ENGLESKI JEZIK 2 - ISPITNA PITANJA ZA USMENI DEO ISPITA

1. According to Holland’s theory, how many types of personality are there and which are they?
According to John Holland’s theory, there are six personalitiy types: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising and Convencional. People are
often a combination of two or more types. Knowing or regonizing what type of personality we are can help us function better at work and privately as well.
2. Describe each of the personality types?
Realistic type like to work with animals, plants, tools or machines; generaly avoids social activities like teaching, healing and informing others. This type is
pratical and mechanical.
Investigative type is good at studying and solving science and math problems. This type is intellectual, scientific, precise.
Artistic type has good artistic abilities, likes to do creative activities such as art, drama, crafts (veštine, zanati), dance, music or creative writing; generally
avoids highly ordely or repetitive activities. This type is expressive, original, independent.
Social type likes to do things to help people – like teaching, nursing or giving first aid, providing information; generally avoids using machines, tools or
animals to achieve a goal. This type is helpful, friendly, sociable, trustworthy.
Enterprising type values success in politics, leadership or business; generally avoids activities that require careful observation and scientific, analytical
thinking. This typeis ambitious, energetic, sociable.
Convencional type like to work with numbers or machines in a set, orderly was; generally avoids ambiguous (nejasne, dvosmislene) activities. This type is
orderly, good at following a set plan.
3. What kind of a work environment is best for an individual?
People of the same personality type working together create a work environment that fits their type. The best work environment for an individual is the
one in which he/she can use his/her skills and abilities and express his/her values and beliefs. For example, when Convencional persons are together on a job,
they like to have order and follow a set plan. They would never be satisfied with artistic chaos. If your personality type matches your work environment, your
career will most likely result in success and satisfaction.
4. What job is satisfying for an individual?
Your performance and motivation at work depends on many things, among which your workplace (or school) environment is the one of the most
important factors. If you cooperate with people who have a personality type like yours, you will feel most comfortable working with them because you will be
able to do many of the things they can do.
5. What does Holland’s hexagonal model represent?
Holland’s hexagonal model shows the relationship between the personality types and environments. The personality types closest to each other are more
alike than those farther away. The hexagon is a good illustration of this. When the personalities which are opposite each other on the hexagon are compared,
you can see how different they are. For example, when you read the descriptions of the Investigative and Enterprising types, you can see that they are virtually
the opposite of each other. On the other hand, Realistic and Convencional are not that far apart. A good match-up (whether at work or privately) is called
„Congruent“, which means „compatible, in agreement and harmony“.
6. What are the main types of communication? How else do people convey messages?
Two main types of communication are: 1.written – emails, letters, reports, memos and many other documents; 2.oral – face-to-face or over the
phone/video conferencing etc.
However, communicating is much more than just words, whether spoken or written. Communication experts say that spoken words convey just about
10% of your ideas, the tone of your voice – 30% and body language as much as 60%. Non-verbal communication – gestures, mimes, facial expressions, tone
of your voice, eye contact and other body signals to the other party convey a lot of important information.
7. What tips are recommended for better communication?
Skillful communication is significant because it either makes or breaks most business deals. Since it is a skill, it can be learned.
1)Stop and listen. When we’re involved in a serious discussion or argument with the other party, it’s usually very hard to put aside your own point for the
moment and just listen. We’re so afraid of not being heard that we keep talking, which prevents us from being able to hear the other perspective and get the
message. The irony is that communication fails since the other party does not hear us either. „Seek first to understand, then to be understood.“
2)Avoid negative and „strong“ word such as: bad, awful, disgusting... If you disagree, use the magic word Sorry.
3)Pay attention to nonverbal signals. Most of our communication with one another in any kind of relationship isn’t what we say, but how we say it.
Nonverbal communication is your body language, the tone of your voice, eye contact, and many others, which also depends on cultural background of the
speakers. Folded arms may mean you’re feeling defensive or closed off. Avoiding eye contact may mean you’re not interested in the topic of conversation or
find it difficult to talk about something. Louder tone may mean you’re becoming emotionally involved.
4)Be willing to learn new skills. Resolving conflicts takes skills. If you don’t have them, you should learn them. Successful managers and mediators use
certain strategies and approaches to solve problems. This is what communication experts consider to be very useful for successful communication. It is
important: to express your feelings, standing up for your rights, but in a non-threatening way; to hear another person’s viewpoint; to make a request without
feeling angry or upset; to change your opinion or even belief when you are wrong; to acknowledge when you have made a mistake.
8. Which are acceptable and which are unacceptable expressions in formal communication?
I disagree.-Yes, I see what you mean, but...I agree apto a point, but...; I don’t think that’s such a good idea - I think that’s a bad idea. I don’t really like it,
I’m afraid... - I don’t like it. Could I just say something here? - Can I say something? Sorry, I didn’t quite catch that- I didn’t catch that. Perhaps I’m not
making myself clear. – You don’t understand me. I didn’t understand this point. – You didn’t explain this point. We’re looking for a better price. – You need
to give us a better price.
9. What conflict styles are there? Describe them.
There are basically four main styles of dealing with conflict:
1)Confrontation style – This approach to conflicts is based on win-lose belief; only one person can win and the other must lose; while stating your own
opinionm you accuse the other person, critisize, scream or even threaten. (result: you may feel angry, depressed, guilty, irritated, frustrated, disgusted etc.)
2)Problem-solving style – This is a win-win approach; you compromise and find ways to meet the needs of both parties and work toward a mutual
solution. (result: you may feel empowered, satisfied, calm, in control.)
3)Accommodation style – You agree with others because it’s easier that way; you adjust your opinions or feelings rather than risk a conflict. (result: you
may feel used, weak, overpowered, unimportant, victimized.)
4)Avoidance style - You avoid conflict, run from it, pretend there is no conflict. (result: you may feel frustrated, angry, bitter, depressed, confused.)
10. What are the most common communication blockers?
Accusing – especially if it’s before hearing the other side of the story. Judging – the other party will not open up to you and you will not hear all that
they have to say. Insulting – can never result in a positive manner. Threats or orders mean one-way communication; overpowering rather than understanding
the other person. Sarcasm – is a lack of respect for the other party. Therefore, you will get no information. Globalizing – with words such as „always“ or
„never“, you don’t recognize the need to solve a problem in a particular situation. Interrupting – usually takes place when another party wants to oppose
what has been said. If it happens too often, the other person may get annoyed and frustrated, thus ending the conversation. Therefore, interrupt when it is
really important to get things clarified.
11. What is the Internet used for?
Internet is usually used for finding friends, as a tool for working or studying, for having fun, for meeting new friends, as a commercial vehicle to promote
themselves, for helping us with finding jobs, as a market place for buying and selling.
12. What are the benefits of the Internet and what are its dangers?
Benefits: education, video conferencing, e-shopping, fast informations... Dangers:stealing identities, frauds, harassment of privacy, hacking...
13. What are communication channels in an organization (formal / informal)?
Communication channels are the ways in which the information flows within an organization and with other organisations. They can be formal and
informal. Information flow in an organisation goes in all directions – forward, backwards and sideways.
 Not so long ago, face to face conversations, notice boards and inter-department memo used to be the only ways of communication between management
and the employees. However, the number of communication channels is rapidly increasing due to technology: video conferencing, mobile technology and
electronic bulletin boards are just some of the new possibilities. Effective communication management in an organization can lead to an increase in profits or
result a huge losses if a communication channel breaks down.
Formal channels are used for communicating goals, policies and procedures of an organization in a form of company’s newsletter, memoranda, reports, a
business plan, customer satisfaction survey and so on. While formal channels are defined by the organizational structure, informal communication channels
are a very reliable indicator of the atmosphere in an organization. Formal/informal communication channels exist in every organization. Formal
communication requires planning prior to distrubution, whereas, informal communication happens spontaneously, usually in the form of grapevine. There are
several advantages of grapevine communication, such as spreading information quickly throughout an organization, reducing stress and anxiety or identifying
problems in the workplace. However, if grapevine gets out of control, the management should take timely action by providing accurate information.
14. Describe flows of communication in an organization
Information flow in an organisation goes in all directions – forward, backwards and sideways.Downward flow – from superiors to subordinates in a chain
of command. Upward flow – subordinates to superiors in a chain of command. Beside writing reports on the performed tasks, employees inform the
management about their feelings towards their jobs and organization in genetal. Managers can answer their questions, react to their concerns and take actions
fo improving things.Lateral/horizontal flow – communication that takes place between peers and between managers at same levels of hierarchy in an
organization.External flow – communication that takes place between a manager and external groups such as suppliers, vendors, banks, financial institutions,
media etc. For instance – to raise capital, the Managing director would interact with the Bank manager.
15. What types of tasks are performed by the superiors?
Giving job instructions, orders, directives, general information, taking disciplinary actions, highlighting the areas of attention, communicating the mission
and vision of the organization to the employees, providing feedback on employees performance...
16. What are the advantages of horizontal communication?
Horizontal communication: provides assistance to the organizational members, resolves conflicts of a department with other department or conflicts
within a department, facilitates co-ordination of the task, helps in solving various organizational problems...
17. What is globalization?
There are many definitions of globalisation, but most acknowledge the movement of people and sharing goods, capital and ideas due to increased
economic integration. People and nations are becoming a part of borderless world.
18. How can globalization be positive?
There has always been exchange of goods betwwen people and countries, but it has increased with the improved technologies and a reduction of barriers.
Globalisation offers opportunities for a country, but it is also a source of various chalenges. Bigger markets are an opportunity for biger profits, which can
mean investing in development and reducing poverty in many countries.
19. What can restrict a country’s ability to take advantage of globalization?
Weak domestic policies, institutions and infrastructure can restrict a country’s ability to take advantages of the changes. Each country makes decisions
which can maximise the benefits and minimise the challenges presented by globalisation.
20. What do the supporters of globalization point to?
The global supply chains of our supermarket culture provede exotic year-round affordable foods.The supporters of globalisation point to the huge
reductions in the numbers of poverty achieved by some countries which have embraced globalisation with the leading world economies such as India, China,
Vietnam, and Brazil, which have embraced globalization and managed to improve their economy.
21. What do the critics of globalization state?
Some of the critics of globalisation say that the process of globalisation has exploited thousands of people in developing countries all around the world. It
has caused great disorders to lives and brought very few benefits in return. Over 900 million people in the developing world experience hunger.
22. What can be the benefits of globalization?
Economies of countries that engage with the international economy have consistently grown much faster than those countries that are exluded from the
process. The growth of well managed open economies is more than twice higher than the rate of growth in economies closed to the forces of globalization.
Improved wealth has led to improved access to health care and clean water which has increased life expectancy. More than 85 percent of the world's
population can expect to live for at least sixty years (that's twice as long as the average life expectancy 100 years ago!).
Improved environmental awareness has contributed to the use of more efficient, less-polluting technologies.
International migration has led to greater recognition of diversity and respect for cultural identities which is improving democracy and access to human
rights.
Increasing interdependence and global institutions like WTO and World Bank, have enabled international political and economic tensions to be resolved
on a "rules based" approach, rather than which country has the greatest economic or political power.
Countries which have had faster economic growth have then been able to improve living standards and reduce poverty. China has reduced the number of
rural poor in less than twenty years.
Global companies have set universal workplace standards for their internationalised production facilities in developing countries. Wages paid by
multinationals in middle and low-income countries are on average 1.8 to 2.0 times the average wages in those countries.
Improved technology has dramatically changed the way the world communicates, learns, does business and treats illnesses. Between 1990 and 1999, adult
illiteracy rates in developing countries fell from 35 per cent to 29 per cent.
23. What can be the problems of globalization?
Increased trade and travel have facilitated the spread of human, animal and plant diseases, like HIV/AIDS, SARS and bird flu, across borders.
Some countries have been unable to take advantage of globalisation and their standards of living are dropping further behind the richest countries. The
gap in incomes between the richest and the poorest countries has already become enormous.
There are social and economic costs to globalisation. Trade liberalisation rewards competitive industries and penalises uncompetitive ones, and it requires
participating countries to undertake economic restructuring and reform.
The environment has been harmed as agricultural, forest, mining and fishing industries exploit inadequate environmental codes and corrupt behaviour in
developing countries.
The major economic powers have a major influence in the institutions of globalisation, such as the WTO, and this can work against the interests of the
developing world.
Globalised competition can force a ‘brain drain' of skilled workers, where highly educated and qualified professionals, such as doctors, engineers and IT
specialists, migrate to developed countries to benefit from the higher wages and greater career and lifestyle prospects. This creates severe skilled labour
shortages in developing countries.
Trade liberalisation and technological improvements change the economy of a country, destroying traditional agricultural communities and allowing cheap
imports of manufactured goods. This can lead to unemployment, as work in the traditional sectors of the economy may not have the appropriate skills for the
jobs which may be created.
Indigenous and national culture and languages can be disintegrated by the modern globalised culture.
24. In what aspects are people from various cultures different?
It is important to know the way things are dealt with in your host country. Problems arise because we see things differently. It helps to be aware of how
other nationalities perceive and react to certain things. Increasingly, managers are dealing with representatives of many other nationalities with very different
cultures. Due to globalization, they are likely to work with the Arabs, Japanese, Chinese, German and all sorts of other nationalities. The important thing is to
recognize that people from different cultures are different in a variety of ways, including different approaches, beliefs and expectations.
25. Cultural misunderstanding can cause some problems. Mention some of them.
 In the US, a firm, short handshake indicates self-confidence and (heterosexual) masculinity. A limp handshake by a man can be interpreted as a sign of
wimpiness. But in most parts of Africa, a limp handshake is the correct way to do it. Furthermore, it is common in Africa for a handshake to last several
minutes, while in the US a handshake that is too long is interpreted as familiarity and possibly sexual attraction.
In Britain, men do not look at woman on the streets. They consider it to be rude. However, it’s a completely acceptable behaviour in France. Not knowing
their different attitudes to such simple things, you may easily be offended by other rudeness on one side or a lack of interest on the other.
26. High Context vs Low Context
A high context culture is the one in which the communicators share knowledge and views, so that less is spelled out explicitly and much more is implicit
or communicated in indirect ways. High context cultures include Japanese, Arabs, French.
A low context culture is the one in which things are made explicit, and there is considerable dependence on what is actually said or written. In a low
context culture, the listener must focus their attention to the speaker in order to keep up their knowledge base and remain plugged into informal networks.
Low context cultures include Angols, Germanics and Scandinavians.
27. Monochronic vs Polychronic
Monochronic cultures like to do just one thing at a time. They value order, believing that there is an appropriate time and place for everything. They do
not value interruptions. They could seem cold and unfriendly (closed doors in a manager’s office). The Germans tend to be monochronic.
Polychronic cultures like to do multiple things at the same time. A manager’s office in a polychronic culture typically has an open door, a ringing phone
and a meeting, all going on at the same time. Polychronic cultures include the French and the Americans.
28. Future vs Present vs Past Orientation
Past-oriented societies are concerned with traditional values and ways of doing things. They tend to be conservative in management in management and
slow to introduce changes. Past-oriented societies include China, Britain, Japan and most Spanish-speaking Latin American countries.
Present-oriented societies include the rest of Spanish-speaking Latin American countries. They see the past as passed and the future as uncertain. they
prefer short-term benefits which are here and now.
Future-oriented feel optimistic about the future. They think they can shape it through their actions. They view management as a matter of planning and
controlling (as opposed to going with the flow, letting things happen). The United States and, increasingly, Brazil, are examples of future-oriented societies.
29. Quantity of Time
In some cultures, time is considered to be a limited resource which is constantly being used up. Punctuality is a virtue there. It’s like having a leaky
container of water which can never be replaced. You have to use it or it’s wasted. Time is money. In other cultures, time si more plentiful, renewing itself eavh
year. Therefore, there’s no need to hurry.
30. Power Distance / hierarchy
Is the boss always right because he is the boss, or only when he gets it right? In Japan people accept the differences in power and respect the statue or the
age, whereas in America superiors and subordinates often interact socially as equals.
31. Types of environmental problems:
1)Natural disasters caused by natural process (e.g. floods, droughts, hurricanes, storms, earthquakes); 2)Technological catastrophes (chemical and
radioactive leaks, industrial accidents); 3)Long-term environmental degradation (water, air, soil, noise and light pollution global warming)
32. Sources of air / water / soil pollution
Sources of airpollution Sources of water pollution Sources of soil pollution
automobile emissions, waste gases, nuclear oil spills, household chemicals, human littering, nuclear weapons, acid rain, deforestation,
weapons, tobacco smoke, sewage, acid rain, littering mining, chemical and nuclear plants
33. How can we prevent air pollution?
We can walk more and drive less, we can often repalce our car’s air filter, we can ceep our car maintenance up-to-date.
33.a How can we prevent land pollution?
Dont’t dump motor oil on the ground; Avoid the usage of non-biodegradable carry bags; Store all liquid chemicals and wasre in spill-proof containers;
Buy products that have little packaging; Don’t use pesticides; Buy biogradable products; Eat organic food that are grown without pesticides; Reuse any items
that you can.
34. How can water pollution be prevented?
Don’t throw garbage into our water supplies; Use non-toxic cleaning materials.
35. Global warming ( what causes it, how it can be prevented)
Producing electricity – fossil fuels are burned to create electricity; deforestation – plants collect the CO2. It can be prevented with/by: carpooling; using
less hairspray and deodorant – or at least using products with less impact on the atmosphere.
36. What are our buying decisions which can make an influence on the producers?
Indestructible packaging can be a major threat to your environment. Be wary of lots of additives. They could be harmful to people and the environment.
Refuse products that are made with genetically modified organisms. Do not buy disposable items that can be replaced with re-usable materials. Plastic does
not biodegrade easily and stays in landfills for decades and releases toxins into the soil. Discourage a surfeit of flyers to your home or mailbox. Avoid using
toxic chemicals and discourage the use by others. Eat organically grown fruit and vegetables. Think carefully about the things you can recycle or you can
replace with reuseable items. Look more to nature for the prevention and cure of some of those common illnesses.
37. What is time management? How is it important to have time management skills?
Time menagment skills can make your workload seem easier and turn a chaotic day into a pleasant and relaxing one.If you know how to balance your
time, it will work to your adventage. You can do all your chores and spend time with firends. It is important to have time menagment skills because with
effective planning of your schedule, you will find more fun in learning.this method is very efficient and very useful.
38. What is money management? How can it be made easier?
Effective money menagment is much easier with the following tips: first, track your spending for two or four weeks to find out where your money is
going. You probably don't realize how much money you spend on little things. Often you'll start to cut back your expenses just by tracking them, which will
help you spend your money wisely. The best way to manage your money is to map out a budget, which will help you control your cash flow.If you know
exactly how much is coming in and how much is going out and where, you won't fall into the trap of living beyond your means.
39. What is stress management? What can we do to adjust our lives in accordance with stress?
Stress is a common and natural condition of our mortal existence. It arises through our daily efforts to achive goals, relate with others and adjust to the
demands of living in an over-changing world. We often view stress as a negative element in our lives and seek to reduce or eliminate it. We forget that there
can be a great deal of growth from learning how to deal with stressful situations. Students can effectivly deal with stress rather than become discouraged and
immobilised by it. Our aim shouldn't be to completly avoid stress, which at any rate would be impossible, but to learn how to recognize our typical response
to stress and then to try to adjust our lives in accordance with it.
40. What happens when the stress increases beyond our functional level?
When stress increases beyond that level, the effectivness of our performance begins to drop. When we pass pur peak of effectiveness we usually
experience senses, porr concentration, headaches, digestive upsets, restlessness, irritability and anxiety. The occurrence of these symptoms can alert us to take
steps to reduce our stress so our effectiveness can reamin at a high level.
41. What is goal setting? How can it help us?

42. What is money? What forms has it taken through history?

Money is something of value, it is anything which is commonly accepted by a gropu of people for the exchange of goods, services, or resources. But over
the last 10000 years, the material from that money has taken has changed considerably-from cattle adn cowrie shells to todays electronic currency. First
people didn' t buy goods they used barter, then cowry shells at about 1200 B.C. The Chinese coins were usually made out of base metals which had holes in
them so that you could put coins together to make a chain. At about 500 B.C. pieces of silver were usde as coins. In 118 B.C. banknotes in the form of leather
money. From the ninth century to the fiftinth the first acutal paper currency was used as money. Nowadays all sorts of credit cards also electronic money. It is
also used whales teeth, shells, amber, ivory, decorative feathers, cattle, a large number of stones, including jade and quartz, were just some of the forms that
money had taken.
43. What is barter? Why was it not convenient for trade?
Barter is the exchange of personal possessions of value for the other goods that you want. It is not convenient for trade because it was difficult to cary
heavy materials and goods so true the history people were developing different types of goods for barter like using shells, mock cowry shells, than metals...
44. Why were paper receipts issued in Medieval England?
Goldsmith's must have notices that only a small percentage of their depositor's ever came in to demand their gold at any one time. So cleverly godsmith's
made out some receipts for gold which didn't even exist, adn they loaned it out to earn interests.
45. How does war generates debt?
It is unusual for both sides in a war to loan money from the same bank. A nation will borrow any amount to win. So, if the loser is left in the vain in hoper
of winning, then the more resources will be used up by the winning side before their victory is obtained, more resources are used, more loans taken out, more
money made by the bankers.
46. Who were the Rothschilds?
The richest family. Family known by their shop red shield firm, in german Rothschild. They were loaning money to governments and kings so they
dominated the central banking systems.
47. How did Nathan Rothschild get his fortune?
Nathan Rotshild had a bold plan to take control of the British stock market. Knowing that information is power, he stationed his trusted agent named
Rothworth near the battle field. As soon as the battle was over Rothwirth quickly returned to London, delivering the news to Rothschild 24 hours ahead of
Wellington's courier. Everyone thought that Napoleon must have won nad started to sell their British Bonds as well. The prices of bonds plummeted.
Meanwhile Rothschild began to secretly buy up all the hugely devalued bonds.
48. What did Napoleon do to get the money for his conquest of Europe? Why didn’t he borrow from a bank?
He sold territory west of the Mississippi to the 3rd president of the Unated States, Thomas Jefferon, for 3 million dollars in gold. He gathered together an
army and set about coquering much of Europe. Each place je went to, Napoleon found his opposition being financed by the Bank of England, making huge
profits as Prussia, Austria and finally Russia...
49. What do some great men say and think of failures? Explain their attitude.
„Our gratest glory is not in never falling but in rising every time we fall“ – Confucious
„Only those who dare to fail greatly, can achieve greatly“-Robert F. Kennedy
It doesn't metter how many times you fall before you do something great and sucsessful.
50. Give some examples of famous people who first failed and then made a success.
Albert Einstein, Liv Ulllman, Abraham Lincoln,Winston Churchill, Charles Darwin, Lous Pasteur, Henry Ford, Michael Jordan, Beethoven, Van Gogh,
Charlie Chaplin, The Beatles, Walt Disney, Gustave Eiffel, Marilyin Monroe, A. Bell, Rodin, Harrison Ford, Margaret Mitchel.