Frog Digestive System
skin.
BUCCAL CAVITY:
 Buccal cavity
The structures (Fig. 36.10A) present in
the buccal cavity are:
a. Two apertures—internal nares—the
openings of the nostrils on the roof of the
cavity towards anterior end.
b. A pair of projections on the roof, one on
each side, due to downward bulging of the
eyes.
c. Two apertures—the eustachian
apertures—at the angle of the jaws, one on
each side. The eustachian tube is in
communication with the tympanic cavity
and mouth cavity.
d. A large fleshy tongue on the floor. The
tongue is attached with the front end, the
posterior rounded end remaining free.
e. In male toad, an additional structure, the
opening of the vocal sac, is present on the
floor towards left side. The vocal sac is
black-pigmented and situated beneath the
floor of the mouth cavity, just covered by the
f. A slit-like aperture, the glottis, just behind
the tongue. Glottis communicates the
mouth cavity with the lungs.
2. Pharynx:
The buccal cavity narrows posteriorly, and
this region is known as pharynx.
3. Oesophagus:
The pharynx leads posteriorly to a short,
narrow tube, the oesophagus or gullet. The
oesophagus opens into a saclike stomach.
4. Stomach:
The stomach is divisible into an anterior
wide chamber towards the oesophagus, the
cardiac stomach and a posterior narrow
portion, the pyloric stomach. Small intestine
The pyloric stomach leads to a narrow tube,
the small intestine. The junction of the
stomach and small intestine is marked by a
sharp constriction.
Circular sphincter muscles forming the
pyloric valve at the constriction regulate the
flow of food from the stomach. The first
portion of the small intestine lying parallel
to the stomach is duodenum and the rest
long, slender, much coiled portion is ileum.
5. Rectum:
The small intestine continues posteriorly as
a wide tube, the rectum or large intestine.
The rectum opens posteriorly into a short
chamber, the cloaca, which opens to the
exterior by an aperture, the cloacal aperture.
B. Digestive Glands:
Liver and pancreas are digestive glands:
1. Liver:
The liver is a large, reddish-brown, bilobed
mass. The left lobe is larger than the right
one and sub-lobed. The two main lobes are
connected by a narrow, short, median
portion. Between the two lobes, median in
position, lies a small, thin-walled, greenish,
rounded sac, the gall bladder. The secretion
of the liver, the bile, is stored within the gall
bladder. Fine ducts from the liver, the
hepatic ducts, receive bile from the liver.
Some of the hepatic ducts enter the gall
bladder and the others unite to form a duct,
the bile duct. Cystic duct springs from the
gall bladder and joins the bile duct. The duct
passes through the substance of the
pancreas and in its way receives ducts from
the latter. The duct, which is now called
common bile duct, receives secretions from
both the liver and the pancreas and opens
into the duodenum.
2. Pancreas:
The pancreas is a large, creamy-white,
irregular gland, surrounding the bile duct,
into which it pours its secretion, the
pancreatic juice. It lies between the
duodenum and the stomach.

Respiratory System of Frog