E TN CBD Aisc Asd89 001

©COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC.
, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA DECEMBER 2001

COMPOSITE BEAM DESIGN AISC-ASD89
Technical Note
General and Notation
Introduction to the AISC-ASD89 Series of Technical

Notes
The AISC-ASD89 Composite Beam Design series of Technical Notes describes
in detail the various aspects of the composite beam design procedure that is
used by the program when the user selects the AISC-ASD89 Design Code.
The various notations used in this series are listed herein.
The design is based on loading combinations specified by the user. To facili-

tate the design process, the program provides a set of default load combina-
tions that should satisfy requirements for the design of most building type
structures. See Design Load Combinations for Composite Beam Design.
The program also performs the following check, calculation, or analysis pro-
cedures in accordance with AISC-LRFD93 requirements:
! Checks the width-to-thickness ratios of the beam flanges and web, and, if it
exists, the cover plate as specified for compact and noncompact sections in
AISC-ASD89 Specification Chapter B, Table B5.1; see Width to Thickness
Checks Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89.
! Calculates the transformed moment of inertia for a composite section, Itr;

see Transformed Section Moment of Inertia Composite Beam Design AICS-
ASD89.
! Calculates elastic stresses for positive bending in the steel section and the
concrete slab when there is partial composite connection; see Elastic
Stresses with Partial Composite Connection Composite Beam Design AISC-
ASD89.
! Determines the allowable bending stresses using the AISC-ASD89 specifi-

cation for composite beams; see Allowable Bending Stresses Composite
Beam Design AISC-ASD89.
Introduction to the AISC-ASD89 Series of Technical Notes Page 1 of 15

Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89 General and Notation
! Checks the bending stress for AISC-ASD89 design for cases with and with-
out composite action; see Bending Stress Checks Composite Beam Design
AISC-ASD89.
! Check the beam and reaction for shear for AISC-ASD89 composite beam
design; see Beam Shear Checks Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89.
! Determines the placement of shear studs on a composite beam, including

three example problems; see Calculations for Number of Shear Studs Com-
posite Beam Design AISC-ASD89. Also see Technical Notes Distribution of
Shear Studs on a Composite Beam Composite Beam Design, Number of
Shear Studs that Fit in a Composite Beam Segment Composite Beam De-
sign, and User-Defined Shear Stud Patterns Composite Beam Design for
more information about shear stud distribution.
The program also provides input and output data summaries, which are de-
scribed in Technical Notes Input Data Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89
and Output Details Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89.
Notation
Abare = Area of steel beam (plus cover plate if one exists), in2. This
area does not include any contribution from the concrete
slab.
Ac = Area of the concrete slab, in2. When the deck span is per-
pendicular to the beam span, this is the area of concrete in
the slab above the metal deck that is above the elastic
neutral axis (ENA) of the fully composite beam. When the
deck span is parallel to the beam span, this is the area of
concrete in the slab, including the concrete in the metal
deck ribs, that is above the ENA of the fully composite
beam. This item may be different on the left and right
sides of the beam.
Aelement = Area of an element in the composite section, ignoring any

area of concrete that is in tension and ignoring any con-
crete in the metal deck ribs when the metal deck span is
perpendicular to the beam span, in2.
Notation Page 2 of 15
Af = Area of compression flange (not including the cover plate,

even if it exists), in2
Agt = Gross area along the tension plane of a bolted connection,

in2.
Ans = Net area along the shear plane of a bolted connection, in2.
As = Area of rolled steel section alone (without the cover plate,

even it one exists), in2
Asb = Initial displacement amplitude of a single beam resulting

from a heel drop impact, in.
Asc = Cross-sectional area of a shear stud, in2.
Atr = Area of an element of the composite beam section, in2.
Cb = Bending coefficient dependent on moment gradient,

unitless.
Cbot = Cope depth at bottom of beam, in. This item is internally

calculated by the program and it may be different at each
end of the beam. It is used in the shear calculations.
Ctop = Cope depth at top of beam, in. This item is internally cal-
culated by the program and it may be different at each end
of the beam. It is used in the shear calculations.
D = Damping ratio, percent critical damping inherent in the

floor system, unitless. This item is used in checking the
Murray damping requirement.
DL = Acronym for deal load.
Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete slab, ksi. Note that this

could be different on the left and right sides of the beam.
Also note that this may be different for stress calculations
and deflection calculations. For stress calculations in AISC-
ASD89 design Ec is always based on Equation 1 of Techni-
cal Note Transformed Section Moment of Inertia Composite
Beam Design AISC-ASD89 using the f c' value specified in
the material properties for the concrete and assuming that
the concrete weighs 150 pcf regardless of its actual unit
weight. This is consistent with Section I2.2 of the AISC-
ASD89 Specification.
Es = Modulus of elasticity of steel, ksi
ENA = Acronym for elastic neutral axis
Fb = Allowable bending stress in steel beam, ksi
Fb-bbf = Allowable bending stress at the bottom of the beam bot-

tom flange, ksi
Fu = Minimum specified tensile strength of the steel beam and

the shear studs, ksi
Fv = Allowable shear stress in steel beam, ksi
Fy = Minimum specified yield stress of structural steel, ksi
Fycp = Minimum specified yield stress of cover plate, ksi.
G = Gap distance between face of support and end of top

flange of steel beam, in. The program always takes this
distance as 1/2 inch.
Hs = Length of shear stud connector after welding, in.
Ibare = Moment of inertia for a steel beam (plus cover plate, if it

exists), in4.
Ieff = Effective moment of inertia for a beam about the ENA of a

composite beam with partial composite connection, in4.
I0 = Moment of inertia of an element of a steel beam section

taken about its own ENA, in4.
Is = Moment of inertia of the steel beam along (not including

cover plate, even if it exists), in4.
Itr = Transformed section moment of inertia about ENA of a

composite beam with full (100%) composite connection,
in4.
Kf = A unitless coefficient typically equal to 1.57 unless the

beam is the overhanging portion of a cantilever with a
backspan, in which case, Kf is as defined in Figure 1 of
Technical Note Beam Vibration Composite Beam Design, or
the beam is a cantilever that is fully fixed at one end and
free at the other end, in which case Kf is 0.56.
L = Center-of-support to center-of-support length of the beam,

in.
Lc = Limiting unbraced length for determining allowable bending

stress, in.
LCBS = Length of a composite beam segment, in. A composite

beam segment spans between any of the following: (1)
physical end of the beam top flange, (2) another beam
framing into the beam being considered, (3) physical end
of concrete slab. Figure 1 of Technical Note Distribution of
Shear Studs on a Composite Beam illustrates some typical
cases for LCBS.
L1left = Distance from an output station to an adjacent point of

zero moment or physical end of the beam top flange, or
physical end of the concrete slab, measured toward the left
end (I-end) of the beam, in.
L1right = Distance from an output station to an adjacent point of

zero moment or physical end of the beam top flange, or
physical end of the concrete slab, measured toward the
right end (J-end) of the beam, in.
LL = Acronym for live load.
M = Moment, kip-in.
MAll Other = Moment due to all loads except dead load, kip-in.
MDL = Moment due to dead load, kip-in.
Mmax station = Maximum moment at any output station for a given design
load combination, kip-in.
Mstation = Moment at the output station considered for the design

load combination, kip-in.
M1 = Smaller bending moment at the end of the unbraced beam

span, kip-in. This is used when the program calculates the
Cb factor.
M2 = Larger bending moment at the end of an unbraced beam

span, kip-in. This is used when the program calculates the
Cb factor.
MaxLS = Maximum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the

length of the beam, in. This item is specified on the Shear
Studs tab in the composite beam overwrites.
MLS = Minimum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the

length of the beam, in. This item is specified on the Shear
Studs tab in the composite beam overwrites.
MSCBS = Minimum required number of shear studs in a composite

beam segment, unitless.
MSPR = Maximum shear studs per row across the beam top flange
as specified on the Shear Studs tab in the composite beam
overwrites, unitless.
MTS = Minimum transverse spacing of shear studs across the

beam top flange as specified on the Shear Studs tab in the
composite beam overwrites, in.
N = The number of shear studs required between an output

station and adjacent points of zero moment or physical end
of the beam top flange, or physical end of the concrete
slab, unitless. This number is based on Equation 6,
Equation 7, or Equation 9 of Technical Note Shear Studs
Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89.
NCBS = The number of uniformly distributed shear studs that the

program requires for a composite beam segment, unitless.
Neff = The effective number of beams resisting a heel drop im-

pact, unitless. This item is used in the vibration calcula-
tions.
Nr = Number of shear stud connectors in one metal deck rib,

but not more than 3 in the calculations even if more than 3
studs exist in the rib, unitless. The program uses whatever
value is specified for the Max Studs per Row item on the
Shear Studs tab in the composite beam overwrites for Nr,
unless that value exceeds 3, in which case the program
uses 3.
N1 = Number of shear connectors required between the point of

maximum positive moment and adjacent points of zero
moment for the design load combination, unitless.
N2 = Number of shear connectors required between a point load

and the nearest point of zero moment for the design load
combination, unitless.
NR = Number of metal deck ribs within a composite beam seg-

ment that are available to receive shear studs when the
metal deck span is oriented perpendicular to the beam
span, unitless.
NSmax = Maximum number of shear studs that fit in a composite

beam segment, unitless.
PO = Heel drop force, kips. This force is taken as 600 pounds

converted to the appropriate units.
PCC = Percent composite connection, unitless.
RF = Reduction factor for the allowable horizontal load for a

shear stud based on the metal deck and shear stud ge-
ometry, unitless.
RLL = Acronym for reduced live load.
RLLF = The reduced live load factor for an element, unitless. The
RLLF is multiplied times the unreduced live load to get the
reduced live load.
RSmax = Maximum number of rows of shear studs that can fit in a

composite beam segment when there is a solid slab or
when the metal deck span is oriented parallel to the beam
span, unitless.
S = Support distance. This is the assumed distance from the

center of the support to the face of the support used to
calculate the available length of the beam top flange.
Sbare = Section modulus of the steel beam alone (plus cover plate,
if it exists) referred to the extreme tension fiber, in3.
Seff = Effective section modulus of a partially composite beam

referred to the extreme tension fiber of the steel beam
section (including cover plate, if it exists), in3.
Sr = Center-to-center spacing of metal deck ribs, in. This item

may be different on the left and the right sides of the
beam.
Ss = Section modulus of the steel beam alone (not including

cover plate even if it exists), in3.
St-eff = The section modulus for the partial composite section re-
ferred to the top of the effective transformed section, in3.
This item may be different on the left and the right sides of
the beam.
Str = Section modulus for the fully (100%) composite trans-

formed section referred to the extreme tension fiber of the
steel section (including cover plate, if it exists), in3. Refer-
ring to Figure 1 of Technical Note Elastic Stresses with
Partial Composite Connection Composite Beam Design
AISC-ASD89, Str is calculated using Equation 3 of Technical
Note Elastic Stresses with Partial Composite Connection
Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89.
SDL = Acronym for superimposed dead load.
SPRmax = Maximum number of shear studs that can fit in one row
across the top flange of a composite beam, unitless.
V = Shear force, kips.
Vall = Allowable beam shear (end reaction), kips.
Vh = Total horizontal shear to be resisted by shear studs be-

tween the point of maximum moment and points of zero
moment for full (100%) composite connection, kips.
V'h = Total horizontal shear to be resisted by shear studs be-

tween the point of maximum moment and points of zero
moment for partial composite connection, kips.
W = Total load supported by the beam that is considered when

calculating the first natural frequency of the beam, kips.
This is calculated by the program as the sum of all of the
dead load and superimposed dead load supported by the
beam plus a percentage of all of the live load and reducible
live load supported by the beam. The percentage of live
load is specified in the composite beam preferences. The
percentage is intended to estimate the sustained portion of
the live load (about 10% to 25% of the total design live
load).
a3 = Whichever is smaller of the distance from the top of the

concrete slab to the ENA or the thickness of the concrete
above the metal deck (or the thickness of a solid slab), tc,
in. This item may be different on the left and right sides of
the beam.
a4 = Whichever is smaller of the distance from the top of the

metal deck to the ENA or the height of the metal deck, hr,
in. This item applies when there is metal deck (not a solid
slab) and the ENA falls below the top of the metal deck.
This item may be different on the left and right sides of the
beam.
b = Width, in.
bcp = Width of cover plate, in.
beff = Effective width of concrete flange of composite beam, in.

This item may be different on the left and the right sides of
the beam.
beff par = Effective width of concrete flange of composite beam,

when there is partial composite connection, transformed to
an equivalent width of steel (that is, multiplied by Ec / Es),
in. This item may be different on the left and the right
sides of the beam.
bf = Width of flange of a rolled steel beam, in.
bf-bot = Width of steel beam bottom flange, in.
bf-top = Width of steel beam top flange, in.
b1 = Smaller of the width of the beam bottom flange and the

width of the cover plate, in.
b2 = Projection of the cover plate beyond the edge of the beam

bottom flange, in. See Figure 1 of Technical Note Width to
Thickness Checks Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89.
d = Depth of steel beam from the top of the beam top flange to
the bottom of the beam bottom flange, in.
davg = Average depth of concrete slab, including the concrete in

the metal deck ribs, in.
delement = Distance from the ENA of the element considered to the

ENA of the steel beam alone (including cover plate if it ex-
ists), in. Signs are considered for this distance. Elements
located below the ENA of the steel beam alone (including
cover plate if it exists) have a negative distance and those
above have a positive distance.
ds = Diameter of a shear stud, in.
f = First natural frequency of the beam in cycles per second.
fb = Bending stress, ksi.
fbot-bm = The maximum tensile stress at the bottom of the bottom

flange of the steel beam, ksi.
fbot-st = The maximum tensile stress at the bottom of the steel

section (including cover plate, if it exists), ksi.
fc = The maximum concrete compressive stress, ksi.
ftop-st = The maximum stress at the top of the steel beam (may be
tension or compression depending on the location of the
ENA), ksi.
fv = Shear stress, ksi.
f'c = Specified compressive strength of concrete, ksi.
g = Acceleration of gravity, in/seconds2.
h = Clear distance between flanges less the fillet of corner ra-

dius for rolled shapes and clear distance between flanges
for other shapes, in.
hr = Height of metal deck rib, in.
h *r = Height of the metal deck ribs above the elastic neutral axis
(i.e., that is in compression) used for calculating the
transformed section properties, in. Note that this could be
different on the left and right sides of the beam.
If the deck ribs are oriented perpendicular to the beam

span, h *r = 0.
If the deck ribs are oriented parallel to the beam span, one
of the following three items applies:
1. If the ENA is below the metal deck, h *r = hr.
2. If the ENA is within the metal deck, h *r equals the

height of the metal deck above the ENA.
3. If the ENA is above the metal deck, h *r = 0.
kc = Unitless factor used in AISC-ASD89 specification Equation

F1-4.
l = Laterally unbraced length of the compression flange, in.
lh = The distance from the center of a bolt hole to the end of

the beam web, in. The program assumes this distance to
be 1.5 inches as shown in Figure 2 of Technical Note Beam
Shear Checks Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89.
lv = The distance from the center of the top bolt hole to the top
edge of the beam web (at the cope), in. The program as-
sumes this distance to be 1.5 inches as shown in Figure 2
of Technical Note Beam Shear Checks Composite Beam
Design AISC-ASD89.
n = The number of bolts as determined from Table 1 of Techni-

cal Note Beam Shear Checks Composite Beam Design
AISC-ASD89, unitless.
q = Allowable shear load for one shear stud, kips.
rT = Radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression

flange plus one-third of the compression web area taken
about an axis in the plane of the web, in. The cover plate,
if it exists, is ignored by the program when calculating r T.
sb = Beam spacing, in.
t = Thickness, in.
tc = Thickness of concrete slab, in. If there is metal deck, this

is the thickness of the concrete slab above the metal deck.
If there is a solid slab, this is the thickness of that slab.
This item may be different on the left and right sides of the
beam.
t *c = Height of the concrete slab above the metal deck (or solid
slab) that lies above the elastic neutral axis (i.e., is in
compression) that is used for calculating the transformed
section properties, in. Note that this could be different on
the left and right sides of the beam.
One of the following three items applies:
1. If the ENA is below the top of the metal deck

(bottom of the concrete slab), t *c = tc.
2. If the ENA is within the concrete slab, t *c equals

the height of the concrete slab above the ENA.
3. If the ENA is above the concrete slab, t *c = 0
tcp = Thickness of cover plate, in.
tf = Thickness of steel beam flange, in.
tf-bot = Thickness of steel beam bottom flange, in.
tf-top = Thickness of steel beam top flange, in.
tO = Time to the maximum initial displacement of a single

beam due to a heel drop impact, seconds.
tw = Thickness of steel beam web, in.
wc = Weight per unit volume of concrete, kips/in3. This item

may be different on the left and right sides of the beam.
wd = Weight per unit area of metal deck, ksi. This item may
be different on the left and right sides of the beam.
wr = Average width of the metal deck ribs, in. This item may
be different on the left and right sides of the beam.
ws = Weight per unit volume of steel, kips/in3.
y = Distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the

steel beam section to the ENA of the fully composite
beam, in.
ybare = Distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the

steel section to the ENA elastic neutral axis of the steel
beam (plus cover plate, if it exists), in.
ye = The distance from the ENA of the steel beam (plus cover
plate, if it exists) alone to the ENA of the fully composite
beam, in.
yeff = The distance from the bottom of the beam bottom flange
to the ENA of a partially composite beam, in.
y1 = Distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the

steel beam section to the centroid of an element of the
beam section, in.
z = Distance from the ENA of the steel beam (plus cover

plate, if it exists) alone to the top of the concrete slab,
in. Note that this distance may be different on the left
and right sides of the beam.
ΣA = Sum of the areas of all of the elements of the steel beam

section (including the cover plate, if it exists), in2.
ΣAtr = Sum of the areas of all of the elements of the composite

steel beam section, in2.
Σ(Ay1) = Sum of the product A times y1 for all of the elements of

the steel beam section (including the cover plate, if it
exists), in3.
Σ(Atry1) = Sum of the product Atr times y1 for all of the elements of
the composite steel beam section, in3.
Σ(Ay12) = Sum of the product A times y12 for all of the elements of
the steel beam section (including the cover plate, if it
exists), in4.
Σ(Atry12) = Sum of the product Atr times y12 for all of the elements of
the composite steel beam section, in4.
ΣIO = Sum of the moments of inertia of each element of the

beam section taken about the center of gravity of the
element, in4.
β = Unitless factor used in calculating the number of shear

studs between a point load and a point of zero moment
equal to Str/Sbare for full composite connection and
Seff/Sbare for partial composite connection.

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©COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC.

, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA DECEMBER 2001

Introduction to the AISC-ASD89 Series of Technical

The design is based on loading combinations specified by the user. To facili-

! Calculates the transformed moment of inertia for a composite section, Itr;

! Determines the allowable bending stresses using the AISC-ASD89 specifi-

Introduction to the AISC-ASD89 Series of Technical Notes Page 1 of 15

! Determines the placement of shear studs on a composite beam, including

Aelement = Area of an element in the composite section, ignoring any

Af = Area of compression flange (not including the cover plate,

Agt = Gross area along the tension plane of a bolted connection,

As = Area of rolled steel section alone (without the cover plate,

Asb = Initial displacement amplitude of a single beam resulting

Asc = Cross-sectional area of a shear stud, in2.

Atr = Area of an element of the composite beam section, in2.

Cb = Bending coefficient dependent on moment gradient,

Cbot = Cope depth at bottom of beam, in. This item is internally

D = Damping ratio, percent critical damping inherent in the

DL = Acronym for deal load.

Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete slab, ksi. Note that this

Es = Modulus of elasticity of steel, ksi

ENA = Acronym for elastic neutral axis

Fb = Allowable bending stress in steel beam, ksi

Fb-bbf = Allowable bending stress at the bottom of the beam bot-

Fu = Minimum specified tensile strength of the steel beam and

Fv = Allowable shear stress in steel beam, ksi

Fy = Minimum specified yield stress of structural steel, ksi

Fycp = Minimum specified yield stress of cover plate, ksi.

G = Gap distance between face of support and end of top

Hs = Length of shear stud connector after welding, in.

Ibare = Moment of inertia for a steel beam (plus cover plate, if it

Ieff = Effective moment of inertia for a beam about the ENA of a

I0 = Moment of inertia of an element of a steel beam section

Is = Moment of inertia of the steel beam along (not including

Itr = Transformed section moment of inertia about ENA of a

Kf = A unitless coefficient typically equal to 1.57 unless the

L = Center-of-support to center-of-support length of the beam,

Lc = Limiting unbraced length for determining allowable bending

LCBS = Length of a composite beam segment, in. A composite

L1left = Distance from an output station to an adjacent point of

L1right = Distance from an output station to an adjacent point of

LL = Acronym for live load.

MDL = Moment due to dead load, kip-in.

Mstation = Moment at the output station considered for the design

M1 = Smaller bending moment at the end of the unbraced beam

M2 = Larger bending moment at the end of an unbraced beam

MaxLS = Maximum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the

MLS = Minimum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the

MSCBS = Minimum required number of shear studs in a composite

MTS = Minimum transverse spacing of shear studs across the

N = The number of shear studs required between an output

NCBS = The number of uniformly distributed shear studs that the

Neff = The effective number of beams resisting a heel drop im-

Nr = Number of shear stud connectors in one metal deck rib,

N1 = Number of shear connectors required between the point of

N2 = Number of shear connectors required between a point load

NR = Number of metal deck ribs within a composite beam seg-

NSmax = Maximum number of shear studs that fit in a composite

PO = Heel drop force, kips. This force is taken as 600 pounds

PCC = Percent composite connection, unitless.

RF = Reduction factor for the allowable horizontal load for a

RLL = Acronym for reduced live load.