-1: Eric Payton

Phone: 937-255-9882
Email: eric.payton@us.af.mil
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AF191-109 TITLE: Increasing the Manufacturing Robustness of Complex Composite Geometries by
Modeling the Process Variability due to the Human
OBJECTIVE: To improve quality and performance (reduce defects and dimensional variations) of complicated
composite designs by simulating the system, part, tool, and process variations attributed from the lay-up process for
both small and large complex parts. The numerical solution should be developed that combines thermochemical
(kinetics, viscosity), transport (heat transfer, permeability, gas evacuation), and stress analyses.
DESCRIPTION: Lay-up and bagging of polymer matrix composites is a very manual and time-intensive endeavor.
The touch labor used in the composite fabrication process is considered an art, not a science. The effects of process
parameters, i.e. consumable material permeability and compaction properties, material placement and movement,
geometric part/tool design, as well as technician variability is not well-understood as it relates to final part quality.
Numerical models for permeability and debulking have been proposed to predict quality (porosity) in composite
manufacturing but typically are limited to one-dimensional modeling of long, flat composite plates. However, most
quality issues are a result of complex composite geometries and require a three dimensional (3D) solution. This
effort seeks to demonstrate and validate the process modeling of the entire system, which includes the vacuum bag,
ancillary bagging materials, and overall lay-up parameters, and the sensitivity to these parameters on overall
manufacturing quality.
PHASE I: Develop the requirements, characterization of key properties, and an integrated numerical model
framework for a 3D solution to model process variability that leads to defect formation in complicated composite
part geometries like corners, tight radii, core ramps, upturned flanges, and anticlastic features. Technician lay-up
variables such as bagging material breathability and placement, vacuum bag configuration, part length/size,
compaction effects, thermochemical and heat transfer properties, mechanical movement, and stress build-up during
cure should be considered as it affects the composite process simulation of the 3D system.
PHASE II: Demonstrate virtual manufacturing on a more complex 3D composite part for porosity and geometry as a
function of changing process variables, many of which are attributed to the human operator (i.e. distance of dam
from end of prepreg, breather and prepreg material permeability and compaction effects, end of ply termination
locations, thermochemical and heat transfer properties, etc.). Demonstrate characterization, implementation, and
validation of an integrated numerical model within a commercial-off-the-shelf finite element analysis environment.
Modeling should be supported by small, lab-scale samples manufactured with various processing conditions and a
varying level of defect formation.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Commercialize the offerings based on the Phase II development for large
scale composite parts with complex geometric features for both DoD and commercial applications. Demonstrate
software implementation and modeling of processing conditions representative of OEM and/or third-party
manufacturing production processes. Exercise the 3D models to show significant capability to reduce defect
formation based off bagging material, lay-up, air evacuation, resin viscosity, heat transfer, material movement, and
stress development.
REFERENCES:
1. Kay, J. and G. Fernlund. “Processing Conditions and Voids in Out of Autoclave Prepregs.” SAMPE 2012,
Baltimore, MD.
2. Kourkoutsaki, T. et al. “The impact of air evacuation on the impregnation time of Out-of-Autoclave prepregs.”
Composites: Part A 79 (2015) 30-42.
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KEYWORDS: process modeling, composite lay-up, polymer matrix composites
TPOC-1: Tara Storage

Phone: 937-255-9005
Email: tara.storage@us.af.mil
AF191-110 TITLE: Non-destructive Evaluation (NDE) Methods for Characterizing High Temperature
Composite Surfaces and Coatings to Manufacture Improved Components for High Mach
Applications
OBJECTIVE: Develop and demonstrate low cost, nondestructive tools and/or methodologies for rapid
characterization of surface quality and chemistry of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) relevant to High Mach
applications.
DESCRIPTION: High speed weapons and platforms with velocities above Mach 5 will provide game-changing
capabilities for the future Air Force. As velocity increases, ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), such as carbon-
carbon (C-C) and carbon-silicon carbide (C-SiC), will enable hypersonic applications. The surface of these CMCs
are exposed to high heat flux and wind shear making them a critical component of the overall material system. In
addition C-C is often coated with a protective SiC or refractory ceramic coatings to protect against oxidation and
ablation. This is important for both aeroshell and leading edge components. The surface condition post-manufacture
is critical to ensure an adherent coating can be applied. NDE techniques including spectroscopy, water drop
techniques, and light scanning profilimetry are available from other industries and for laboratory materials
screening; however, these techniques are not currently routinely and widely used during manufacture to analyze the
surface roughness and surface chemistry – two key parameters in how the surface will accept a coating. Although
different coatings methods require different surface states, the ability to measure and quantify the surface state is
universally important to all coatings methods. Methods that can be used to analyze the surface after heat treatments
and surface grinding or polishing procedures should be utilized at various steps of the manufacturing process to
ensure that the surface is in the proper condition before additional manufacturing steps are undertaken.
Enabling nondestructive evaluation (NDE) tools and methodologies are sought for measuring surface roughness and
surface chemistry including the degree of graphitization, impurities, and bound species such as oxygen, nitrogen, or
moisture. These techniques need to enable fast feedback and reliable awareness of material states at multiple length-
scales to provide highly valued and quantitative material properties. The techniques must, as a threshold, measure
surface properties of the entire surface of a 10 cm x 10 cm plate in Phase I with an objective of measuring a
component no less than 0.5 m x 0.5 m with complex curvature by the end of Phase II. The surface roughness and
composition can affect the integrity and bonding of surface coatings at the end of the processing cycle. If the
surfaces do not have proper characteristics before coating, a part may have to be scraped due to poor coating
resulting in a loss of months of schedule and the sunk cost of manufacturing the substrate. Surface roughness
measurements should match or exceed baseline techniques with a resolution of at least 10% of the maximum
variance of the overall surface while surface species (carbon, oxygen, etc.) composition must be determined within ±
5% total composition at the measurement location. Scanning techniques that provide total surface maps would be
preferred. The techniques must be accurate within a threshold value of ±4% and an objective of ± 2% of each
individual measurement and should be proven on surfaces with multiple preparations including as-processed,
ground, and polished surfaces. The desired roughness and surface composition depends on the type and processing
method of the coating to be applied. It is therefore suggested that if the proposer is neither a C-C manufacturer nor a
coating manufacturer then they should consult with these industries to determine specifications. Both non-contact
and contact methods are acceptable on condition that the measurement does not change the surface characteristics.
Affordable and automated techniques are preferred.
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PHASE I: Develop and show proof-of-principle characterization of surface state properties and process-related
changes to the surface in a representative CMC material system. The NDE technique shall measure surface
chemistry and quality (roughness) most likely to affect coating or bond integrity. A demonstration of the
nondestructive characterization capability shall be accomplished, where accuracy and sensitivity estimates that meet
the solicitation objectives defined in the previous section will be determined.
PHASE II: Develop and demonstrate a prototype system/methodology for characterization of surface state properties
and process-related changes to the surface in a representative-sized CMC subcomponent with complex surface
curvature. The NDE technique shall measure surface chemistry and quality (roughness). A verification of
nondestructive characterization results shall be accomplished, where sensitivity studies will be accomplished to
determine accuracy, precision, and estimate reproducibility.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Commercialize the tool/technique/method successfully developed in
Phase II. Develop and document procedures for operation, calibration, and servicing. An example transition path is
to partner with either a C-C manufacturer, or if the company is a C-C manufacturer an AF system integrator to
mature and demonstrate method in an operational environment.
REFERENCES:
1. David E. Glass, “Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) and Hot Structures for
Hypersonic Vehicles,” AIAA-2008-2682.</div>
2. Integrated Computational Materials Engineering: A Transformational Discipline for Improved

Competitiveness and National Security. Washington, D. C.: The National Academies Press, 2008.</div>
3. Simulation-assisted materials design for the concurrent design of materials and products, DL McDowell, JOM,
2007.</div>
4. R.A. Kline, G. Cruse, A.G. Striz, and E.I. Madaras, “Integrating NDE-derived engineering properties with finite
element analysis for structural composite materials,” Ultrasonics 31, pp. 53-59, 1993.</div>
KEYWORDS: ceramic matrix composites, nondestructive evaluation mechanical properties, processing defects
TPOC-1: Carmen Carney

Phone: 937-255-9154
Email: carmen.carney.1@us.af.mil
AF191-111 TITLE: Non-destructive Evaluation (NDE) Techniques for Carbon-Carbon (C-C) Structures
Applicable to Hypersonic Structural Materials Production
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OBJECTIVE: Develop and demonstrate innovative techniques to nondestructively measure and quantify material
defects affecting C-C component performance suitable for production implementation.
DESCRIPTION: The United States Air Force is committed to hypersonics as a game changing capability, enabling
our warfighters to perform missions against highly defended time critical targets from safe standoff distance.
Operating in hypersonic flight regimes requires materials and structures that can endure harsh aerothermal loading
environments while providing mission capability. C-C has long been used as a material for these environments,
particularly in thermal protection or acreage aero structure applications. However, processing of C-C is costly, time
consuming, and is highly sensitive to inherent variation in key process parameters. Typical process flows for C-C
component manufacture involve multiple impregnation, pyrolysis, and heat treatment cycles as well as rough and
finish machining steps to meet dimensional specifications. Each step in the overall process can impart defects into
the material (both surface and internal defects) that have potential to scrap the part. However, current industry
practice is such that NDE is typically used only upon component completion, which dramatically increases the cost
if the part must be scrapped.
New and innovative NDE and nondestructive inspection (NDI) techniques for high temperature C-C component
fabrication are sought. Defect types can include but not necessarily be limited to delamination, voids (sizes and
concentrations), fiber breakage, and incomplete fiber coating. Proposed solutions should demonstrate sensing and
analysis capabilities that can detect multiple defect types at multiple steps in the manufacturing process. For
implementation of the new capability, the offeror’s proposed nondestructive detection and characterization
technique is required to be: noncontact (i.e. probes will not directly touch the part being assessed); automated to the
extent that the system can scan the component with as little manual intervention as possible with reduced setup; and
able to record and store inspection data relative to the work piece in a traceable manner. Desired detection capability
for delaminations and/or voids is to detect an area that is 50% of the part thickness (e.g. 0.5” dimeter for a 1.0” thick
part) as the threshold and 25% total part thickness as the objective. Desired fiber breakage detection is a threshold
of 25% of all fibers in a 1.0” cube with the objective of 10% of the fibers in the same volume. Feedback need not be
real time, but must be suitable for production rates of 25 parts per month. Each part may require NDE analysis as
many as 10 times during its processing, based on the specific C-C processing specifications being employed.
Affordable solutions are preferred.
In its final implementation state, the output from this inspection system will be integrated with existing data systems
used for statistical process control analysis, which requires generic data formats, no additional databases, and no
restrictions on the use of the data generated from the system. An additional goal of the NDE/NDI data is to track the
evolution of defects throughout the production process to enable an improved understanding of the causes of defects.
This information may be used to reduce defects and decrease product variability.
To promote transition of technologies developed under this topic, it is anticipated that successful offerors can
demonstrate intimate knowledge of C-C processing and/or partner with C-C producers and/or systems integrators
with legacies of developing hypersonic vehicles. The government will not provide materials, equipment, data or
facilities in the performance of this SBIR.
PHASE I: Develop and demonstrate the feasibility of the system concept described above. System designs should
include analysis methods, software, hardware, and external interface components. Viable paths to realize the stated
detection metrics must be described. Preference is for a capability to be demonstrated, even if using lab-based
breadboard systems.
PHASE II: Develop, integrate, and demonstrate the critical capabilities of the proposed system to verify system
performance to meet the stated desired detection capabilities using representative inspection article(s) in a
production relevant environment. Develop and document prototype system to Manufacturing Readiness Level
(MRL) 5-6 defined at www.dodmrl.com. Demonstrate identification and tracking of defects through the
manufacturing process to measure their initiation, growth and/or healing.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Productionize prototype system to MRL 8 to enable transition to C-C
manufacturers. Validate defect detection capability by a statistically significant assessment (e.g. probability of
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detection). Objective is to provide systems to the production environment of a C-C component/system
manufacturer(s).
REFERENCES:
1. Glass, D., Dirling, R., Croop, H, Fry, T., and Frank, G. “Materials development for hypersonic flight vehicles”’ In
14th AIAA/AHI Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference (2006) p. 8122.
2. MRL Deskbook - www.dodmrl.com
3. Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Volume 12; edited by Donald O. Thompson, Dale
E. Chimenti ISSN 0743-0760.
KEYWORDS: C-C (or C/C) manufacturing; C-C (or C/C) nondestructive evaluation; delaminations, voids, fiber
breakage, fiber coating defect; defect quantification in Carbon-Carbon; failure mechanisms in Carbon-Carbon
materials
TPOC-1: Karla L. Strong

Phone: 937-904-4598
Email: karla.strong.1@us.af.mil
AF191-112 TITLE: Carbon Nanotube Fiber Production: Improved Performance and Reduced Cost in
Autonomous Vehicles and HPM Source Designs
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this topic is to enable enhanced production capacity and improved quality of carbon
nanotube (CNT) Fibers in the industrial base to enable cost, size, weight, and performance (CSWAP) improvements
for autonomous vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles, and high power microwave (HPM) sources.
DESCRIPTION: High power microwave (HPM) sources are becoming an increasingly important element in air
defense and pre-emptive strike planning objectives. An HPM device has the capability to disable electronic systems
(absent a kinetic strike), which can disrupt enemy weapons and command systems while leaving infrastructure
intact. The operation of an HPM device requires highly efficient and robust field emission (FE) materials; and CNT
Fibers play an important role in enhancing system affordability, lifetime, and performance. Current CNT Fiber
production cost is $100s/meter. The goal for affordability, in this topic, is to reduce production costs below
$10/meter.
Autonomous vehicles, drones, UAVs, and space systems require substantial amounts of wiring to operate. Weight
and volume restrictions figure extensively in the mission capability, lifetime of the system, and cost per mission.
CNT Fibers may provide a reduction in weight by as much as 50%, in conductor and shielding designs, which is
particularly important in space systems. Additionally, they may have other performance increases in structural areas
such as conformal antennas, conductive paints, corrosion resistance, etc.
In order to achieve these improvements, the manufacturing technology of CNT Fibers needs to be advanced. There
is a wide variability in electrical conductivity of CNT Fiber technology. Many different processes have been
employed (mainly in university settings) with mixed results. The types of CNTs (semiconductor, metallic, single-
wall, multi-wall), the density of the fiber, the purity level, and diameter all play important roles in determining
conductivity. A consistent process needs to be developed in an industrial environment to produce the required
metrics for military and industrial application designs.
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PHASE I: The contractor shall develop braided CNT Fibers with a uniform diameter of 100 ≤ d ≤ 200 µm. Electrical
conductivity ≥ 4 Mega Siemens per meter (4 MS/m). Density of the braided fiber ≥ 1 g/cm3. A report demonstrating
all processes and achievement of metrics shall be required. Delivery of a spool of a single, continuous braid of CNT
Fiber, ≥ 20 meters in length, shall be required.
PHASE II: The contractor shall demonstrate production capability of braided CNT Fibers with a uniform fiber
diameter of 100 ≤ d ≤ 200 µm. Electrical conductivity ≥ 10 MS/m, uniform to within 10% (± 5% of the mean); fiber
density ≥ 1.2 g/cm3; and impurity concentration ≤ 1 ppm. Delivery of two spools of CNT Fiber, from separate runs,
shall be required to demonstrate reproducible capacity. Each CNT Fiber spool shall be a single continuous braid, ≥
50 m. Delivery of a final report shall be required.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Military Applications: HPM Source Cathodes, wiring and shielding for
UAVs and drones, electronic textiles, bioelectronics.
Commercial Applications: Wearable electronics, EM shielding, autonomous vehicles.
REFERENCES:
1. Behabtu, N., et al., “Strong, light, multifunctional fibers of carbon nanotubes with ultrahigh conductivity.”
Science, vol. 339, pp. 182-6, (2013).
2. Fairchild S. et al.,” Morphology dependent field emission of acid-spun carbon nanotube fibers.” Nanotechnology
vol 26, p. 105706, (2015).
KEYWORDS: Carbon Nanotube Fiber, High Power Microwave, Field Emission Cathode, EM Shielding, Electronic
Textiles
TPOC-1: Kent L. Averett

Phone: 937-255-9672
Email: kent.averett@us.af.mil
AF191-113 TITLE: Residual Stress Measurements to Aid Manufacturing of Aerospace Composite

Materials
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work is to create an accurate and robust experimental technique for measuring
the residual stresses in polymer matrix composite materials. This measurement technique will provide information
for components that being fabricated in addition to validation of computational analysis tools are that being
developed to predict residual stresses.
DESCRIPTION: Composite materials are increasingly being used for aerospace and structural applications. This is
due to the many advantages they offer including reduced weight, improved mechanical properties, and reduced
maintenance schedules.
Although composites have significant structural benefits, they are not immune from the effects of manufacturing
residual stress. Residual stresses occur in composites for two primary reasons. The first involves a mismatch of
matrix and fiber thermal expansion coefficients. Many composites require heat curing. During cooling, the
mismatched thermal contractions of the matrix and fibers leave residual stresses in the material. The second source
of residual stresses in composites is due to the chemical cure shrinkage of the matrix material.
Residual stresses play a significant role in fatigue performance of materials [1]. Tensile residual stresses accelerate
AF - 163
fatigue crack growth relative to what would occur in the absence of residual stress. Compressive residual stresses
have the opposite effect and can be used to improve fatigue performance. To date, much of the research on residual
stress effects has focused on metallic materials. However, the performance of composite materials is also affected by
residual stress and the failure mechanisms affected by residual stress are complex including: fiber debonding, matrix
cracking, fiber breakage, and delamination [2]. In addition to the performance aspects, residual stress plays a
primary role in the dimensional distortion or spring back that is often experienced post cure. Spring back is a major
problem with composites and accounts for significant manufacturing costs, production delays and rework. One
notable case that plagued the F-22 was the nose landing gear door that, due to the inconsistency in product contour
and perimeter tolerances, drove high cost and lack of door commonality among aircraft [3].
To effectively understand and predict residual stress effects on performance of composite materials, accurate and
reliable residual stress data are required. Few methods currently exist for the measurement of residual stresses in
composites and none have accuracy and repeatability in the full range of aerospace composite materials suitable for
understanding material performance.
PHASE I: Phase I would include the design and development of a measurement concept, and a demonstration
measurement of residual stress in the laboratory on a simple test coupon. Phase I would also include interactions
with industrial partners to identify their needs (e.g., types of geometry, access limitations, materials, etc.).
PHASE II: During the Phase II, the residual stress measurement technique will be further developed and refined.
Validation experiments would be performed to correlate measured residual stress data with other approaches. In
addition, the residual stress measurements would be notionally linked to current manufacturing modeling processes.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Phase III would further mature the measurement techniques to account
for complex, multi-material and multi-step processes. This maturation will facilitate the transition of the tools to
current acquisition programs and production environments.
REFERENCES:
1. D. Ball, et al., “Residual stress effects in aircraft structural design,” 2008 USAF Aircraft Structural Integrity
Program Conference, San Antonio, TX.
(available online: meetingdata.utcdayton.com/agenda/asip/2008/proceedings/presentations/P1769.pdf
2. C. B. Prasad, R. Prabhakaran, “Determination of calibration constants for the hole-drilling residual stress
measurement technique applied to orthotropic composites – Part 1: Theoretical considerations,” Composite
Structures, 8, 105-118 (1987).
3. Air Vehicles Directorate - AFRL/VA, “Lab-Developed F-22 Nose landing Gear Door Reduces Production and
Maintenance Costs”, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, July 18 (2007)
KEYWORDS: composite, residual stress, experimental technique, measurements, polymer matrix, laminate
TPOC-1: Mark Flores

Phone: 937-255-2302
Email: mark.flores.7@us.af.mil
AF - 164

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AIR FORCE

19.1 Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)

(Continued on next page.)

AF Special Topic Information

Special Topics AF191-001, AF191-002, and AF191-003

Special Topics AF191-004 and AF191-005

Special Topics AF191-006, AF191-007, and AF191-008

Pitch Day Special Topics (AF191-009 thru AF191-011)

Majority VC ownership authority: 15 U.S.C. § 638(dd)(1) (also §5107 of the SBIR/STTR

PHASE I PROPOSAL SUBMISSION

Read the DoD program announcement at https://www.acq.osd.mil/osbp/sbir/solicitations/index.shtml for

Limitations on Length of Proposal

Phase I Proposal Format

Phase I Work Plan Outline

Scope: List the major requirements and specifications of the effort.

i. Any exceptions to the model Phase I purchase order (P.O.) found at

PHASE I PROPOSAL SUBMISSION CHECKLIST

AIR FORCE PROPOSAL EVALUATIONS

PHASE II PROPOSAL SUBMISSIONS

All proposals must be submitted electronically at https://sbir.defensebusiness.org/ by the date indicated

AIR FORCE SBIR PROGRAM MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENTS

AIR FORCE SUBMISSION OF FINAL REPORTS

AF191-001 Multi-Domain Command & Control

AF191-001 TITLE: Multi-Domain Command & Control

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Information Systems

ACQUISITION PROGRAM: N/A

Proposals may address approaches to:

2. Multidomain Battle: Time for a Campaign of Joint Experimentation.

3. Joint Communications System. 10 June 2015. http://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp6_0.pdf

4. Command, Control, and Communications. http://space.au.af.mil/guides/stg/stg_communications.pdf

TPOC-1: Greg Coleman

AF191-002 TITLE: Space Innovation

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Space Platforms

ACQUISITION PROGRAM: N/A

2. Air Force Space Command Fact Sheet,

3. Air Force Posture Statement. Fiscal Year 2019.

TPOC-1: Greg Coleman

AF191-003 TITLE: Advanced Materials for Defense

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Materials/Processes

Proposals may address approaches to:

2. AFRL Advanced Power Technology Office seeks innovative tech solutions.

TPOC-1: Greg Coleman

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Materials/Processes

ACQUISITION PROGRAM: N/A

TPOC-1: Matthew Scott

AF191-005 TITLE: Open Call for Innovative Defense-Related Dual-Purpose Technologies/Solutions

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Materials/Processes

ACQUISITION PROGRAM: N/A

KEYWORDS: Open, Other, Disruptive, Radical, Dual-Use, Commercial

TPOC-1: Chris Benson

AF191-006 TITLE: 6U CubeSat EO/IR Solutions for Operational Weather Demo

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Space Platforms

ACQUISITION PROGRAM: N/A

TPOC-1: Jacob Singleton

AF191-007 TITLE: Rapid CubeSat Development

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Space Platforms

KEYWORDS: CubeSat, Cube Satellite, satellite development

TPOC-1: Lauren Hunt

AF191-008 TITLE: Commercial Solutions for Innovative Space Data Analytics

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Space Platforms

ACQUISITION PROGRAM: N/A

2. Air Force Space Command Strategic S&T Challenges. Aug 2016.

TPOC-1: Gabriel Mounce

1. Cyber resilient aerial communications networks & data links